This chapter examines how perpetrators of breaches of international law were punished during and after the war. The first trials in Soviet territory began in 1943, as did the evidence-gathering work of the United Nations Commission for the Investigation of War Crimes and also the Moscow Declaration. The aim of deterrence was evident from the first Allied trials, conducted during the war by the Soviets in Krasnodar (14-17 July 1943), against Soviet collaborators, and in Kharkov (15-18 December 1943), against three Germans and one collaborator. All prosecuting states could exploit the concepts of 'representative' defendants and 'representative' examples of Axis criminality in order to further their own interpretations of what was most important to say about the sources, manifestations and meaning of that criminality. Punishment for wartime criminality was ultimately time-limited; the desire of victors and vanquished to move on increased together with the pressures of new political realities and priorities.