A 72-year-old male is accompanied by his wife to his ambulatory memory clinic appointment. He has recently been assessed by a vascular surgeon in relation to his 5.8 cm abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). The surgeon has planned an open repair of the aneurysm, and refers the patient to the preoperative clinic for assessment. As part of the standard preoperative clinic assessment process, the patient undergoes a frailty screen using the Frailty Assessment for Care Planning Tool (FACT),1 which utilizes caregiver input and objective cognitive testing (three-word recall, clock-drawing task) to assess frailty across four key domains: mobility, social situation, function, and cognition (Figure 2.1). The patient’s frailty level is determined to be severe, largely driven by his cognitive and functional impairments. While there are no perioperative concerns, his nurse assessor has concerns about the patient’s frailty and cognitive status, in particular, whether he truly understands the risks and benefits of the proposed surgery; therefore, she makes an urgent referral to the memory clinic, 1 week in advance of the scheduled aneurysm repair.