Born under the sign of Capricorn on January 7, 1891 in Notasulga, Alabama, Zora Neale Hurston was the sixth child and second daughter of John Hurston (1861–1918) and Lucy Ann Potts Hurston (1865–1904). Hurston's biographers tell us that her name was recorded in the family bible as Zora Neal Lee Hurston; at some point an “e” was added to “Neal” and “Lee” was dropped. Though she was born in Notasulga, Hurston always called Eatonville, Florida, home and even – though perhaps unwittingly, because her family relocated to Eatonville when Zora was quite young – named it as her birthplace in her autobiography. Eatonville has become famous for its long association with Hurston; since 1991 it has been the site of the annual multi-disciplinary Zora Neale Hurston Festival of the Arts and Humanities (ZORA! Festival), which lasts for several days. The festival's broad objective is to call attention to contributions that Africa-derived persons have made to world culture; however, its narrower objective is to celebrate Hurston's life and work along with Eatonville's unique cultural history.

Hurston's family moved to Eatonville in 1893. Her father, John Hurston, was the eldest of nine children in an impoverished sharecropper family near Notasulga; during his lifetime, he would achieve substantial influence in and around Eatonville as a minister, carpenter, successful family man, and local politician. His parents, Alfred and Amy Hurston, were, like wife Lucy's parents, Sarah and Richard Potts, formerly enslaved persons.