Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T20:31:31.514Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

1 - Africa on the Eve of Partition

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

By
A. E. Atmore
Edited by
Roland Oliver  and
G. N. Sanderson
Get access

Summary

NORTH OF THE EQUATOR

It has become a truism of historical writing to conceive of Africa in the course of the nineteenth century as becoming increasingly a part of, and a product of, the expansion of Europe, which, beginning in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, had integrated ever larger areas of the world into a single economic system. In attempting an overview of the state of the continent on the eve of partition – roughly over the decade of the 1870s – a large number of questions arise from a consideration of this truism. To what extent was Africa already an adjunct of an economic system dominated by Europe? What was the relationship between Africa and this European system – was it one of an equal or an unequal exchange of commodities? To what extent was Africa dependent economically, if not yet politically? What social and ideological changes were beginning to follow from this dependency? Was Africa a fruit ripe for plucking in the 1870s, was there a certain inevitability about the forthcoming imperialist carve-up, or was partition an extraneous historical occurrence forced upon a continent which had within it other options for coping with the future?

There are no answers to these questions that are at the same time simple and sensible. Certainly the answers to all such queries will differ, according to the region of Africa which is under scrutiny. Even within particular regions, the situation of individual states, societies or groups of people, their relations with each other and with the outside world (especially with the European capitalist economies) varied greatly.

Keywords

cultural changeAfricaAngolaMaghrib countrieseconomic productionpolitical developmentmodernisationPortuguese colonisationEgypt
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge History of Africa , pp. 10 - 95
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 1985

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ọlọruntimẹhin, B. O. The Segu Tukulor empire. Ibadan, 1972.
Adelẹyẹ, R. A. Power and diplomacy in northern Nigeria, 1804–1906. London, 1971.
Agbodeka, F. African politics and British policy in the Gold Coast, 1868–1900. London, 1971.
Ageron, C. R. Les Algeriens musulmans, et la France 1871–1919. Paris, 1968.
Ajayi, J. F. A. Christian missions in Nigeria, 1841–91. London, 1965.
Akintoye, S. A. Revolution and power politics in Yorubaland 1840–1893. London, 1971.
al-Naqar, 'U. The pilgrimage tradition in West Africa. Khartoum, 1972.
Alagoa, E. J. ‘Nineteenth century revolutions in the Eastern States and Calabar’, 1971, J. Hist. Soc. Nig., 5, 4.Google Scholar
Alpers, E. A. Ivory and slaves in East Central Africa. London, 1975.
Alpers, Edward A. ‘The nineteenth century: prelude to colonialism’ in Ogot, B. A. (ed.), Zamani: a survey of East African history (Nairobi, new edn 1974).Google Scholar
Arhin, K. West African leaders in Ghana in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. London, 1979.
Ayandele, E. A. The educated élite in the Nigerian society. Ibadan, 1974.
Ayandele, E. A. The missionary impact on modern Nigeria, 1842–1914. London, 1966.
Baer, G. A history of landownership in modern Egypt, 1800–1950. London, 1962.
Baer, G. Studies in the social history of modern Egypt. Chicago, 1969.
Baier, S. ‘Trans-Saharan trade and the Sahel: Damergu, 1870–1930’, J. Afr. Hist., 1977, 18, 1.Google Scholar
Baier, S. An economic history of central Niger. Oxford, 1980.
Baier, Stephen ‘Trans-Saharan trade and the Sahel: Damergu, 1870–1930’, J. Afr. Hist., 1977.Google Scholar
Baier, Stephen An economic history of central Niger (Oxford, 1980), ch. 3.
Barth, Heinrich Travels and discoveries in northern and central Africa, 5 vols. (London, 1857).
Beach, D. N. The Shona and Zimbabwe. London, 1980.
Bennett, N. R. Mirambo of Tanzania 1840?–1884. New York, 1971.
Bennett, N. R. Studies in East African history. Boston, 1963.
Berque, J. French North Africa. London, 1967.
Berque, J. L'intérieur du Maghreb. Paris, 1979.
Biobaku, S. O. The Egba and their neighbours, 1842–1872. Oxford, 1957.
Birmingham, D. and Martin, P. M. History of Central Africa. London, 1983.
Birmingham, D. ‘The copper barons of Cazengo’, J. Afr. Hist., 1978, 19, 4.Google Scholar
Birmingham, David ‘The coffee barons of Cazengo’, J. Afr. Hist., 1978.Google Scholar
Boahen, A. A. Britain, the Sahara and the western Sudan, 1788–1861. Oxford, 1964.
Bouroue-Avaro, J. a. Un peuple gabonais à l'aube de la colonisation: le bas Ogowe au XIXe Siècle. Paris, 1981.
Bovill, E. W. The Golden Trade of the Moors 2nd edn, revised Hallett, R.. London, 1968.
Brenner, L. ‘The North African trading community in the nineteenth century Central Sudan’, in McCall, D. E., and Bennett, N. R. (eds.), Aspects of West African Islam. Boston, 1971.Google Scholar
Brett, M. ‘Modernisation in 19th century North Africa’, The Maghreb Review, 1982, 7, Jan–April.Google Scholar
Brett, M. ‘Problems in the interpretation of the history of the Maghreb in the light of some recent publications’, J. Afr. Hist., 1972, 13, 3.Google Scholar
Brooks, G. E. ‘Peanuts and colonialism: consequences of the commercialisation of peanuts in West Africa, 1830–70’, J. Afr. Hist., 1925, 16, 1.Google Scholar
Brown, B. ‘Muslim influence on trade and politics in the Lake Tanganyika region’, Int. J. Afr. Hist. Studies, 1971, 4.Google Scholar
Brown, L. C. The Tunisia of Ahmad Bey 1837–1855;. Princeton, 1974.
Brown, R. The Ndebele succession crisis 1868–77. Central African Historical Association, Local series 5. Salisbury, 1962.
Burke, E. III Prelude to Protectorate in Morocco: pre-colonial protest and resistance, 1860–1912. Chicago and London, 1976.
Caulk, R. A. ‘Harär town and its neighbours in the nineteenth century’, J. Afr. Hist., 1977, 18, 3.Google Scholar
Cerulli, E. Somalia: scritti vari editi ed inediti, 3 vols. Rome, 1957, 1959, 1964.
Clarence-Smith, W. G. Slaves, peasants and capitalists in Southern Angola, 1840–1926. Cambridge, 1979.
Cookey, S. J. S. King Ja Ja of the Niger Delta. Nok, 1974.
Cooper, F. ‘The problem of slavery in African studies’, J. Afr. Hist., 1979, 20, 1.Google Scholar
Cooper, F. Plantation slavery on the east coast of Africa. New Haven, 1977.
Coquéry-Vidrovitch, Catherine Brazza et la prise de possession du Congo. Paris, 1969.
Cordell, D. D. ‘Blood partnership in theory and practice: the expansion of Muslim power in Dar al-Kuti, J. J. Afr. Hist., 1979, 20, 3.Google Scholar
Cordell, D. D. ‘Eastern Libya, Wadai and the Sanusiya’, J. Afr. Hist., 1977, 18, 1.Google Scholar
Crummey, D. Priests and politicians. Oxford, 1972.
Curtin, P. Economic change in precolonial Africa: Senegambia in the era of the slave trade. Madison, 1975.
Dampierre, E. Un ancien royaume Bandia du Haut-Oubangui. Paris, 1967.
Darkwah, R. H. K. Shewa, Menelik and the Ethiopian empire, 1813–1889. London, 1975.
De Kiewiet, C. W. The imperial factor in South Africa. Cambridge, 1937.
Deschamps, H. Histoire de Madagascar. Paris, 1961; 4th edn 1972.
Dias, J. R. ‘Black chiefs, white traders and colonial policy near the Kwanza: Kabuku Kambilo and the Portuguese, 1873–1896’, J. Afr. Hist., 1976, 17, 2.Google Scholar
Dias, J. R. ‘Famine and disease in the history of Angola, c. 1830–1930’, J. Afr. Hist., 1981, 22, 3.Google Scholar
Dike, K. O. Trade and Politics in the Niger Delta 1830–1885. Oxford, 1956.
Douin, G. Histoire du règone du Khédive Ismail, 4 parts. Cairo, 1936–41 (3 vols. bound as 6, Rome, 1933–4). part III: Li'empire africain.
Dumett, R. E. and Schwartz, B. K. West African culture dynamics: archaeological and historical perspectives. Chicago, 1979.
Dumett, R. E. ‘John Sarbah the elder, and African mercantile entrepreneurship in the Gold Coast in the late nineteenth century’, J. Afr. Hist., 1973, 14, 4.Google Scholar
Dumett, R. E. ‘The rubber trade of the Gold Coast and Asante in the nineteenth century’, J. Afr. Hist., 1971, 12, 1.Google Scholar
Evans-Pritchard, E. E. The Sanusi of Cyrenaica. Oxford, 1949.
Ganiage, J. Les origines du protectorat français en Tunisie, 1861–1881. Tunis, 1959 (2nd edn 1968).
Gbadamosi, T. G. O. The growth of Islam among the Yoruba, 1841–1908. London, 1979.
Gellner, E. Saints of the Atlas. London, 1969.
Gray, J. R. and Birmingham, D. Pre-colonial African trade: essays on trade in central and eastern Africa before 1900. London, 1970.
Gray, J. R. A history of the southern Sudan 1839–1889. London, 1961.
Green, Arnold The Tunisian ulama 1873–1915: social structure and response to ideological currents. Leiden, 1978.
Guy, J. The destruction of the Zulu kingdom. London, 1979.
Harcourt, F. ‘Disraeli's imperialism, 1866–1868: a question of timing’, Hist. J., 1980. 23, 1.Google Scholar
Hargreaves, J. D. Prelude to the partition of West Africa. London, 1966.
Hargreaves, J. D. West Africa partitioned, I: The loaded pause 1885–89. London, 1974.
Hargreaves, J. D. West Africa partitioned, vol. II: The Elephants and the Grass (London, 1984).
Harms, R. W. River of wealth, river of sorrow: the central Zaire basin in the era of the slave and ivory trade, 1500–1891. New Haven and London, 1981.
Hartwig, G. W. ‘The Victoria Nyanza as a trade route in the nineteenth century’, J. Afr. Hist., 1970, 11, 4.Google Scholar
Hartwig, G. W. The art of survival in East Africa: the Kerebe and long-distance trade 1850–1895. New York: 1976.
Hill, R. L. Egypt in the Sudan, 1820–1881. London, 1959.
Hoben, A. Land tenure among the Amhara of Ethiopia. Chicago and London, 1973.
Hogendorn, J. S. ‘Slave acquisition and delivery in pre-colonial Hausaland’, in Dumett, R. and Swartz, B. K. (eds.), West African culture dynamics: archaeological and historical perspectives. Chicago, 1979.Google Scholar
Hogendorn, J. S. ‘The economics of slave use on “Plantations” in the Zaria emirate of the Sokoto caliphate, Int. J. Afr. Hist. Studies, 1977, 10.Google Scholar
Holt, P. M. A modern history of the Sudan. London, 1961, 1963.
Holt, P. M. Egypt and the Fertile Crescent, 1516–1922. London, 1966.
Holt, P. M. The Mahdist State in the Sudan 1881–94. Oxford, 1958 (2nd edn, revised and enlarged, 1970).
Hopkins, A. G. An economic history of West Africa. London, 1973.
Ijagbemi, E. A. ‘The Freetown colony and the development of legitimate trade in the adjoining territories’, J. Hist. Soc. Nigeria, 1970, 5, 2.Google Scholar
Iliffe, J. A modern history of Tanganyika. Cambridge, 1979.
Iliffe, John A modern history of Tanganyika (Cambridge, 1979).
Isaacman, A. Mozambique: the Africanisalion of a European institution: the Zambesi Prazos, 1750–1902. Madison, 1972.
Isaacman, A. The tradition of resistance in Mozambique: anti-colonial activity in the Zambesi valley, 1850–1921. London, 1976.
Isichei, E. History of West Africa since 1800. London, 1977.
Isichei, E. The Ibo people and the Europeans: the genesis of a relationship, to 1906. London, 1973.
Johnson, Douglas ‘Algeria, some problems of modern history’, J. Afr. Hist., 1964, 5, 2.Google Scholar
Johnson, Douglas ‘The Maghrib’ in Flint, John E. (ed.), The Cambridge history of Africa, v: c.1790 to c.1870 (Cambridge, 1976).Google Scholar
Johnson, M. ‘By ship or by camel: the struggle for the Cameroons ivory trade in the nineteenth century’, J. Afr. Hist., 1973(a), 19, 4.Google Scholar
Johnson, M. ‘Calico caravans’, J. Afr. Hist., 1976, 17, 1.Google Scholar
Johnson, M. ‘Cloth on the banks of the Niger’, J. Hist.Soc. Nigeria, 1973(b), 6, 4.Google Scholar
Johnson, M. ‘The cowrie currencies of West Africa’, Part 1, J. Afr. Hist., 1970, 11, 1.Google Scholar
Johnson, M. ‘The cowrie currencies of West Africa’, Part 2, J. Afr. Hist., 1970, 11, 3.Google Scholar
Johnson, Marion ‘By ship or by camel: the struggle for the Cameroons ivory trade in the nineteenth century’, J. Afr. Hist., 1978.Google Scholar
Johnson, Marion ‘Calico caravans: Tripoli-Kano trade after 1880’, J. Afr. Hist., 1976.Google Scholar
Johnston, H. H. ‘Report on the British protectorate of the Oil rivers (Niger delta)’, 1888, cited in D. Northrup, Trade without rulers: pre-colonial economic development in south-eastern Nigeria (Oxford, 1978).Google Scholar
Jones, G. I. The trading states of the Oil Rivers. London, 1963.
Julien, Ch.-A. Histoire de l'Algérie contemporaine, vol. 1. Paris, 1964.
Julien, Ch.-A. Le Maroc face aux impérialismes, 1415–1956. Paris, 1978.
Kalck, P. Histoire de la République Centrafricaine. (Paris, 1974).
Kanya-Forstner, A. S. Conquest of Western Sudan Cambridge, 1969.
Kanya-Forstner, A. S. The conquest of the western Sudan: a study in French imperialism. Cambridge, 1969.
Klein, M., and Lovejoy, P. E. ‘Slavery in West Africa’ in Gemery, H. and Hogendorn, J. S. (eds.), The uncommon market: essays in the economic history of the Atlantic slave trade. New York, 1979.Google Scholar
Klein, M. Islam and imperialism in Senegal. Edinburgh, 1968.
Knapp, W. North West Africa: a political and economic survey. Oxford, 1977.
Kopytoff, J. H. A preface to modern Nigeria: the ‘Sierra Ltonians’ in Yoruba, 1830–1890. Madison, 1965.
Landes, D. S. Bankers and Pasbas. London, 1958.
Latham, A. J. H. ‘Currency, credit and capitalism on the Cross River in the pre-colonial era’, J. Afr. Hist., 1971, 12, 4.Google Scholar
Latham, A. J. H. ‘Witchcraft accusations and economic tension in pre-colonial Old Calabar’, J. Afr. Hist., 1972, 13, 2.Google Scholar
Latham, A. J. H. Old Calabar 1600–1891. Oxford, 1973.
Law, R. C. C. ‘In search of a Marxist perspective on pre-colonial tropical Africa’, J. Afr. Hist., 1978, 19, 3.Google Scholar
Law, R. C. C. ‘Royal monopoly and private enterprise in the Atlantic trade: the case of Dahomey’, J. Afr. Hist., 1977, 18, 4.Google Scholar
Law, R. C. C. ‘Slaves, trade and taxes: the material basis of political power in pre-colonial West Africa’, Research in Economic Anthropology, 1978, 1.Google Scholar
Leone, E. La colonizzazione dell' Africa del Nord, 2 vols. Padua, 1957, 1960.
Lewin, T. J. Asante before the British: the Prempean years, 1875–1900. Kansas, 1978.
Lewis, H. S. A Galla monarchy. Madison, 1965.
Lewis, I. M. The modern history of Somaliland. London, 1965 (2nd, revised, edn, A modern history of Somalia, Nation and State in the Horn of Africa, London, 1980).Google Scholar
Little, T. Egypt. London, 1958.
Lovejoy, P. E. and Baier, S. ‘The desert-side economy of the Central Sudan’, Int. J. Afr. Hist. Studies, 1975, 7, 4.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, P. E. ‘Interregional monetary flows in the precolonial trade of Nigeria’, J. Afr. Hist., 1974, 15, 4.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, P. E. ‘Long-distant trade and Islam: the case of the nineteenth century Hausa Kola-trade’, J. Hist. Soc. Nigeria, 1971, 5, 4.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, P. E. ‘Plantations in the economy of the Sokoto caliphate’, J. Afr. Hist., 1978, 19.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, P. E. ‘The Kambarin Beriberi: the formation of a specialised group of Hausa Kola-traders in the nineteenth century’, J. Afr. Hist., 1973, 14, 4.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, P. E. and Baier, S. ‘The desert-side economy of the Central Sudan’, Int. J. Afr. Hist. Studies, 1975.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, Paul E. ‘Interregional monetary flows in the precolonial trade of Nigeria’, J. Afr. Hist., 1974.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, Paul E. ‘Plantations in the economy of the Sokoto caliphate’, J. Afr. Hist., 1978.Google Scholar
With Daly, M. W. 3rd edn, History of the Sudan from the coming of Islam to the present day. London, 1979.
Marks, S. and Atmore, A. (eds.), Economy and society in pre-industrial South Africa. London, 1980.
Marsden, A. British diplomacy and Tunis (1875–1902). New York, 1971.
Martin, P. M. The external trade of the Loango coast 1576–1870. Oxford, 1972.
Mason, M. ‘Captive and client labour and the economy of the Bida emirate 1857–1901’, J. Afr. Hist., 1973, 14, 3.Google Scholar
Matthews, T. I. ‘Portuguese, Chikunda and the peoples of the Gwembe valley: the impact of the “lower Zambezi complex” on southern Zambia’, J. Afr. Hist., 1981, 22, 1.Google Scholar
McCall, D. F. and Bennett, N. R. (eds.), Aspects of West Africa Islam. Boston, 1971.
Meillassoux, C. (ed.), L'esclavage en Afrique précoloniale. Paris, 1975).
Meillassoux, C. (ed.), The development of indigenous trade and markets in West Africa. London, 1971.
Miège, J-L. Le Maroc et l'Europe, 1830–1894, 3 vols. Paris, 1961–3.
Miège, Jean-Louis Documents a histoire économique et social marocaine au XIXe siècle (Paris, 1969).
Miège, Jean-Louis Le Maroc et l'Europe, 1880–1894 (Paris, 1962).
Miers, S. and Kopytoff, I. (eds.), Slavery in Africa: historical and anthropological perspectives. Madison, 1977.
Miller, J. C. (ed.), The African past speaks. Folkestone, Eng. and Hamden, Conn., 1980.
Miller, Joseph C. ‘Chokwe trade and conquest in the nineteenth century’, in Gray, Richard and Birmingham, David, Pre-colonial Africa trade: essays on trade in central and eastern Africa before 1900 (London, 1970).Google Scholar
Montaigne, Robert The Berbers, their social and political organization. (Translation by Sedden, David, London, 1973 of La vie sociale et la vie politique des Berbères, Paris, 1931).Google Scholar
Mutibwa, P. M. The Malagasy and the Europeans, 1861–1895. Ibadan, 1973.
Newbury, C. W. ‘Credit in early nineteenth century West African trade’, J. Afr. Hist., 1972, 13, 1.Google Scholar
Newbury, C. W. ‘North African and western Sudan trade in the nineteenth century: a re-evaluation’, J. Afr. Hist., 1966, 7, 2.Google Scholar
Newbury, C. W. ‘Prices and profitability in early nineteenth century West Africa trade’ in Meillassoux, C. (ed.), The development of indigenous trade and markets in West Africa. London, 1931.Google Scholar
Newbury, C. W. The western slave coast and its rulers. Oxford, 1961.
Newbury, Colin W. ‘Prices and profitability in early nineteenth century West African trade’ in Meiilassoux, Claude (ed.). The development of indigenous trade and markets in West Africa (London, 1971).Google Scholar
Newitt, M. D. D. ‘Angoche, the slave trade and the Portuguese, c. 1844–1910’, J. Afr. Hist., 1972, 13, 4.Google Scholar
Newitt, M. D. D. Portuguese settlement on the Zambesi. London, 1973.
Nicholls, C. S. The Swahili Coast: politics, diplomacy and trade on the East African littoral, 1798–1856. London, 1971.
Northrup, D. ‘The compatibility of the slave and palm oil trades in the Bight of Biafra’, J. Afr. Hist., 1976, 17, 3.Google Scholar
Northrup, D. Trade without rulers: pre-colonial economic development in south-eastern Nigeria. Oxford, 1978.
Oded, A. Islam in Uganda. New York, 1974.
Ogot, B. A. (ed.), Kenya before 1900. Nairobi, 1976.
Ogot, B. A. (ed.), Zamani: a survey of East African history. 2nd edn, Nairobi, 1974.
Oliver, R. Sir Henry Johnston and the scramble for Africa. London, 1957.
Oliver, R. The Missionary Factor in East Africa. London, 1952; 2nd edn 1965.
Pachai, B. (ed.), The early history of Malawi. London, 1972.
Page, M. E. ‘The Manyema hordes of Tippu Tip’, Int. J. Afr. Hist. Studies, 1974, 1.Google Scholar
Pallinder-Law, A. ‘Aborted modernisation in West Africa? – the case of Abeokuta’, J. Afr. Hist., 1974, 15, 1.Google Scholar
Palmer, R. and Parsons, N. (eds.), The roots of rural poverty in central and southern Africa. London, 1977.
Pankhurst, R. K. P. Economic history of Ethiopia 1800–1935;. Addis Ababa, 1968.
Parsons, F. V. The origins of the Morocco Question, 1880–1900 (London, 1976).
Patterson, K. D. ‘The vanishing Mpongwe: European contact and demographic change in the Gabon river’, J. Afr. Hist., 1975(b), 16, 2.Google Scholar
Patterson, K. D. The northern Gabon coast to 1875. Oxford, 1975(a).
Peel, J. D. Y. ‘Kings, titles, quarters: a conjectural history of Ilasha’, History in Africa, 1979.Google Scholar
Pélissier, R. Les guerres grises: résistance et révoltes en Angola, 1845–1941. Orgeval, 1977.
Person, Y. Samori: une Révolution Dyula, 3 vols. Dakar, 1968, 1970, 1975.
Peterson, J. Province of freedom: a history of Sierra Leone, 1787–1870. London, 1869.
Phimister, I. R. ‘Precolonial goldmining in southern Zambezia’, African Social Research, 1976, 21, 3.Google Scholar
Porter, A. Creoledom: a study of the development of Freetown society. London, 1963.
Prins, G. The hidden hippopotamus: reappraisal in African history. The early colonia history of western Zambia. Cambridge, 1980.
Quinn, C. A. Mandingo kingdoms of the Senegambia: traditionalism, Islam, and European expansion. Evanston/London, 1972.
Ranger, T. O. Revolt in Southern Rhodesia 1896–7. London, 1967.
Ranger, T. O. and Kimambo, I. N. (eds.), The historical study of African religion. London, 1972.
Ranger, T. O. (ed.), Aspects of Central African history. London, 1968.
Reynolds, E. Trade and economic change on the Gold Coast, 1807–1874. London, 1974.
Roberts, A. D. A history of the Bemba: political growth and change in north-eastern Zambia before 1900. London, 1973.
Roberts, A. D. A history of Zambia. London, 1976.
Roberts, A. D. Tanzania before 1900. Nairobi, 1968.
Roberts, A. D. A history of the Bemba: political growth and change in north-eastern Zambia before 1900 (London, 1973), ‘Politics and trade’.
Roberts, R. ‘Long distance trade and production: Sinsani in the nineteenth century’, J. Afr. Hist., 1980, 21, 2.Google Scholar
Roberts, Richard ‘Long distance trade and production: Sinsani in the nineteenth century’, J. Afr. Hist., 1980.Google Scholar
Rubenson, S. The survival of Ethiopian independence. London, 1976.
Shibeika, Makki Ta'rikh mulūk al-Sūdān. Khartoum, 1947.
Slade, R. King Leopold's Congo. London, 1962.
Smith, R. S. ‘Peace and palaver: international relations in colonial West Africa’, J. Afr. Hist., 1973, 14, 4.Google Scholar
Stanley, H. M. How I Found Livingstone (London, new edn 1895).
Stokes, E. and Brown, R. (eds.), The Zambezian past: studies in Central African history. Manchester, 1966.
Swindell, K. ‘Serawoollies, Tillibunkas and strange farmers: the development of migrant ground-nut farmers along the Gambia river’, J. Afr. Hist., 1980, 21, 1.Google Scholar
Syfert, D. N. ‘The Liberian coasting trade, 1822–1900’, J. Afr. Hist., 1977, 18, 2.Google Scholar
Thompson, L. M. (ed.), African societies in southern Africa. London, 1969.
Trimingham, J. S. Islam in Ethiopia. London, 1952; reprinted 1965.
Triulzi, A. ‘Trade, Islam and the Mahdia in north-western Wallaga, Ethiopia’, J. Afr. Hist., 1975, 16, 1.Google Scholar
Trout, F. E. Morocco's Saharan frontiers. Geneva, 1969.
Vail, L. and White, L. Capitalism and colonialism in Mozambique: a study of Quelimane district. London, 1980.
Valensi, L. Le Maghreb avant la prise d' Alger 1790–1830. Paris, 1969.
Valensi, L. On the eve of colonialism: North Africa before the French conquest. London, 1977.
Valensi, Lucette On the eve of colonialism: North Africa before the French conquest (London, 1977).
Van Krieken, G. Khéredine et la Tunisie 1850–1881.. Leiden, 1976.
Vansina, J. Kingdoms of the savanna. Madison, 1966.
Vansina, J. The children of Woot. Madison, 1978.
Vansina, J. The Tio kingdom of the Middle Congo 1880–1892. London, 1973.
Vatikiotis, P. J. The modern history of Egypt, London, 1969 (revised edn, The History of Egypt from Muhammad Ali to Sadat. London, 1980).Google Scholar
Vellut, J-L. ‘Notes sur le Lunda et la frontière luso-africaine, 1700–1900’, Etudes d'histoire africaine, 1972, 3.Google Scholar
Wagner, Roger ‘Zoutpansberg: the dynamics of a hunting frontier, 1848–67’, in Marks, Shula and Atmore, Anthony (eds.), Economy and society in pre-industrial South Africa (London, 1980).Google Scholar
Wilks, I. Asante in the nineteenth century. Cambridge, 1975.
Wilson, A. ‘Long distance trade and the Luba Lomani empire’, J. Afr. Hist., 1972, 13, 4.Google Scholar
Ylvasaker, M. Lamu in the nineteenth century: land, trade and politics. Boston, 1979.
Yoder, J. C. ‘Fly and elephant parties: political polarisation in Dahomey 1840–1870’, J. Afr. Hist., 1974, 15, 3.Google Scholar
Yūsuf, Faḍl Ḥasan (ed.), Sudan in Africa. Khartoum, 1971.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×