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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2025

Edited by
Matthew S. Erie
Matthew S. Erie
Affiliation:
University of Oxford
Type
Chapter
Information
A Casebook on Chinese Outbound Investment
Law, Policy, and Business
 , pp. 319 - 335
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

Introductory Note

References such as ‘178–9’ indicate (not necessarily continuous) discussion of a topic across a range of pages. Wherever possible in the case of topics with many references, these have either been divided into sub-topics or only the most significant discussions of the topic are listed. Because the entire work is about ‘outbound investment’, the use of this term (and certain others which occur constantly throughout the Casebook) as an entry point has been restricted. Information will be found under the corresponding detailed topics. Cross-references in a form such as ‘companies. See also individual companies’ direct the reader to headings in a particular class (e.g., in this case ‘ByteDance’) rather than a specific ‘individual companies’ entry.

Abuja, 305–306
abused workers, 197, 206
abuses, 199, 206, 208–210
human rights, 160
labor, 21, 197, 198–199, 204–205, 207, 208, 211
accidents, 225
accommodation, 179, 226
accountability, 146, 240, 245–246, 282
environmental. See environmental accountability
Act Governing Relations between Peoples of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area. See Cross-Straits People Relations Act
administrative litigation, 279–282
administrative regulations, 158, 162
administrative units, 185, 187
advisors, 59, 62, 81
external, 57
legal, 62, 90
advocacy, 17, 21, 197, 198, 207, 280, 281
Africa, 69–70, 86–87, 239–241, 244–249, 250–254, 260–261, 297–298, 298–300. See also individual countries
China’s lending practices, 239–241, 246
African banks, 250, 263
Africa Tech Challenge, 20, 67–87
Africa’s Tech Idol project, 78–79
AGEE (Guinean Environmental Assessment Agency), 272–273, 275, 280
Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica. See ANEEL (Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica)
agriculture, 172, 216, 225, 238, 277
AidData, 219, 240
AIIB (Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank), 172, 182–183, 187
Alibaba/Ant Group, 19, 27–47, 114
for business school audiences, 47
fintech ecosystem, 36–39
initial growth, 29–32
for law school audiences, 46
ODI and Alibaba’s VIE structure, 35–36
for policy school audiences, 46
scandals and tussles with Chinese regulators, 39–42
VIE-structure and fragmented authoritarian politics, 32–34
Alipay, 30–31, 36, 39, 44, 47
alumina refinery, 182, 193, 258, 267–268, 277, 279, 281
aluminum, 258, 269
ANEEL (Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica), 92, 96, 98–99
Ant Group. See Alibaba/Ant Group
arbitral awards, 299, 313, 316
arbitration, 17–18, 151–152, 302–303, 305–308, 309–313, 316–317
awards, 298, 314
investment (treaty), 298, 301, 306, 309, 313–314, 315, 317
investor–state, 22, 146, 313–314
proceedings, 298, 302, 314
arbitrators, 308, 314
ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), 54, 161–163
Asia, 12, 134, 172, 173, 199, 239. See also individual countries
Asian Development Bank, 135, 137, 156
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. See AIIB (Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank)
assets, 6, 63, 141, 255, 257, 315
Association of Southeast Asian Nations. See ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)
ATC (Africa Tech Challenge), 67–68, 81–87
projects, 68, 83
seasons, 83–85
auctions, 91–92, 95–97, 99–100, 105
audits, 101, 272–273, 278, 296
AVIC (Aviation Industry Corporation) INTL, 67–68, 74–79, 80–86, 87
headquarters, 78, 80–81, 83
Kenya office, 69, 78, 81, 85
shareholding structure, 75
TVET (Technical, Vocational and Entrepreneurship Training) project. See TVET (Technical, Vocational and Entrepreneurship Training) project
baijiu, 50–51, 52–53, 63
consumption and trends, 52–54
definition, 50
production, 50–51
Bank of Chile, 61
bankruptcy, 214, 257–258
banks, 37, 42, 182, 186, 219, 257–258, 260–261. See also individual banks
African, 250, 263
joint ventures, 248–264
state-owned, 31, 46
Bantekas, Ilias, 170–171
bauxite, 269–270, 277–278
bauxite, reserves, 267, 269
bauxite mining, 269–270, 276–278
Beihang University, 82, 84
Beilida, 201–202, 205, 209
Belo Monte, 20, 88, 90, 97–99, 101, 104–105, 107, 110–112
Belo Monte, hydroelectric power plant, 98–99
Belo Monte Transmissora de Energia. See BMTE (Belo Monte Transmissora de Energia)
Belt and Road Initiative. See BRI (Belt and Road Initiative)
Benard, Isalambo S. Shikoli, 78–79, 80
best practices, 112, 171, 271, 276
Biden administration, 113, 122–123, 126
bids, 92, 94, 98–100, 305
bill of attainder, 128–129
biodiversity commitments, 271–272, 282
BITs (bilateral investment treaties), 10, 146, 157–158, 297, 301–302, 308–310, 311, 315–316
China-Nigeria, 297–298, 303, 306–311, 314–316
BMTE (Belo Monte Transmissora de Energia), 100–102
boards, 6, 55, 59, 89, 95, 97, 101, 198
Boké, 22, 267–283
brands, 30, 52–53, 58
Brazil, 20, 88–112
arrival of SGCC, 93–97
Belo Monte hydroelectric power plant, 98–99
BMTE (Belo Monte Transmissora de Energia), 100–102
government, 88, 91
market, 91, 94–95, 104, 108–110, 111–112
market share by nationality in generation, transmission and distribution sectors, 109
regulatory framework of electricity market, 91–93, 95
Rio de Janeiro, 89, 95, 100, 104
BRI (Belt and Road Initiative), 3, 9–10, 68, 133, 154–157, 177, 207, 239, 271, 301
green, 15
and human rights obligations, 158–159
projects, 12, 133, 137, 168
British Virgin Islands (BVI), 94, 200
burial grounds, 166–168
business practices, 57, 112, 158
buyers, 29–30, 36, 57
international, 27, 29, 35, 45
BVI. See British Virgin Islands
ByteDance, 113–114, 117, 119–122, 124–126
Cai Hongxian, 88–91, 95, 97, 101, 104, 106
California, 115, 117, 120, 292
Call Option, 256, 260, 262, 264
Cambodia, 21, 156–171
domestic legislation and regulations, 162–164, 169
preparatory measures, 164–165, 168
Canada, 3, 213, 299, 313, 315–316
capital, 2, 12, 16, 17, 135–136, 180, 187, 280
foreign, 34, 108, 180, 191
case studies. See individual studies
casino, 21, 197–211
construction, 201–202
hotel, 200–201, 208
Casino License Agreement. See CLA (Casino License Agreement)
Cayman Islands, 33, 46, 114
CCCC (China Communication Construction Company Ltd), 138–140
CCP (Chinese Communist Party), 2–3, 6–7, 13, 29, 32, 42–44
officials, 14, 31
policies, 7, 44
CCU. See Compañía de las Cervecerías Unidas (CCU)
CEA (Central Environmental Authority), 142–143
Central Business District, 48, 137, 191
Central Environmental Authority (CEA), 142–143
centralization, 7–9
CEOs (Chief Executive Officers), 82, 96, 115, 259–260
CFIUS (Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States), 108, 117, 120, 122, 128
order, 122–123
CFOs (chief financial officers), 304, 305–306
CFPA (China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation), 78
Chief Executive Officers. See CEOs (Chief Executive Officers)
chief financial officers. See CFOs (chief financial officers)
children, 128, 134, 184, 223
Chile, 20, 48–63, 107
for business school audiences, 63
evolution of Chinese FDI, 49
importance of FTA and appeal of New World wine, 54–56
for law school audiences, 63
for policy school audiences, 63
project roadmap, 60
transaction, 56–61
VSPT (Viña San Pedro Tarapacá S.A.), 20, 48, 49–50, 51–52, 58–62, 63
Chile Andes Law Firm, 49, 58
Chile-China FTA (Free Trade Agreement), 48, 50, 54–56, 61, 63
Chile Patagonia Financial Advisors, 58
China. See also Introductory Note
Administrative Measures, 162, 170
Company Law, 5–6
Government, 1, 5–6, 7–9, 11, 14–16, 19, 97
lending practices, 235–236, 239–241, 245–247
People’s Liberation Army Navy, 189
China-Africa Investment Limited, 303–304
China Communication Construction Company Ltd. See CCCC (China Communication Construction Company Ltd)
China Development Bank, 9, 136, 219, 238
China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation. See CFPA (China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation)
China House, 68, 80–83, 85
China Huaneng Group. See CHNG (China Huaneng Group)
China International Engineering Consulting Corporation (CIECC), 186
China Railway Eryuan Engineering Group, 102
China State Power Corporation (CSPC), 93
China–Oman relationships, 176–177
Chinese capital, 2, 4, 12, 16, 17, 136
Chinese Communist Party. See CCP (Chinese Communist Party)
Chinese companies, overview, 4–8
Chinese firms, 1–23, 197, 213
Chinese managers, 18, 73, 87, 101, 104, 223
Chinese Overseas Industrial Parks (COIPs), 187, 191
Chinese regulators, 14
and Alibaba, 39–42, 43, 45
chips, 284, 286–287. See also integrated circuits
memory, 287, 288–290, 292
CHNG (China Huaneng Group), 156–158, 164, 166, 168–170
CIB (Corporate and Investment Banking), 252, 254
CIECC (China International Engineering Consulting Corporation), 186
civil society, 18, 21, 22, 207, 278, 281
actions, 278–281
groups, 142, 144, 149, 165, 210
organizations (CSOs), 69, 87, 166–168, 207, 268, 275, 281
use of law, 275
CLA (Casino License Agreement), 200, 202
claims, 129, 145–146, 208, 240, 297, 302, 308, 310
class action lawsuits, 199
clean energy, 157, 169, 272
clean environment, 159, 161, 168, 170
climate change, 3, 170, 271, 276
climate commitments, 271–272, 282
CNMI (Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands), 197–200, 202–203, 206, 208
Department of Labor (DOL), 200, 202–203
coal-fired power plants, 22, 267–283
coal plant, 277, 278–280
COIPs (Chinese Overseas Industrial Parks), 187, 191
collaborative infrastructure initiatives, 111
Colombo Port City. See CPC (Colombo Port City)
Colombo Port Expansion Project (CPEP), 137–138
Commerce Clause, 128
commitments, 52, 145, 194, 239, 244, 279, 314–316
climate and biodiversity, 271–272, 282
Committee for Analysis and Assessment (CTAE), 273, 275, 277
Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States. See CFIUS (Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States)
commodities, 174, 252–254
Common Framework, 243–244
common law, 6, 151, 154
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. See CNMI (Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands)
communication strategies, 229, 231
communities, 20, 148, 163, 165–166, 278, 280–283
Companhia Paulista de Força e Luz. See CPFL (Companhia Paulista de Força e Luz)
Compañía de las Cervecerías Unidas (CCU), 59
companies, 4–8, 51–53, 63–68, 87–93, 100–103, 105, 118–120, 204–210, 229–231, 275–276
American, 115, 119, 125–126, 284
foreign, 89, 95, 125, 231, 282, 290
gold mining, 218, 221
limited by shares, 5
listed, 6, 58, 74
OGFTZ, 303, 305, 307
publicly traded/listed, 59, 105, 263
compensation, 120–122, 146, 148, 166, 206–207, 223–224, 306–308, 311–312
competition, 35, 67, 79–80, 81, 83, 91, 96
law, 110
competitors, 53, 114
complexities, 27–28, 101, 102, 113, 127, 215, 239–241
compliance, 16–17, 19–20, 65–130, 161–162, 198–199, 201, 207, 210
computers, 29–30, 49, 287
Concession Agreement, 139–143, 146, 147
concessions, 91, 102, 108
conflicts, 22, 130, 227–228, 231, 262, 263–264
Congress, 123, 126, 128, 199, 208
consortium, 94, 96, 98–100, 102, 276, 303
NGO, 279–280
constituent states, 309, 315–316
constitutions, 134, 146, 150–152, 154, 158, 163, 274
construction, 2, 98–100, 104, 156–158, 163–168, 201–202, 203, 267–268, 282–283
site, 203–204, 206
workers, 202–203, 208
consumers, 28, 36–37, 46, 50
Chinese, 27, 31, 45, 48, 53, 55, 61
contractors, 102, 118, 140, 156, 197–198, 201–208, 209–210
EPC, 103, 105
contracts, 34, 77–78, 81, 153–154, 201–202, 224, 227
fixed-term, 224, 231
contractual rights, 136, 146, 305
control, 7, 13–14, 39, 105, 152, 187, 240, 262
Cooper, Sarah, 117
coping strategies, 119–124
corporate behavior, 20, 68, 294, 298
corporate forms, 5–6, 13
corporate governance, 4, 7, 17, 110
corporate income tax, 286
corporate law, 5–6
corporate partners, 158, 164, 169
corporate-political ecosystem, 28, 40, 44
corporate practices, 21, 68, 212
corporate social responsibility. See CSR (corporate social responsibility)
corporate structure, 17, 18, 94, 115, 218
corporations, 13, 19, 25–63, 94, 160, 163–164, 166
Chinese, 8, 18, 19–20, 22–23, 33–34, 133, 163, 282
foreign, 32–33
corruption, 42, 134, 213, 227, 229, 240
COVID-19 pandemic, 11–12, 83, 185, 236, 237, 244, 246, 285
CPC (Colombo Port City), 20, 133–155
2014 Concession Agreement, 140–141
2016 Tripartite Agreement, 146–147
access to investment-related information, 146–147
for business school audiences, 154
Chinese interest in project, 136
controversies surrounding project, 141–143
Economic Commission (CPCEC), 149–151, 152–154
establishment of SEZ (special economic zone), 149–153
history of project, 136–140
for law school audiences, 153
litigation before domestic courts, 147–149
for policy school audiences, 154
suspension and resumption of project, 143–145
CPCEC (Colombo Port City Economic Commission), 149–151, 152–154
CPEP (Colombo Port Expansion Project), 137–138
CPFL (Companhia Paulista de Força e Luz), 105–107
Renováveis, 105, 110
credit, 36–39, 254
creditors, 239–243
sovereign, 236–237, 243–244
cross-border investment, 27–28, 301, 315
Cross-Straits People Relations Act, 289–290
CSOs. See civil society organization
CSPC (China State Power Corporation), 93
CSR (corporate social responsibility), 67–87
for business school audiences, 87
for law school audiences, 86
overseas, 73–74
for policy school audiences, 86–87
CTAE (Committee for Analysis and Assessment), 273, 275, 277
cultural rights, 169–170, 280
culture, 159, 166, 169, 215, 232
gaps, 57
local, 50, 97
customary international law, 309–310, 315
damages, 3, 165, 206, 213, 305–306, 311
data security, 116, 124
debt, 18, 21, 134, 136, 143, 235–241, 242, 243–247
crisis, 237, 239, 244–246
dilemmas, 241, 245
distress, 237, 239
forgiveness, 242
obligations, 241–242
relief, 243–245
sovereign. See sovereign debt restructuring
Debt Service Suspension Initiative. See DSSI (Debt Service Suspension Initiative)
debt-trap diplomacy, 246–247
debtor countries, 236, 244, 247
debtors, 236, 239
decent work, 212, 224
demonstrations, 207, 223, 227, 229
developers, 202, 209–210, 275
development, sustainable, 14–15, 16, 161–163, 268, 271–272, 274
diplomacy
debt-trap, 246–247
public, 180, 185, 192
dispute resolution, 10, 141, 153, 155, 192, 214
disputes, 18, 22, 151, 214, 231, 265–318
distributors, 53
diversification, economic, 175, 184, 237
Djibouti, 174, 189–190
domestic courts, 147–149, 306, 316
domestic legislation, 158, 162–164
Doumbouya, Mamady, 269
DRAM (dynamic random-access memory), 284, 287, 288
DSSI (Debt Service Suspension Initiative), 243–244
Duqm
AIIB (Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank), 172, 182–183, 187
local labor and investment environment, 179–180
major Chinese investors, 180–182
and Ningxia, 181, 183–185, 186
port, 173, 182, 189, 192
security dimension, 188–190
special economic zone (SEZ), 172–194
dust, 267, 277–278
dynamic random-access memory. See DRAM (dynamic random-access memory)
e-commerce, 27–28, 35–36, 44–45
domestic, 29–32
EAR (Export Administration Regulations), 295
economic development, 5, 153, 239, 317
economic diversification, 175, 184, 237
economic espionage, 291–293, 294–295
economic growth, 35, 40, 43, 176, 213, 237, 238, 244–245
economic interests, 123, 136, 144, 242, 315
economic prospects, 96, 244, 246, 316
economies/economy, 3–4, 7, 11, 14, 30, 32, 69, 116, 262, 301
global, 12, 246, 250
ecosystems, 28, 31, 36, 37–40, 44, 111
education, 76–77, 80, 81, 85, 191, 193, 216
educators, 4, 18, 19
effectiveness, 110, 112, 154, 188, 229, 264
Egypt, 83
EIAs (Environmental Impact Assessments), 102, 137–138, 141–142, 144, 147, 157, 163–164, 282
electricity, 2, 107, 156–157, 164
Eletrobras, 97, 101, 105
Eletronorte, 100–101
emerging markets, 3, 20, 57, 250–252, 259, 296, 301
employees, 215, 223, 225, 228, 291–293, 294
employers, 199, 203–204, 206, 208, 210–211, 224, 226
employment, 18, 21, 214–215, 222, 223–224, 289
contracts, 224, 226, 289, 291
energy, 75, 126, 163, 164, 272, 277, 280–281
clean, 157, 169, 272
renewable, 105, 168, 184, 274
security, 88, 110–111, 157
enforcement, 44, 120–121, 294, 313, 315
effect, 15, 271
government and private, 205–206
engagements, 168, 235, 240, 281, 296, 314
engineering, procurement, and construction. See EPC (engineering, procurement, and construction)
engineers, 82, 140, 215, 222
enterprises, 9, 136, 186–187
entrepreneurs, 3, 30, 34, 82
environment, 15, 148–149, 161, 163–164, 210–211, 271–275, 280
clean, 159, 161, 168, 170
healthy, 160, 274
sustainable, 157, 160–161
environmental accountability, 22, 267–283
civil society actions, 278–281
for law school audiences, 281–282
for policy school audiences, 282–283
SMB’s environmental and social record in Boké, 277–279
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment. See ESIAs (Environmental and Social Impact Assessment)
Environmental and Social Management Plans. See ESMP (Environmental and Social Management Plans)
environmental assessments, 182, 275, 283
environmental compliance certificate, 273, 275, 279–281
Environmental Impact Assessments. See EIAs (Environmental Impact Assessments)
environmental laws, 16, 142, 153
environmental protection, 14–15, 18, 162–163, 164, 274
environmentalists, 142, 145, 146
EPC (engineering, procurement, and construction), 102, 140
contractors, 103, 105
ESIAs (Environmental and Social Impact Assessment), 272–273, 274–278, 279–280, 282
ESMP (Environmental and Social Management Plans), 273, 275
evidence, 27–28, 55, 62, 203–204, 206, 291, 293–294
executive orders, 113, 116, 118, 120–121, 123, 124–125, 130
exemptions, 154–155, 203, 286
exit mechanisms, 250, 256, 262, 264
exit strategies, 262, 264
Export Administration Regulations (EARs), 295
exporters, 51, 277
exports, 31, 75, 174–176, 180, 199, 215
expropriation, 141, 146, 308, 312, 315
extractives industries, 21–22, 214, 230, 274
families, 121, 136, 166, 223
FDI (foreign direct investment), 5, 56–57, 133–134, 136, 154, 180, 262, 299. See also ODI (overseas direct investment)
from China to Nigeria, 299, 300
Federal Republic of Nigeria. See Nigeria
fees, 31, 92, 153, 205
recruitment, 198, 203, 205
FEZs (free economic zones), 175–176
finance, 21, 77, 140, 143, 186, 233–264
financial advisors, 48, 57–58, 62
financial advisors, Chile Patagonia, 58
financial institutions, 8, 250, 270
financial products, 41–42, 45
financial regulation, 19, 28, 186
financial services, 27–28, 36, 45, 47, 74, 153
fintech, 10, 27, 36–39
fish, 88, 157, 164–165, 167
fishing, 159, 166, 172, 269, 278
fixed-term contracts, 224, 231
FOCAC (Forum on China-Africa Cooperation), 244, 270, 271, 300
food, 161, 172, 226, 278, 304
forced labor, 21, 197–211
for business school audiences, 209–211
for law school audiences, 209–210
for policy school audiences, 210
foreign affairs, 124–125, 128
foreign capital, 34, 108, 180, 191
foreign companies, 89, 95, 125, 231, 282, 290
foreign corporations, 32–33
foreign direct investment. See FDI (foreign direct investment)
foreign funding with Chinese management control, 32–34
foreign investment treaties, 22, 297–318
for business school audiences, 317
for law school audiences, 315–316
for policy school audiences, 316–317
foreign investors, 16, 61, 212–213, 216, 231, 297, 315–316
foreign jurisdictions, 291
foreign markets, 20, 93, 97
foreign ownership, 32, 34, 180
foreign policies, 116, 130, 144, 174–176, 193
foreign workers, 179, 200, 202–203, 211
advantages and disadvantages of using, 211
Forum on China-Africa Cooperation. See FOCAC (Forum on China-Africa Cooperation)
fossil fuels, 14, 157, 168, 170
Framework Agreements, 54, 189, 299, 305, 311
France, 63, 115, 243, 269
fraud, 28, 36, 40, 257–258, 291, 304, 317
online, 28, 34
free economic zones (FEZs), 175–176
FTAs (Free Trade Agreements), 10, 20, 48, 54–55, 63, 175
Chile-China, 48, 50, 54–56, 61, 63
Fujian Jinhua, 22, 284
Full Gold Mining, 218–221, 222, 227–228
Furnas, 96, 100–101
G20, 10, 243
garment industry, 199–200
GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council), 174–177, 182
general counsel, 115, 124, 206, 231
geopolitical tensions, 284, 285, 293, 296
policymaking dilemmas, 129–130
Germany, 3, 10, 115, 240
Ghana, 83
GHG emissions, 276
Gianforte, Greg, 128
global markets, 63, 112, 249–250, 253–255, 263
Global South, 12, 236, 245–247, 268
gold deposits, 216, 219
Gold Mantis, 198, 201–202, 203, 205–206, 207–208
gold mining in Kyrgyzstan, 21, 212–232
background, 215–221
case study roadmap, 214–215
causes of tension, 221
complying with salary laws, 225–226
difficulties with employment contracts, 224
grievances, 227
history and significance, 212–214
human resources department as gatekeeper, 222–223
inaccessible justice, 228–229
insufficient equipment and unsafe conditions, 225
mine protests, 227–228
opaque hiring practices, 222
role of government agencies, 229–230
utility of personal relationships, 223–224
working conditions, 226
good governance administration, 144–145
goods, 30–31, 172, 174, 199, 218, 237
GOSL (Government of Sri Lanka), 136, 138, 139, 141, 146
governance, 3, 15, 44, 74, 134, 136, 212, 281
corporate, 4, 7, 17, 110
good, 16, 137, 144
sustainable, 14
government agencies, 74, 138, 207, 229–230, 302, 309
Government of Sri Lanka. See GOSL (Government of Sri Lanka)
governments, 1–2, 41–42, 44–45, 76–77, 91–92, 123, 133–134, 235–238, 283, 310
Brazilian, 88, 91
federal, 122, 128, 199, 317
Guinean, 267, 279–280
host, 22, 312, 316
Kyrgyz, 216, 218, 226, 230
Nigerian, 312, 317
Omani, 179, 191–193
state, 127–128
green BRI, 15
green projects, 15
‘Green Silk Road’, 212, 214
grievances, 210, 222–223, 227
growth, 4–6, 15, 28, 43, 53, 175–176, 211, 252
strategy, 248, 252, 261
guarantees, 42–43, 62, 63, 133, 161, 302, 314
Guinea, 22, 267–283
civil society actions, 278–281
country profile, 268–270
environmental laws and decrees, 273–275
governmental structure on mining, natural resource management, and environmental matters, 272–273
Guinea–China relations, 270–271
international treaties and standards, 276
MEDD (Ministry of the Environment and Sustainable Development), 272–273
Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, 272
Ministry of Geology and Mines, 272–273, 280
SMB’s environmental and social record, 277
Transitional Charter, 269, 273–274
use of law by civil society, 275
Guinean Environmental Assessment Agency. See AGEE (Guinean Environmental Assessment Agency)
Gulf Cooperation Council. See GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council)
Gulf region, 175–176, 193–194
Haddad, Ramon, 96
health, 183, 205, 216, 225, 276
healthy environment, 160, 274
heart, 140, 180, 183, 291, 293
hearts and minds, 183
high levels of debt, 237, 243, 246
hiring practices, 222
Ho, Jianting, 288–289, 291–293
Hong Kong, 200–201, 252, 291
Hong Kong Stock Exchange, 41, 200, 208
host countries, 67–68, 85, 87, 136, 187, 211, 219
host governments, 22, 312, 316
host states, 3–4, 13–14, 16–17, 18–19, 133, 263, 297–298, 301–302. See also individual countries
hotels, 30, 134, 304
housing, 160, 161, 166, 191, 201
Huawei, 1–2, 80, 126, 292
Human Resources departments, 222–223
human rights, 16–17, 20–21, 133, 156–170
abuses, 160
and BRI (Belt and Road Initiative), 158–159
for business school audiences, 171
domestic legislation and regulations, 162–164, 169
international human rights law, 157, 159–161, 171, 282
law, 158, 160, 168
for law school audiences, 169–171
obligations, 158, 161, 168–170
for policy school audiences, 171
preparatory measures, 164–165, 168
standards, 158, 161–162, 163, 170
universal, 14
HVDC (high-voltage direct current), 98–99
hybrid Chinese-international e-commerce platform ecosystem, development, 27–47
ICBC (Industrial and Commercial Bank of China), 74, 248–251, 253–261, 262, 263
Call Option, 256–257, 262
exit mechanisms, 256
Standard Bank Plc (ICBCS), 248, 257–260, 262
Standard Bank Plc (ICBCS), JVs (joint ventures), 248, 250, 256–257, 259–264
ICCPR (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights), 159
ICESCR (International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights), 159–160
ICs. See integrated circuits (ICs)
ICSID (International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes), 302, 313
IEEPA (International Emergency Economic Powers Act), 118, 121–122
IFC (International Finance Corporation), 276
Performance Standards, 276
IMF (International Monetary Fund), 11, 16, 21, 69, 235–236, 237
Imperial Pacific Casino project, Saipan, 21, 197–211
Imperial Pacific International. See IPI (Imperial Pacific International)
Imperial Pacific International Holdings. See IPIH (Imperial Pacific International Holdings)
imports, 70, 75, 175, 190, 237
inaccessible justice, 228–229
incentives, 7–8, 152–153, 155, 176, 180, 202
incorporation, 13, 95, 293
independence, 70, 102, 269
India, 129, 175, 179, 189
Indian Ocean, 135, 173–174, 193
Indigenous communities, 99, 164–165, 166, 169
Indigenous peoples, 160, 163, 166, 168
Indonesia, 35, 115
Industrial and Commercial Bank of China. See ICBC (Industrial and Commercial Bank of China)
industrial parks, 172–173, 181, 184–186, 188–190, 193, 194
infrastructure, 10, 19–20, 77, 131–194, 239, 245, 271
facilities, 135, 138, 140, 144
investment, 93, 140, 241
projects, 20, 191, 209, 211, 238–239
initial public offering. See IPO (initial public offering)
injunctions, 1, 120, 122, 305, 306, 311
injuries, 198, 204–206, 210
integrated circuits (ICs), 22, 284–296
integration, 10, 50, 61, 63, 76, 104, 110, 286
intellectual property, 130, 286, 288, 290, 292, 295
intentions, 54, 118, 199–200, 250, 291, 311
interactions, 17, 67–68, 104, 113, 226, 229
international business, 152, 253, 298
international buyers, 27, 29, 35, 45
international cooperation, 110–111, 187, 295
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), 159
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), 159–160
International Emergency Economic Powers Act. See IEEPA (International Emergency Economic Powers Act)
International Finance Corporation (IFC), 276
international human rights law, 157, 159–161, 171, 282
international investment agreements, 10
international investment strategies, 4, 8–10
international investments, 94, 237, 271
international investors, 19, 27–28, 33, 35, 47
international law, 126, 133, 166, 168, 176, 268, 308–309
customary, 309–310, 315
International Monetary Fund. See IMF (International Monetary Fund)
international standards, 10, 276, 294
international trade, 29–32, 63, 69, 152, 173, 176, 184, 238
international treaties, 276
internationalization, 86, 95, 114, 192
internet, 29, 30, 32, 35, 118
interview respondents, 215, 223
interviewees, 223, 225, 229
interviews, 70, 156–157, 166, 224–225, 230, 238, 298
worker, 197, 199
investment (treaty) arbitration, 298, 301, 306, 309, 313–314, 315, 317
investment agreements, 139, 146
international, 10
investment disputes, 298, 302, 309
investment flows, 11, 250
investment products, 28, 37
investment-related information, access to, 146–147
investment treaties. See BITs (bilateral investment treaties); foreign investment treaties
investments, 2–4, 10–13, 37, 135–139, 191–192, 297–298, 302–303, 308–309, 310, 314–317
cross-border, 27–28, 301, 315
international, 94, 237, 271
Nigeria, 303, 310
US, 117, 118, 127
investor–state arbitration, 22, 146, 313–314
investors, 22, 41–42, 45–46, 154–157, 180–181, 309
foreign, 16, 61, 212–213, 216, 231, 297, 315–316
international, 19, 27–28, 33, 35, 47
IPI (Imperial Pacific International), 197–210
project, 198, 202–203, 207–208
IPIH (Imperial Pacific International Holdings), 200–201
IPO (initial public offering), 28, 33, 35, 41, 45, 47
Ishtamberdy, 214–219, 222, 224–228, 231–232
islands, 199–200, 208
Jack Ma, 29
Jalal-Abad, 214, 216
Japan, 114–115, 175, 252
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), 80
Jiangsu Yanghe Distillery Co. Ltd., 20, 48–63
as iconic baijiu producer, 50–51
Jinhua, 284, 287–294
Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE), 248, 252
joint ventures. See JVs (joint ventures)
journalists, 69–70, 167, 240
JSE (Johannesburg Stock Exchange), 248, 252
judicial review, 18, 133, 154
justice, 205, 223, 275, 292, 294
inaccessible, 228–229
social, 145
JVs (joint ventures), 22, 35, 191, 248–250, 253, 257–264, 286
agreements, 261, 262, 264, 299, 302–303, 305–306, 310–311
for business school audiences, 263–264
and changing circumstances, 22, 250, 257–259, 260, 262, 264
exit terms, 256–257
exiting, 248–264
for law school audiences, 261–262
objectives, 253
for policy school audiences, 262–263
terms and conditions, 254–255
Kenya, 20, 67–87
Kenya–China relations, 70–72
MOEST (Ministry of Education, Science and Technology), 76, 78–83, 85
NYS (National Youth Service), 76
Sino-Kenyan relations, 68, 69–70
Kichi-Chaarat, 214–216, 219–222, 224–225, 226–229, 231–232
Kong Xianghu, 198, 202, 206
Kumtor, 212–214, 217
Kyrgyz authorities, 213, 216, 218, 223, 226, 230, 231
Kyrgyz workers, 214–215, 222, 226
Kyrgyzstan. See gold mining in Kyrgyzstan
labor, 8, 17, 18, 21, 202–203, 209–210
labor abuses, 21, 197, 198–199, 204–205, 207, 208, 211
labor conflicts, 21, 212–232
for business school audiences, 232
for law school audiences, 231
for policy school audiences, 231
labor disputes, 212–214, 228
labor laws, 16, 153, 201, 226
labor rights, 209, 228, 230
land rights, 160, 278, 281
language(s), 104, 114, 206, 211, 230, 232, 240, 305, 315
Latin America, 12, 18, 20, 88–89, 92, 94. See also individual countries
law, 18, 56–58, 94, 125–127, 150, 153, 163, 204, 210–211, 282
domestic, 139, 161–162
human rights, 158, 160, 168
Nigerian, 308, 310, 311
rule of, 14, 16, 129, 134, 270, 281
law enforcement agencies, 197, 199, 223
lawsuits, 36, 120, 129, 147, 197, 207, 282, 317
class action, 199
lawyers, 20, 22, 197, 210, 215, 226, 298, 314
Lazada, 35–36
leadership, 85, 113, 149, 181, 185
legal actions, 128, 129, 294, 306, 309, 313
legal advisors, 62, 90
legal authorities, 121, 139
legal disputes, 161, 294, 309
legal risks, 46, 209
legal standards
regional, 161–162
transnational, 161–162
legal strategies, 22, 110, 268
legal systems, 17, 175, 273, 294
legislation, 15, 73, 133, 158, 271
domestic, 158, 162–164
lenders, 239–240, 242, 245
lending, 11, 21, 240, 245, 246–247
practices, 17, 239–241, 244–245, 246
Li, Tom, 48–49, 52–54, 55, 58, 78–83
liabilities, 6, 159, 197, 209, 255, 257
licenses, 32–34, 94, 95, 200, 218
licensing collaboration, 288–289, 290
listed companies, 6, 58, 74
litigation, 16, 20, 22, 86, 130–133, 147–149, 197–198, 214
administrative, 279–282
TikTok, 120–122
tort, 282
livelihoods, 142, 145, 165, 167, 169, 277
loans, 76, 102, 136, 182, 238–240, 241–242, 244–246
local authorities, 16, 215, 223, 229, 230
local communities, 80, 169, 216, 221, 229–230, 267, 277–278, 281
local courts, 16, 44
local employees, 180, 228, 229, 230
local governments, 44, 91, 149, 187, 198–199, 229
local labor, 3, 179–180
local law, 3, 13, 15–16, 192, 197, 198
local populations, 183, 192, 211, 221–222, 229–230, 316
local public law, 20, 133–155, 311. See also CPC (Colombo Port City)
for business school audiences, 154
for law school audiences, 153
for policy school audiences, 154
local residents, 211, 222, 229, 267
local stakeholders, 78, 214, 272
local workers, 21, 179, 212, 225, 229
localization strategies, 18, 20, 88–112
for business school audiences, 111–112
for law school audiences, 108–110
for policy school audiences, 110–111
lock-in provisions, 249–250, 256, 261–262, 264
logistics, 38, 74, 172, 191
losses, 122, 153, 157, 257–259, 260, 309, 317
low-income countries, 22, 235–236, 246
Lower Sesan II, 21, 156–171
construction, 166–167
implications and outlook, 167–168
M&A (mergers and acquisitions), 20, 48–63, 97, 286
failure rate, 56
industry, 62
main steps, 59
strategies, 62
Ma, Jack, 29, 30–31, 44–45
Macau, 200, 291
machines, 77, 86
Mainland Area, 289–290
management, 6, 73, 161, 181, 214, 303
managers, 78, 202, 203–205, 206, 215, 303–305
Chinese, 18, 73, 87, 101, 104, 223
manufacturing, 172, 191, 225, 284, 287, 316
Maritime Silk Road. See MSR (Maritime Silk Road)
market access, 7, 67
market competition, 31, 92, 108, 286
market concentration, 108, 111
market economy, 54, 125
socialist, 5
market power, 35, 40–41
market shares, 52, 108, 287
markets, 23, 43–44, 87, 89, 91–92, 130–133, 188
emerging, 3, 20, 57, 250–252, 259, 296, 301
foreign, 20, 93, 97
mass dismissal, 214, 228
MCC (Metallurgical Corporation of China), 197–198, 198, 201–206, 207–210
MDT (Memes Droits pour Tous), 279–280
mechanisms, 13, 108, 152, 210, 261, 262
exit, 250, 256, 262, 264
media, 3, 81, 87, 167, 199, 207, 210, 231
social, 32, 81, 113, 117, 229
Mekong, 161, 164, 165, 167–168
Mekong Agreement, 161, 164
Memes Droits pour Tous. See MDT (Memes Droits pour Tous)
Memoranda of Understanding. See MOUs (Memoranda of Understanding)
memory chips, 287, 288–290, 292
MENA (Middle Eastern and North African), 172, 190
mergers. See M&A (mergers and acquisitions)
Metallurgical Corporation of China. See MCC (Metallurgical Corporation of China)
Micron, 22, 284–296
Micron Memory Taiwan Co., Ltd. (MMT), 288–289
Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) region, 172, 190
middle-income countries, 3, 10, 12, 136
migrant workers, 179, 211
mines, 213–214, 219, 221–222, 224–226, 231, 238, 272–273, 280
Ishtamberdy, 214–219, 222, 224–228, 231–232
Kichi-Chaarat, 214–216, 222, 224–225, 231–232
protests, 227–228
mining, 13, 215–218, 222, 224–225, 227, 238, 269, 272–273
bauxite, 269–270, 276–278
companies, 222, 224, 229, 274. See also individual companies
gold. See gold mining in Kyrgyzstan
roads, 276–278
Ministry of Commerce. See MOFCOM (Ministry of Commerce)
misappropriation of trade secrets, 284, 286, 290–291, 293
mitigation strategies, 306
MMT (Micron Memory Taiwan Co., Ltd.), 288–289
Mnuchin, Steve, 117
mobile phones, 30, 35, 38, 123
MOFCOM (Ministry of Commerce), 8–10, 184, 272
money, 37, 207–208, 210, 236, 240, 270
Montana, 128
MOUs (Memoranda of Understanding), 10, 57, 95, 97, 139, 189
Moutai, 50–53
MSR (Maritime Silk Road), 172, 173, 176
multinational companies/corporations/firms, 47, 87, 110, 112–114, 129–130, 287
Nairobi, 70, 81–82, 85
NARI, 104
National Development and Reform Commission. See NDRC (National Development and Reform Commission)
National People’s Congress of China. See NPCSC (National People’s Congress of China)
national security, 115–117, 118–119, 121, 123, 128–129, 143–144
National Youth Service (NYS), 76
nationality, 101, 108, 213, 221, 225
Natural Justice, 277–279, 280
Natural Resource Management, 162–163, 164, 272
natural resources, 10, 241, 269, 300
NDRC (National Development and Reform Commission), 8–10, 185, 271–272
BRI Center, 15
negative impacts, 27, 32, 45, 145, 161, 165, 238
NEPZA (Nigeria Export Processing Zones Authority), 305, 307, 311
New South Group (NSG), 304
new world wine, 54–56
New York Convention, 313, 316
New York Stock Exchange. See NYSE (New York Stock Exchange)
NGOs (nongovernmental organizations), 21, 22, 156, 164, 167, 279
Nigeria, 22, 297–317
annual FDI flow from China, 299, 300
court proceedings, 302, 306, 310, 311
government, 312, 317
law, 308, 310, 311
NEPZA (Nigeria Export Processing Zones Authority), 305, 307, 311
police, 305–306, 311, 317
Ningxia and Duqm, 181, 183–185, 186
NIS (Nigerian Immigration Service), 304
nongovernmental organizations. See NGOs (nongovernmental organizations)
NPCSC (National People’s Congress of China), 125–126
NSG (New South Group), 304
NYS (National Youth Service), 76
NYSE (New York Stock Exchange), 27, 45, 47, 105, 110
OA Global Markets Business, 249, 253–255
obligations, 158, 160–162, 163, 201, 256, 281
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. See OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)
ODI (overseas direct investment), 2–5, 8–10, 11–12, 14–15, 28, 35, 45–46, 47. See also FDI (foreign direct investment)
effects, 14–16
main risks and challenges, 57
and Party-State, 12–14
trends, 11–12
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), 240
Ogun Guangdong Free Trade Zone, 298–301
Ogun Guangdong Free Trade Zone Company (OGFTZ Company), 303, 305, 307
Ogun State, 298–301, 302–306, 309–311, 315, 316–317
government, 303–304
High Court, 305, 307
oil, 172, 175, 188, 194, 241
oil refinery deal, 258–259
Oman, 21, 107, 172–194. See also Duqm
China–Oman relationships, 176–177
facts, 175
GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council), 174–176
government, 179, 191–193
Oman Wanfang LLC, 181, 184
Omani students, 177, 184
online fraud, 28, 34
‘opening and reform’, 5
Oracle, 119–120, 125, 128
OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration), 204–205
overseas direct investment. See ODI (overseas direct investment)
overseas investments. See Introductory Note
overseas projects, 4, 15–17, 73, 271
owners, 17, 215, 221, 228
ownership, 5, 13, 59, 162, 220–221, 226, 303
foreign, 32, 34, 180
state, 6, 29
PAA (Project Approving Agency), 138, 142
Pakistan, 107, 129, 179, 243
pandemic, COVID-19, 11–12, 83, 185, 236, 237, 244, 246, 285
parent companies, 7, 81, 201, 282, 303, 306
Paris Club, 235–236, 243–244, 246–247
partnerships, 97, 101, 184, 248, 250, 256, 263
Party-State, 2–3, 4, 6–8, 12–14
and overseas direct investment, 12–14
passports, 198, 204–206
Patriotic Front. See PF (Patriotic Front)
penalties, 45, 128, 291
People’s Bank of China (PBOC), 42
People’s Liberation Army Navy, 189
People’s Republic of China. See China
performance, 14, 259, 262, 264
personal relationships, 223–224
PES (Philadelphia Energy Solutions), 258
petitioners, 147–148, 308
petitions, 117, 147–149
petroleum, 2, 172, 241, 301
PF (Patriotic Front), 237
Philadelphia Energy Solutions (PES), 258
Philippines, 35, 94, 107–108
physical injuries, 198, 206, 210
platform firms, 42, 46
platforms, social media, 115, 229, 231, 290
Plena Transmissora, 95, 96
police, 40, 304, 305–306, 311, 317
policies, 3–4, 11–12, 18–19, 46, 93, 262–263
adjustments, 139, 145–146
policy banks, 9, 21
policymakers, 111, 209–210, 248
political risks, 28, 44, 46, 94, 101, 117, 126, 130
mitigation, 20
political unrest, 134, 221, 229
politicians, 120, 143, 240
politics, 69, 133, 136, 294
Port City Act, 152–155
ports, 138–139, 172–174, 176, 188–190, 193, 276–278. See also CPC (Colombo Port City)
potential risks, 86, 116, 127, 245
poverty, 3
alleviation, 14, 43–44, 69, 157, 237
power plants, 97, 180
coal-fired, 267–268, 279–281
fired, 277, 278
PR. See public relations (PR)
preparatory measures, 164–165, 168
prices, 30, 55, 108, 147, 157, 257
private companies/firms, 2, 5, 7–9, 35, 46, 94, 274, 299. See also individual companies
private enterprise, 42, 263
private sector, 6, 31, 92, 179, 218, 243
private tech firms, 32–33, 41, 44
products, 29–30, 37, 43–45, 53, 54–55, 78
profitability, 41, 182, 192, 232
profits, 5, 6, 13, 39, 42, 93–94, 180, 269
Project Approving Agency. See PAA (Project Approving Agency)
Project Company, 139–141, 144–147
protests, 145, 222, 224, 227–228
provincial councils, 149, 151
PTD (Public Trust Doctrine), 148–149
public auctions, 91–92, 96–97, 105
public diplomacy, 180, 185, 192
public interest, 147, 163, 308
public law, local, 20, 133–155, 311
public offer of shares, 59
public relations (PR), 2, 81–82, 231
Public Trust Doctrine (PTD), 148–149
publicly traded/listed companies, 59, 105, 263
Rajapaksa regime, 135, 143, 149–150
reclamation work, 137, 139–142, 144–145
recruiters, 203, 206, 209
recruitment, 45, 82, 210, 290. See also hiring practices
fees, 198, 203, 205
redress, 210, 227, 282
refineries
alumina, 182, 193, 267–268, 277, 279, 281
oil, 258–259
Philadelphia, 257–258
reforms, 5, 92, 95, 179–180, 199, 315, 317
regional legal standards, 161–162
regulation(s), 8–9, 15, 73, 153–154, 162–164, 170, 202–203
administrative, 158, 162
financial, 19, 28, 186
regulators, 17, 18, 20, 40, 42, 45, 61, 208
regulators, Chinese, 14, 39–42, 43, 45
regulatory approval, 254–255, 289
regulatory bodies, 74, 108–110
regulatory environments, 4, 16, 20, 89, 108, 127, 296
regulatory frameworks, 91–93, 95, 108, 111, 187, 293
regulatory measures, 110, 210, 295
renewable energy, 105, 168, 184, 274
representative offices, 75, 252, 255, 290
representatives, 126, 165, 185, 215, 230, 312
residents, local, 211, 222, 229, 267
resilience, 92, 133, 241
resources, 17, 18, 148, 220, 230, 240, 241, 253
human, 222–223, 229
mineral, 218, 269, 270
natural, 10, 241, 269, 300
respondents, interview, 215, 223
responsibilities, 16, 59, 93, 141, 159, 169–170, 210, 310
restrictions, 1, 34–35, 125–126, 140–141, 262, 298
revenues, 83, 106, 114, 140, 219, 242
Right to Information (RTI) Act, 146
rights, 140, 159, 161, 168–169, 218, 311, 314
contractual, 136, 146, 305
cultural, 169–170, 280
human. See human rights
Rio de Janeiro, 89, 95, 100, 104
risks, 36–37, 46, 56–57, 101–102, 193, 210–211, 295–296, 317–318
investment, 302, 306
legal, 46, 209
political, 28, 44, 46, 94, 101, 117, 126, 130
potential, 86, 116, 127, 245
rivers, 166–167, 224, 278
roads, 74, 238, 267, 304, 309
Rong, Letian, 288, 291–293
Rousseff, Dilma, 88
RTI (Right to Information), 146
Rubio, Marco, 117
rule of law, 14, 16, 129, 134, 270, 281
Russia, 35, 69, 115, 174, 259
Ruto, William, 80, 85
safety, 141, 201, 210, 225, 271
measures, 159, 204, 225, 230
Saipan, 21, 197–211
aftermath, 208
government and private enforcement, 205–206
labor abuses, 21, 197, 198–199, 204–205, 207, 208, 211
recruitment of workers, 202–203
worker and civil society efforts, 206–208
salaries, 120, 225–226, 289
Sale and Purchase Agreement, 248–250, 254–258, 261–262, 263–264
SAMR (State Administration for Market Regulation), 39–41
Santiago Stock Exchange, 48, 52, 58–59
SASAC (State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission), 7, 9, 93
SB Group (South African Standard Bank Group), 248–262, 263–264
growth strategy, 252–253
Put Option, 256
SB Plc. See Standard Bank Plc
SBLH (Standard Bank London Holdings Limited), 249, 254, 255–256, 258
SCARC (Standing Cabinet Appointed Review Committee), 138–139
scholarships, 78–79, 82, 84, 184
schools, 78, 81, 83, 184, 191
scrutiny, 158, 213–214, 239, 244, 293–294
public, 142, 144
SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals), 212, 214
security, 3, 10, 113, 172, 214, 257
data, 116, 124
national, 115–117, 118–119, 121, 123, 128–129, 143–144
sellers, 30, 31, 36, 57
semiconductor industry, 284–287
services, 43–45, 114–116, 124, 180, 218, 247, 273, 290
financial, 27–28, 36, 45, 47, 74, 153
SEZAD. See Oman
SEZs (special economic zones), 21, 149–150, 152, 172–194, 300
for business school audiences, 193–194
CPC (Colombo Port City), 149–150, 152
Duqm/Oman, 172–194
for law school audiences, 192
Oman. See Oman
for policy school audiences, 193
Shekou model, 190–192
SGBH (State Grid Brazil Holding), 88, 95–97, 100–101, 104
accessing other stages of production chain, 104–107
directors, 96, 108
SGBP (State Grid Brazil Power), 105–106
SGCC (State Grid Corporation of China), 88–112
arrival in Brazil, 93–97
assets in Brazil, 105
assets in Brazil via SGBH and CPFL, 107
global assets, 90
SGID (State Grid International Development Limited), 94, 105
Shanghai, 5, 29, 32, 52, 115, 252
shareholders, 6, 33–34, 52, 59, 102, 141, 218, 257–258
shares, 59–61, 94, 96, 122–123, 249–250, 255–257, 259–260, 261–262
Shekou model, 190–192
Singapore, 35, 114, 116, 252, 255, 276, 305, 317
Sino-African JVs, 248–250, 261, 262
Sino-Arab Wanfang Investment Management Ltd., 173, 180–181
Sino-Kenyan relations, 68, 69–70
SLPA (Sri Lanka Ports Authority), 137–139, 140–143, 144, 146–148
small and medium-sized enterprises. See SMEs (small and medium-sized enterprises)
SMB (Société Minière de Boké), 267–269, 272, 274, 276–282
environmental and social record in Boké, 277–279
SMEs (small and medium-sized enterprises), 28, 31, 35–37, 43, 181
social impacts, 99, 271, 282
social media, 32, 81, 113, 117, 229. See also TikTok
platforms, 115, 229, 231, 290
socialist market economy, 5
Société Minière de Boké. See SMB (Société Minière de Boké)
socioeconomic inequalities, 134, 213, 228
sociopolitical contexts, 68, 73
SOEs (state-owned enterprises), 2, 5, 7–8, 20–21, 48–50, 67–68, 85–88, 138. See also individual enterprises
central, 9, 13, 62
South Africa, 69, 243, 248–264
banking JV and changing circumstances, 22, 250, 257–259, 260, 262, 264
exit terms of banking JV, 256–257
Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE), 248, 252
objectives of banking JV, 253
terms and conditions of banking JV, 254–255
South African Standard Bank Group. See SB Group (South African Standard Bank Group)
South China Sea dispute, 94
South-east Asia, 27–28, 35, 45. See also individual countries
South Korea, 175, 192, 287
sovereign debt restructuring, 21, 235–247
for business school audiences, 247
Chinese practices, 241–244
implications for Zambia and Africa, 244–245
for law school audiences, 246
for policy school audiences, 246–247
sovereign debtors, 239, 242
sovereign states, 153, 185, 241, 298, 309, 311, 314–316
sovereignty, 153, 241, 262
special economic zones. See SEZs (special economic zones)
SPIC (State Power Investment Corporation), 280
SPVs (Special Purpose Vehicles), 95, 100
Sri Lanka, 20, 133–155, 174. See also CPC (Colombo Port City)
background to China-funded infrastructure projects, 134–136
Cabinet of Ministers, 139, 144–145, 150
Port City Act, 152–155
Rajapaksa regime, 135, 143, 149–150
Right to Information (RTI) Act, 146
UDA (Urban Development Authority), 144, 146
Sri Lanka Ports Authority. See SLPA (Sri Lanka Ports Authority)
stability, 94, 175, 237, 271
stakeholders, 67–68, 81, 85, 165–166, 209–210, 212, 215
local, 78, 214, 272
Standard Bank London Holdings Limited. See SBLH (Standard Bank London Holdings Limited)
Standard Bank Plc, 249, 252–258, 261
standards, 3, 62, 91, 236, 275–276, 282
human rights, 158, 161–162, 163, 170
IFC Performance, 276
international, 10, 276, 294
Standing Cabinet Appointed Review Committee. See SCARC (Standing Cabinet Appointed Review Committee)
State Administration for Market Regulation. See SAMR (State Administration for Market Regulation)
State Council, 5, 7, 8, 285
State Grid Brazil Holding. See SGBH (State Grid Brazil Holding)
State Grid Brazil Power. See SGBP (State Grid Brazil Power)
State Grid Corporation of China. See SGCC (State Grid Corporation of China)
state levels, 123, 127, 129
State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission. See SASAC (State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission)
state-owned banks, 31, 46
state ownership, 6, 29
State Power Investment Corporation. See SPIC (State Power Investment Corporation)
strategic location, 174–176, 188
strategies, 62, 86, 104–105, 110–112, 253, 306, 317
communication, 229, 231
coping, 119–124
exit, 262, 264
growth, 248, 252, 261
legal, 22, 110, 268
localization, 18, 20, 88–112
M&A (mergers and acquisitions), 62
mitigation, 306
students, 4, 76–77, 79–80, 82, 83, 123, 177, 184
subcontracting, 21, 105, 197–199, 209–210
subcontractors, 201–203, 205–206, 210
subsidiaries, 75, 94–95, 102–103, 105, 200–201, 220–221, 309
superpowers, 129, 193
supply chains, 2, 284, 285–286, 293, 296
Supreme Courts, 142, 147–151, 228, 288, 291
suspension, 42, 45, 83, 143–145, 219, 243
sustainability, 111, 239, 241, 246
sustainable development, 14–15, 16, 161–163, 268, 271–272, 274
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 212, 214
sustainable governance, 14
Suzhou Gold Mantis. See Gold Mantis
synergies, 53, 57, 63, 95
Taiwan, 22–23, 284, 289–290, 291–294, 295
courts, 284, 287, 294
MOEAIC (Investment Commission of the Ministry of Economic Affairs), 289–290, 291
Taobao, 27, 30, 39–40, 45
tariffs, 55, 199
taxes, 30, 256, 269, 273
teams, 58, 62, 79, 81, 83, 97, 101
Technical, Vocational and Entrepreneurship Training. See TVET (Technical, Vocational and Entrepreneurship Training) project
technology, 82, 88, 184–185, 187, 291–293, 295–296
firms, 12, 34, 41–42, 44. See also individual firms
Tencent, 39, 41, 114–115
TikTok, 20, 113, 115–130
Americanization, 113, 119–120
banning, 113, 115–119, 121–122, 126–128
in Biden era, 122–124
for business school audiences, 130
and ByteDance, 114–115
coping strategies, 119–124
creators, 121–122
for law school audiences, 127–129
litigation, 120–122
for policy school audiences, 129–130
reactions from ByteDance and Chinese government, 124–126
TikTok Global, 119–120
use on US government devices, 116, 123–124, 128
tourism, 69, 152, 191, 199
tourist workers, 203–205
tourists, 177, 199, 203–204, 205, 208
trade, 3, 54, 74, 126, 130, 172, 180, 277
trade secrets, 22, 284–296
for business school audiences, 295–296
law and politics, 294
for law school audiences, 294
misappropriation, 284, 286, 290–291, 293
for policy school audiences, 294
theft, 289, 290–291, 293
trade unions, 69, 207, 215, 226, 230
trade war, US-China, 1, 3, 12, 22
training, 74, 76–77, 81–82, 83, 183–184, 193, 204, 225
transmission lines, 92, 95–96, 97–100, 104–105
transmission lines, Xingu-Estreito, 88–89, 90, 99–104, 108, 110
transnational legal standards, 161–162
transparency, 146, 158, 166, 236, 240, 245–246
transport, 10, 69, 70, 135, 191, 194, 201, 218
Transportation Security Administration (TSA), 117
treaties. See BITs (bilateral investment treaties); foreign investment treaties; international treaties
Trump, Donald, 117–121, 123, 124, 127, 130
Trump administration, 1, 121, 122, 126
trust, 36–39, 40, 149, 229, 245, 296
TSA (Transportation Security Administration), 117
TVET (Technical, Vocational and Entrepreneurship Training) project, 74–77, 80, 83–86
implementation challenges, 77
institutions, 77, 79, 81, 85
Phase I, 76, 77, 86
Phase II, 76–77, 78
UDA (Urban Development Authority), 144, 146
Uganda, 80, 83
UHVDC (ultra-high-voltage direct current), 88, 100
Ukraine, 69, 174, 259
UMC-Jinhua case, 22, 284, 287–289, 290–295
court case, 287–289
international responses, 291–293
regulatory analysis, 289–291
UNCITRAL (United Nations Commission on International Trade Law), 298
UNDRIP (United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Persons), 159–160
UNFCCC (UN Framework Convention on Climate Change), 272, 276
UNGPS (United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights), 159–160
United Kingdom, 52, 114, 307, 316–317
United Nations
Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), 298
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Persons (UNDRIP), 159–160
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 272, 276
Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPS), 159–160
Resolution on the Right to a Clean, Healthy and Sustainable Environment, 157, 160
United States, 13, 199, 283–286, 291–294. See also Saipan
Agency for International Development (USAID), 167
Constitution, 120, 122, 128
Department of Commerce, 1, 120, 122, 292
Department of Justice, 292, 294
Department of Labor (USDOL), 199, 205, 207–208
government, 113, 116, 118, 122, 124, 291, 294
market, 113, 115, 199
Montana, 128
oil refinery deal, 258–259
state governments, 127–128
and TikTok, 113–130
Trade Representative (USTR), 39
TSA (Transportation Security Administration), 117
US-China tech war, 295–296
US-China trade war, 1, 3, 12, 22
universal human rights. See human rights
unsafe conditions, 206, 225
unsolicited proposals, 138–139
Urban Development Authority. See UDA (Urban Development Authority)
US investment, 117, 118, 127
USDOL. See United States, Department of Labor (USDOL)
users, 28, 36–38, 40, 115, 116, 118, 121, 128
USTR (US Trade Representative), 39
variable interest entities (VIEs), 20, 28, 32–36, 46
videos, 117, 207, 312
Vietnam, 35, 156, 161, 164
villages, 79, 88, 223–224, 230
visas, 94, 180, 199, 203, 205, 206, 208, 211
VSPT (Viña San Pedro Tarapacá S.A.), 20, 48, 49–50, 51–52, 58–62, 63
directors, 59
main shareholders, 59
wages, 73, 159, 209, 210, 227
Walmart, 119
Wang, Fred, 52–54
Wang, Yongming, 288
water, 51, 180, 219, 304
clean, 166
sources, 165, 224
wealth management products. See WMPs (wealth management products)
WeChat, 121, 206
wine, 48–63
wineries, 54, 58, 61, 63
WMPs (wealth management products), 37, 46
women, 29, 134, 215, 222
worker interviews, 197, 199
workers, 73, 198–200, 201–208, 209–211, 214–215, 222–228, 231
Kyrgyz, 214–215, 222, 226
migrant, 179, 211
tourist, 203–205
workforces, 6, 179, 200, 205, 216
working conditions, 214, 224, 226
World Bank, 11, 16, 21, 187, 235–236, 238
Wuliangye, 50–53
Xi Jinping, 7, 32, 193, 207, 244, 268, 270, 272, 279
Xingu-Estreito transmission line, 88–89, 90, 99–104, 108, 110
design, 103
Xingu-Rio transmission line design, 106
Yanghe, 48–54, 56, 58–61, 63
Yemen, 174, 188–189
Yu’ebao, 37
Zambia, 13, 21, 70, 83, 235–247
government, 235, 238, 243, 244
implications of Chinese sovereign debt restructuring practices, 244–245
PF (Patriotic Front), 237
Zenith, 299, 303–306, 311
Zhongfu. See Zhongshan Fucheng Industrial Investment Co. Ltd., dispute between parties
Zhongfu FHC Action, 305
Zhongshan Fucheng Industrial Investment Co. Ltd., 22, 297–317
arbitration, 308–314
dispute between parties, 303–305, 306, 307, 309–312, 315
mitigation strategies, 306
Nigeria-related court proceedings, 305–306
relationship between parties, 303
Zimbabwe, 83

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  • Index
  • Edited by Matthew S. Erie, University of Oxford
  • Book: A Casebook on Chinese Outbound Investment
  • Online publication: 28 February 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009457859.023
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  • Index
  • Edited by Matthew S. Erie, University of Oxford
  • Book: A Casebook on Chinese Outbound Investment
  • Online publication: 28 February 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009457859.023
Available formats
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  • Index
  • Edited by Matthew S. Erie, University of Oxford
  • Book: A Casebook on Chinese Outbound Investment
  • Online publication: 28 February 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009457859.023
Available formats
×