Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T11:23:40.923Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

7 - Imaging characteristics of unusual renal cancers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 August 2009

By
Anju Sahdev  and
Rodney H. Reznek
Edited by
Uday Patel
Anju Sahdev
Affiliation:
Consultant, Radiologist, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London, UK
Rodney H. Reznek
Affiliation:
Professor of Diagnostic Imaging, Cancer Imaging, Institute of Cancer, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London, UK
Uday Patel
Affiliation:
St George's Hospital, London
Get access

Summary

Introduction

A wide variety of malignant neoplasms have been described in the kidney, but 90% of primary renal cancers are classified as renal cell carcinomas (RCC). Transitional cell carcinomas (TCC) account for about 5%–8% of renal cancers; and nephroblastomas, sarcomas, lymphoma, and metastases commonly from breast, bronchus, and malignant melanoma account for a further 5% of renal cancers.

The increased use of ever-evolving cross-sectional imaging has resulted in early and incidental diagnosis of renal cancers. Up to 40% of renal tumors are now incidentally detected and at an earlier stage. For example, 82% of incidentally detected tumors are below stage pT3 compared with only 35% of symptomatic tumors and the disease-free and 5-year survival time is significantly better in lower stage tumors. These favorable prognostic features allow recent developments in localized lesion therapies such as ablation techniques, embolization and nephron-sparing surgery to be offered as practical treatment options to conventional nephrectomy. However, histological subtypes with a poor prognosis such as collecting duct carcinomas, sarcomas and TCCs are not suitable for these nephron-sparing treatment options. Lymphoma and metastatic lesions require systemic chemotherapy. Furthermore, although localized treatment may be offered to patients with locally advanced renal cancer and intractable hematuria in a palliative setting, recent developments in targeted chemotherapy may alter the approach to these patients (as discussed in Chapter 1). It is also important to know the histological subtype of the renal cancer prior to embarking on localized treatment options.

Type
Chapter
Information
Carcinoma of the Kidney , pp. 126 - 154
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Leslie, J. A., Prihoda, T., and Thompson, I. M., Serendipitous renal cell carcinoma in the post-CT era: continued evidence in improved outcomes. Urol Oncol, 21 (2003), 39–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siow, W. Y., Yip, S. K., Ng, L. G.et al., Renal cell carcinoma: incidental detection and pathological staging. J R Coll Surg Edin, 45 (2000), 291–5.Google ScholarPubMed
Barocas, D. A., Rohan, S. M., Kao, J.et al., Diagnosis of renal tumors on needle biopsy specimens by histological and molecular analysis. J Urol, 176:5 (2006), 1957–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Somani, B. K., Nabi, G., Thorpe, P.et al., Aberdeen academic and clinical urological surgeons (ABACUS) group. Image-guided biopsy-diagnosed renal cell carcinoma: critical appraisal of technique and long-term follow-up. Eur Urol, 51:5 (2007, May), 1289–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lopez-Beltran, A., Scarpelli, M., Montironi, R.et al., 2004 WHO classification of the renal tumors of the adults. Eur Urol, 49:5 (2006), 798–805.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furge, K. A., Lucas, K. A. KA, Takahashi, M.et al., Robust classification of renal cell carcinoma based on gene expression data and predicted cytogenetic profiles. Cancer Res, 64:12 (2004), 4117–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amin, M. B., Corless, C. L., Renshaw, A. A.et al., Papillary (chromophil) renal cell carcinoma: histomorphologic characteristics and evaluation of conventional pathologic prognostic parameters in 62 cases. Am J Surg Pathol, 21:6 (1997), 621–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ronnen, E. A., Kondagunta, G. V., Ishill, N.et al., Treatment outcome for metastatic papillary renal cell carcinoma patients. Cancer, 107:11 (2006), 2617–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herts, B. R., Coll, D. M., Novick, A. C.et al., Enhancement characteristics of papillary renal neoplasms revealed on triphasic helical CT of the kidneys. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 178:2 (2002), 367–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, J. K., Kim, T. K., Ahn, H. J.et al., Differentiation of subtypes of renal cell carcinoma on helical CT scans. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 178:6 (2002), 1499–506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fujimoto, H., Wakao, F., Moriyama, N.et al., Alveolar architecture of clear cell renal carcinomas (< or = 5.0 cm) show high attenuation on dynamic CT scanning. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 29:4 (1999), 198–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schuster, T. G., Ferguson, M. R., Baker, D. E.et al., Papillary renal cell carcinoma containing fat without calcification mimicking angiomyolipoma on CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 183:5 (2004), 1402–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roy, C., Sauer, B., Lindner, V.et al., MR imaging of papillary renal neoplasms: potential application for characterization of small renal masses. Eur Radiol, 17:1 (2007, January), 193–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsuda, K., Kinouchi, T., Tanikawa, G.et al., Imaging characteristics of papillary renal cell carcinoma by computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Urol, 12:9 (2005), 795–800.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mai, K. T., Dhamanaskar, P., Belanger, E.et al., Hybrid chromophobe renal cell neoplasm. Pathol Res Pract, 201:5 (2005), 385–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Akhtar, M., Kardar, H., Linjawi, T.et al., Chromophobe cell carcinoma of the kidney. A clinicopathologic study of 21 cases. Am J Surg Pathol, 19:11 (1995), 1245–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soyer, P., Dufresne, A., Klein, I.et al., Renal cell carcinoma of clear type: correlation of CT features with tumor size, architectural patterns, and pathologic staging. Eur Radiol, 7:2 (1997), 224–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yoshimitsu, K., Irie, H., Tajima, T.et al., Iimaging of renal cell carcinoma: its role in determining cell type. Radiat Med, 22:6 (2004), 371–6.Google Scholar
Tokuda, N., Naito, S., Matsuzaki, O.et al., Japanese Society of Renal Cancer. Collecting duct (Bellini duct) renal cell carcinoma: a nationwide survey in Japan. J Urol, 76:1 (2006), 40–3; discussion 43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levy, P., Helenon, O., Merran, S.et al., Cystic tumors of the kidney in adults: radio-histopathologic correlations. J Radiol, 80:2 (1999), 121–33.Google ScholarPubMed
Kim, J. C., Kim, K. H., and Lee, J. W., CT and US findings of multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma. Korean J Radiol, 1:2 (2000), 104–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Han, K. R., Janzen, N. K., McWhorter, V. C.et al., Cystic renal cell carcinoma: biology and clinical behaviour. Urol Oncol, 22:5 (2004), 410–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartman, D. S., Davis, C. J. Jr., Johns, T.et al., Cystic renal cell carcinoma. Urology, 28:2 (1986), 145–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eble, J. N. and Bonsib, S. M., Extensively cystic renal neoplasms: cystic nephroma, cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma, multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma, and cystic hamartoma of renal pelvis. Semin Diagn Pathol, 15:1 (1998), 2–20.Google ScholarPubMed
Aubert, S., Zini, L., Delomez, J.et al., Cystic renal cell carcinomas in adults. Is preoperative recognition of multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma possible?J Urol, 174:6 (2005), 2115–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Genega, E. M. and Porter, C. R., Urothelial neoplasms of the kidney and ureter. An epidemiologic, pathologic, and clinical review. Am J Clin Pathol, 117:Suppl (2002), S36–48.Google ScholarPubMed
Genega, E. M., Kapali, M., Torres-Quinones, M.et al., Impact of the 1998 World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology classification system for urothelial neoplasms of the kidney. Mod Pathol, 18:1 (2005), 11–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olgac, S., Mazumdar, M., Dalbagni, G.et al., Urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis: a clinicopathologic study of 130 cases. Am J Surg Pathol, 28:12 (2004), 1545–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jensen, O. M., Knudsen, J. B., McLaughlin, J. K.et al., The Copenhagen case-control study of renal pelvis and ureter cancer: role of smoking and occupational exposures. Int J Cancer, 41:4 (1988), 557–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenland, J. E., Weston, P. M., and Wallace, D. M., Familial transitional cell carcinoma and the Lynch syndrome II. Br J Urol, 72:2 (1993), 177–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stefanovic, V., Toncheva, D., Atanasova, S.et al., Etiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy and associated urothelial cancer. Am J Nephrol, 26 (2006), 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nocks, B. N., Heney, N. M., Daly, J. J.et al., Transitional cell carcinoma of renal pelvis. Urology, 19:5 (1982), 472–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stewart, G. D., Bariol, S. V., Grigor, K. M.et al., A comparison of the pathology of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and upper urinary tract. BJU Int, 95:6 (2005), 791–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perez-Montiel, D., Wakely, P. E., Hes, O.et al., High-grade urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis: clinicopathologic study of 108 cases with emphasis on unusual morphologic variants. Mod Pathol, 19:4 (2006), 494–503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miyake, H., Hara, I., Gohji, K.et al., The significance of lymphadenectomy in transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. Br J Urol, 82:4 (1998), 494–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miyao, N., Masumori, N., Takahashi, A.et al., Lymph node metastasis in patients with carcinomas of the renal pelvis and ureter. Eur Urol, 33:2 (1998), 180–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elliott, D. S., Segura, J. W., Lightner, D.et al., Is nephroureterectomy necessary in all cases of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma? Long-term results of conservative endourologic management of upper tract TCC in individuals with a normal contralateral kidney. Urology, 58:2 (2001), 174–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, G. L. and Bagley, D. H., Ureteroscopic management of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma in patients with normal contralateral kidneys. J Urol, 164 (2000), 1173–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keeley, F. X. Jr., Bibbo, M., and Bagley, D. H., Ureteroscopic treatment and surveillance of upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma. J Urol, 157:5 (1997), 1560–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Razdan, S., Johannes, J., Cox, M.et al., Current practice patterns in urologic management of upper-tract transitional-cell carcinoma. J Endourol, 19:3 (2005), 366–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seaman, E. K., Slawin, K. M., and Benson, M. C., Treatment options for upper tract transitional-cell carcinoma. Urol Clin North Am, 20:2 (1993), 349–54.Google ScholarPubMed
Lang, E. K., Thomas, R., Davis, R.et al., Multiphasic helical computerized tomography for the assessment of microscopic hematuria: a prospective study. J Urol, 171 (2004), 237–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scolieri, M. J., Paik, M. L., Brown, S. L.et al., Limitations of computed tomography in the preoperative staging of upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Urology, 56:6 (2000), 930–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buckley, J. A., Urban, B. A., Soyer, P.et al., Transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis: a retrospective look at CT staging with pathologic correlation. Radiology, 201:1 (1996), 194–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCoy, J. G., Honda, H., Reznicek, M.et al., Computerized tomography for detection and staging of localized and pathologically defined upper tract urothelial tumors. J Urol, 146:6 (1991), 1500–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caoili, E. M., Cohan, R. H., Inampudi, P.et al., MDCT urography of upper tract urothelial neoplasms. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 184:6 (2005), 1873–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fritz, G. A., Schoellnast, H., Deutschmann, H. A.et al., Multiphasic multidetector-row CT (MDCT) in detection and staging of transitional cell carcinomas of the upper urinary tract. Eur Radiol, 16:6 (2006), 1244–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goel, M. C., Mahendran, V., and Roberts, J. G.,. Percutaneous management of renal urothelial tumours: long-term follow-up. J Urol, 169:3 (2003), 925–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deligne, E., Colombel, M., Badet, L.et al., Conservative management of upper urinary tract tumors. Eur Urol, 42 (2002), 43–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hatch, T. R., Hefty, T. R., and Barry, J. M., Time-related recurrence rates in patients with upper tract transitional cell carcinoma. J Urol, 140:1 (1988), 40–1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hallscheidt, P., Wagener, N., Gholipour, F.et al., Multislice computed tomography in planning nephron-sparing surgery in a prospective study with 76 patients: comparison of radiological and histopathological findings in the infiltration of renal structures. J Comput Assist Tomogr, 30:6 (2006), 869–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weeks, S. M., Brown, E. D., Brown, J. J.et al., Transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: staging by MRI. Abdom Imaging, 20:4 (1995), 365–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deserno, W. M., Harisinghani, M. G., Taupitz, M.et al., Urinary bladder cancer: preoperative nodal staging with ferumoxtran-10-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology, 233:2 (2004), 449–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Montie, J. E., Urinary bladder cancer: preoperative nodal staging with ferumoxtran-10-enhanced MR imaging. J Urol, 174:3 (2005), 870–1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chahal, R., Taylor, K., Eardley, I.et al., Patients at high risk for upper tract urothelial cancer: evaluation of hydronephrosis using high resolution magnetic resonance urography. J Urol, 174:2 (2005), 478–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Busby, J. E., Brown, G. A., Tamboli, P. P et al., Upper urinary tract tumors with nontransitional histology: a single-centre experience. Urology, 67:3 (2006), 518–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Narumi, Y., Sato, T., Hori, S.et al., Squamous cell carcinoma of the uroepithelium: CT evaluation. Radiology, 173:3 (1989), 853–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miyake, O., Namiki, M., Sonoda, T.et al., Secondary involvement of genitourinary organs in malignant lymphoma. Urol Int, 42:5 (1987), 360–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richards, M. A., Mootoosamy, I., Reznek, R. H.et al., Renal involvement in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: clinical and pathological features in 23 cases. Hematol Oncol, 8:2 (1990), 105–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reznek, R. H., Mootoosamy, I., Webb, J. A.et al., CT in renal and perirenal lymphoma: a further look. Clin Radiol, 42:4 (1990), 233–8. Erratum in: Clin Radiol, 43:4 (1991), 289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohan, R. H., Dunnick, N. R., Leder, R. A.et al., Computed tomography of renal lymphoma. J Comput Assist Tomogr, 14:6 (1990), 933–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stallone, G., Infante, B., Manno, C.et al., Primary renal lymphoma does exist: case report and review of the literature. J Nephrol, 13:5 (2000), 367–72.Google ScholarPubMed
Cupisti, A., Riccioni, R., Carulli, G.et al., Bilateral primary renal lymphoma treated by surgery and chemotherapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 19:6 (2004), 1629–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moog, F., Bangerter, M., Diederichs, C. G.et al., Extranodal malignant lymphoma: detection with FDG PET versus CT. Radiology, 206:2 (1998), 475–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Urban, B. A. and Fishman, E. K., Renal lymphoma: CT patterns with emphasis on helical CT. Radiographics, 20:1 (2000), 197–212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chepuri, N. B., Strouse, P. J., and Yanik, G. A., CT of renal lymphoma in children. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 180:2 (2003), 429–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chepuri, N. B., Strouse, P. J., and Yanik, G. A., CT of renal lymphoma in children. Imaging of renal lymphoma: patterns of disease with pathologic correlation. Radiographics, 26 (2006), 1151–68.Google Scholar
Sheeran, S. R. and Sussman, S. K., Renal lymphoma: spectrum of CT findings and potential mimics. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 171 (1998), 1067–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jamil, B., Nicholls, K., Becker, G. J.et al., Impact of acute rejection therapy on infections and malignancies in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation, 68:10 (1999), 1597–603.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dantal, J., Hourmant, M., Cantarovich, D.et al., Effect of long-term immunosuppression in kidney-graft recipients on cancer incidence: randomised comparison of two cyclosporin regimens. Lancet, 351:9103 (1998), 623–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kliem, V., Kolditz, M., Behrend, M.et al., Risk of renal cell carcinoma after kidney transplantation. Clin Transplant, 11:4 (1997), 255–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Martin-Gomez, M. A., Pena, M., Cabello, M.et al., Post transplant lymphoproliferative disease: a series of 23 cases. Transplant Proc, 38:8 (2006), 2448–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pickhardt, P. J. and Siegel, M. J., Abdominal manifestations of post transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 171:4 (1998), 1007–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caillard, S., Lelong, C., Pessione, F.et al., Working group. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders occurring after renal transplantation in adults: report of 230 cases from the French Registry. Am J Transplant, 6:11 (2006), 2735–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burney, K., Bradley, M., Buckley, A.et al., Post transplant lymphoproliferative disorder: A pictorial review. Australas Radiol, 50:5 (2006), 412–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soler, M. J., Puig, J. M., Mir, M.et al., Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease: treatment and outcome in renal transplant recipients. Transplant Pro, 35:5 (2003), 1709–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ali, M. G., Coakley, F. V., Hricak, H.et al., Complex post transplantation abnormalities of renal allografts: evaluation with MR imaging. Radiology, 211:1 (1999), 95–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tickoo, S. K., dePeralta-Venturina, M. N., Harik, L. R.et al., Spectrum of epithelial neoplasms in end-stage renal disease: an experience from 66 tumor-bearing kidneys with emphasis on histologic patterns distinct from those in sporadic adult renal neoplasia. Am J Surg Pathol, 30:2 (2006), 141–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pope, J. C., Koch, M. O., and Bluth, R. F., Renal cell carcinoma in patients with end-stage renal disease: a comparison of clinical significance in patients receiving hemodialysis and those with renal transplants. Urology, 44:4 (1994), 497–501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heyns, C. F. and Fisher, M., The urological management of the patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. BJU Int, 95:5 (2005), 709–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Radin, D. R., Esplin, J. A., Levine, A. M.et al., AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: abdominal CT findings in 112 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 160:5 (1993), 1133–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nyberg, D. A., Jeffrey, R. B. Jr., Federle, M. P.et al., AIDS-related lymphomas: evaluation by abdominal CT. Radiology, 159:1 (1986), 59–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuhlman, J. E., Browne, D., Shermak, M.et al., Retroperitoneal and pelvic CT of patients with AIDS: primary and secondary involvement of the genitourinary tract. Radiographics, 11:3 (1991), 473–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Imaging characteristics of unusual renal cancers
    • By Anju Sahdev, Consultant, Radiologist, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London, UK, Rodney H. Reznek, Professor of Diagnostic Imaging, Cancer Imaging, Institute of Cancer, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London, UK
  • Edited by Uday Patel, St George's Hospital, London
  • Book: Carcinoma of the Kidney
  • Online publication: 08 August 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511545436.009
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Imaging characteristics of unusual renal cancers
    • By Anju Sahdev, Consultant, Radiologist, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London, UK, Rodney H. Reznek, Professor of Diagnostic Imaging, Cancer Imaging, Institute of Cancer, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London, UK
  • Edited by Uday Patel, St George's Hospital, London
  • Book: Carcinoma of the Kidney
  • Online publication: 08 August 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511545436.009
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Imaging characteristics of unusual renal cancers
    • By Anju Sahdev, Consultant, Radiologist, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London, UK, Rodney H. Reznek, Professor of Diagnostic Imaging, Cancer Imaging, Institute of Cancer, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London, UK
  • Edited by Uday Patel, St George's Hospital, London
  • Book: Carcinoma of the Kidney
  • Online publication: 08 August 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511545436.009
Available formats
×