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2 - Pathology of adult renal parenchymal cancers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 August 2009

By
Patricia Harnden
Edited by
Uday Patel
Patricia Harnden
Affiliation:
Consultant, Urological Pathologist, Cancer Research, UK Clinical Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
Uday Patel
Affiliation:
St George's Hospital, London
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Summary

Introduction

There have been a number of recent advances in our understanding of the pathology of renal cancer. This has not only resulted in some re-classification of cancer types but also improved our ability to pathologically characterize tumors allowing improved prognostication. All these aspects are reviewed here. Additionally the role of modern immunohistochemistry in the characterization of tumors from samples obtained by image-guided core biopsy is discussed.

Pathological classification of malignant renal tumors

Previous classifications

Previous classifications of renal tumors were based on their morphology, resulting in numerous subtypes and practical difficulties because of overlapping appearances. Subsequently, greater understanding of the genetic alterations underlying different subtypes and their morphological correlates led to a simplified and more relevant classification – the Heidelberg consensus classification. Whereas the original World Health Organization (WHO) classification separated clear cell from granular cell renal carcinomas, cytogenetic analyses revealed that these were different manifestations of the same abnormality involving the von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) gene on the short arm of chromosome 3, giving rise to the most common type of renal carcinoma. These “conventional” carcinomas have variable proportions of clear or granular cells (Figure 2.1) depending on the cytoplasmic content of fat (which “clears” during histological processing) or mitochondria (responsible for the granular or oncocytic appearance of cells). Spindle cell or sarcomatoid change has long been recognized as an indication of poor differentiation rather than an indication of cell lineage, and tumors within the WHO spindle cell category could often be classified by cytogenetic analysis.

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Chapter
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Carcinoma of the Kidney , pp. 17 - 37
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

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  • Pathology of adult renal parenchymal cancers
    • By Patricia Harnden, Consultant, Urological Pathologist, Cancer Research, UK Clinical Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
  • Edited by Uday Patel, St George's Hospital, London
  • Book: Carcinoma of the Kidney
  • Online publication: 08 August 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511545436.004
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  • Pathology of adult renal parenchymal cancers
    • By Patricia Harnden, Consultant, Urological Pathologist, Cancer Research, UK Clinical Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
  • Edited by Uday Patel, St George's Hospital, London
  • Book: Carcinoma of the Kidney
  • Online publication: 08 August 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511545436.004
Available formats
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To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Pathology of adult renal parenchymal cancers
    • By Patricia Harnden, Consultant, Urological Pathologist, Cancer Research, UK Clinical Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
  • Edited by Uday Patel, St George's Hospital, London
  • Book: Carcinoma of the Kidney
  • Online publication: 08 August 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511545436.004
Available formats
×