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17 - The military institution and innovation in the late Mamlūk period

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

By
Carl Petry
Edited by
Carl F. Petry
Carl F. Petry
Affiliation:
Northwestern University, Illinois
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Summary

Upon the accession of Qānsūh al-Ghawrī to the Cairo sultanate in 906/1501, the Mamlūk oligarchy over which he presided had ruled Egypt and Syria as a unified imperium for more than 250 years. While no institution of such longevity could remain immune to evolutionary change, the Mamlūk regime was remarkable for its stability in a turbulent international milieu. This stability was sustained in large part because of the Mamlūks’ commitment to a static concept of imperialism and their allegiance to conservative values of caste hegemony. To be sure, the Mamlūk oligarchy, during its final decades of sovereignty, exhibited behavioral characteristics that contemporary observers found ominous both for the preservation of the realm’s security and ensuring its fiscal solvency. And yet these characteristics were the predictable manifestations of tendencies – positive and negative – in existence since the military elite’s inception under the late Ayyūbids.

The last effective Ayyūbid monarch in Cairo, al–Sālih Najm al–Dīn, regarded the mamlūk slave–soldiers of his predecessor as a threat, fearing that their loyalty might devolve upon his Syrian rivals. He sought to defend his position by founding a new corps of troops whose officers set up the Mamlūk regime upon his death. They initially regarded their function as custodial, aimed at protecting their own status from Ayyūbid claimants. Rudimentary as their ideas were about statecraft at this early stage, these founders appreciated their vulnerability as usurpers. Installed as bodyguards of a paranoid ruler, they rightly saw their prospects as tenuous if a successor who resented the privileges their patron had granted them took power.

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The Cambridge History of Egypt , pp. 462 - 489
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 1998

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