On 12 June 1945 a group of Orthodox rabbis, members of an organization of Yiddish-speaking traditionalists called Agudath Harabbanim (Union of Orthodox Rabbis of the United States and Canada), assembled at the McAlpin Hotel in Manhattan. Americans, and especially Jews, had celebrated the defeat of Nazi Germany on Victory over Europe Day only a month earlier. But the end was not in sight. World War II still raged against Japan. Yet a decision to pass judgment on Mordecai M. Kaplan, a controversial and influential rabbi, could not wait for peace. Kaplan had published his magnum opus in 1934, Judaism as a Civilization: Toward a Reconstruction of American-Jewish Life, as well as several subsequent volumes of religious thought. Neither these books nor the establishment of the Jewish Reconstructionist Foundation to promote his philosophy of Reconstructionism merited a court of judgment despite their radical ideas. However, when Kaplan published a version of the Sabbath Prayer Book, he crossed a line. The solidarity the war had produced among Americans of all faiths and no faith – to paraphrase Rabbi Roland B. Gittelsohn’s famous sermon dedicating the Fifth Marine Division Cemetery on Iwo Jima – inspired Kaplan and his coeditor. As one of three fighting faiths of democracy, Judaism needed to adapt. “Modern-minded Jews,” they wrote in the prayer book’s introduction, “can no longer believe, as did their fathers, that the Jews constitute a divinely chosen nation.” The Agudath Harabbanim violently disagreed. They opposed such accommodations to democratic ideals.