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2 - The Appearance of Food Production in Southern Africa 1,000 to 2,000 Years Ago

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 September 2010

By
John Parkington  and
Simon Hall
Edited by
Carolyn Hamilton ,
Bernard K. Mbenga  and
Robert Ross
Carolyn Hamilton
Affiliation:
University of Cape Town
Bernard K. Mbenga
Affiliation:
North-West University, South Africa
Robert Ross
Affiliation:
Universiteit Leiden
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Summary

About 2,000 years ago domestic animals, first sheep and later cattle, and domestic plants, principally sorghum and millet, spread to Southern Africa from areas to the north where they were originally domesticated some thousands of years earlier. The retrieval of the remains of these domesticates has allowed archaeologists to develop narratives that describe the social events responsible for the material traces excavated. For historical reasons these events are referred to as “stone age” in the West or “iron age” in the East, depending on the absence or presence of traces of iron use and smelting as associated practices. There is a broad correspondence between this distinction and between the winter (and year-round) and summer rainfall zones of Southern Africa. Here we address the geographic and historical contexts under which people adopted some or other mix of domestic plants and animals, transforming hunter–gatherers into either farmers or herders. We follow Mitchell and others in using the term herder for the (economic) practice of keeping domestic stock and pastoralist and farmer for the (cognitive) practice of developing a world view around mobile stock ownership and sedentary mixed agriculture, respectively.

THE NATURE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AS HISTORY

To explain the appearance of food production in Southern Africa, to document the arrival of domestic plants and animals, and to understand the addition of food production alongside hunting and gathering in certain areas and the replacement of hunting and gathering in others, it is necessary to establish in broad outline the nature of archaeology as history and the comparative relationship between the two.

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The Cambridge History of South Africa , pp. 63 - 111
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2009

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