China's international relations 1911–1931

doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521243384.003

2 - China's international relations 1911–1931

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 March 2008

Shinkichi Etō

Edited by

John K. Fairbank and

Albert Feuerwerker

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Shinkichi Etō: Affiliation:
Aqyama Gakuin University, Tokyo

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Summary

Modern China's fate has been intricately intertwined with the foreign policies of the powers, in particular Japan. Although historians nowadays may shun the detailed chronicling of wars and treaties relating to China (as in H. B. Morse's International relations of the Chinese Empire), this aspect of Chinese history is becoming more important in retrospect. After all, as Mary Wright pointed out in China in revolution, the presence of foreigners and their various activities on Chinese soil provided part of the milieu in which Chinese politics evolved in the twentieth century. Moreover, not only the maritime and ‘foreign presence’ described in volume 12 of this series, but also the contradictions and conflicts among the foreign powers, affected developments within Republican China. This chapter, and chapter 10 below, therefore look at the external context of twentieth-century Chinese history, beginning naturally with the collapse of the old order.

CONTEXT: DECLINE AND FALL OF THE CH'ING EMPIRE AS AN EAST ASIAN REGIONAL ORDER

The Ch'ing emperors' great achievement had been to assert their central power over the arid peripheral regions of Manchuria, Mongolia, Sinkiang and Tibet as well as over the heartland so densely populated by the Han Chinese. Military force, feudalism, religion and trade had all served the Ch'ing politics of empire, in mixtures that varied for each region and people. In all these regions of Inner Asia, Ch'ing rule had been set up by warfare and was maintained by garrisons. In Manchuria and Mongolia the emperor made the tribal chieftains his personal vassals.

Keywords

Ch'ing Japan East Asian regional order China's International relations Manchuria World War nationalist revolution Twenty-one Demands Washington Conference

Type: Chapter
Information: The Cambridge History of China , pp. 74 - 115

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521243384.003 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 1986

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2 - China's international relations 1911–1931

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