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13 - The Pharisees

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

By
Joachim Schaper
Edited by
William Horbury ,
W. D. Davies  and
John Sturdy
Joachim Schaper
Affiliation:
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
William Horbury
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
W. D. Davies
Affiliation:
Duke University, North Carolina
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Summary

In rabbinic tradition, the Pharisaic sages are described as the successors of the men of the ‘Great Synagogue’ and, ultimately, of Moses: ‘Moses received the Law from Sinai and committed it to Joshua, and Joshua to the elders, and the elders to the Prophets; and the Prophets committed it to the men of the Great Synagogue. They said three things: be deliberate in judgement, raise up many disciples, and make a fence around the Law.’ Following this introduction, the Mishnah commemorates famous sages, from Simeon the Just and Antigonus of Sokho down to Rabban Simeon ben Gamaliel. Committed to writing well after ce 70, this short ‘history’ of the Sages enabled the rabbis to make sense of and systematize the development of Jewish religious teaching in the aftermath of the catastrophe. Thus, m. Av. 1 may serve as the starting point of an inquiry into the history of Pharisaism, but not as its blueprint.

Before we can embark on our task, a few words concerning our sources are called for. The ‘classic’ texts which have been used by critical scholarship to reconstruct the history of Pharisaism are the works of Josephus, the New Testament and rabbinic works such as the Mishnah, the Tosefta, Tannaitic passages in both the Babylonian and the Jerusalem Talmuds and Tannaitic midrashim. To these we can now add, thanks to the discovery of the Qumran library, 4qpNah, 1qpHab, 4qpPs37, 4qTest, 11qt and, most importantly, 4qmmt. To a certain degree, 1 and 2 Maccabees and the Psalms of Solomon can also assist our reconstruction.

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The Cambridge History of Judaism , pp. 402 - 427
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 1999

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