Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T09:46:07.094Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

23 - Playing and praying

from Part IV - Getting and spending

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

Martin Daunton
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
Get access

Summary

In 1854 the Baptist Charles Haddon Spurgeon (1834–92) took a preaching career of star quality to a wider stage at the Surrey Gardens Music Hall. He was the most famous of a number of nineteenth-century ministers of religion who were renowned for their almost theatrical style. Another who sought dramatic means to further the cause of God was William Booth, the Salvationist, for ‘why should the devil have all the best tunes?’ Together they illustrate one of the ways in which, in the nineteenth century, religion increasingly appeared to flatter the realm of leisure by imitation. In earlier centuries leisure activities had more often appeared to grow out of the religious sphere. However, in the nineteenth century conflict and competition were more important themes than cooperation, and the estrangement of leisure and religion was symbolised, above all, by the temperance movement and Sabbatarianism. Similarities and differences between the religious and the recreational are numerous, hence – from Birmingham in 1886 – the observation that Good Friday ‘was spent by the minority in the solemnities of ecclesiastical observance, but by the majority as an opportunity of pleasurable open-air enjoyment’. In fact, much churchgoing could be defined from a utilitarian point of view as having the essential social qualities of other leisure-time pursuits, namely their voluntary, non-remunerative, pleasure-seeking nature. Of course, spiritual edification was the formal aim of churchgoing, but in the later nineteenth century leisure became an aid to religious mission. By the mid-twentieth century, though, a diminishing minority attended church regularly, and leisure was often a substitute for religion.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2001

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abell, H. F., ‘The football fever’, Macmillan’s Magazine, 89 (1903), 276–82Google Scholar
Ainsworth, A. J., ‘Religion in the working class community, and the evolution of socialism in late Victorian Lancashire: a case of working class consciousness’, Histoire Sociale, 10 (1977)Google Scholar
Alexander, Sally, St Giles’s Fair, 1830–1914: Popular Culture and the Industrial Revolution in 19th Century Oxford (Oxford, 1970).
Altick, R. D., The Shows of London (London, 1978), 456
Anderson, Gregory and Ferguson, Barbara, ‘James Reilly. An artisan manufacturer in Victorian Manchester’, Manchester Region History Review, 8 (1994).Google Scholar
Armytage, W. H. G., ‘James Minter Morgan’s schemes, 1841–1855’, International Review of Social History, 3 (1958), 40Google Scholar
Arnold, A. J., ‘The belated entry of professional soccer into the West Riding textile district of northern England: commercial imperatives and problems’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 6 (1989)Google Scholar
Baedeker, K., London and its Environs (London, 1884)
Bailey, P., Leisure and Class in Victorian England: Rational Recreation and the Contest for Control, 1830–1885 (London, 1978; 2nd edn, 1987)
Bailey, P., ed., Music Hall: The Business of Pleasure (Milton Keynes, 1986)
Baker, Norman, ‘Going to the dogs — hostility to greyhound racing in Britain: puritanism, socialism, and pragmatism’, Journal of Sport History, 23 (1996).Google Scholar
Baker, D., ed., The Church in Town and Countryside (Oxford, 1979)
Bale, John, Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland and Wales (London, 1982), 158
Barker, Clive, ‘The Chartists, theatre reform and research’, Theatre Quarterly, 1 (1971)Google Scholar
Beattie, Derek, Blackburn: The Development of a Lancashire Cotton Town (Halifax, 1992), 112–15
Bell, Lady F., At the Works: A Study of a Manufacturing Town (Middlesbrough) (London, 1907)
Besant, Walter, London in the Nineteenth Century (London, 1912), 264
Best, G., Mid-Victorian Britain 1851–75 (London, 1971; rev. edn, St Albans, 1973)
Bienefeld, M. A., Working Hours in British Industry: An Economic History (London, 1972)
Binfield, Clyde, So Down to Prayers: Studies in English Nonconformity 1780–1920 (London, 1977), 171
Binfield, C. J., George Williams and the YMCA: A Study in Victorian Social Attitudes (London, 1973)
Binfield, C. J., et al., eds., The History of the City of Sheffield, 1843–1993 (Sheffield, 1993)
Bishop, G. W., ed., The Amateur Dramatic Year Book and Community Theatre Handbook (London, 1929), vol. VII
Booth, Charles, Life and Labour of the People in London, Third Series: Religion (London, 1903), vol. VII
Booth, M. R. and Kaplan, J. H., eds., The Edwardian Theatre: Essays on Performance and the Stage (Cambridge, 1996)
Booth, Michael R., English Melodrama (London, 1965)
Booth, Michael R., Theatre in the Victorian Age (Cambridge, 1991), 17, 22
Box, Kathleen, ‘The cinema and the public’, The Social Survey, new series, 106 (1946), 1–2
Bradby, David, James, Louis and Sharratt, Bernard, eds., Performance and Politics in Popular Drama (Cambridge, 1980)
Bradley, Ian, ‘The English Sunday’, History Today, 22 (1972)
Bradley, Ian, The Call to Seriousness:The Evangelical Impact on the Victorians (London, 1976), ch. 5
Bragg, John, ‘Autobiographical notes’ [1893], p. (Birmingham Reference Library, 625993)
Braithwaite, David, Fairground Architecture (London, 1968), 105
Bramwell, Bill, Pubs and Localised Communities in Mid-Victorian Birmingham (Dept of Geography and Earth Science, Queen Mary College, University of London, Occasional Paper no. 22, 1984)
Branson, Noreen and Heinemann, Margot, Britain in the 1930s (London, 1971), 141
Bratton, J. S., ed., Music Hall: Performance and Style (Milton Keynes, 1986)
Briggs, J., Sunday Sports in our Public Parks: An Appeal for Fair Play, 2nd edn (Birmingham, 1920)
Briggs, A., Victorian Cities (London, 1963)
Brindley, John M., Church Work in Birmingham (Birmingham, 1880), 189 and passim
Brittain, Vera, Testament of Youth (London, 1933
Brown, Callum G. and Stephenson, Jayne D., ‘“Sprouting wings?”: women and religion in Scotland c. 1890–1950’, in Breitenbach, Esther and Gordon, Eleanor, eds., Women in Scottish Society 1800–1945 (Edinburgh, 1992).Google Scholar
Brown, Stewart J., Thomas Chalmers and the Godly Commonwealth in Scotland (Oxford, 1982), esp. 101–4
Brown, C. G., ‘Did urbanisation secularise Britain?’, Urban History Yearbook (1988)Google Scholar
Brown, C. G., ‘The mechanism of religious growth in urban societies: British cities since the eighteenth century’, in McLeod, H., ed., European Religion in the Age of Great Cities (London, 1995)Google Scholar
Brown, C. G., The Social History of Religion in Scotland since 1730 (London, 1987)
Browning, H. E. and Sorrell, A. A., ‘Cinemas and cinema-going in Great Britain’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 117 (1954), 147.Google Scholar
Bruce, S., ed., Religion and Modernisation: Sociologists and Historians Debate the Secularization Thesis (Oxford, 1992)
Burke, Peter, Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe (London, 1979)
Cage, R. A., ed., The Working Class in Glasgow 1750–1914 (London, 1987)
Cameron, G. C., ‘The growth of holidays with pay in Britain’, in Reid, G. and Robertson, D., eds., Fringe Benefits, Labour Costs and Social Security (London, 1965) n. 1, 282–4Google Scholar
Cannadine, D., Lords and Landlords: the Aristocracy and the Towns, 1774–1967 (Leicester, 1980)
Chadwick, G. F., The Park and the Town (London, 1965)
Chadwick, W. Owen, The Victorian Church (London, 1966–70), vol. II
Chorley, Katharine, Manchester Made Them (London, 1950), 135–6
Clapson, Mark, A Bit of a Flutter: Popular Gambling and English Society, c. 1823–1961 (Manchester, 1992)
Coleman, B. I., The Idea of the City in Nineteenth-Century Britain (London, 1973)
Collier, John and Lang, Iain, Just the Other Day: An Informal History of Great Britain since the War (London, 1932), p. (for Charleston)
Conekin, Becky, ‘“Here is the modern world itself”: the Festival of Britain’s representations of the future’, in Conekin, B., Mort, Frank and Waters, Chris, eds., Moments of Modernity: Reconstructing Britain 1945–1964 (London, 1999).Google Scholar
Conway, H., People’s Parks: The Design and Development of Victorian Parks in Britain (Cambridge, 1991)
Cox, J., The English Churches in a Secular Society: Lambeth 1870–1930 (New York and Oxford, 1982)
Crawford, Alan and Thorne, Robert, Birmingham Pubs 1890–1939 (Birmingham, 1975), [pp. ]
Cressy, David, ‘The fifth of November remembered’, in Porter, Roy, ed., Myths of the English (London, 1992)Google Scholar
Cross, G., A Quest for Time: The Reduction of Work in Britain and France, 1840–1940 (London, 1989)
Cross, G., Time and Money: The Making of Consumer Culture (London, 1993)
Crossick, G., ed., The Lower Middle Class in Britain, 1870–1914 (London, 1977)
Crowhurst, Andrew, ‘Oswald Stoll: a music hall pioneer’, Theatre Notebook, 49 (1995).Google Scholar
Crump, Jeremy, ‘Patronage, pleasure and profit: a study of the Theatre Royal, Leicester 1847–1900’, Theatre Notebook, 38 (1984)Google Scholar
Crump, Jeremy, ‘The popular audience for Shakespeare in nineteenth century Leicester’, in Foulkes, Richard, ed., Shakespeare and the Victorian Stage (Cambridge, 1986)Google Scholar
Cunningham, Hugh, ‘Leisure’, in Benson, John, ed., The Working Class in England, 1875–1914 (London, 1985)Google Scholar
Cunningham, Hugh, Leisure in the Industrial Revolution c. 1780–c. 1880 (London, 1980)
Cunningham, Hugh, The Volunteer Force: A Social and Political History, 1859–1908 (London, 1975), 117
Cunningham, H., ‘The metropolitan fairs: a case study in the social control of leisure’, in Donajgrodzki, A. P., ed., Social Control in Nineteenth Century Britain (London, 1977)Google Scholar
Cunningham, H., ‘Urban fairs and popular culture in nineteenth-century England’, in Voss, L. H. and Holthoon, F., eds., Working Class and Popular Culture (Amsterdam, 1988)Google Scholar
Currie, R. B., Gilbert, A. D., and Horsley, Lee, Churches and Church-Goers: Patterns of Church Growth in the British Isles since 1700 (Oxford, 1977) ff.
Currie, Robert, Methodism Divided: A Study in the Sociology of Ecumenicalism (London, 1968)
D’Cruze, Shani, Crimes of Outrage: Sex, Violence and Victorian Working Women (London, 1998)
Dalton, H. W., ‘Walter Farquhar Hook, Vicar of Leeds: his work for the Church and the town, 1837–1848’, Publications of the Thoresby Society. Miscellany, 19 (1990)Google Scholar
Daunton, M. J., Coal Metropolis: Cardiff 1870–1914 (Leicester, 1977)
Davidoff, L., The Best Circles: Society, Etiquette and the Season (London, 1973)
Davidoff, L., and Hall, C., Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class 1780–1850 (London, 1987)
Davies, C. Stella, A History of Macclesfield (Manchester, 1961)
Davies, A., and Fielding, S., eds., Workers’Worlds: Cultures and Communities in Manchester and Salford, 1880–1939 (Manchester, 1992)
Davis, C. Ward, ‘One man’s answer’, in Pickering, W. S. F., ed., A Social History of the Diocese of Newcastle 1882–1982 (London, 1981), ch. 13.Google Scholar
Delves, Anthony, ‘Popular recreation and social conflict in Derby, 1800–1850’, in Yeo, Stephen and Yeo, Eileen, eds., Popular Culture and Class Conflict 1590–1914: Explorations in the History of Labour and Leisure (Brighton, 1981), p..Google Scholar
Dennis, Norman, Henriques, F. M. and Slaughter, C., Coal is Our Life (London, 1957)
Dennis, R., English Industrial Cities of the Nineteenth Century: A Social Geography (Cambridge, 1984)
Dreher, Nan H., ‘The virtuous and the verminous: turn-of-the-century moral panics in London’s public parks’, Albion, 29 (1997).Google Scholar
Durant, Henry, The Problem of Leisure (London, 1938)
Dyos, H. J., and Wolff, M., eds., The Victorian City: Images and Realities, 2 vols. (London, 1973)
Edwards, Eliezer, The Old Taverns of Birmingham: A Series of Familiar Sketches (Birmingham, 1879)
Ehrlich, Cyril, Social Emulation and Industrial Progress: The Victorian Piano (Belfast, 1975)
Ehrlich, Cyril, The Piano: A History (London, 1976)
Elliot, Malcolm, Victorian Leicester (Chichester, 1979), p..
Elton, A. and Foster, E., eds., Yorkshire Piety and Persuasion:A Social History of Religion from 1600 to 1900 (Leeds, 1985)
Elvey, John M., Recollections of the Cathedral and Parish Church of Manchester ([Manchester], 1913), p..
Ensor, Ernest, ‘The football madness’, Contemporary Review, 74 (1898)Google Scholar
Evans, Richard and Boyd, Alison, The Use of Leisure in Hull (Hull, 1933)
Faucher, M. Leon, Manchester in 1844: Its Present Condition and Future Prospects (London, 1844; London, 1969)
Fein, A., ‘Victoria Park: its origins and history’, East London Papers, 5 (1962)Google Scholar
Field, Clive D., ‘Adam and Eve: gender in the English Free Church constituency’, JEcc. Hist., 44 (1993)Google Scholar
Field, Clive D., ‘The 1851 religious census of Great Britain: a bibliographical guide for local and regional historians’, The Local Historian, 27 (1997)Google Scholar
Field, Clive, ‘The social structure of English Methodism, eighteenth-twentieth-centuries’, British Journal of Sociology, 28 (1977)
Fielding, Steve, ‘The Catholic Whit-Walk in Manchester and Salford 1890–1939’, Manchester Regional History Review, 1 (1987)Google Scholar
Fishwick, N., English Football and Society, 1910–1950 (Manchester, 1989)
Forman, C., Industrial Town: Self Portrait of St Helens in the 1920s (London, 1978; 2nd edn, 1979)
Fraser, Hamish, ‘From civic gospel to municipal socialism’, in Fraser, Derek, ed., Cities, Class and Communication: Essays in Honour of Asa Briggs (Hemel Hempstead, 1990), esp.Google Scholar
Fraser, W. H., ‘The working class’, in Fraser, W. H. and Maver, Irene, eds., Glasgow, vol. II: 1830 to 1912 (Manchester, 1996), 331Google Scholar
Fraser, W. H., and Maver, I., eds., Glasgow, vol. II: 1830 to 1912 (Manchester, 1996)
Fraser, W. H., and Morris, R. J., eds., People and Society in Scotland, 2 vols. (Edinburgh, 1990)
Garvin, J. L., The Life of Joseph Chamberlain, 3 vols. (London, 1932–5), 74–5
Gay, John D., The Geography of Religion in England (London, 1971)
Gilbert, A. D., The Making of Post-Christian Britain (London, 1980)
Gilbert, A. D., Religion and Society in Industrial England: Church, Chapel and Social Change, 1740–1914 (London, 1976)
Gill, Robin, The Myth of the Empty Church (London, 1993)
Gilley, Sheridan, ‘Walter Farquhar Hook, vicar of Leeds’, in Mason, Alastair, ed., Religion in Leeds (Stroud, 1994)Google Scholar
Girouard, Mark, Victorian Pubs (London, 1975)
Glasstone, Victor, Victorian and Edwardian Theatres (London, 1975), 100–1, 170–1
Gorsky, Martin, ‘Mutual aid and civil society: friendly societies in nineteenth-century Bristol’, UH, 25 (1998), 306, 314Google Scholar
Gourvish, T. R. and Wilson, R. G., The British Brewing Industry 1830–1980 (Cambridge, 1994), 254–66, 268–73, 275–83.
Graves, Robert and Hodge, Alan, The Long Week-end: A Social History of Great Britain, 1918–1939 (London, 1941), 380
Green, S. J. D., Religion in the Age of Decline: Organisation and Experience in Industrial Yorkshire, 1870–1920 (Cambridge, 1996)
Greenhalgh, Alec, ‘Hail Smiling Morn’: Whit Friday Brass Band Contests 1884 to 1991 (Oldham, 1992), 92Google Scholar
Guest, John, The Best of Betjeman (Harmondsworth, 1978)
Hammond, J. L. and Hammond, B., The Age of the Chartists, 1832–1854 (London, 1930)
Harrison, Brian and Trinder, Barrie, Drink and Sobriety in an Early Victorian Country Town, Banbury: 1830–1860 (English Historical Review, Supplement, 4, London, 1969)
Harrison, Brian, ‘Religion and recreation in nineteenth-century England’, Past and Present, 38 (1967)Google Scholar
Harrison, Brian, ‘The Sunday trading riots of 1855’, HJ, 8 (1965)Google Scholar
Harrison, B., Drink and the Victorians: The Temperance Question in England, 1815–72 (London, 1971)
Harrison, M., ‘The ordering of the urban environment: time, work and the occurrence of crowds, 1790–1835’, Past and Present, 110 (1986)Google Scholar
Hastings, Adrian, A History of English Christianity (London, 1986), 683 n. 7.
Hawkins, C. B., Norwich: A Social Study (London, 1910), p. (cf. p.)
Haynes, Barry, Working Class Life in Victorian Leicester (Leicester, 1991)
Hempton, David, Methodism and Politics in British Society 1750–1850 (London, 1984)
Hempton, D., The Religion of the People: Methodism and Popular Religion c. 1750–1900 (London, 1996)
Hennock, E. P., ‘The Anglo-Catholics and church extension in Victorian Brighton’, in Kitch, M. J., ed., Studies in Sussex Church History (London, 1981)Google Scholar
Hennock, E. P., Fit and Proper Persons: Ideal and Reality in Nineteenth-Century Urban Government (London, 1973)
Hewitt, M., ‘The travails of domestic visiting: Manchester, 1830–70’, Historical Research, 71 (1998)Google Scholar
Hewitt, M., The Emergence of Stability in the Industrial City: Manchester, 1832–1867 (Aldershot, 1996)
Hill, Jeff, ‘Rites of spring: cup finals and community in the North of England’, in Jeff Hill and Jack Williams, Sport and Identity in the North of England (Keele, 1996), 107Google Scholar
Hill, Jeffrey, ‘“First class” cricket and the leagues: some notes on the development of English cricket, 1900–40’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 4 (1982)Google Scholar
Hillis, P., ‘Presbyterianism and social class in mid-nineteenth century Glasgow: a study of nine churches’, Journal of Economic History, 32 (1981)Google Scholar
Hilton, Boyd, The Age of Atonement: The Influence of Evangelicalism on Social and Economic Thought, 1795–1865 (Oxford, 1988)
Hinrichs, K., Roche, W. and Sirianni, C., eds., Working Time in Transition:The Political Economy of Working Hours in Industrial Nations (Philadelphia, 1991), 122–4
Holden, W. H., They Startled Grandfather: Gay Ladies and Merry Mashers of Victorian Times (London, 1950)
Holt, Ann, ‘Hikers and ramblers: surviving a thirties’ fashion’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 4 (1987)Google Scholar
Holt, Richard, ‘Golf and the English suburb: class and gender in a London club, c. 1890–c.1960’, Sports Historian, 18 (1998)Google Scholar
Holt, R., ‘Football and the urban way of life in nineteenth-century Britain’, in Mangan, J. A., ed., Pleasure, Profit, Proselytism: British Culture and Sport at Home and Abroad, 1700–1914 (London, 1988)Google Scholar
Holt, R., Sport and the British:A Modern History (Oxford, 1989)
Holt, R., ed., Sport and the Working Class in Modern Britain (Manchester, 1990)
Holtby, Winifred, The Crowded Street (London, 1924; London, 1981), pp. 54–5, 92–101
Hopkins, Eric, ‘Working hours and conditions during the Industrial Revolution: a reappraisal’, Economic History Review, 2nd series, 35 (1982)Google Scholar
Hopkins, Eric, The Rise and Decline of the English Working Classes 1918–1990 (London, 1991)
Hudson, Derek, Munby: Man of Two Worlds (London, 1972), 155–7
Hudson, J. W., The History of Adult Education, vol. VII (London, 1851), 110–24, 162–3
Huggins, M., ‘The spread of Association football, in North-East England, 1876–90: the pattern of diffusion’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 6 (1989), 306Google Scholar
Huggins, Mike, ‘Culture, class and respectability: racing and the English middle classes in the nineteenth century’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 2 (1994), esp. 27–8Google Scholar
Humphries, S., Hooligans or Rebels? An Oral History of Working-Class Childhood and Youth, 1889–1939 (Oxford, 1981)
Hunter, Robert, ‘The movements for the inclosure and preservation of open lands’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 60 (1897), 401Google Scholar
Hurt, John, Education in Evolution: Church, State, Society and Popular Education 1800–1870 (London, 1971), ch. 1
Hurt, J. S., ed., Childhood, Youth and Education in the Late Nineteenth Century (Leicester, 1981)
Hutton, Ronald, The Stations of the Sun (Oxford, 1996), 121, 277–9ff
Hutton, William, History of Birmingham, new edn (Birmingham, 1835)
Inglis, K. S., ‘Patterns of religious worship in 1851’, JEcc. Hist., 2 (1960)Google Scholar
Inglis, Simon, The Football Grounds of England and Wales (London, 1983)
Inglis, K. S., Churches and the Working Classes in Victorian England (London, 1963)
Itzkowitz, David C., Peculiar Privilege: A Social History of English Foxhunting (Hassocks, 1977)
Jackson, A. A., Semi-Detached London: Suburban Development, Life and Transport, 1900–39 (London, 1973; 2nd edn, Didcot, 1991)
Jackson, A. A., The Middle Classes, 1900–1950 (Nairn, 1991)
James, John Angell, The Christian Father’s Present to his Children (London, 1824; 3rd edn, 1825)
Jennings, Hilda and Gill, Winifred, Broadcasting in Everyday Life ([London], 1939), p..
Joad, C. E. M., ‘The people’s claim’, in Clough Williams-Ellis, Britain and the Beast (London, 1937)Google Scholar
Jones, Ian, Brass Bands in York, 1833–1914 (York, 1995)
Jones, Stephen, ‘The Lancashire cotton industry and the development of paid holidays in the nineteen-thirties’, Transactions of the Historical Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, 135 (1985), 104, 106–7Google Scholar
Jones, D. C., ed., Merseyside. The Social Survey of Merseyside, 3 vols. (Liverpool, 1934)
Jones, S. G., Workers at Play: A Social and Economic History of Leisure, 1918–1939 (London, 1986)
Joyce, S., ‘Castles in the air: the People’s Palace, cultural reform and the East End working class’, Victorian Studies, 39 (1996)Google Scholar
Joyce, P., Work, Society and Politics: The Culture of the Factory in Later Victorian England (Brighton, 1980)
Judge, Roy, The Jack-in-the-Green (London, 1979)
Kearns, G., and Withers, C. W. J., eds., Urbanising Britain: Essays on Class and Community in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, 1991)
Kellett, J. R., The Impact of Railways on Victorian Cities (London, 1969)
Kelly, T., A History of Public Libraries in Great Britain, 1845–1966 (London, 1973)
Kendall, , The Origin and History of the Primitive Methodist Church (London, 1906), vol. I, II, pp. 111–14, 362–3, 458–63
Kenna, Rudolph and Mooney, Anthony, People’s Palaces: Victorian and Edwardian Pubs of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1983), 86
Kennedy, M., ed., The Autobiography of Charles Hallé (London, 1972), 122–6
Kent, J. H. S., ‘The role of religion in the cultural superstructure of the later Victorian city’, TRHS, 5th series, 23 (1973)Google Scholar
Kenward, James, The Suburban Child (Cambridge, 1955)
Kidd, Alan, Manchester (Keele, 1993), 132
Kidd, A. J., and Roberts, K. W., eds., City, Class and Culture: Studies of Cultural Production and Social Policy in Victorian Manchester (Manchester, 1985)
Kift, Dagmar, The Victorian Music Hall (Cambridge, 1996)
King, Elspeth, The People’s Palace and Glasgow Green (Glasgow, 1985)
Kirk, Neville, The Growth of Working Class Reformism in Mid-Victorian England (London, 1985), ch. 7.
Laqueur, T. W., Religion and Respectability: Sunday Schools and Working Class Culture 1780–1850 (New Haven, 1976)
Levy, Mervyn, The Paintings of L.S. Lowry (London, 1975)
Lewis, Robert W., ‘The genesis of professional football: Bolton-Blackburn-Darwen, the centre of innovation 1875–85’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 14 (1997)Google Scholar
Lewis, D. M., Lighten their Darkness: The Evangelical Mission to Working-Class London, 1828–1860 (New York, 1986)
Lloyd, Roger, The Church of England in the Twentieth Century (London, 1946–50), vol. II
Loane, M., From Their Point of View (London, 1908), ch. 11 (‘Why the poor prefer town life’), specifically, 254
Loane, M., The Queen’s Poor: Life as they Find it in Town and Country (London, 1905; 1998 edn), 33–4
Lowerson, John, ‘Angling’, in Mason, Tony, ed., Sport in Britain: A Social History (Cambridge, 1989)Google Scholar
Lowerson, John, ‘Brothers of the angle: coarse fishing and English working-class culture, 1850–1914’, in Mangan, J. A., ed., Pleasure, Profit, Proselytism: British Culture and Sport at Home and Abroad, 1700–1914 (London, 1988)Google Scholar
Lowerson, John, ‘Golf and the making of myths’, in Jarvie, Grant and Walker, Graham, eds., Scottish Sport and the Making of the Nation: Ninety Minute Patriots? (Leicester, 1994), esp.Google Scholar
Lowerson, John, ‘Sport and the Victorian Sunday’, British Journal of Sports History, 1 (1984), 208–18Google Scholar
Lowerson, John, Sport and the English Middle Classes, 1879–1914 (Manchester, 1993), 105, 110–11, 130–1, 242
MacInnes, Colin M., Sweet Saturday Night (London, 1967), p..
MacKenzie, J. M., ed., Imperialism and Popular Culture (Manchester, 1986; repr., 1998)
Mackerness, E. D., A Social History of English Music (London, 1964), 127, 177, 180–3, 206–7, 230
Macleod, M. Banks, British Calendar Customs: Scotland (London, 1939), vol. II
Magoun, F. P., History of Football from the Beginnings to 1871 (Bochum-Langendreer, 1938), 131, 132–3
Malcolmson, R. W., Popular Recreations in English Society, 1700–1850 (Cambridge, 1973)
Mandler, P., The Rise and Fall of the Stately Home (New Haven, 1997)
Marples, Morris, A History of Football (London, 1954)
Martin, S. Gaskell, ‘Gardens for the working class: Victorian practical pleasures’, Victorian Studies, 23 (1980)Google Scholar
Mason, Michael, The Making of Victorian Sexuality (Oxford, 1994), p..
Mason, Tony, ‘The Blues and the Reds’, Transactions of the Historical Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, 134 (1985), 126 n. 5Google Scholar
Mason, T., Association Football and English Society, 1863–1915 (Brighton, 1980)
Mass-Observation, (ed. Cross, Gary), Worktowners at Blackpool: Mass-Observation and Popular Leisure in the 1930s (London, 1990)
Mass-Observation, , Bulletin, 42 (May/June 1951), ‘The housewife’s dayGoogle Scholar
Massey, Philip, Portrait of a Mining Town (published in London by Fact, Nov. 1937)
Matthison, A. L., Ladies Long Loved and Other Essays (London, 1950), 143–6
Maver, Irene, ‘Glasgow’s public parks and the community, 1850–1914: a case study in Scottish interventionism’, UH, 25 (1998)Google Scholar
McClellan, D., Glasgow’s Public Parks (Glasgow, 1894), 71–2, 86–7, 125–7
McColvin, Lionel R., The Public Library System of Great Britain (London, 1942), p..
McGurn, James and Poole, Robert, eds., Tyneside Memories (York, 1996), 70
McKibbin, R., Classes and Cultures: England 1918–51 (Oxford, 1998)
McKibbin, R., The Ideologies of Class: Social Relations in Britain, 1880–1950 (Oxford, 1990; repr., 1994)
McLaren, A. A., Religion and Social Class: The Disruption Years in Aberdeen (London, 1974)
McLeod, Hugh, ‘Building the “Catholic ghetto”: Catholic organisations, 1870–1914’, in Sheils, W. J. and Wood, Diana, eds., Voluntary Religion (Studies in Church History, 23, Oxford, 1986).Google Scholar
McLeod, Hugh, ‘New perspectives on Victorian working-class religion: the oral evidence’, Oral History, 14 (1986), 36–7Google Scholar
McLeod, Hugh, ‘White collar values and the role of religion’, in Crossick, G., ed., The Lower Middle Class in Britain, 1870–1914 (London, 1977), 71Google Scholar
McLeod, H., ‘Class, community and region: the religious geography of nineteenth-century England’, in Hill, M., ed., A Sociological Yearbook of Religion in Britain (London, 1973)Google Scholar
McLeod, H., Class and Religion in the Late Victorian City (London, 1974)
McLeod, H., Piety and Poverty: Working-Class Religion in Berlin, London and New York, 1870–1914 (New York and London, 1995)
McMaster, Neil, ‘The battle for Mousehold Heath’, Past and Present, 127 (1990), 148–53Google Scholar
Meacham, Standish, A Life Apart: The English Working Class 1890–1914 (London, 1977)
Mearns, A., The Bitter Cry of Outcast London, (London, 1883; new edn, ed. Leicester, A. S. Wohl, 1970)
Meller, H. E., Leisure and the Changing City, 1870–1914 (London, 1976)
Mellor, G. J., The Northern Music Hall (Newcastle, 1970)
Mess, H. A., Industrial Tyneside: A Social Survey (London, 1928)
Metcalf, Sheila, ‘The idea of a park: the Select Committees and the first public parks’, Journal of Regional and Local Studies, 4 (1984), 25–8, 30Google Scholar
Middlemass, Keith, Politics in Industrial Society (London, 1979)
Morris, J. N., ‘A disappearing crowd? Collective action in late nineteenth-century Croydon’, SHist., 11 (1989).Google Scholar
Morris, R. J., ‘Middle-class culture, 1700–1914’, in Fraser, D., ed., A History of Modern Leeds (Manchester, 1980)Google Scholar
Morris, J. N., Religion and Urban Change: Croydon, 1840–1914 (Woodbridge, 1992)
Morton, William H., Sixty Years Stage Service, Being a Record of the Life of Charles Morton, the Father of the Halls (London, 1905)
Moser, C. A., and Scott, W., British Towns: A Statistical Study of their Social and Economic Differences (Edinburgh, 1961)
Mott, Jim, ‘Miners, weavers and pigeon racing’, in Michael, A. Smith, Parker, Stanley and Smith, Cyril S., eds., Leisure and Society in Britain (London, 1973), cf. 94Google Scholar
Munting, Roger, An Economic and Social History of Gambling in Britain and the USA (Manchester, 1996), 23, 151–2
Murphy, Robert, Smash and Grab: Gangsters in the London Underworld (London, 1993).
Musgrave, Michael, The Musical Life of the Crystal Palace (Cambridge, 1995), 27–57, 186–9, 194–201, 205–17
Nevill, Ralph, London Clubs (London, 1911), 207
Owen, D., The Government of Victorian London, 1855–1889: The Metropolitan Board of Works, the Vestries and the City Corporation (Cambridge, Mass.: and London, 1982)
Palmer, Roy, A Touch on the Times (Harmondsworth, 1974) :
Parratt, Catriona M., ‘Little means or time: working-class women and leisure in late Victorian and Edwardian England’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 15 (1998)Google Scholar
Parsons, Gerald, ‘A question of meaning: religion and working-class life’, in Parsons, G., ed., Religion in Victorian Britain, vol. II: Controversies (Manchester, 1988)Google Scholar
Pearsall, Ronald, The Worm in the Bud (Harmondsworth, 1971), 639 n. 8
Perkin, Harold, The Origins of Modern English Society, 1780–1880 (London, 1969), 202
Phythian-Adams, Charles, ‘Milk and soot’, in Fraser, D. and Sutcliffe, A., eds., The Pursuit of Urban History (London, 1983)Google Scholar
Pickering, W. S. F., ‘The 1851 census — a useless experiment?’, British Journal of Sociology, 18 (1967), 394Google Scholar
Pickering, William, ‘Religion — a leisuretime pursuit?’, in Martin, David, ed., A Sociological Yearbook of Religion in Britain (London, 1968) ffGoogle Scholar
Pimlott, J. A. R., The Englishman’s Holiday: A Social History (London, 1947; Hassocks, 1976).
Poole, Steve, ‘“Till our liberties be secure”: popular sovereignty and public space in Bristol, 1780–1850’, UH, 26 (1999)Google Scholar
Poole, R., Popular Leisure and the Music Hall in Nineteenth-Century Bolton (Lancaster, 1982)
Port, M. H., Six Hundred New Churches: A Study of the Church Building Commission, 1818–56, and its Church-Building Activities (London, 1961)
Prochaska, Frank, Women and Philanthropy in Nineteenth Century England (Oxford, 1980), 47–72, 86–8
Prynn, David, ‘The Clarion Clubs, rambling and the holiday associations in Britain since the 1890s’, Journal of Contemporary History, 11 (1976)Google Scholar
Rack, H. D., ‘Domestic visitation: a chapter in early nineteenth century evangelism’, JEcc. Hist., 24 (1973)Google Scholar
Reach, A. B., Manchester and the Textile Districts in 1849, ed. Aspin, C. (Helmshore, 1972)
Read, Donald, England 1868–1914: The Age of Urban Democracy (London, 1979), p..
Reid, D. A., ‘Folk-football, the aristocracy and cultural change: a critique of Dunning and Sheard’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 5 (1988)Google Scholar
Reid, D. A., ‘Religion, recreation and the working class: Birmingham 1844–1885’, Bulletin of the Society for the Study of Labour History, 51 (1986)Google Scholar
Reid, D. A., ‘The “iron roads” and “the happiness of the working classes”: the early development and social significance of the railway excursion’, Journal of Transport History, 3rd series, 17 (1996)Google Scholar
Reid, D. A., ‘The decline of Saint Monday’, Past and Present, 71 (1976)Google Scholar
Reynolds, J., The Great Paternalist: Titus Salt and the Growth of Nineteenth-Century Bradford (London, 1983)
Richards, Jeffrey, ‘Cinemagoing in Worktown: regional film audiences in 1930s Britain’, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 14 (1994)Google Scholar
Richards, J., The Age of the Dream Palace: Cinema and Society in Britain 1930–1939 (London, 1984)
Richardson, Philip J. S., The Social Dances of the Nineteenth Century in England (London, 1960), 117–18, 120–1
Ridgwell, Stephen, ‘South Wales and the cinema in the 1930s’, Welsh History Review, 17 (1995)Google Scholar
Ritchie, J. Ewing, The Night Side of London, 2nd edn, revised (London, 1858), 199, 218–26
Roberts, E., A Woman’s Place: An Oral History of Working-Class Women 1890–1940 (Oxford, 1984)
Robson, Geoffrey, ‘The failures of success: working class evangelists in early Victorian Birmingham’, in Baker, D., ed., Religious Motivation (Studies in Church History, 15, Oxford, 1978)Google Scholar
Rosman, Doreen M., Evangelicals and Culture (London, 1984), esp. 75–80
Ross, E., ‘Survival networks – women’s neighbourhood sharing in London before World War I’, History Workshop, 15 (1983)Google Scholar
Ross, E., Love and Toil: Motherhood in Outcast London, 1870–1918 (New York and Oxford, 1993)
Rowntree, B. S., Poverty and Progress: A Second Social Survey of York (London, 1941)
Rowntree, B. S., Poverty: A Study of Town Life (London, 1901; London, 1922 edn), 169–71, 322, 330–1, 335
Rowntree, Joseph and Sherwell, Arthur, Temperance Problem and Social Reform, 5th edn (London, 1899)
Rowntree, Seebohm and Lavers, G. R., English Life and Leisure (London, 1951), p..
Rowson, S., ‘A statistical survey of the cinema industry in Great Britain in 1934’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 99 (1936), 92Google Scholar
Royle, Edward, The Victorian Church in York (York, 1983).
Rubinstein, David, ‘Cycling in the 1890s’, Victorian Studies, 21 (1977), cf. 58–9, 63, 68–71Google Scholar
Rubinstein, David, Before the Suffragettes: Women’s Emancipation in the 1890s (Brighton, 1986)
Russell, C. E. B. and Campagnac, E. T., ‘Poor people’s music-halls in Lancashire’, Economic Review (1900) (for clog dancers)Google Scholar
Russell, Dave, ‘“What’s wrong with brass bands?” Cultural change and the band movement, 1918–c. 1964’, in Herbert, Trevor, ed., Bands: The Brass Band Movement in the 19th and 20th Centuries (Milton Keynes, 1991), p. n. 62Google Scholar
Russell, David, ‘The pursuit of leisure’, in Wright, D. G. and Jowitt, J. A., eds., Victorian Bradford (Bradford, 1982)Google Scholar
Russell, David, Football and the English: A Social History of Association Football in England, 1863–1995 (Preston, 1997), 23, 56–7
Russell, D., ‘“Sporadic and curious”: the emergence of rugby and soccer zones in Yorkshire and Lancashire, c. 1860–1914’, International Journal of History of Sport, 5 (1988)Google Scholar
Russell, D., Popular Music in England, 1840–1914: A Social History (Manchester, 1987)
Rust, Francis, Dance in Society (London, 1967), chs.
Sandford, J., Social Reforms; Or the Habits, Dwellings and Education of our People (Birmingham, 1867)
Sandiford, Keith and Vamplew, Wray, ‘The peculiar economics of English cricket before 1914’, British Journal of Sports History, 3 (1986), 323Google Scholar
Schlör, J., Nights in the Big City: Paris, Berlin, London, 1840–1930 (London, 1998)
Scholes, Percy A., The Mirror of Music, 1844–1944 (London, 1947)
Scott, G. R., The History of Cockfighting (London, 1957), esp.
Sedgwick, J., ‘Cinema-going preferences in Britain in the 1930s’, in Richards, Jeffrey, ed., The Unknown 1930: An Alternative History of the British Cinema, 1929–39 (London, 1998).Google Scholar
Sell, A. P. F., ed., Protestant Nonconformists and the West Midlands of England (Keele, 1996)
Sheppard, F., London: A History (Oxford, 1998)
Shiman, L. L., ‘“Changes are dangerous”: women and temperance in Victorian England’, in Malmgreen, Gail, ed., Religion in the Lives of English Women, 1760–1930 (London, 1986)Google Scholar
Shiman, Lilian L., ‘The Band of Hope movement: respectable recreation for working-class children’, Victorian Studies, 18 (1973)Google Scholar
Showell, Walter, Dictionary of Birmingham (Birmingham, 1885
Simmons, Jack, The Victorian Railway (London, 1991)
Simmons, Jack and Biddle, Gordon, eds., The Oxford Companion to British Railway History (Oxford, 1997)
Simpson, M. A. and Lloyd, T. H., eds., Middle Class Housing in Britain (Newton Abbot, 1977)
Sinclair, Robert, Metropolitan Man: The Future of the English (London, 1937), 114–26
Smith, Stephen and Scrivens, Kevin, Hull Fair: An Illustrated History (Cherry Burton, 1991)
Smith, M., Religion in Industrial Society: Oldham and Saddleworth, 1740–1865 (Oxford, 1994)
Snell, K. D. M., ‘The Sunday School movement in England and Wales’, Past and Present, 164 (1999), esp. 139Google Scholar
Snell, K. D. M., Church and Chapel in the North Midlands (Leicester, 1991), 25–7.
Springhall, John, Sure & Steadfast: A History of the Boys’ Brigade, 1883 to 1983 (London, 1983).
Springhall, J., Youth, Empire and Society: British Youth Movements, 1883–1940 (London, 1977)
Stedman, Jones, G., ‘Working-class culture and working-class politics in London, 1870–1900: notes on the remaking of a working class’, Journal of Social History, 7 (1974)Google Scholar
Stedman, Jones, G., Outcast London: A Study in the Relationship between Classes in Victorian Society (Oxford, 1971)
Stephens, W. B., ed., The City of Birmingham (London, 1964)
Storch, R. D., ‘The plague of the blue locusts: police reform and popular resistance in northern England, 1840–57’, International Review of Social History, 20 (1975)Google Scholar
Storch, R. D., ed., Popular Culture and Custom in Nineteenth-Century England (London, 1982)
Stuart, Charles D. and Park, A. J., The Variety Stage (London, 1895)
Stubley, Peter, A House Divided: Evangelicals and the Establishment in Hull 1779–1914 (Hull, 1995)
Sutcliffe, A., and Smith, R., History of Birmingham, vol. III: Birmingham 1939–1970 (London, 1974)
Taine, Hippolyte, Taine’s Notes on England, ed. Hyams, Edward (London, 1995)
Taylor, Anthony, ‘“Commons-stealers”, “land-grabbers” and “jerry-builders”: space, popular radicalism and the politics of public access in London, 1848–1880’, International Review of Social History, 40 (1995).Google Scholar
Taylor, John, From Self-Help to Glamour: The Workingman’s Club, 1860–1972 (Oxford, 1972)
Thompson, David M., ‘The religious census of 1851’, in Lawton, Richard, ed., The Census and Social Structure: An Interpretative Guide to Nineteenth Century Censuses for England and Wales (London, 1978)Google Scholar
Thompson, F. M. L., English Landed Society in the Nineteenth Century (London, 1963) ff
Thompson, F. M. L., Hampstead: The Building of a Borough (London, 1974)
Timbs, John, Clubs and Club Life in London (London, 1899), 216–17
Toulmin, Vanessa, Randall Williams. King of Showmen: From Ghost Show to Bioscope (London, 1998)
Trainor, R. H., Black Country Elites: The Exercise of Authority in an Industrialized Area, 1830–1900 (Oxford, 1993)
Trewin, J. C., Mr Macready (London, 1955), 182
Turner, Leopold, ed., Fifty Years on the London & North Western Railway and Other Memoranda in the Life of David Stevenson (London, 1891), p..
Vicinus, Martha, The Industrial Muse (London, 1974)
Voth, Hans-Joachim, ‘Time and work in eighteenth-century London’, Journal of Economic History, 58 (1998).Google Scholar
Walker, R. B., ‘Religious changes in Liverpool in the nineteenth century’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History 19 (1968)Google Scholar
Walkowitz, J., City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London (London, 1992)
Waller, P. J., Town, City and Nation: England, 1850–1914 (Oxford, 1983)
Walton, J. K., ‘The demand for working-class seaside holidays in Victorian England’, Economic History Review, 2nd series, 34 (1981)Google Scholar
Walton, J. K., and Walvin, J., eds., Leisure in Britain, 1780–1939 (Manchester, 1983)
Ward, Colin and Hardy, Dennis, Goodnight Campers: The History of the British Holiday Camp (London, 1986).
Ward, W. R., ‘The cost of Establishment: some reflections on church building in Manchester’, in Cuming, G. J., ed., Studies in Church History: Volume III (Leiden, 1966)Google Scholar
Ware, Michael E., Historic Fairground Scenes (Ashbourne, 1977)
Watts, Michael R., ed., Religion in Victorian Nottinghamshire: The Religious Census of 1851, 2 vols. (Nottingham, 1988), vol. I
Webb, S. and Webb, B., Industrial Democracy (London, 1897), vol. I n, 340, 344–7, 349–50, 352n
Webb, S. and Webb, B., The History of Trade Unionism, revised edn (London, 1926)
Weber, William, ‘Artisans in the concert life of mid-nineteenth-century London and Paris’, Journal of Contemporary History, 13 (1978)Google Scholar
Weber, William, Music and the Middle Classes (London, 1975), 167
Weightman, Gavin, Bright Lights, Big City (London, 1992)
Welsby, Paul A., ‘Church and people in Victorian Ipswich’, Church Quarterly Review (April-June 1963).Google Scholar
Whatley, Christopher A., ‘“The privilege which the rabble have to be riotous”: carnivalesque and the monarch’s birthday in Scotland, c. 1700–1860’, in Blanchard, Ian, ed., Labour and Leisure in Historical Perspective, Thirteenth to Twentieth Centuries (Stuttgart, 1994)Google Scholar
White, Alan, ‘Class, culture, and control: the Sheffield Athenaeum movement and the middle class’, in Janet Wolff and John Seed, The Culture of Capital (Manchester, 1988), 111 n. 27Google Scholar
White, Brian D., A History of the Corporation of Liverpool 1835–1914 (Liverpool, 1951)
Wickham, E. R., Church and People in an Industrial City (London, 1957)
Wigley, John, The Rise and Fall of the Victorian Sunday (Manchester, 1980), 82–9, 103–4, 106, 131–4, 147–8
Wild, Paul, ‘Leisure in Rochdale’, in Clarke, John, Critcher, Chas and Johnson, Richard, eds., Working-Class Culture: Studies in History and Theory (London, 1979)Google Scholar
Williams, Gareth, Valleys of Song Music and Society in Wales, 1840–1914 (Cardiff, 1998)
Williams, Sarah C., Religious Belief and Popular Culture in Southwark, c. 1880–1939 (Oxford, 1999)
Willmott, Phyllis, Growing up in a London Village (London, 1973)
Wilson, G. B., Alcohol and the Nation (London, 1940)
Wilson, Van, Rich in All but Money: Life in Hungate 1900–1938 (York, 1996)
Winter, J., London’s Teeming Streets, 1830–1914 (London, 1993)
Wirth, J. D. and Jones, R. L., eds., Manchester and Sao Paulo (Stanford, 1978)
Wroth, Warwick, Cremorne and the Later London Gardens (London, 1907)
Wroth, Warwick, The London Pleasure Gardens of the Eighteenth Century (London, 1896; 1979 reprint)
Yates, Nigel, Robert Hume and Paul Hastings, Religion and Society in Kent, 1640–1914 (Woodbridge, 1994)
Yeo, S., Religion and Voluntary Organisations in Crisis, 1890–1914 (London, 1976)
Yeo, S., ed., New Views of Co-operation (London, 1988)
Young, Percy M., A History of British Football (London, 1969)
Young, Terence, Becontree and Dagenham: A Report Made for the Pilgrim Trust (London, 1934), 44, 52, 54, 71–2, 81, 190
Zweig, F., Women’s Life and Labour (London, 1952)
Zweig, F., The British Worker (Harmondsworth, 1952)
Zweig, Ferdynand, Labour, Life and Poverty (London, 1948)

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×