Algeo, John. 2001. External history. In Algeo, John, ed. English in North America. The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. 6. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1–58.Google Scholar

Algeo, John. 2006. British or American English? A Handbook of Word and Grammar Patterns. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anchimbe, Eric A., ed. 2007. Linguistic Identity in Postcolonial Multilingual Spaces. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.Google Scholar

Beckles, Hilary McDonald. 1998. The “Hub of Empire”: The Caribbean and Britain in the seventeenth century. In Canny, Nicholas, ed. The Origins of Empire: British Overseas Enterprise at the Close of the Seventeenth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 218–240.Google Scholar

Blair, David and Collins, Peter, eds. 2001. English in Australia. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Blackwood, Robert, Lanza, Elizabeth and Woldemariam, Hirut, eds. 2016. Negotiating and Contesting Identities in Linguistic Landscapes. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar

Blommaert, Jan. 2010. The Sociolinguistics of Globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boberg, Charles. 2010. The English Language in Canada. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bolton, Kingsley and Kachru, Braj B.. 2006. World Englishes: Critical Concepts in Linguistics, 6 vols. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Burchfield, Robert W. 1994. Introduction. In Burchfield, Robert, ed. The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. 5: English in Britain and Overseas: Origins and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1–19.Google Scholar

Buschfeld, Sarah. 2013. English in Cyprus or Cyprus English: An Empirical Investigation of Variety Status. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Canagarajah, Suresh. 1999. Resisting Linguistic Imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Canny, Nicholas. 1998. The origins of empire. In Canny, Nicholas, ed. The Origins of Empire. British Overseas Enterprise at the Close of the Seventeenth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1–33.Google Scholar

Cheshire, Jenny, Kerswill, Paul, Fox, Susan and Torgersen, Eivind. 2011. Contact, the feature pool and the speech community: The emergence of multicultural London English. Journal of Sociolinguistics 15: 151–196.Google Scholar

Chow, Rey. 2014. Not Like a Native Speaker: On Languaging as a Postcolonial Experience. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clarke, Sandra. 1997. English verbal -s revisited: The evidence from Newfoundland. American Speech 72(3): 227–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clarke, Sandra. 2004. The legacy of British and Irish English in Newfoundland. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 242–261.Google Scholar

Collins, James, Baynham, Mike and Slembrouck, Stef, eds. 2011. Globalization and Language in Contact: Scale, Migration, and Communicative Practices. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar

Crystal, David. 2003. English as a Global Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Crystal, David. 2009. Txtng: The Gr8 Db8. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Cullen, Louis. 1998. The Irish diaspora and the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In Canny, Nicholas, ed. The Origins of Empire. British Overseas Enterprise at the Close of the Seventeenth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 113–149.Google Scholar

Deterding, David. 2007. Singapore English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar

Ellis, Alexander. 1868–1889. On Early English Pronunciation, 5 vols. London: Philological Society.Google Scholar

Eun-Young, Julia Kim. 2012. Creative adoption: Trends in Anglicisms in Korea. English Today 28(2): 15–17.Google Scholar

Geraghty, Barbara and Conacher, Jean, eds. 2016. Intercultural Contact, Language Learning and Migration. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar

Gordon, Elizabeth, Campbell, Lyle, Hay, Jennifer, MacLagan, Margaret, Sudbury, Andrea and Trudgill, Peter. 2004. New Zealand English: Its Origins and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gordon, Nickesia Stacy Ann. 2009. Globalization and cultural imperialism in Jamaica. International Journal of Communication 3: 307–331.Google Scholar

Görlach, Manfred. 1999. English in Nineteenth-Century England: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hackert, Stephanie and Deuber, Dagmar. 2015. American influence on written Caribbean English: A diachronic analysis of newspaper reportage in the Bahamas and in Trinidad and Tobago. In Collins, Peter, ed. Grammatical Change in English World-Wide. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 389–410.Google Scholar

Harris, John. 1987. On doing comparative reconstruction with genetically unrelated languages. In Giacalone Ramat, Anna, Carruba, Onofrio and Bernini, Giuliano, eds. Papers from the 7th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Pavia, Italy. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 267–282.Google Scholar

Hickey, Raymond. 1984. Syllable onsets in Irish English. Word 35: 67–74.Google Scholar

Hickey, Raymond. 2003a. How do dialects get the features they have? On the process of new dialect formation. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Motives for Language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 213–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hickey, Raymond. 2003b. Rectifying a standard deficiency: Pronominal distinctions in varieties of English. In Taavitsainen, Irma and Jucker, Andreas H., eds. Diachronic Perspectives on Address Term Systems (Pragmatics & Beyond New Series). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 345–374.Google Scholar

Hickey, Raymond. 2004a. English dialect input to the Caribbean. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 326–359.Google Scholar

Hickey, Raymond. 2004b. Dialects of English and their transportation. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 33–58.Google Scholar

Hickey, Raymond, ed. 2004c. Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar

Hickey, Raymond. 2005. Dublin English: Evolution and Change. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English: History and Present-Day Forms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hickey, Raymond, ed. 2012a. Areal Features of the Anglophone World. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar

Hickey, Raymond. 2012b. Standard English and standards of English. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Standards of English: Codified Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hickey, Raymond. 2013. Supraregionalisation and dissociation. In Chambers, J. K. and Schilling, Natalie, eds. Handbook of Language Variation and Change (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell, 537–554.Google Scholar

Hickey, Raymond, ed. 2015. Researching Northern English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Hickey, Raymond. 2016. English in Ireland: Development and varieties. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Sociolinguistics in Ireland. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 3–40.Google Scholar

Hickey, Raymond. 2017. Early recordings of Irish English. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Listening to the Past: Audio Records of Accents of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 199–231.Google Scholar

Higgins, Christina 2003. “Ownership” of English in the Outer Circle: An alternative to the NS-NNS dichotomy. TESOL Quarterly 37(4): 615–644.Google Scholar

Hoffmann, Thomas and Siebers, Lucia, eds. 2009. World Englishes: Problems, Properties and Prospects. Selected Papers from the 13th IAWE Conference. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Ihalainen, Ossi. 1994. The dialects of England since 1776. In Burchfield, Robert, ed. The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. 5: English in Britain and Overseas: Origins and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 197–274.Google Scholar

Ingram, John and Mühlhäusler, Peter. 2008. Norfolk Island-Pitcairn English: Phonetics and phonology. In Burridge, Kate and Kortmann, Bernd, eds. Varieties of English: The Pacific and Australasia. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 267–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jenkins, Jennifer. 2003. World Englishes: A Resource Book for Students. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Kachru, Braj. 1990. The Alchemy of English: The Spread, Functions, and Models of Non-Native Englishes: English in a Global Context. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar

Kachru, Braj B., Kachru, Yamuna and Nelson, Cecil L., eds. 2006. The Handbook of World Englishes. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Kachru, Yamuna and Nelson, Cecil L.. 2006. World Englishes in Asian Contexts. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar

Kirkpatrick, Andy. 2007. World Englishes: Implications for International Communication and English Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Kirwin, William J. 2001. Newfoundland English. In Algeo, John, ed. English in North America: The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. 6. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 441–455.Google Scholar

Bernd, Kortmann et al., eds. 2008. Varieties of English. 4 vols. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar

Kurath, Hans and McDavid, Raven I., Jr. 1983 [1961]. The Pronunciation of English in the Atlantic States: Based upon the Collection of the Linguistic Atlas of the Eastern United States. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar

Labov, William. 1972. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar

Lass, Roger. 1987. The Shape of English: Structure and History. London: Dent.Google Scholar

Lass, Roger. 1990. Where do extraterritorial Englishes come from? Dialect input and recodification in transported Englishes. In Adamson, Sylvia et al., eds. Papers from the 5th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 245–280.Google Scholar

Lawson, Philip. 1993. The East India Company: A History. London: Longman.Google Scholar

Leimgruber, Jakob R. E. 2013. Singapore English: Structure, Variation and Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Levey, David. 2008. Language Change and Variation in Gibraltar. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Lloyd, Trevor Owen. 1984. The British Empire, 1558–1983. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Louis, William Roger, ed. 1998. The Oxford History of the British Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Marshall, P. J., ed. 1996. The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Mazzon, Gabriella. 1993. English in Malta. English World-Wide 14: 171–208.Google Scholar

McWhorter, John. 2000. Defining Creole. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

McLaughlin, Fiona. 2011. The Languages of Urban Africa. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar

Melchers, Gunnel and Shaw, Philip. 2012. World Englishes (2nd ed.). London: Arnold.Google Scholar

Mesthrie, Rajend. 1992. English in Language Shift: The History, Structure and Sociolinguistics of South African Indian English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Mesthrie, Rajend and Bhatt, Rakesh M.. 2008. World Englishes: An Introduction to New Language Varieties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Montgomery, Michael. 1989. Exploring the roots of Appalachian English, English World-Wide 10: 227–278.Google Scholar

Montgomery, Michael. 1992. The etymology of y’all. In Hall, Joan H., Doane, Nick and Ringler, Dick, eds. Old English and New: Studies in Language and Linguistics in Honor of Frederic G. Cassidy. New York: Garland Press, 356–369.Google Scholar

Montgomery, Michael. 1997. Making transatlantic connections between varieties of English: The case of plural verbal -s. Journal of English Linguistics 25(2): 122–141.Google Scholar

Montgomery, Michael. 2001. British and Irish antecedents. In Algeo, John, ed. English in North America: The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. 6. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 86–153.Google Scholar

Mufwene, Salikoko. 1996. The founder principle and creole genesis. Diachronica 13: 83–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mühlhäusler, Peter. 2008. Norfolk Island – Pitcairn English (Pitkern Norfolk): Morphology and syntax. In Burridge, Kate and Kortmann, Bernd, eds. Varieties of English: The Pacific and Australasia. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 568–582.Google Scholar

Mukherjee, Joybrato and Hundt, Marianne, eds. 2011. Exploring Second-language Varieties of English and Learner Englishes: Bridging a Paradigm Gap. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Myhill, John. 1988. The rise of be as an aspect marker in Black English Vernacular. American Speech 63, 304–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ooi, Vincent B. Y. ed. 2001. Evolving Identities: The English Language in Singapore and Malaysia. Singapore: Times Academic Press.Google Scholar

Orton, Harold et al. 1962–1971. Survey of English Dialects: The Basic Materials, 4 vols in 3 parts. Leeds: E. J. Arnold & Son.Google Scholar

Peters, Pam. 2009. Australian English as a regional epicentre. In Hoffmann, Thomas and Siebers, Lucia, eds. World Englishes: Problems, Properties and Prospects. Selected Papers from the 13th IAWE Conference. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 385–406.Google Scholar

Phillipson, Robert. 1992. Linguistic Imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Poplack, Shana and Tagliamonte., Sali 1989. There’s no tense like the present: Verbal -s inflection in Early Black English. Language Variation and Change 1: 47–84.Google Scholar

Poplack, Shana and Tagliamonte., Sali 2004. Back to the present: Verbal -s in the (African American) English diaspora. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 203–223.Google Scholar

Puttenham, George. 1589. Arte of English Poesie. London: Richard Field.Google Scholar

Ramisch, Heinrich. 1989. The Variation of English in Guernsey/Channel Islands. Bern: Peter Lang.Google Scholar

Ramson, William S., ed. 1970. English Transported: Essays on Australian English. Canberra: National University Press.Google Scholar

Read, Allen Walker. 2005. Words crisscrossing the sea: How words have been borrowed between England and America. American Speech 80(2): 115–134.Google Scholar

Rickford, John R. 1975. Carrying the new wave into syntax: The case of Black English BIN. In Fasold, Ralph W. and Shuy, Roger W., eds. Analyzing Variation in Language. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 162–183.Google Scholar

Riley, Philip. 2007. Language, Culture and Identity: An Ethnolinguistic Perspective. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar

Saraceni, Mario. 2015. World Englishes: A Critical Analysis. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar

Saxena, Mukul and Omoniyi, Tope, ed. 2010. Contending with Globalization in World Englishes. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar

Schneider, Edgar W. 2003. The dynamics of New Englishes: From identity construction to dialect birth. Language 79(2): 233–281.Google Scholar

Schneider, Edgar W. 2007. Postcolonial English: Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Schneider, Edgar W. 2014. New reflections on the evolutionary dynamics of World Englishes. World Englishes 33(1): 9–32.Google Scholar

Schneider, Edgar W. 2016. Grassroots Englishes in tourism interactions. English Today 32(3): 2–10.Google Scholar

Schreier, Daniel. 2003. Isolation and Language Change: Contemporary and Sociohistorical Evidence from Tristan da Cunha English. Houndsworth: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Schreier, Daniel. 2008. St Helenian English: Origins, Evolution and Variation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Seargeant, Philip. 2005. Globalisation and reconfigured English in Japan. World Englishes 24(3): 309–319.Google Scholar

Seoane, Elena and Suárez-Gómez, Cristina, eds. 2016. World Englishes: New Theoretical and Methodological Considerations. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Starks, Donna. 2008. National and ethnic identity markers: New Zealand short front vowels in New Zealand Maori English and Pasifika Englishes. English World-Wide 29(2): 176–193.Google Scholar

Starks, Donna, Christie, Jane and Thompson, Laura. 2007. Niuean English: Initial insights into an emerging variety. English World-Wide 28(2): 133–146.Google Scholar

Sudbury, Andrea. 2001. Falkland Islands English: A southern hemisphere variety?. English World-Wide 22: 55–80.Google Scholar

Anne, Swan, Aboshiha, Pamela and Holliday, Adrian, eds. 2015. (En)Countering Native-speakerism: Global Perspectives. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Trudgill, Peter. 1990. The Dialects of England. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Trudgill, Peter. 1999. The Dialects of England (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Trudgill, Peter. 2001. Modern East Anglia as dialect area. Fisiak, Jacek and Trudgill, Peter, eds. East Anglian English. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1–12.Google Scholar

Trudgill, Peter. 2004. New Dialect Formation: The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar

Turner, Lorenzo D. 1971. Notes on the sounds and vocabulary of Gullah. In Williamson, Juanita V. and Burke, Virginia M., eds. A Various Language: Perspectives on American Dialects. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 121–135.Google Scholar

Upton, Clive and Widdowson, John D. A.. 2006. An Atlas of English Dialects (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Vaish, Viniti. 2011. Globalization of Language and Culture in Asia: The Impact of Globalization Processes on Language. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar

Wee, Lionel. 2013. Language policy in Singapore: Singlish, national development and globalization. In Erling, Elizabeth and Seargeant, Philip, eds. English and Development: Policy, Pedagogy and Globalization. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 204–219.Google Scholar

Wells, J. C. 1982. Accents of English. 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Williams, Jeffrey P. 2012. English varieties in the Caribbean. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Standards of English: Codified Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 133–160.Google Scholar

Wright, Joseph. 1898–1905. English Dialect Dictionary, 5 vols. London: Henry Frowde.Google Scholar

Wright, Joseph. 1905. English Dialect Grammar. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar

Zhiming, Bao. 1999. The sounds of Singapore English. In Foley, J. A., Kandiah, T., Zhiming, Bau, Gupta, A. F., Alsagoff, L., Lick, Ho Chee, et al., eds. English in New Cultural Contexts. Singapore: Oxford University Press, 152–174.Google Scholar

Biewer, C. 2011. Modal auxiliaries in second language varieties of English: A learner’s perspective. In Mukherjee, J. and Hundt, M., eds. Exploring Second-Language Varieties of English and Learner Englishes: Bridging a Paradigm Gap. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 7–33.Google Scholar

Blommaert, J. 2010. The Sociolinguistics of Globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bolton, K. 2003. Chinese Englishes: A Sociolinguistic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bruthiaux, P. 2003. Squaring the circles: Issues in modeling English worldwide. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 13(2), 159–178.Google Scholar

Buschfeld, S. 2011. The English language in Cyprus: An empirical investigation of variety status. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Cologne.Google Scholar

Buschfeld, S. 2013. English in Cyprus or Cyprus English? An Empirical Investigation of Variety Status. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Buschfeld, S. 2014. English in Cyprus and Namibia: A critical approach to taxonomies and models of World Englishes and Second Language Acquisition research. In Buschfeld, S., Hoffmann, T., Huber, M. and Kautzsch, A. eds. The Evolution of Englishes: The Dynamic Model and Beyond. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 181–202.Google Scholar

Buschfeld, S. Forthcoming. Children’s English in Singapore: Acquisition, Properties, and Use [Routledge Studies in World Englishes]. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Buschfeld, S., Hoffmann, T., Huber, M. and Kautzsch, A.. 2014. The evolution of Englishes: The Dynamic Model and beyond. In Buschfeld, S., Hoffmann, T., Huber, M. and Kautzsch, A. eds. The Evolution of Englishes: The Dynamic Model and Beyond. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1–17.Google Scholar

Buschfeld, S. and Kautzsch, A.. 2014. English in Namibia: A first approach. English World-Wide 35(2), 121–60.Google Scholar

Buschfeld, S. and Kautzsch, A.. 2017. Towards an integrated approach to postcolonial and non-postcolonial Englishes. World Englishes 36(1), 104–126.Google Scholar

Buschfeld, S., Kautzsch, A. and Schneider, E. W.. 2018. From colonial dynamism to current transnationalism: A unified view on postcolonial and non-postcolonial Englishes. In Deshors, S. C., ed. Modelling World Englishes: Assessing the Interplay of Emancipation and Globalization of ESL varieties. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 15–44.Google Scholar

Coupland, N., ed. 2010. The Handbook of Language and Globalization. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar

Crystal, D. 2003a. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Crystal, D. 2003b. English as a Global Language (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Davydova, J. 2012. English in the outer and expanding circles: A comparative study. World Englishes 31(3), 366–385.Google Scholar

de Swaan, A. 2002. The World Language System: A Political Sociology and Political Economy of Language. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar

de Swaan, A. 2010. Language systems. In Coupland, N., ed. The Handbook of Language and Globalization. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 56–76.Google Scholar

Edwards, A. 2016. English in the Netherlands: Functions, Forms and Attitudes. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Evans, S. 2009. The evolution of the English-language speech community in Hong Kong. English World-Wide 30(3), 278–301.Google Scholar

Evans, S. 2014. The evolutionary dynamics of postcolonial Englishes: A Hong Kong case study. Journal of Sociolinguistics 18(5), 571–603.Google Scholar

Gilquin, G. and Granger, S.. 2011. From EFL to ESL: Evidence from the International Corpus of Learner English. In Mukherjee, J. and Hundt, M., eds. Exploring Second-Language Varieties of English and Learner Englishes: Bridging a Paradigm Gap. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 55–78.Google Scholar

Görlach, M. [1988] 1990. The development of Standard Englishes. In Görlach, M., ed., Studies in the History of the English Language. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 9–64.Google Scholar

Görlach, M. 1998. The origins and development of emigrant Englishes. In Görlach, M., ed. Even More Englishes. Studies 1996–1997. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 19–38.Google Scholar

Graddol, D. 1997. The Future of English: A Guide to Forecasting the Popularity of English in the 21st Century. London: British Council.Google Scholar

Gupta, A. F. 1997. Colonisation, migration, and functions of English. In Schneider, E. W., ed. Englishes Around the World, Vol. 1: General Studies, British Isles, North America (Studies in Honour of Manfred Görlach). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 47–58.Google Scholar

Hall, R. A. 1962. The life cycle of pidgin languages. Lingua 11, 151–156.Google Scholar

Huber, M. 2014. Stylistic and sociolinguistic variation in Schneider’s Nativization Phase: T-affrication and relativization in Ghanaian English. In Buschfeld, S., Hoffmann, T., Huber, M. and Kautzsch, A. eds. The Evolution of Englishes: The Dynamic Model and Beyond. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 86–106.Google Scholar

Kachru, B. B. 1976. Models of English for the Third World: White man’s linguistic burden or language pragmatics? TESOL Quarterly 10(2), 221–239.Google Scholar

Kachru, B. B. 1985. Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: The English language in the outer circle. In Quirk, R. and Widdowson, H. G., eds. English in the World: Teaching and Learning the Language and Literatures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press for The British Council, 11–30.Google Scholar

Kachru, B. B. 1988. The sacred cows of English. English Today 16 4(4), 3–8.Google Scholar

Kachru, B. B. 1992a. Models for non-native Englishes. In Kachru, B. B., ed. The Other Tongue: English across Cultures (2nd ed.). Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 48–74.Google Scholar

Kachru, B. B. 1992b. World Englishes: Approaches, issues and resources. Language Teaching 25(1), 1–14.Google Scholar

Kachru, B. B. 1992c. Teaching World Englishes. In Kachru, B. B., ed. The Other Tongue: English across Cultures (2nd ed.). Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 355–365.Google Scholar

Kachru, B. B. 2005. Asian Englishes Beyond the Canon. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar

Leitner, G. 1992. English as a pluricentric language. In Clyne, M., ed. Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 179–237.Google Scholar

Mair, C. 2013. The world system of Englishes: Accounting for the transnational importance of mobile and mediated vernaculars. English World-Wide 34(3), 253–278.Google Scholar

McArthur, T. 1987. The English languages? English Today 11 3(3), 9–11.Google Scholar

McArthur, T. 1998. The English Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Meierkord, C. 2012. Interactions across Englishes: Linguistic Choices in Local and International Contact Situations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Mesthrie, R. and Bhatt, R. M.. 2008. World Englishes: The Study of New Varieties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Moag, R. F. [1982] 1992. The life cycle of non-native Englishes: A case study. In Kachru, B. B., ed. The Other Tongue: English across Cultures (2nd ed.). Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 233–252.Google Scholar

Modiano, M. 2003. Euro-English: A Swedish perspective. English Today 74 19(2), 35–41.Google Scholar

Mukherjee, J. 2007. Steady states in the evolution of New Englishes: Present-day Indian English as an equilibrium. Journal of English Linguistics 35(2), 157–187.Google Scholar

Onysko, A. 2016. Modeling world Englishes from the perspective of language contact. World Englishes 35(2), 196–220. doi:10.1111/weng.12191.Google Scholar

Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G. and Svartvik, J.. 1972. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman.Google Scholar

Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G. and, Svartvik., J. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman.Google Scholar

Schneider, E. W. 2003. The dynamics of New Englishes: From identity construction to dialect birth. Language 79(2), 233–281.Google Scholar

Schneider, E. W. 2007. Postcolonial English: Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Schneider, E. W. 2008. Accommodation versus identity? A response to Trudgill. Language in Society 37(2), 262–267.Google Scholar

Schneider, E. W. 2011. English around the World: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Schneider, E. W. 2014. New reflections on the evolutionary dynamics of World Englishes. World Englishes 33(1), 9–32.Google Scholar

Schneider, E. W. 2018. English and colonialism. In Seargeant, P. and Hewings, A., eds. The Routledge Handbook of English Language Studies. Malden, MA: Routledge, 42–58.Google Scholar

Seargeant, P. 2012. Exploring World Englishes: Language in a Global Context. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Seargeant, P. and Tagg, C., 2011. English on the internet and a “post-varieties” approach to language. World Englishes 30(4), 496–514.Google Scholar

Strang, B. M. H. 1970. A History of English. London: Methuen.Google Scholar

Strevens, P. 1992. English as an international language: Directions in the 1990s. In Kachru, B. B., ed. The Other Tongue: English across Cultures (2nd ed.). Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 27–47.Google Scholar

Thusat, J., Anderson, E., Davis, S., Ferris, M., Javed, A., Laughlin, A. et al. 2009. Maltese English and the nativization phase of the dynamic model. English Today 97 25(2), 25–32.Google Scholar

Trudgill, P. 2004. New-Dialect Formation: The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar

Trudgill, P. 2008. Colonial dialect contact in the history of European languages: On the irrelevance of identity to new-dialect formation. Language in Society 37(2), 241–254.Google Scholar

Van Rooy, B. 2010. Societal and linguistic perspectives on variability inworld Englishes. World Englishes 29(1), 3–20.Google Scholar

Weston, D. 2011. Gibraltar’s position in the dynamic model of postcolonial English. English World-Wide 32(3), 338–367.Google Scholar

Annamalai, E. 2001. Managing Multilingualism in India: Political and Linguistic Manifestations. New Delhi: Sage.Google Scholar

Ansaldo, Umberto. 2009. Contact Languages: Ecology and Evolution in Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Baker, Colin. 2011. Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (5th ed.). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar

Baskaran, Loga. 1994. The Malaysian English mosaic. English Today 37(10): 27–32.Google Scholar

Baskaran, Loga. 2008. Malaysian English: Phonology. In Mesthrie, Rajend, ed. Varieties of English, Vol. 4: Africa, South and Southeast Asia. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 278–291.Google Scholar

Bautista, M. Lourdes, S. and Gonzalez, Andrew B.. 2009. Southeast Asian Englishes. In Kachru, Braj B., Kachru, Yamuna and Nelson, Cecil L, eds. Handbook of World Englishes. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 130–144.Google Scholar

Blench, Roger. 2006. Archaeology, Language, and the African Past. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.Google Scholar

Blommaert, Jan. 2010. The Sociolinguistics of Globalisation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bloom, David. 1986. The English language and Singapore: A critical survey. In Kapur, Basant K., ed. Singapore Studies. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 337−458.Google Scholar

Bolton, Kingsley. 2003. Chinese Englishes: A Sociolinguistic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bodomo, Adam. 2010. The African trading community in Guangzhou: An emerging bridge for Africa–China relations. China Quarterly 203: 693–707.Google Scholar

Canagarajah, A. Suresh. 1995. The political-economy of code choice in a revolutionary society: Tamil/English bilingualism in Jaffna. Language in Society 24(2): 187–212.Google Scholar

Canagarajah, A. Suresh. 2006. The place of World Englishes in composition: Pluralization continued. College Composition and Communication 57: 586–619.Google Scholar

Canagarajah, A. Suresh. 2009. The plurilingual tradition and the English language in South Asia. In Lim, Lisa and Low, Ee-Ling, eds. Multilingual, Globalising Asia: Implications for Policy and Education, AILA Review 22: 5–22.Google Scholar

Canagarajah, Suresh. 2013. Translingual Practice: Global Englishes and Cosmopolitan Relations. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Creese, Angela and Blackledge, Adrian. 2010. Translanguaging in the bilingual classroom: A pedagogy for learning and teaching. Modern Language Journal 94: 103–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cummins, Jim. 2008. Teaching for transfer: Challenging the two solitudes assumption in bilingual education. In Cummins, Jim and Hornberger, Nancy, eds. Encyclopaedia of Language and Education (2nd ed). New York: Springer, 65–76.Google Scholar

Faraclas, Nicholas. 1996. Nigerian Pidgin. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Filppula, Markku. 2008. The Celtic hypothesis hasn’t gone away: New perspectives on old debates. In Dossena, Marina, Dury, Richard and Gotti, Maurizio, eds. English Historical Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 153–170.Google Scholar

García, Ofelia. 2009. Bilingual Education in the 21st Century. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.Google Scholar

García, Ofelia and Wei, Li. 2014. Translanguaging: Language, Bilingualism and Education. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Gonzales, Wilkinson Wong, Daniel. 2017. Language contact in the Philippines: The history and ecology from a Chinese Filipino perspective. Language Ecology 1(2): 185–212.Google Scholar

Good, Jeff. 2004a. Tone and accent in Saramaccan: Charting a deep split in the phonology of a language. Lingua 114: 575–619.Google Scholar

Good, Jeff. 2004b. Split prosody and creole simplicity: The case of Saramaccan. Journal of Portuguese Linguistics 3: 11–30.Google Scholar

Good, Jeff. 2006. The phonetics of tone in Saramaccan. In Deumert, Ana and Durrleman, Stephanie, eds. Structure and Variation in Language Contact. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 9–28.Google Scholar

Gramling, David. 2016. The Invention of Monolingualism. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar

Gupta, Anthea Fraser. 1992. The pragmatic particles of Singapore Colloquial English. Journal of Pragmatics 18: 31−57.Google Scholar

Gupta, Anthea Fraser. 1994. The Step-Tongue: Children’s English in Singapore. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar

Gut, Ulrike. 2005. Nigerian English prosody. English World-Wide 26(2): 153−177.Google Scholar

Hickey, Raymond. 2005. Englishes in Asia and Africa: Origins and structure. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 503–535.Google Scholar

Holm, John. 1988. Pidgins and Creoles, Vol. 1: Theory and Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Horner, Bruce, Min-Zhan, Lu, Jones Royster, Jacqueline and Trimbur, John. 2011. Language difference in writing: Toward a translingual approach. Faculty Scholarship, Paper No. 67. http://ir.library.louisville.edu/faculty/67Google Scholar

Huber, Magnus. 1999. Ghanaian Pidgin English in Its West African Context. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

James, Gregory. 2001. Cantonese particles in Hong Kong students’ emails. English Today 17(3): 9–16.Google Scholar

Jørgensen, J. N. 2008. Polylingual languaging around and among children and adolescents. International Journal of Multilingualism 5(3): 161–176.Google Scholar

Kachru, Braj B., ed. 1992. The Other Tongues: English across Cultures (2nd ed.). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar

Kachru, Braj B. 1994. English in South Asia. In Burchfield, Robert, ed. The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. 5: English in Britain and Overseas: Origins and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 497–553.Google Scholar

Kachru, Yamuna and Nelson, Cecil L.. 2006. World Englishes in Asian Contexts: Asian Englishes Today. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar

Kouwenberg, Silvia. 2004. The grammatical function of Papiamentu tone. Journal of Portuguese Linguistics 3: 55–69.Google Scholar

Lange, Claudia. 2009. Discourse particles in Indian English. In Hoffmann, Thomas and Siebers, Lucia, eds. World Englishes: Problems, Properties, Prospects. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 207–226.Google Scholar

Lee, Jerry Won and Jenks, Christopher. 2016, Doing translingual dispositions. College Composition and Communication 68(2): 317–344.Google Scholar

Ler, Vivien Soon Lay. 2006. A relevance-theoretic approach to discourse particles in Singapore English. In Fischer, Kerstin, ed. Approaches to Discourse Particles. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar

Li, Wei. 1998. The “why” and “how” questions in the analysis of conversational code-switching. In Auer, Peter, ed. Code-Switching in Conversation: Language, Interaction and Identity. London: Routledge, 156–179.Google Scholar

Lim, JooHyuk and Borlongan, Ariane M.. 2011. Tagalog particles in Philippine English: The cases of ba, na, no, and pa. Philippine Journal of Linguistics 42: 59–74.Google Scholar

Lim, Lisa. 2004. Sounding Singaporean. In Lim, Lisa, ed. Singapore English: A Grammatical Description (Varieties of English Around the World G33). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 19–56.Google Scholar

Lim, Lisa. 2007. Mergers and acquisitions: On the ages and origins of Singapore English particles. World Englishes 27(4): 446–473.Google Scholar

Lim, Lisa. 2008. Dynamic multilingual ecologies of Asian Englishes. Asian Englishes 11(1): 52–55.Google Scholar

Lim, Lisa. 2009a. Revisiting English prosody: (Some) New Englishes as tone languages? The typology of Asian Englishes, Special Issue. English World-Wide 30(2): 218–239.Google Scholar

Lim, Lisa. 2009b. Beyond fear and loathing in SG: The real mother tongues and language policies in multilingual Singapore. In Lim, Lisa and Low, Ee-Ling, eds. Multilingual, Globalising Asia: Implications for Policy and Education, AILA Review 22: 52–71.Google Scholar

Lim, Lisa. 2010a. Migrants and “mother tongues”: Extralinguistic forces in the ecology of English in Singapore. In Lim, Lisa, Pakir, Anne, and Wee, Lionel, eds. English in Singapore: Modernity and Management (Asian Englishes Today) Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 19–54.Google Scholar

Lim, Lisa. 2010b. Peranakan English in Singapore. In Schreier, Daniel, Trudgill, Peter, Schneider, Edgar W., and Williams, Jeffrey P., eds. The Lesser-Known Varieties of English: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 327–347.Google Scholar

Lim, Lisa. 2011. Revisiting English prosody: (Some) New Englishes as tone languages? In Lim, Lisa and Gisborne, Nikolas, eds., The Typology of Asian Englishes, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 97–118.Google Scholar

Lim, Lisa. 2015. Catalysts for change: On the evolution of contact varieties in the multilingual knowledge economy. Unpublished manuscript. The University of Hong Kong.Google Scholar

Lim, Lisa. 2017a. Money minded. Language Matters. Post Magazine, South China Morning Post. March 19. (Online version: Where the word “shroff” came from, and its many meanings. Post Magazine, 17 March. www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/short-reads/article/2079497/where-word-shroff-came-and-its-many-meanings)Google Scholar

Lim, Lisa. 2017b. Boiling point. Language Matters. Post Magazine, South China Morning Post. November 1. (Online version: Where the word congee comes from – the answer may surprise you, Post Magazine, November 10. www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/2119163/where-word-congee-comes-answer-may-surprise-you)Google Scholar

Lim, Lisa and Ansaldo, Umberto. 2012. Contact in the Asian arena. In Nevalainen, Terttu and Traugott, Elizabeth Closs, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the History of English. New York: Oxford University Press, 560–571.Google Scholar

Lim, Lisa and Ansaldo, Umberto. 2016. Languages in Contact. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Lim, Lisa and Foley, Joseph A. 2004. English in Singapore and Singapore English: Background and methodology. In Lim, Lisa, ed. Singapore English: A Grammatical Description (Varieties of English Around the World G33.) Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1–18.Google Scholar

Lim, Lisa and Gisborne, Nikolas. 2009. The typology of Asian Englishes: Setting the agenda (The Typology of Asian Englishes, Special Issue). English World-Wide 30(2): 123–132.Google Scholar

Lim, Lisa, Pakir, Anne and Wee, Lionel. 2010. English in Singapore: Policy and prospects. In Lim, Lisa, Pakir, Anne and Wee, Lionel, eds. English in Singapore: Modernity and Management. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 3–18.Google Scholar

Lin, Angel M.Y. 2005. New youth digital literacies and mobile connectivity: Text messaging among Hong Kong college students. Fibreculture, Issue 6. http://journal.fibreculture.org/issue6/index.htmlGoogle Scholar

Liu, Yucong. 2013. Marketplace communication between Africans and Chinese in Guangzhou: An emerging pidgin? Unpublished master’s dissertation, University of Hong Kong.Google Scholar

Matras, Yaron. 2000. How predictable is contact-induced change in grammar? Renfrew, In Colin, McMahon, April and Trask, Larry, eds. Time Depth in Historical Linguistics, Vol. 2. Oxford: MacDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 563−583.Google Scholar

McFarland, Curtis D. 2008. Linguistic diversity and English in the Philippines. In Maria Lourdes, S. Bautista and Bolton, Kingsley, eds. Philippine English: Linguistic and Literary Perspectives. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 131–155.Google Scholar

Mesthrie, Rajend and Bhatt, Rakesh M.. 2008. World Englishes: The Study of New Linguistic Varieties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Onysko, Alexander. 2016. Language contact and World Englishes. World Englishes 35(2): 191–195.Google Scholar

Otsuji, Emi and Pennycook, Alastair. 2010. Metrolingualism: Fixity, fluidity and language in flux. International Journal of Multilingualism 7(3): 240–254.Google Scholar

Pennycook, Alastair. 2010. Popular cultures, popular languages, and global identities. In Coupland, Nikolas, ed. Handbook of Language and Globalisation. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 592–607.Google Scholar

Pennycook, Alastair and Otsuji, Emi. 2015. Metrolingualism: Language in the City. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar

Platt, John. 1987. Communicative functions of particles in Singapore English. In Steele, Ross and Threadgold, Terry, ed. Language Topics: Essays in Honour of Michael Halliday, Vol.1. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 391−401.Google Scholar

Platt, John and Weber, Heidi. 1980. English in Singapore and Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Remijsen, Bert. 2001. Word Prosodic Systems of Raja Ampat Languages. Utrecht: LOT.Google Scholar

Remijsen, Bert and Vincent, van Heuven. 2005. Stress, tone and discourse prominence in Curacao Papiamentu. Unpublished manuscript. Leiden University.Google Scholar

Rivera-Castillo, Yolanda and Pickering, Lucy. 2004. Phonetic correlates of stress and tone in a mixed system. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 19: 261–284.Google Scholar

Schneider, Edgar. 2007. Postcolonial Englishes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Schneider, Edgar. 2013. English as a contact language: The “New Englishes.” In Schreier, Daniel and Hundt, Marianne, eds. English as a Contact Language. Cambridge University Press, 131–148.Google Scholar

Schreier, Daniel and Hundt, Marianne, eds. 2013. English as a Contact Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Schreier, Daniel, Trudgill, Peter, Schneider, Edgar W. and Williams, Jeffrey P., eds. 2010. The Lesser Known Varieties of English: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Sultana, Shaila, Dovchin, Sender and Pennycook, Alastair. 2015. Transglossic language practices of young adults in Bangladesh and Mongolia. International Journal of Multilingualism 12(1): 93–108.Google Scholar

Thomason, Sarah. 2001. Language Contact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Tordesillas, Ellen. 2013. Gazmin makes the Philippines look pathetic. Yahoo! News Philippines, July 1. http://ph.news.yahoo.com/blogs/the-inbox/gazmin-makes-philippines-look-pathetic-163745294.htmlGoogle Scholar

Venneman, Theo. 2011. English as a contact language: Typology and comparison. Anglia 129(3–4): 217–257.Google Scholar

Wee, Lian-hee. 2008. More or less English? Two phonological patterns in the Englishes of Singapore and Hong Kong. World Englishes 27: 480–501.Google Scholar

Winford, Donald. 2003. An Introduction to Contact Linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Wong, Y.T. 2009. The linguistic function of Cantonese discourse particles in the English medium online chat of Cantonese speakers. Unpublished master’s dissertation, University of Wollongong.Google Scholar

Yakpo, Kofi. 2009. A Grammar of Pichi. Berlin: Isimu Media.Google Scholar

Young, Vershawn. 2004. Your average Nigga. College Composition and Communication 55: 693–715.Google Scholar

Bailey, Guy. 1997. When did southern American English begin? In Schneider, Edgar W., ed. Englishes Around the World: Vol. 1: General Studies, British Isles, North America (Studies in honor of Manfred Görlach). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 255–275.Google Scholar

Bailey, Guy, and Thomas, Erik. 1998. Some aspects of African-American vernacular English phonology. In Mufwene, Salikoko S., Rickford, John R., Bailey, Guy, and Baugh, John, eds. African-American English: Structure, History and Use. London: Routledge, 85–109.Google Scholar

Bailey, Robert. 2008. Latino varieties of English. In Momma, Haruko and Mato, Michael, eds. A Companion to the History of the English Language. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 521–530.Google Scholar

Baker, Philip. 1993. Australian influence in Melanesian Pidgin English. Te Reo 36.3–67.Google Scholar

Bamgbose, Ayo. 1992. Standard Nigerian English: Issues of identification. In Kachru, Braj, ed. The Other Tongue: English across Cultures. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 148–161.Google Scholar

Bao, Zhiming. 2015. Contact, Ecology, and New Englishes: The Making of Singapore English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Chaudenson, Robert. 2001. Creolization of Language and Culture. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Clyne, Michael. 2003. Dynamics of Language Contact: English and Immigrant Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Coleman, K. 1978. Georgia History in Outline (rev. ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar

Corrigan, Karen P. 2010. Irish English, Vol. 1: Northern Ireland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar

Crosby, Alfred W. 1986. Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900–1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Dannenberg, Clare J. 2002. Sociolinguistic Constructs of Ethnic Identity: The Syntactic Delineation of an American Indian English (Publication of the American Dialect Society 87). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

DeGraff, Michel. 2003. Against creole exceptionalism: Discussion note. Language 79: 391–410.Google Scholar

Dillard, J. L. 1972. Black English; Its History and Usage in the United States. New York: Random House.Google Scholar

Dillard, J. L. 1992. A History of American English. London: Longman.Google Scholar

Dolan, Terence Patrick. 2008. English in Ireland. In Momma, Haruko and Mato, Michael, eds. A Companion to the History of the English Language. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 366–375.Google Scholar

Doyle, Rodger. 1994. Atlas of Contemporary America: Portrait of a Nation. New York: Facts On File.Google Scholar

Dubois, Sylvie. 2014. Autant en emporte la langue: La saga louisianaise du français. In Mufwene, Salikoko S. and Vigouroux, Cécile B., eds. Colonisation, gloablisation et vitalité du français. Paris: Odile Jacob, 155–178.Google Scholar

Guglielmo, Jennifer and Salerno, Salvatore, eds. 2003. Are Italians White? How Race Is Made in America. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Gupta, Anthea F. 1994. The Step-Tongue: Children’s English in Singapore. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar

Hall, Robert A., Jr. 1966. Pidgin and Creole Languages. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Haugen, Einar. 1953. The Norwegian Language in America: A Study in Bilingual Behavior. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar

Huber, Magnus. 1999. Atlantic creoles and the Lower Guinea Coast: A case against Afrogenesis. In Huber, Magnus and Parkvall, Mikael, eds. Spreading the Word: The Issue of Diffusion among the Atlantic Creoles. London: University of Westminster Press, 81–110.Google Scholar

Kachru, Braj B. 1983. The Indianization of English: The English Language in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Kachru, Braj B. 1985. Standards, codification, and sociolinguistic realism: The English language in the outer circle. In Quirk, Randolph and Widdowson, Henry, eds. English in the World: Teaching and Learning the Language and Literatures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 11–30.Google Scholar

Kachru, Braj B., ed. 1992. The Other Tongue: English across Cultures. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar

Kachru, Braj B. 1994. English in South Asia. In Burchfield, Robert, ed. The Cambridge History of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 497–553.Google Scholar

Kachru, Braj. 2005. Asian Englishes beyond the Canon. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar

Kachru, Braj B. 2017. World Englishes and Culture Wars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Kachru, Braj B., Kachru, Yamuna, and Nelson, Cecil L., eds. 2006. The Handbook of World Englishes. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Kachru, Yamuna and Nelson, Cecil L.. 2006. World Englishes in Asian Contexts. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar

Keesing, Roger M. 1988. Melanesian Pidgin and the Oceanic Substrate. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Kulikoff, A. 1986. Tobacco and Slaves: The Development of Southern Cultures in the Chesapeake, 1680–1800. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar

Kulikoff, A. 1991. Colonial economy. In Foner, E. and Garaty, J. A., eds. The Reader’s Companion to American History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 201–203.Google Scholar

Kurath, Hans. 1928. The origin of dialectal differences in spoken American English. Modern Philology 25: 385–395.Google Scholar

Kurath, Hans. 1949. A Word Geography of the Eastern United States. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Labov, William. 1963. The social motivation of a sound change. Word 19: 273–309. (Reprinted in Labov, William. 1972. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.)Google Scholar

Labov, William. 2001. Principles of Linguistic Change: Social Factors. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Macaulay, Thomas Babington. 1835 (February). Minute on Indian Education. In Ferguson, William and Beatson, Laurie, eds. Sketches of Some Distinguished Anglo-Indians: Including Lord Macaulay’s Great Minute on Education in India (Second Series). London: J. B. Day [1875].Google Scholar

Malcolm, Ian G. 2000. Aboriginal English: From contact variety to social dialect. In Siegel, Jeff, ed. Processes of Language Contact: Studies from Australia and the South Pacific. Saint-Laurent, QC: Fides, 123–144.Google Scholar

McNair, Elizabeth DuPree. 2005. Mill Villages and Farmers: Dialect and Economics in a Small Southern Town (Publication of the American Dialect Society 90). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Mufwene, Salikoko S. 1996. The founder principle in creole genesis. Diachronica 13: 83–134.Google Scholar

Mufwene, Salikoko S. 1997a. The ecology of Gullah’s survival. American Speech 72: 69–83.Google Scholar

Mufwene, Salikoko S. 1997b. The legitimate and illegitimate offspring of English. In Forman, Michael L. and Smith, Larry, eds. World Englishes 2000. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 182–203. (Slightly revised in Mufwene [2001].)Google Scholar

Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2000. Creolization is a social, not a structural, process. In Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid and Schneider, Edgar W., eds. Degrees of Restructuring in Creole Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 65–84.Google Scholar

Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2001. The Ecology of Language Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2008. Language Evolution: Contact, Competition and Change. London: Continuum Press.Google Scholar

Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2009. The indigenization of English in North America. In Hoffmann, Thomas and Siebers, Lucia, eds. World Englishes: Problems, Properties, Prospects. Selected Papers from the 13th IAWE Conference. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 353–368.Google Scholar

Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2014. Globalisation économique mondiale des XVII^e–XVIII^e siècles, émergence des créoles, et vitalité langagière. In Carpooran, Arnaud, ed. Langues créoles, mondialisation, éducation. Vacoas, Mauritius: Éditions le Printemps, 23–79.Google Scholar

Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2015a. The emergence of African American English: Monogenetic or polygenetic? Under how much substrate influence? In Lanehart, Sonja, ed. The Oxford Handbook of African American Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 57–84.Google Scholar

Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2015b. L’émergence des parlers créoles et l’évolution des langues romanes: Faits, mythes et idéologies. Etudes Créoles 33: 1–29.Google Scholar

Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2016. Évolution différentielle du français: Une interprétation écologique. In Boudreau, Annette, ed. Langue et légitimation: La construction discursive du locuteur francophone. Saint-Nicolas, QC: Les Presses de l’Université Laval, 211–235.Google Scholar

Mufwene, Salikoko S. and Pargman, Sheri. 2002. Competition and selection in the development of American Englishes. World Englishes 22: 367–375.Google Scholar

Munro, Jennifer M. 2000. Kriol on the move: A case of language spread and shift in Northern Australia. In Siegel, Jeff, ed. Processes of Language Contact: Studies from Australia and the South Pacific. Saint-Laurent, QC: Fides 245–270.Google Scholar

Odlin, Terence. 2003. Language ecology and the Columbian exchange. In Joseph, Brian, DeStefano, Johanna, Jacobs, Neil and Lehiste, Ilse, eds. When Languages Collide: Perspectives on Language Conflict, Language Competition, and Language Coexistence. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 71–94.Google Scholar

Perkins, Edwin J. 1988. The Economy of Colonial America (2nd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Salmons, Joseph. 2003. The shift from German to English, World War I and the German-language press in Wisconsin. In Rädel, Walter G. and Schmahl, Helmut, eds. Menschen zwischen zwei Welten: Auswanderung, Ansiedlung, Akkulturation. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, 179–193.Google Scholar

Santa Ana, Otto. 1993. Chicago English and the nature of the Chicano language setting. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 15: 3–35.Google Scholar

Schlieben-Lange, Brigitte. 1977. L’origine des langues romanes: Un cas de créolisation? In Meisel, Jürgen M., ed. Pidgins – creoles – Languages in Contact. Tübingen: Narr, 81–101.Google Scholar

Schneider, Edgar W. 1995. Black-White language contact through the centuries: Diachronic aspects of linguistic convergence or divergence in the United States of America. In Fisiak, Jacek, ed. Linguistic Change under Contact Conditions. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 237–252.Google Scholar

Schneider, Edgar W. 2007. Postcolonial English: Varieties Around the world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Schneider, Edgar W. 2011. English Around the World: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Siegel, Jeff. 2010. Contact languages of the Pacific. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. The Handbook of Language Contact. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 814–836.Google Scholar

Trudgill, Peter. 2004. New-Dialect Formation: The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Warner-Lewis, Maureen. 2018. The African diaspora and language: Movement, borrowing, and return. In Albaugh, Ericka A. and de Luna, Kathryn M., eds. Tracing Language Movement in Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 321–341.Google Scholar

Wilkerson, Miranda E. and Salmons, Joseph. 2008. “Good old immigrants of yesteryear” who didn’t learn English: Germans in Wisconsin. American Speech 83: 259–283.Google Scholar

Wolfram, Walt and Dannenberg, Clare J.. 1999. Dialect identity in a tri-ethnic context: The case of Lumbee American Indian English. English World-Wide 20: 79–116.Google Scholar

Wolfram, Walt and Schilling-Estes, Natalie. 1995. Moribund dialects and the endangerment canon: The case of Ocracoke Brogue. Language 71: 696–721.Google Scholar

Wolfram, Walt and Schilling, Natalie. 2016. American English: Dialects and Variation (3rd ed.). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar

Wood, Peter H. 1974. Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 Through the Stono Rebellion. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar

Yapko, Kofi. 2009. Complexity revised: Pichi (Equatorial Guinea) and Spanish in contact. In Faraclas, Nicholas and Klein, Thomas B., eds. Simplicity and Complexity in Creoles and Pidgins. London: Battlebridge Publications, 184–216.Google Scholar

Arnaut, Karel, Blommaert, Jan, Rampton, Ben and Spotti, Massimiliano, eds. 2016. Language and Superdiversity. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Auer, Peter. 1999. From codeswitching via language mixing to fused lects: Toward a dynamic typology of bilingual speech. International Journal of Bilingualism 3(4): 309–332.Google Scholar

Auer, Peter. 2005. A postscript: Code-switching and social identity. Journal of Pragmatics 37: 403–410.Google Scholar

Benor, Sarah Bunin. 2010. Ethnolinguistic repertoire: Shifting the analytic focus in language and ethnicity. Journal of Sociolinguistics 14(2): 159–183.Google Scholar

Bhatt, Rakesh M. 2001. World Englishes. Annual Review of Anthropology 30(1): 527–550.Google Scholar

Blommaert, Jan. 2016. From mobility to complexity in sociolinguistic theory and method. In Coupland, Nikolas, ed. Sociolinguistics: Theoretical Debates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 242–259.Google Scholar

Blommaert, Jan and Jie, Dong. 2010. Language and movement in space. In Coupland, Nicolas, ed. The Handbook of Language and Globalization. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 364–384.Google Scholar

Blommaert, Jan and Rampton, Ben. 2016. Language and superdiversity. In Arnaut, Karel, Blommaert, Jan, Rampton, Ben, and Spotti, Massimiliano, eds. Language and Superdiversity. New York: Routledge, 21–48.Google Scholar

Britain, David. 2004. Geolinguistics: Diffusion of language. In Ammon, Ulrich, Norbert Dittmar, Klaus J. Mattheier, Peter Trudgill, , eds. Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 34–48.Google Scholar

Britain, David. 2016. Sedentarism and nomadism in the sociolinguistics of dialect. In Coupland, Nicolas, ed. Sociolinguistics: Theoretical Debates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 217–241.Google Scholar

Brubaker, Rogers. 2005. The “diaspora” diaspora. Ethnic and Racial Studies 28(1): 1–19.Google Scholar

Bullock, Barbara E., Hinrichs, Lars and Toribio, Almeida Jacqueline. 2017. World Englishes, code-switching, and convergence. In Filppula, Markku, Klemola, Juhani and Sharma, Devyani, eds. The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 211–231.Google Scholar

Canagarajah, Suresh, ed. 2017. The Routledge Handbook of Migration and Language. Oxon: Routledge.Google Scholar

Canagarajah, Suresh and Silberstein, Sandra. 2012. Diaspora identities and language. Journal of Language, Identity and Education 11(2): 81–84.Google Scholar

Cheshire, Jenny. 2013. Grammaticalisation in social context: The emergence of a new English pronoun. Journal of Sociolinguistics 17(5): 608–633.Google Scholar

Cheshire, Jenny, Kerswill, Paul, Fox, Sue and Torgersen, Eivind. 2011. Contact, the feature pool and the speech community: The emergence of Multicultural London English. Journal of Sociolinguistics 15(2): 151–196.Google Scholar

Cheshire, Jenny, Nortier, Jacomine M. and Adger, David. 2015. Emerging multiethnolects in Europe. Queen Mary’s Occasional Papers Advancing Linguistics 33: 1–27.Google Scholar

Clifford, James. 1994. Diasporas. Cultural Anthropology 9(3): 302–338.Google Scholar

Clyne, Michael and Kipp, Sandra. 1997. Trends and changes in home language use and shift in Australia, 1986–1996. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 18(6): 451–473.Google Scholar

Clyne, Michael, Eisikovits, Edina and Tollfree, Laura. 2002. Ethnolects as in-group varieties. In Duszak, Anna, ed. Us and Others: Social Identities across Language, Discourses and Cultures. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 133–158.Google Scholar

Cohen, Robin. 2008. Global Diasporas: An Introduction (2nd ed.). Oxon: Routledge.Google Scholar

Creese, Angela and Blackledge, Adrian. 2010. Towards a sociolinguistics of superdiversity. Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft 13(4): 549–572.Google Scholar

Cresswell, Tim. 2011. Mobilities I: Catching up. Progress in Human Geography 35(4): 550–558.Google Scholar

Duarte, Joana, and Gogolin, Ingrid, eds. 2013. Linguistic Superdiversity in Urban Areas: Research Approaches. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Eckert, Penelope. 2012. Three waves of variation study: The emergence of meaning in the study of variation. Annual Review of Anthropology 41: 87–100.Google Scholar

Fox, Sue, Khan, Arfaan, and Torgersen, Eivind. 2011. The emergence and diffusion of Multicultural English. In Kern, Friederike and Selting, Margret, eds. Ethnic Styles of Speaking in European Metropolitan Areas. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 19–44.Google Scholar

Hackert, Stephanie, and Huber, Magnus. 2007. Gullah in the diaspora: Historical and linguistic evidence from the Bahamas. Diachronica 24(2): 279–325.Google Scholar

Hall-Lew, Lauren, and Starr, Rebecca L.. 2010. Beyond the 2nd generation: English use among Chinese Americans in the San Francisco Bay area. English Today 26(3): 12–19.Google Scholar

Hazen, Kirk, and Hamilton, Sarah. 2008. A dialect turned inside out: Migration and the Appalachian diaspora. Journal of English Linguistics 36(2): 105–128.Google Scholar

Hickey, Raymond. 2017. Retention and innovation in settler Englishes. In Filppula, Markku, Klemola, Juhani, and Sharma, Devyani, eds. The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 657–675.Google Scholar

Hinrichs, Lars. 2014. Diasporic mixing of World Englishes: The case of Jamaican Creole in Toronto. In Green, E. and Meyer, C. eds. The Variability of Current World Englishes. Berlin: De Gruyter, 169–194.Google Scholar

Hoffman, Michol F., and Walker, James A.. 2010. Ethnolects and the city: Ethnic orientation and linguistic variation in Toronto English. Language Variation and Change 22(1): 37–67.Google Scholar

Hundt, Marianne. 2014a. Home is where you’re born: Negotiating identity in the diaspora. Studia Neophilologica 86(2): 125–137.Google Scholar

Hundt, Marianne. 2014b. Zero articles in Indian Englishes: A comparison of primary and secondary diaspora situations. In Hundt, Marianne and Sharma, Devyani, eds. English in the Indian Diaspora. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 131–170.Google Scholar

Hundt, Marianne. 2018. “My language, my identity”: Negotiating language use and attitudes in the New Zealand Fiji-Indian diaspora. Asian Englishes 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2018.1463148Google Scholar

Hundt, Marianne and Sharma, Devyani, eds. 2014. English in the Indian Diaspora. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Marianne, Hundt and Staicov, Adina. 2018. Identity in the London Indian diaspora: Towards the quantification of qualitative data. World Englishes 37, 166–184.Google Scholar

Kachru, Braj, Kachru, Yamuna and Nelson, Cecil, eds. 2009. The Handbook of World Englishes. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Kalra, Virinder, Kaur, Raminder, and Hutnyk, John. 2005. Diaspora and Hybridity. London: Sage.Google Scholar

Kerswill, Paul. 2006. Migration and language. In Mattheier, Klaus, Ammon, Ulrich and Trudgill, Peter, eds. Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society, Vol 3. (2nd ed.). Berlin: De Gruyter, 2271–2285.Google Scholar

Kerswill, Paul, Cheshire, Jenny, Fox, Sue and Torgersen, Eivind. 2013. English as a contact language: The role of children and adolescents. In Schreier, Daniel and Hundt, Marianne, eds. English as a Contact Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 258–282.Google Scholar

Lal, Brij V. 2006. The Encyclopedia of the Indian Diaspora. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet.Google Scholar

Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of “lishes.” English World-Wide 39(1): 1–33.Google Scholar

Lipski, J. 2008. Varieties of Spanish in the United States. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar

Mair, Christian. 2013. The World System of Englishes: Accounting for the transnational importance of mobile and mediated vernaculars. English World-Wide 34(3): 253–278.Google Scholar

McLellan, James. 2010. Mixed codes or varieties of English. In Kirkpatrick, Andy, ed. The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes. Oxon: Routledge, 425–441.Google Scholar

Mesthrie, Rajend. 2006. English in Language Shift: The History, Structure and Sociolinguistics of South African Indian English (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Mesthrie, Rajend. 2014. A lesser globalisation: A sociolexical study of Indian Englishes. In Hundt, Marianne and Sharma, Devyani, eds. English in the Indian Diaspora. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 171–186.Google Scholar

Mesthrie, Rajend and Chevalier, Alida. 2014. Sociophonetics and the Indian diaspora: The NURSE vowel and other selected features in South African Indian English. In Hundt, Marianne and Sharma, Devyani, eds. English in the Indian Diaspora. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 85–104.Google Scholar

Morales, Ed. 2002. Living in Spanglish: The Search for Latino Identity in America. New York: St Martin’s Press.Google Scholar

Muysken, Pieter. 2000. Bilingual Speech: A Typology of Code-Mixing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Myers-Scotton, Carol. 1993. Common and uncommon ground: Social and structural factors in codeswitching. Language in Society 22(4): 475–503.Google Scholar

Nagy, Naomi, Chociej, Joanna and Hoffman, Michol F.. 2014. Analyzing Ethnic Orientation in the quantitative sociolinguistic paradigm. Language and Communication 35: 9–26.Google Scholar

Pennycook, Alastair. 2016. Mobile times, mobile terms: The trans-super-poly-metro movement. In Coupland, Nikolas, ed. Sociolinguistics: Theoretical Debates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 201–216.Google Scholar

Poplack, Shana. 1980. Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish Y TERMINO EN ESPAÑOL: Toward a typology of code-switching. Linguistics 18(7–8): 581–618.Google Scholar

Poplack, Shana and Tagliamonte, Sali. 2001. African American English in the Diaspora. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar

Raghuram, Parvati and Sahoo, Ajaya Kumar. 2008. Thinking “Indian Diaspora” for our times. In Raghuram, Parvati, Sahoo, Ajaya Kumar, Maharaj, Brij and Sangha, Dave, eds. Tracing an Indian Diaspora. Contexts, Memories, Representations. New Delhi: Sage, 1–20.Google Scholar

Rampton, M. B. H. 1991. Interracial Panjabi in a British adolescent peer group. Language in Society 20(3): 391–422.Google Scholar

Rampton, Ben. 1995. Language crossing and the problematisation of ethnicity and socialisation. Pragmatics 5(4): 485–513.Google Scholar

Rampton, Ben. 2011. From “multi-ethnic adolescent heteroglossia” to “contemporary urban vernaculars.” Language and Communication 31(4): 276–294.Google Scholar

Rathore, Claudia. 2014. East African Indian twice migrants in Britain. In Hundt, Marianne and Sharma, Devyani, eds. English in the Indian Diaspora. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 55–83.Google Scholar

Rathore-Nigsch, Claudia and Schreier, Daniel. 2016. “Our heart is still in Africa”: Twice migration and its sociolinguistic consequences. Language in Society 45(2): 163–191.Google Scholar

Rosa, Jonathan and Trivedi, Sunny. 2017. Diaspora and language. In Canagarajah, Suresh, ed. The Routledge Handbook of Migration and Language. Oxon: Routledge, 330–346.Google Scholar

Safran, William. 1991. Diasporas in modern societies: Myths of homeland and return. Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 1(1): 83–99.Google Scholar

Safran, William. 2004. Deconstructing and comparing diasporas. In Kokot, Waltraud, Tölölyan, Khachig and Alfonso, Carolin, eds. Diaspora, Identity and Religion: New Directions in Theory and Research. London: Routledge, 9–29.Google Scholar

Schneider, Edgar W. 2016. Hybrid Englishes: An exploratory survey. World Englishes 35(3): 339–354.Google Scholar

Sebba, Mark. 2013 [1993]. London Jamaican: Language Systems in Interaction. Oxon: Routledge.Google Scholar

Sharma, Devyani. 2011. Style repertoire and social change in British Asian English. Journal of Sociolinguistics 15(4): 464–492.Google Scholar

Sharma, Devyani. 2014. Transnational flows, language variation, and ideology. In Hundt, Marianne and Sharma, Devyani, eds. English in the Indian Diaspora. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 215–242.Google Scholar

Sharma, Devyani. 2017. World Englishes and sociolinguistic theory. In Filppula, Markku, Klemola, Juhani and Sharma, Devyani, eds. The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 232–251.Google Scholar

Sharma, Devyani and Rampton, Ben. 2015. Lectal focusing in interaction: A new methodology for the study of style variation. Journal of English Linguistics 43(1): 3–35.Google Scholar

Siegel, Jeff. 1987. Language Contact in a Plantation Environment: A Sociolinguistic History of Fiji. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Tölölyan, Khachig. 1996. Rethinking diaspora(s): Stateless power in the transnational moment. Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 5(1): 3–36.Google Scholar

Tölölyan, Khachig. 2007. The contemporary discourse of diaspora studies. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 27(3): 647–655.Google Scholar

Torgersen, Eivind Nessa, Gabrielatos, Costas, Hoffmann, Sebastian and Fox, Susan. 2011. A corpus-based study of pragmatic markers in London English. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 7(1): 93–118.Google Scholar

Torgersen, Eivind Nessa and Szakay, Anita. 2012. An investigation of speech rhythm in London English. Lingua 122(7): 822–840.Google Scholar

Toribio, Almeida Jacqueline. 2011. Code‐switching among US Latinos. In Díaz-Campos, Manuel, ed. The Handbook of Hispanic Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 530–552.Google Scholar

Urry, John. 2012. Sociology Beyond Societies: Mobilities for the Twenty-First Century (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Van Hear, Nicholas. 1998. New Diasporas: The Mass Exodus, Dispersal and Regrouping of Migrant Communities. Padstow: UCL Press.Google Scholar

Vertovec, Steven. 2005. The political importance of diasporas. Migration Information Source, Migration Policy Institute, Washington, DC; Migration Policy Institute Europe, Brussels. www.migrationpolicy.org/article/political-importance-diasporas, 1 June.Google Scholar

Vertovec, Steven. 2007. Super-diversity and its implications. Ethnic and Racial Studies 30(6): 1024–1054.Google Scholar

Zipp, Lena. 2014a. Indo-Fijian English: Linguistic diaspora or endonormative stabilization? In Hundt, Marianne and Sharma, Devyani, eds. English in the Indian Diaspora. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 187–213.Google Scholar

Zipp, Lena. 2014b. Educated Fiji English: Lexico-Grammar and Variety Status. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Zipp, Lena. 2017. Code-switching in the media: Identity negotiations in a Gujarati diaspora radio program. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 247: 33–48.Google Scholar

Zipp, Lena and Staicov, Adina. 2016. English in San Francisco Chinatown. In Seoane, Elena and Suárez-Gómez, Cristina, eds. World Englishes: New Theoretical and Methodological Considerations. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 205–228.Google Scholar