Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T13:38:34.149Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part III - Individual and Interpersonal Factors for Violence and Aggression

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 July 2018

Alexander T. Vazsonyi
Affiliation:
University of Kentucky
Daniel J. Flannery
Affiliation:
Case Western Reserve University, Ohio
Matt DeLisi
Affiliation:
Iowa State University
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Achenbach, T. M. & Edelbrock, C. S. (1984). Psychopathology of childhood. Annual Review of Psychology, 35, 227256.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Arsenault, L., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Taylor, P. J., & Silva, P. A. (2000). Mental disorders and violence in a total birth cohort: Results from the Dunedin study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 979986.Google Scholar
Berman, M. E., Fallon, A. E., & Coccaro, E. F. (1998). The relationship between personality psychopathology and aggressive behavior in research volunteers. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 651658.Google Scholar
Blonigen, D. M. & Krueger, R. F. (2007). Personality & violence: The unifying role of structural models of personality. In Flannery, D. J., Vazsonyi, A. T., & Waldman, I. D. (Eds), The Cambridge handbook of violent behavior (pp. 288305). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bushman, B. J. & Baumeister, R. F. (1998). Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and displaced aggression: does self-love or self-hate lead to violence? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(1), 219229.Google Scholar
Camp, J. P., Skeem, J. L., Barchard, K., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Poythress, N. G. (2013). Psychopathic predators? Getting specific about the relation between psychopathy and violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81(3), 467480.Google Scholar
Caspi, A., Begg, D., Dickson, N., Harrington, H., Langley, J., Moffitt, T. E., et al. (1997). Personality differences predict health-risk behaviors in young adulthood: Evidence from a longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 10521063.Google Scholar
Cleckley, H. (1976). The mask of sanity (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby (Original edition published in 1941).Google Scholar
Cloninger, C. R., Svrakic, D. M., & Przybeck, T. R. (1993). A psychobiological model of temperament and character. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 975990.Google Scholar
Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., Bates, J. E., & Valente, E. (1995). Social-information processing patterns partially mediate the effect of early physical abuse on later conduct problems. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104(4), 632643.Google Scholar
Dowgwillo, E. A., Menard, K. S., Krueger, R. F., & Pincus, A. L. (2016). DSM-5 pathological personality traits and intimate partner violence among male and female college students. Violence and Victims, 31(3), 416437.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egan, V., Austin, E., Elliot, D., Patel, D., & Charlesworth, P. (2003). Personality traits, personality disorders and sensational interests in mentally disordered offenders. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 8(1), 5162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elkins, I. J., Iacono, W. G., Doyle, A. E., & McGue, M. (1997). Characteristics associated with the persistence of antisocial behavior: Results from recent longitudinal research. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 2, 101124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1975). Manual of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. London: Hodder & Stoughton.Google Scholar
Few, L. R., Miller, J. D., Rothbaum, A., Meller, S., Maples, J., et al. (2013). Examination of Section III DSM-5 diagnostic system for personality disorders in an outpatient clinical sample. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 10571069.Google Scholar
Frick, P. J. & Hare, R. D. (2001). Antisocial process screening device. Toronto: Multi Health Systems.Google Scholar
Frisell, T., Lichtenstein, P., & Långström, N. (2011). Violent crime runs in families: A total population study of 12.5 million individuals. Psychological Medicine, 41(1), 97105.Google Scholar
Goldberg, L. R. (1993). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist, 48, 2634.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hare, R. D. (2003). The Hare psychopathy checklist – revised (2nd ed.). Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.Google Scholar
Harpur, T. J., Hare, R. D., & Hakstian, R. (1989). A two-factor conceptualization of psychopathy: Construct validity and implications for assessment. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1, 617.Google Scholar
Hicks, B. M., Krueger, R. F., Iacono, W. G., McGue, M., & Patrick, C. J. (2004). Family transmission and heritability of externalizing disorders: A twin-family study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61(9), 922928.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hicks, B. M. & Patrick, C. J. (2006). Psychopathy and negative affectivity: Analyses of suppressor effects reveal distinct relations with trait anxiety, depression, fearfulness, and anger-hostility. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 276287.Google Scholar
Howard, R. (2015). Personality disorders and violence: What is the link? Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Regulation, 2(12). doi: 10.1186/s40479-015-0033-x.Google Scholar
Jockin, V., Arvey, R. D., & McGue, M. (2001). Perceived victimization moderates self-reports of workplace aggression and conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(6), 12621269.Google Scholar
Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Smailes, E., Kasen, S., Oldham, J. M., Skodol, A. E., et al. (2000). Adolescent personality disorders associated with violence and criminal behavior during adolescence and early adulthood. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 14061412.Google Scholar
Jones, S. E., Miller, J. D., & Lynam, D. R. (2011). Personality, antisocial behavior, and aggression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Criminal Justice, 39, 329337.Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S., Aggen, S. H., & Patrick, C. J. (2013). Familial influences on conduct disorder reflect 2 genetic factors and 1 shared environmental factor. JAMA Psychiatry, 70, 7886.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kennealy, P. J., Skeem, J. L., Walters, G. D., & Camp, J. (2010). Do core interpersonal and affective traits of PCL-R psychopathy interact with antisocial behavior and disinhibition to predict violence? Psychological Assessment, 22, 569580.Google Scholar
Kenrick, D. T. & Funder, D. C. (1988). Profiting from controversy: Lessons from the personality-situation debate. American Psychologist, 43(1), 2334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kozak, M. J. & Cuthbert, B. N. (2016). The NIMH Research Domain Criteria Initiative: Background, issues, and pragmatics. Psychophysiology, 53, 286297.Google Scholar
Krueger, R. F. (1999). The structure of common mental disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 921926.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krueger, R. F, Derringer, J., Markon, K. E., Watson, D., & Skodol, A. E. (2012). Initial construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5. Psychological Medicine, 42(9), 18791890.Google Scholar
Krueger, R. F., Hicks, B., Patrick, C. J., Carlson, S., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2002). Etiologic connections among substance dependence, antisocial behavior, and personality: Modeling the externalizing spectrum. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 411424.Google Scholar
Krueger, R. F & Markon, K. E. (2014). The role of the DSM-5 personality trait model in moving toward a quantitative and empirically-based approach to classifying personality and psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 477501.Google Scholar
Krueger, R. F., Markon, K. E., Patrick, C. J., Benning, S. D., & Kramer, M. (2007). Linking antisocial behavior, substance use, and personality: An integrative quantitative model of the adult externalizing spectrum. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 645666.Google Scholar
Lambe, S., Hamilton-Giachritsis, C., Garner, E., & Walker, J. (2016). The role of narcissism in aggression and violence: A systematic review. Trauma Violence and Abuse.Google Scholar
Lilienfeld, S. O. & Widows, M. R. (2005). Psychopathic personality inventory – revised professional manual. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar
McCord, W. & McCord, J. (1964). The psychopath: An essay on the criminal mind. Princeton: Van Nostrand.Google Scholar
Mancke, F., Herpertz, S. C., & Bertsch, K. (2015). Aggression in borderline personality disorder: A multidimensional model. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 6(3), 278291.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Markon, K. E., Krueger, R. F., & Watson, D. (2005). Delineating the structure of normal and abnormal personality: An integrative hierarchical approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 139157.Google Scholar
Moffitt, T. E., Krueger, R. F., Caspi, A., & Fagan, J. (2000). Partner abuse and general crime: How are they the same? How are they different? Criminology, 38(1), 199232.Google Scholar
Nestor, P. G. (2002). Mental disorder and violence: Personality dimensions and clinical features. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(12), 19731978.Google Scholar
Patrick, C. P. (2015). Physiological correlates of psychopathy, antisocial personality disorder, habitual aggression, and violence. Current Topics in Behavioral Neuroscience, 21, 197227.Google Scholar
Patrick, C. J., Durbin, C. E., & Moser, J. S. (2012). Conceptualizing proneness to antisocial deviance in neurobehavioral terms. Developmental Psychopathology, 24, 10471071.Google Scholar
Patrick, C. J., Fowles, D. C., & Krueger, R. F. (2009). Triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy: developmental origins of disinhibition, boldness, and meanness. Developmental Psychopathology, 21(3), 913938.Google Scholar
Patrick, C. J., Hicks, B. M., Krueger, R. F., & Lang, A. R. (2005). Relations between psychopathy facets and externalizing in a criminal offender sample. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 339356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patrick, C. J., Kramer, M. D., Krueger, R. F., & Markon, K. E. (2013). Optimizing efficiency of psychopathology assessment through quantitative modeling: Development of a brief form of the externalizing spectrum inventory. Psychological Assessment, 25, 13321348.Google Scholar
Patrick, C. J. & Zempolich, K. A. (1998). Emotion and aggression in the psychopathic personality. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 3, 303338.Google Scholar
Reardon, M. L., Lang, A. R., & Patrick, C. J. (2002). Antisociality and alcohol problems: An evaluation of subtypes, drinking motives, and family history in incarcerated men. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 26, 11881197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanz, J., Garcia-Vera, M. P., & Magan, I. (2010). Anger and hostility from the perspective of the Big Five personality model. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 51(3), 262270.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwartz, J. A., Beaver, K. M., & Barnes, J. C. (2015). The association between mental health and violence among a nationally representative sample of college students from the United States. PLos ONE, 10(10): e0138914.Google Scholar
Sher, K. J. & Trull, T. J. (1994). Personality and disinhibitory psychopathology: Alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 92102.Google Scholar
Skeem, J. L., Polaschek, D. L., Patrick, C. J., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2011). Psychopathic personality: Bridging the gap between scientific evidence and public policy. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 12(3), 95162.Google Scholar
Strickland, C. M., Drislane, L. E., Lucy, M. D., Krueger, R. F., & Patrick, C. J. (2013). Representing psychopathy using DSM-5 personality disorder traits. Assessment, 20(3), 327338.Google Scholar
Tellegen, A. (2000). Manual of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Venables, N. C. & Patrick, C. J. (2014). P3 brain response amplitude in criminal psychopathy: Distinct relations with impulsive-antisocial vs. affective-interpersonal features. Psychophysiology, 51, 427436.Google Scholar
Verona, E., Patrick, C. J., & Lang, A. R. (2002). A direct assessment of the role of state and trait negative emotion in aggressive behavior. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 249258.Google Scholar
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Chmielewski, M. (2008). Structures of personality and their relevance to psychopathology: II. Further articulation of a comprehensive unified trait structure. Journal of Personality, 76(6), 15451586.Google Scholar
Widiger, T. A. & Costa, P. T. (1994). Personality and personality disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 7891.Google Scholar
Widiger, T. A. & Simonsen, E. (2005). Alternative dimensional models of personality disorder: Finding a common ground. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19(2), 110130Google Scholar
Yancey, J. R., Venables, N. C., Hicks, B. M., & Patrick, C. J. (2013). Evidence for a heritable brain basis to deviance-promoting deficits in self-control. Journal of Criminal Justice, 41, 309317.Google Scholar
Yarvis, R. M. (1990). Axis I and Axis II diagnostic parameters of homicide. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law, 18, 249269.Google Scholar
Yu, R., Geddes, J. R., & Fazel, S. (2012). Personality disorders, violence, and antisocial behavior: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Journal of Personality Disorders, 26, 775792.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Amato, P. R. (2001). Children of divorce in the 1990s: An update of the Amato and Keith (1991) meta-analysis. Journal of Family Psychology, 15, 355370.Google Scholar
Amato, P. R. & Dorius, C. (2010) Fathers, children, and divorce. In Lamb, M. (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (5th ed., pp. 177200) Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
Anderson, C. A. & Bushman, B. J. (2002). Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 2751.Google Scholar
Anderson, C. A., Shibuya, A., Ihori, N., Swing, E. L., Bushman, B. J., Sakamoto, A., … & Saleem, M. (2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in Eastern and Western countries: a meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 151173.Google Scholar
Apter, A., van Praag, H. M., Plutchik, R., Sevy, S., Korn, M., & Brown, S. L. (1990). Interrelationships among anxiety, aggression, impulsivity, and mood: A serotonergically linked cluster? Psychiatry Research, 32, 191199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aragona, B. J., Liu, Y., Yu, Y. J., Curtis, J. T., Detwiler, J. M., Insel, T. R., & Wang, Z. (2006). Nucleus accumbens dopamine differentially mediates the formation and maintenance of monogamous pair bonds. Nature Neuroscience, 9, 133139.Google Scholar
Aspinwall, L. G., Brown, T. R., & Tabery, J. (2012). The double-edged sword: Does biomechanism increase or decrease judges’ sentencing of psychopaths? Science, 337, 846849.Google Scholar
Baker, T. B., Piper, M. E., McCarthy, D. E., Majeskie, M. R., & Fiore, M. C. (2004). Addiction motivation reformulated: An affective processing model of negative reinforcement. Psychological Review, 111, 3351.Google Scholar
Barnes, C. D., Brown, R. P., & Osterman, L. L. (2012). Don’t tread on me masculine honor ideology in the US and militant responses to terrorism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 10181029.Google Scholar
Baron, R. A. & Richardson, D. R. (1994). Human aggression (2nd ed.). New York: Plenum.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F. & Heatherton, T. F. (1996). Self-regulation failure: An overview. Psychological Inquiry, 7, 115.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., Schmeichel, B. J., Vohs, K. D., & Petrocelli, J. V. (2007). Self-regulation and the executive function: The self as controlling agent. Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles, 148, 775777.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., Smart, L., & Boden, J. M. (1996). Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem. Psychological Review, 103, 533.Google Scholar
Brown, J. (2004). Shame and domestic violence: Treatment perspectives for perpetrators from self-psychology and affect theory. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 19, 3956.Google Scholar
Brown, R. P., Osterman, L. L., & Barnes, C. D. (2009). School violence and the culture of honor. Psychological Science, 20, 14001405.Google Scholar
Bushman, B. J. & Anderson, C. A. (2015). Understanding causality in the effects of media violence. American Behavioral Scientist, 59, 18071821.Google Scholar
Bushman, B. J. & Baumeister, R. F. (1998). Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and displaced aggression: Does self-love or self-hate lead to violence? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 219229.Google Scholar
Bushman, B. J. & Huesmann, L. R. (2010). Aggression. In Fiske, S. T., Gilbert, D. T., and Lindzey, G. (Eds), Handbook of social psychology (Vol. 2). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Buss, A. H. (1962). The psychology of aggression. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 135, 180181.Google Scholar
Cases, O., Seif, I., Grimsby, J., Gaspar, P., Chen, K., Pournin, S., … & Shih, J. C. (1995). Aggressive behavior and altered amounts of brain serotonin and norepinephrine in mice lacking MAOA. Science, 268, 17631766.Google Scholar
Caspi, A. (2002). Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science, 297, 851854.Google Scholar
Chester, D. S. & DeWall, C. N. (2015). The pleasure of revenge: Retaliatory aggression arises from a neural imbalance toward reward. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 11, 11731182.Google Scholar
Chester, D. S. & DeWall, C. N. (2016). Sound the alarm: The effect of narcissism on retaliatory aggression is moderated by dACC reactivity to rejection. Journal of Personality, 84, 361368.Google Scholar
Chester, D. S., DeWall, C. N., Derefinko, K. J., Estus, S., Peters, J. R., Lynam, D. R., & Jiang, Y. (2015). Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) genotype predicts greater aggression through impulsive reactivity to negative affect. Behavioural Brain Research, 283, 97101.Google Scholar
Chester, D. S., DeWall, C. N., & Enjaian, B. (2017). Sadism and aggressive behavior: Inflicting pain to feel pleasure. Manuscript submitted for publication.Google Scholar
Chester, D. S., Eisenberger, N. I., Pond, R. S., Richman, S. B., Bushman, B. J., & Dewall, C. N. (2014). The interactive effect of social pain and executive functioning on aggression: An fMRI experiment. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9, 699704.Google Scholar
Coccaro, E. F., McCloskey, M. S., Fitzgerald, D. A., & Phan, K. L. (2007). Amygdala and orbitofrontal reactivity to social threat in individuals with impulsive aggression. Biological Psychiatry, 62, 168178.Google Scholar
Cohen, D., Nisbett, R. E., Bowdle, B. F., & Schwarz, N. (1996). Insult, aggression, and the southern culture of honor: An “experimental ethnography.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 945960.Google Scholar
Colasante, T., Zuffianò, A., & Malti, T. (2016). Daily deviations in anger, guilt, and sympathy: A developmental diary study of aggression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 112.Google Scholar
Cote, S., Vaillancourt, T., LeBlanc, J., Nagin, D. W., & Tremblay, R. E. (2006). The development of physical aggression from toddlerhood to pre-adolescence: A nation-wide longitudinal study of Canadian children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34, 7185.Google Scholar
Couppis, M. H. & Kennedy, C. H. (2008). The rewarding effect of aggression is reduced by nucleus accumbens dopamine receptor antagonism in mice. Psychopharmacology, 197, 449456.Google Scholar
Crick, N. R. & Grotpeter, J. K. (1995). Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment. Child Development, 66, 710722.Google Scholar
Croft, C. D. & Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. (2014). Friendship conflict, conflict responses, and instability: Unique links to anxious and angry forms of rejection sensitivity. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 34, 10941119.Google Scholar
Cullen, F. T., Jonson, C. L., & Nagin, D. S. (2011). Prisons do not reduce recidivism: The high cost of ignoring science. The Prison Journal, 91, 48S65S.Google Scholar
Davis, J. R. & Reyna, C (2015). Seeing red: How perceptions of social status and worth influence hostile attributions and endorsement of aggression. British Journal of Social Psychology, 54, 728747.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Day, A., Gerace, A., Wilson, C., & Howells, K. (2008). Promoting forgiveness in violent offenders: A more positive approach to offender rehabilitation. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 13, 195200.Google Scholar
Denson, T. F., Pedersen, W. C., Ronquillo, J., & Nandy, A. S. (2009). The angry brain: Neural correlates of anger, angry rumination, and aggressive personality. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 21, 734744.Google Scholar
DeWall, C. N., Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2011). The general aggression model: Theoretical extensions to violence. Psychology of Violence, 1, 245258.Google Scholar
DeWall, C. N., Baumeister, R. F., Stillman, T., & Gailliot, M. T. (2007). Violence restrained: Effects of self-regulation and its depletion on aggression. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 6276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeWall, C. N. & Bushman, B. J. (2011). Social acceptance and rejection: The sweet and the bitter. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20, 256260.Google Scholar
Dodge, K. A., Malone, P. S., Lansford, J. E., Sorbring, E., Skinner, A. T., Tapanya, S., & Pastorelli, C. (2015). Hostile attributional bias and aggressive behavior in global context. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112, 93109315.Google Scholar
Dodge, K. A. (1980) Social cognition and children’s aggressive behavior. Child Development, 51, 162170.Google Scholar
Eisenberger, N. I. (2012). Broken hearts and broken bones: A neural perspective on the similarities between social and physical pain. Psychological Science, 21, 4247.Google Scholar
Eisenberger, N. I. & Lieberman, M. D. (2004). Why rejection hurts: A common neural alarm system for physical and social pain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8, 294300.Google Scholar
Eisenberger, N. I., Lieberman, M. D., & Williams, K. D. (2003). Does rejection hurt? An fMRI study of social exclusion. Science, 302, 290292.Google Scholar
Eisenberger, N. I., Way, B. M., Taylor, S. E., Welch, W. T., & Lieberman, M. D. (2007). Understanding genetic risk for aggression: Clues from the brain’s response to social exclusion. Biological Psychiatry, 61, 11001108.Google Scholar
Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A., Peters, J. R., Pond, R. J., & DeWall, C. N. (2016). Both trait and state mindfulness predict lower aggressiveness via anger rumination: A multilevel mediation analysis. Mindfulness, 7, 713726.Google Scholar
Elder, G. H., Eccles, J. S., Ardelt, M., & Lord, S. (1995). Inner-city parents under economic pressure: Perspective on the strategies of parenting. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57, 771784.Google Scholar
Elson, M. & Ferguson, C. J. (2014). Twenty-five years of research on violence in digital games and aggression: Empirical evidence, perspectives, and a debate gone astray. European Psychologist, 19, 3346.Google Scholar
Erdman, S. L. (2014, June 29). Pakistani newlyweds decapitated by bride’s family in honor killing. Retrieved August 15, 2016, from: www.cnn.com/2014/06/28/world/asia/pakistan-honor-murders/.Google Scholar
Feresin, E. (2009, October 30). Lighter sentence for murderer with “bad genes.” Retrieved August 15, 2016, from: www.nature.com/news/2009/091030/full/news.2009.1050.html.-analysis.Google Scholar
Ferguson, C. J. (2015). Do angry birds make for angry children? A meta-analysis of video game influences on children’s and adolescents’ aggression, mental health, prosocial behavior and academic performance. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10, 646666.Google Scholar
Finkel, E. J. (2014). The I3 model: Metatheory, theory, and evidence. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 1104.Google Scholar
Gendreau, P., Little, T., & Goggin, C. (1996). Of adult offender recidivism. Criminology, 34, 575607.Google Scholar
Goldsmith, H. H. & Lemery, K. S. (2000). Linking temperamental fearfulness and anxiety symptoms: A behavior-genetic perspective. Biological Psychiatry, 48, 11991209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haller, J., Makara, G. B., & Kruk, M. R. (1997). Catecholaminergic involvement in the control of aggression: Hormones, the peripheral sympathetic, and central noradrenergic systems. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Review, 22, 8597.Google Scholar
Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., Snidman, N., Gibbons, J., & Johnson, M. O. (1988). Childhood derivatives of inhibition and lack of inhibition to the unfamiliar. Child Development, 59, 15801589.Google Scholar
King, A. C., Volpicelli, J. R., Frazer, A., & O’Brien, C. P. (1997). Effect of naltrexone on subjective alcohol response in subjects at high and low risk for future alcohol dependence. Psychopharmacology, 129, 1522.Google Scholar
Kross, E., Berman, M. G., Mischel, W., Smith, E. E., & Wager, T. D. (2011). Social rejection shares somatosensory representations with physical pain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 62706275.Google Scholar
Krystal, J. H., Cramer, J. A., Krol, W. F., Kirk, G. F., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2001). Naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence. New England Journal of Medicine, 345, 17341739.Google Scholar
Lagerspetz, K. M., Bjorkqvist, K., & Peltonen, T. (1988). Is indirect aggression typical of females? Gender differences in aggressiveness in 11- to 12-year old children. Aggressive Behavior, 14, 403414.Google Scholar
Loeber, R. & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1986). Family factors as correlates as predictors of juvenile conduct problems and delinquency. In Tonry, M. (Ed.), Crime and justice: An annual review of research (Vol. 7, pp. 29150), Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Long, K., Felton, J. W., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Lejuez, C. W. (2014). The role of emotion regulation in the relations between psychopathy factors and impulsive and premeditated aggression. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, And Treatment, 5, 390396.Google Scholar
MacDonald, G. & Leary, M. R. (2005). Why does social exclusion hurt? The relationship between social and physical pain. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 202223.Google Scholar
Manuck, S. B., Flory, J. D., Ferrell, R. E., Mann, J. J., & Muldoon, M. F. (2000). A regulatory polymorphism of the monoamine oxidase-A gene may be associated with variability in aggression, impulsivity, and central nervous system serotonergic responsivity. Psychiatry Research, 95, 923.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marcus-Newhall, A., Pedersen, W. C., Carlson, M., & Miller, N. (2000). Displaced aggression is alive and well: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 670689.Google Scholar
Martinez, M., Cabrera, A., Weisfeldt, S., & Criss, D. (2015, October 21). Albuquerque road rage: Man in custody after 4-year-old shot, killed. Retrieved August 15, 2016, from: www.cnn.com/2015/10/21/us/child-road-rage-death/index.html.Google Scholar
Mattsson, Å., Schalling, D., Olweus, D., Löw, H., & Svensson, J. (1980). Plasma testosterone, aggressive behavior, and personality dimensions in young male delinquents. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 19, 476490.Google Scholar
McDermott, R., Tingley, D., Cowden, J., Frazzetto, G., & Johnson, D. D. P. (2009). Monoamine oxidase A gene (MAOA) predicts behavioral aggression following provocation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 21182123.Google Scholar
McWhiney, G. (1988). Cracker culture: Celtic ways in the Old South. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Mehlman, P. T., Higley, J. D., Faucher, I., Lilly, A. A., Taub, D. M., Vickers, J., … & Linnoila, M. (1994). Low CSF 5-HIAA concentrations and severe aggression and impaired impulse control in nonhuman primates. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 14851491.Google Scholar
Mehta, P. H. & Beer, J. (2010). Neural mechanisms of the testosterone-aggression relation: The role of orbitofrontal cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22, 23572368.Google Scholar
Miczek, K. A., de Almeida, R. M., Kravitz, E. A., Rissman, E. F., de Boer, S. F., & Raine, A. (2007). Neurobiology of escalated aggression and violence. The Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 1180311806.Google Scholar
Nelson, J. A. & Perry, N. B. (2015). Emotional reactivity, self-control and children’s hostile attributions over middle childhood. Cognition and Emotion, 29, 592603.Google Scholar
Nielsen, (2016, June 27). The total audience report: Q1 2016. Retrieved August 15, 2016, from: www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/reports/2016/the-total-audience-report-q1-2016.html.Google Scholar
Nisbett, R. E. & Cohen, D. (1996). Culture of honor: The psychology of violence in the south. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Nowak, A., Gelfand, M. J., Borkowski, W., Cohen, D., & Hernandez, I. (2015). The evolutionary basis of honor cultures. Psychological Science, 27, 1224.Google Scholar
Olweus, D., Mattsson, A., Schalling, D., & Löw, H. (1988). Circulating testosterone levels and aggression in adolescent males: A causal analysis. Psychosomatic Medicine, 50, 261272.Google Scholar
Onishi, A., Kawabata, Y., Kurokawa, M., & Yoshida, T. (2012). A mediated model of relational aggression, narcissistic orientations, guilt feelings, and perceived classroom norms. School Psychology International, 33, 367390.Google Scholar
Pederson, W. C., Gonzales, C., & Miller, N. (2000). The moderating effect of trivial triggering provocation on displaced aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 913927.Google Scholar
Peters, J. R. & Geiger, P. J. (2016). Borderline personality disorder and self-conscious affect: Too much shame but not enough guilt? Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 7, 303308.Google Scholar
Reidy, D. E., Zeichner, A., & Seibert, L. A. (2011). Unprovoked aggression: Effects of psychopathic traits and sadism. Journal of Personality, 79, 75100.Google Scholar
Rizvi, S. L. & Linehan, M. M. (2005). The treatment of maladaptive shame in borderline personality disorder: A pilot study of “opposite action.” Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 12, 437447.Google Scholar
Slotter, E. B. & Finkel, E. J. (2011). I3 theory: Instigating, impelling, and inhibiting factors in aggression. In Mikulincer, M. & Shaver, P. R. (Eds), Human aggression and violence: Causes, manifestations, and consequences (pp. 3552). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Sykes, G. M. (2007). The society of captives: A study of a maximum security prison. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Terburg, D., Morgan, B., & van Honk, J. (2009). The testosterone-cortisol ratio: A hormonal marker for proneness to social aggression. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 32, 216223.Google Scholar
Tremblay, R. E., Nagin, D. S., Seguin, J. R., Zoccolillo, M., Zelazo, P., Boivin, M., & Japel, C. (2004). Physical aggression during early childhood: Trajectories and predictors. Pediatrics, 114, e43e50.Google Scholar
Turner, K. A. & White, B. A. (2015). Contingent on contingencies: Connections between anger rumination, self-esteem, and aggression. Personality and Individual Differences, 82, 199202.Google Scholar
Vasquez, E. A. & Howard-Field, J. (2016). Too (mentally) busy to chill: Cognitive load and inhibitory cues interact to moderate triggered displaced aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 42(6), 598604.Google Scholar
Velotti, P., Elison, J., & Garofalo, C. (2014). Shame and aggression: Different trajectories and implications. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19, 454461.Google Scholar
Volpicelli, J. R., Watson, N. T., King, A. C., Sherman, C. E., & O’Brien, C. P. (1995). Effect of naltrexone on alcohol “high” in alcoholics. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 613615.Google Scholar
Walker, J. S. & Bright, J. A. (2009). Cognitive therapy for violence: Reaching the parts that nager management doesn’t reach. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 20, 174201.Google Scholar
Wilkowski, B. M. & Robinson, M. D. (2010). The anatomy of anger: An integrative cognitive model of trait anger and reactive aggression. Journal of Personality, 78, 938.Google Scholar
Wyatt-Brown, B. (1982). Southern honor: Ethics and behavior in the Old South. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Yaros, A., Lochman, J. E., Rosenbaum, J., & Jimenez-Camargo, L. A. (2014). Real-time hostile attribution measurement and aggression in children. Aggressive Behavior, 40, 409420.Google Scholar
Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. & Nesdale, D. (2013). Anxious and angry rejection sensitivity, social withdrawal, and retribution in high and low ambiguous situations. Journal of Personality, 81, 2938.Google Scholar

References

Aebi, M., Barra, S., Bessler, C., Steinhausen, H. C., Walitza, S., & Plattner, B. (2016). Oppositional defiant disorder dimensions and subtypes among detained male adolescent offenders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57, 729736.Google Scholar
Aebi, M., Giger, J., Plattner, B., Metzke, C. W., & Steinhausen, H. C. (2014). Problem coping skills, psychosocial adversities and mental health problems in children and adolescents as predictors of criminal outcomes in young adulthood. European Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 23, 283293.Google Scholar
Aebi, M., Mohler-Kuo, M., Barra, S., Schnyder, U., Maier, T., & Landolt, M. A. (2016). Posttraumatic stress and youth violence perpetration: A population-based cross-sectional study. European Psychiatry.Google Scholar
Aebi, M., Plattner, B., Winkler Metzke, C., Bessler, C., & Steinhausen, H. C. (2013). Parent-and self-reported dimensions of oppositionality in youth: Construct validity, comorbidity and criminal outcomes in adulthood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54, 941949.Google Scholar
Allwood, M. A. & Bell, D. J. (2008). A preliminary examination of emotional and cognitive mediators in the relations between violence exposure and violent behaviors in youth. Journal of Community Psychology, 36, 9891007.Google Scholar
Allwood, M. A., Bell, D. J., & Horan, J. (2011). Posttrauma numbing of fear, detachment, and arousal predict delinquent behaviors in early adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child Adolescent Psychology, 40, 659667.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: APA.Google Scholar
Arseneault, L., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Taylor, P. J., & Silva, P. A. (2000). Mental disorders and violence in a total birth cohort: results from the Dunedin Study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 979986.Google Scholar
Avenevoli, S., Swendsen, J., He, J. P., Burstein, M., & Merikangas, K. R. (2015). Major depression in the national comorbidity survey-adolescent supplement: prevalence, correlates, and treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 54, 37–44, e32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baer, P. E., Garmezy, L. B., McLaughlin, R. J., Pokorny, A. D., & Wernick, M. J. (1987). Stress, coping, family conflict, and adolescent alcohol use. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 10, 449466.Google Scholar
Bauermeister, J. J., Shrout, P. E., Ramirez, R., Bravo, M., Alegria, M., Martinez-Taboas, A., … & Canino, G. (2007). ADHD correlates, comorbidity, and impairment in community and treated samples of children and adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 883898.Google Scholar
Benedek, E. P., Ash, P., & Scott, C. L. (2010). Principles and Practice of Child and Adolescent Forensic Mental Health. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar
Blair, R. J., Leibenluft, E., & Pine, D. S. (2015). Conduct disorder and callous-unemotional traits in youth. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 784.Google Scholar
Brodie, M. J., Besag, F., Ettinger, A. B., Mula, M., Gobbi, G., Comai, S., … & Steinhoff, B. J. (2016). Epilepsy, Antiepileptic Drugs, and Aggression: An Evidence-Based Review. Pharmacology Review, 68, 563602.Google Scholar
Brook, J. S., Zhang, C., & Brook, D. W. (2011). Antisocial behavior at age 37: Developmental trajectories of marijuana use extending from adolescence to adulthood. American Journal of Addiction, 20, 509515.Google Scholar
Bubier, J. L. & Drabick, D. A. (2009). Co-occurring anxiety and disruptive behavior disorders: the roles of anxious symptoms, reactive aggression, and shared risk processes. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 658669.Google Scholar
Bukstein, O. G. (2006). Substance use disorders. In Gillberg, C., Harrington, R., & Steinhausen, H.-C. (Eds), A clinician’s handbook of child and adolescent psychiatry. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
Burke, J. D. (2012). An affective dimension within oppositional defiant disorder symptoms among boys: personality and psychopathology outcomes into early adulthood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53, 11761183.Google Scholar
Burke, J. D., Rowe, R., & Boylan, K. (2014). Functional outcomes of child and adolescent oppositional defiant disorder symptoms in young adult men. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55, 264272.Google Scholar
Cassidy, J. D., Carroll, L. J., Peloso, P. M., Borg, J., von Holst, H., Holm, L., … & Corondo, V. G. (2004). Incidence, risk factors and prevention of mild traumatic brain injury: results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Journal of Rehabilative Medicine, Suppl. 43: 2860.Google Scholar
Christopher, P. P., McCabe, P. J., & Fisher, W. H. (2012). Prevalence of involvement in the criminal justice system during severe mania and associated symptomatology. Psychiatric Services, 63, 3339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cipriani, A., Zhou, X., Del Giovane, C., Hetrick, S. E., Qin, B., Whittington, C., … & Xie, P. (2016). Comparative efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants for major depressive disorder in children and adolescents: a network meta-analysis. Lancet, 388, 881-890.Google Scholar
Cole, W. R., Gerring, J. P., Gray, R. M., Vasa, R. A., Salorio, C. F., Grados, M., … & Slomine, B. S. (2008). Prevalence of aggressive behaviour after severe paediatric traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 22, 932939.Google Scholar
Colins, O. F., Vermeiren, R. R., Noom, M., & Broekaert, E. (2013). Psychotic-like symptoms as a risk factor of violent recidivism in detained male adolescents. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201, 478483.Google Scholar
Colins, O. F., Vermeiren, R. R., Vreugdenhil, C., Schuyten, G., Broekaert, E., & Krabbendam, A. (2009). Are psychotic experiences among detained juvenile offenders explained by trauma and substance use? Drug Alcohol Dependence, 100, 3946.Google Scholar
Colins, O. F., Vermeiren, R. R., Vreugdenhil, C., van den Brink, W., Doreleijers, T., & Broekaert, E. (2010). Psychiatric disorders in detained male adolescents: a systematic literature review. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 55, 255263.Google Scholar
Copeland, W. E., Angold, A., Costello, E. J., & Egger, H. (2013). Prevalence, comorbidity, and correlates of DSM-5 proposed disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 173179.Google Scholar
Copeland, W. E., Miller-Johnson, S., Keeler, G., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2007). Childhood psychiatric disorders and young adult crime: a prospective, population-based study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 16681675.Google Scholar
Copeland, W. E., Shanahan, L., Egger, H., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2014). Adult diagnostic and functional outcomes of DSM-5 disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 668674.Google Scholar
Dadds, M. R., Allen, J. L., McGregor, K., Woolgar, M., Viding, E., & Scott, S. (2014). Callous-unemotional traits in children and mechanisms of impaired eye contact during expressions of love: a treatment target? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55, 771780.Google Scholar
Daley, D., van der Oord, S., Ferrin, M., Danckaerts, M., Doepfner, M., Cortese, S., … & European, A. G. G. (2014). Behavioral interventions in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials across multiple outcome domains. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 53, 835847, 847, e831–835.Google Scholar
Davies, S., Heyman, I., & Goodman, R. (2003). A population survey of mental health problems in children with epilepsy. Developmental Medicine Child Neurology, 45, 292295.Google Scholar
Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (1990). Mechanisms in the cycle of violence. Science, 250, 16781683.Google Scholar
Dooley, J. J., Anderson, V., Hemphill, S. A., & Ohan, J. (2008). Aggression after paediatric traumatic brain injury: a theoretical approach. Brain Injury, 22, 836846.Google Scholar
Dutton, G. D. & Karakanta, C. (2013). Depression as a risk marker for aggression: A critical review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 18, 310319.Google Scholar
Elia, J., Arcos-Burgos, M., Bolton, K. L., Ambrosini, P. J., Berrettini, W., & Muenke, M. (2009). ADHD latent class clusters: DSM-IV subtypes and comorbidity. Psychiatry Research, 170, 192198.Google Scholar
Elkington, K. S., Teplin, L. A., Abram, K. M., Jakubowski, J. A., Dulcan, M. K., & Welty, L. J. (2015). Psychiatric disorders and violence: a study of delinquent youth after detention. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 54, 302–312, e305.Google Scholar
Eschmann, S., Zimprich, D., Winkler Metzke, C., & Steinhausen, H. C. (2011). A developmental trajectory model of problematic substance use and psychosocial correlates from late adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Substance Use, 16, 295312.Google Scholar
Faraone, S. V., Asherson, P., Banaschewski, T., Biederman, J., Buitelaar, J. K., Ramos-Quiroga, J. A., … & Franke, B. (2015). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 1, 15020.Google Scholar
Fast, D. K. & Conry, J. (2009). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and the criminal justice system. Developmental Disability Research Reviews, 15, 250257.Google Scholar
Fazel, S., Gulati, G., Linsell, L., Geddes, J. R., & Grann, M. (2009). Schizophrenia and violence: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 6, e1000120.Google Scholar
Fazel, S., Lichtenstein, P., Grann, M., & Langstrom, N. (2011). Risk of violent crime in individuals with epilepsy and traumatic brain injury: a 35-year Swedish population study. PLoS Medicine, 8, e1001150.Google Scholar
Fazel, S., Wolf, A., Chang, Z., Larsson, H., Goodwin, G. M., & Lichtenstein, P. (2015). Depression and violence: a Swedish population study. Lancet Psychiatry, 2, 224232.Google Scholar
Fazel, S., Zetterqvist, J., Larsson, H., Langstrom, N., & Lichtenstein, P. (2014). Antipsychotics, mood stabilisers, and risk of violent crime. Lancet, 384, 12061214.Google Scholar
Ford, J. D., Elhai, J. D., Connor, D. F., & Frueh, B. C. (2010). Poly-victimization and risk of posttraumatic, depressive, and substance use disorders and involvement in delinquency in a national sample of adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46, 545552.Google Scholar
Franklin, M. E., Kratz, H. E., Freeman, J. B., Ivarsson, T., Heyman, I., Sookman, D., … & Accreditation Task Force of The Canadian Institute for Obsessive Compulsive, D. (2015). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: Empirical review and clinical recommendations. Psychiatry Research, 227, 7892.Google Scholar
Freitag, C. M., Hanig, S., Schneider, A., Seitz, C., Palmason, H., Retz, W., & Meyer, J. (2012). Biological and psychosocial environmental risk factors influence symptom severity and psychiatric comorbidity in children with ADHD. Journal of Neural Transmission, 119, 8194.Google Scholar
Frick, P. J., Ray, J. V., Thornton, L. C., & Kahn, R. E. (2014). Can callous-unemotional traits enhance the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of serious conduct problems in children and adolescents? A comprehensive review. Psychological Bulletin, 140, 157.Google Scholar
Ghanizadeh, A. (2009). Psychiatric comorbidity differences in clinic-referred children and adolescents with ADHD according to the subtypes and gender. Journal of Child Neurology, 24, 679684.Google Scholar
Gorman, D. A., Gardner, D. M., Murphy, A. L., Feldman, M., Belanger, S. A., Steele, M. M., … & Pringsheim, T. (2015). Canadian guidelines on pharmacotherapy for disruptive and aggressive behaviour in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, or conduct disorder. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 60, 6276.Google Scholar
Granic, I. & Patterson, G. R. (2006). Toward a comprehensive model of antisocial development: a dynamic systems approach. Psychological Review, 113, 101131.Google Scholar
Hamshere, M. L., Langley, K., Martin, J., Agha, S. S., Stergiakouli, E., Anney, R. J., … & Thapar, A. (2013). High loading of polygenic risk for ADHD in children with comorbid aggression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 909916.Google Scholar
Hecker, T., Hermenau, K., Crombach, A., & Elbert, T. (2015). Treating traumatized offenders and veterans by means of narrative exposure therapy. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 6, 80.Google Scholar
Henggeler, S. W. & Schaeffer, C. M. (2016). Multisystemic therapy(R): Clinical overview, outcomes, and implementation research. Family Process, 55(3), 514–528.Google Scholar
Hodgins, S., Larm, P., Molero-Samuleson, Y., Tengstrom, A., & Larsson, A. (2009). Multiple adverse outcomes over 30 years following adolescent substance misuse treatment. Acta Psychiatry Scandanvica, 119, 484493.Google Scholar
Hoeve, M., McReynolds, L. S., & Wasserman, G. A. (2014). Service referral for juvenile justice youths: associations with psychiatric disorder and recidivism. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 41, 379389.Google Scholar
James, A. C., James, G., Cowdrey, F. A., Soler, A., & Choke, A. (2015). Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews, CD004690.Google Scholar
Jensen, C. M. & Steinhausen, H. C. (2015). Comorbid mental disorders in children and adolescents with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder in a large nationwide study. ADHD, 7, 2738.Google Scholar
Jensen, P. S., Martin, D., & Cantwell, D. P. (1997). Comorbidity in ADHD: implications for research, practice, and DSM-V. Journal of the American Academy Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 10651079.Google Scholar
Jones, C., Hacker, D., Cormac, I., Meaden, A., & Irving, C. B. (2012). Cognitive behavior therapy versus other psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38, 908910.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kadesjo, B. & Gillberg, C. (2001). The comorbidity of ADHD in the general population of Swedish school-age children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 487492.Google Scholar
Kandel, D. B. (1982). Epidemiological and psychosocial perspectives on adolescent drug use. Journal of American Academy Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 21, 328347.Google Scholar
Kazdin, A. E. (1997). Parent management training: evidence, outcomes, and issues. Journal of American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 13491356.Google Scholar
Kelleher, I., Connor, D., Clarke, M. C., Devlin, N., Harley, M., & Cannon, M. (2012). Prevalence of psychotic symptoms in childhood and adolescence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies. Psychological Medicine, 42, 18571863.Google Scholar
Kerig, P. K., Bennett, D. C., Thompson, M., & Becker, S. P. (2012). “Nothing really matters”: emotional numbing as a link between trauma exposure and callousness in delinquent youth. Journal of Trauma Stress, 25, 272279.Google Scholar
Kilpatrick, D. G., Ruggiero, K. J., Acierno, R., Saunders, B. E., Resnick, H. S., & Best, C. L. (2003). Violence and risk of PTSD, major depression, substance abuse/dependence, and comorbidity: results from the National Survey of Adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 692700.Google Scholar
Kolko, D. J. & Pardini, D. A. (2010). ODD dimensions, ADHD, and callous-unemotional traits as predictors of treatment response in children with disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 713725.Google Scholar
Kowatch, R. A., Fristad, M., Birmaher, B., Wagner, K. D., Findling, R. L., Hellander, M., & Child Psychiatric Workgroup on Bipolar, D. (2005). Treatment guidelines for children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. Journal of the American Academy Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 213235.Google Scholar
Kraut, A. A., Langner, I., Lindemann, C., Banaschewski, T., Petermann, U., Petermann, F., … & Garbe, E. (2013). Comorbidities in ADHD children treated with methylphenidate: a database study. BMC Psychiatry, 13, 11.Google Scholar
Larson, K., Russ, S. A., Kahn, R. S., & Halfon, N. (2011). Patterns of comorbidity, functioning, and service use for US children with ADHD, 2007. Pediatrics, 127, 462470.Google Scholar
Leibenluft, E. (2011). Severe mood dysregulation, irritability, and the diagnostic boundaries of bipolar disorder in youths. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 129142.Google Scholar
Leigh, B. C. (1999). Peril, chance, adventure: Concepts of risk, alcohol use and risky behavior in young adults. Addiction, 94, 371383.Google Scholar
Levy, F., Hay, D. A., Bennett, K. S., & McStephen, M. (2005). Gender differences in ADHD subtype comorbidity. Journal of the American Academy Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 368376.Google Scholar
Maas, C. D., Fleming, C. B., Herrenkohl, T. I., & Catalano, R. F. (2010). Childhood predictors of teen dating violence victimization. Violence & Victims, 25, 131149.Google Scholar
Martin, S. E. (2001). The links between alcohol, crime and the criminal justice system: Explanations, evidence and interventions. Amrican Journal of Addictions, 10, 136158.Google Scholar
Maughan, B., Rowe, R., Messer, J., Goodman, R., & Meltzer, H. (2004). Conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder in a national sample: developmental epidemiology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 609621.Google Scholar
Maxfield, M. G. & Widom, C. S. (1996). The cycle of violence. Revisited 6 years later. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 150, 390395.Google Scholar
Merikangas, K. R. & He, J. P. (2014). Epidemiology of mental disorders in children and adolescents. In Raynaud, J.-P., Hodes, M., & Shur-Fen Gau, S. (Eds), From Research to Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health. Lanham, ML: Rowman & Littelfield.Google Scholar
Miklowitz, D. J., Schneck, C. D., George, E. L., Taylor, D. O., Sugar, C. A., Birmaher, B., … & Axelson, D. A. (2014). Pharmacotherapy and family-focused treatment for adolescents with bipolar I and II disorders: a 2-year randomized trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 658667.Google Scholar
Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100, 674701.Google Scholar
Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Harrington, H., & Milne, B. J. (2002). Males on the life-course-persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways: follow-up at age 26 years. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 179207.Google Scholar
Mohr-Jensen, C., & Steinhausen, H. C. (2016). A meta-analysis and systematic review of the risks associated with childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder on long-term outcome of arrests, convictions, and incarcerations. Clinical Psychology Review, 48, 32–42.Moore, E., Indig, D., & Haysom, L. (2014). Traumatic brain injury, mental health, substance use, and offending among incarcerated young people. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 29, 239247.Google Scholar
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. & Hilt, L. M. (2009). Handbook of Depression in Adolescents. New York: Taylor & Francis Group.Google Scholar
Ollendick, T. H. & Seligman, L. D. (2006). Anxiety Disorders. In Gillberg, C., Harrington, R., & Steinhausen, H. C. (Eds), A clinician’s handbook of child and adolescent psychiatry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Plattner, B., Giger, J., Bachmann, F., Bruhwiler, K., Steiner, H., Steinhausen, H. C., … & Aebi, M. (2012). Psychopathology and offense types in detained male juveniles. Psychiatry Research, 198, 285290.Google Scholar
Polanczyk, G. V., de Lima, M. S., Horta, B. L., Biederman, J., & Rohde, L. A. (2007). The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: A systematic review and metaregression analysis. Amrican Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 942948.Google Scholar
Polanczyk, G. V., Salum, G. A., Sugaya, L. S., Caye, A., & Rohde, L. A. (2015). Annual research review: A meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56, 345365.Google Scholar
Popova, S., Lange, S., Shield, K., Mihic, A., Chudley, A. E., Mukherjee, R. A., … & Rehm, J. (2016). Comorbidity of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet, 387, 978987.Google Scholar
Quanbeck, C. D., Stone, D. C., McDermott, B. E., Boone, K., Scott, C. L., & Frye, M. A. (2005). Relationship between criminal arrest and community treatment history among patients with bipolar disorder. Psychiatric Services, 56, 847852.Google Scholar
Roland, E. (2002). Aggression, depression and bullying others. Aggressive Behavior, 27, 198206.Google Scholar
Ruchkin, V., Henrich, C. C., Jones, S. M., Vermeiren, R., & Schwab-Stone, M. (2007). Violence exposure and psychopathology in urban youth: the mediating role of posttraumatic stress. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 578593.Google Scholar
Schofield, P. W., Malacova, E., Preen, D. B., D’Este, C., Tate, R., Reekie, J., … & Butler, T. (2015). Does Traumatic Brain Injury Lead to Criminality? A Whole-Population Retrospective Cohort Study Using Linked Data. PLoS ONE, 10, e0132558.Google Scholar
Silverman, W. K., Pina, A. A., & Viswesvaran, C. (2008). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child Adolescent Psychology, 37, 105130.Google Scholar
Slifer, K. J. & Amari, A. (2009). Behavior management for children and adolescents with acquired brain injury. Developmental Disability Research Review, 15, 144151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smeets, K. C., Leeijen, A. A., van der Molen, M. J., Scheepers, F. E., Buitelaar, J. K., & Rommelse, N. N. (2015). Treatment moderators of cognitive behavior therapy to reduce aggressive behavior: a meta-analysis. European Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 24, 255264.Google Scholar
Smith, P., Perrin, S., Dalgleish, T., Meiser-Stedman, R., Clark, D. M., & Yule, W. (2013). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 26, 6672.Google Scholar
Sourander, A., Elonheimo, H., Niemelä, S., Nuutila, A.-M., Helenius, H., Sillanmäki, L., … & Almqvist, F. (2006). Childhood predictors of male criminality: A prospective population – based follow – up study from age 8 to late adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 578586.Google Scholar
Spohr, H. L., Willms, J., & Steinhausen, H. C. (1993). Prenatal alcohol exposure and long-term developmental consequences. Lancet, 341, 907910.Google Scholar
Steiner, H., Silverman, M., Karnik, N. S., Huemer, J., Plattner, B., Clark, C. E., … & Haapanen, R. (2011). Psychopathology, trauma and delinquency: subtypes of aggression and their relevance for understanding young offenders. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Mental Health, 5, 21.Google Scholar
Steinhausen, H.-C., Eschmann, S., & Winkler Metzke, C. (2007). Continuity, psychosocial correlates, and outcome of problematic substance use from adolescence to young adulthood in a community sample. Child Adolescent Psychiatry Mental Health, 1, 12.Google Scholar
Steinhausen, H.-C. & Gillberg, C. (2006). Brain disorders. In Gillberg, C., Harrington, R., & Steinhausen, H.-C. (Eds), A clinician’s handbook of child and adolescent psychiatry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Steinhausen, H.-C., Willms, J., & Spohr, H. L. (1993). Long-term psychopathological and cognitive outcome of children with fetal alcohol syndrome. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 990994.Google Scholar
Steinhausen, H.-C. & Winkler Metzke, C. (2003). The validity of adolescent types of alcohol use. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 677686.Google Scholar
Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Wei, E., Loeber, R., & Masten, A. S. (2004). Desistance from persistent serious delinquency in the transition to adulthood. Development and Psychopathology, 16, 897918.Google Scholar
Streissguth, A. P., Barr, H. M., Kogan, J., & Bookstein, F. L. (1996). Understanding th occurrence of secondary disabilities in clients with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal alcohol effects (FAE). Seattle: University of Washington, Fetal Alcohol and Drug Unit, Tech. Rep. No. 96-06.Google Scholar
Swendsen, J., Burstein, M., Case, B., Conway, K. P., Dierker, L., He, J., & Merikangas, K. R. (2012). Use and abuse of alcohol and illicit drugs in US adolescents: results of the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69, 390398.Google Scholar
Swenson, C. C., Schaeffer, C. M., Henggeler, S. W., Faldowski, R., & Mayhew, A. M. (2010). Multisystemic Therapy for Child Abuse and Neglect: a randomized effectiveness trial. Journal of Family Psychology, 24, 497507.Google Scholar
Teplin, L. A., Abram, K. M., McClelland, G. M., Dulcan, M. K., & Mericle, A. A. (2002). Psychiatric disorders in youth in juvenile detention. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 11331143.Google Scholar
Tremblay, R. E. (2012). The Development of Physical Aggression. Encyclopedia of early child development. Retrieved August 28, 2016, from www.child-encyclopedia.com/.Google Scholar
van der Stouwe, T., Asscher, J. J., Stams, G. J., Dekovic, M., & van der Laan, P. H. (2014). The effectiveness of Multisystemic Therapy (MST): a meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 34, 468481.Google Scholar
Viding, E., Sebastian, C. L., Dadds, M. R., Lockwood, P. L., Cecil, C. A., De Brito, S. A., & McCrory, E. J. (2012). Amygdala response to preattentive masked fear in children with conduct problems: the role of callous-unemotional traits. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 11091116.Google Scholar
Vreugdenhil, C., Vermeiren, R., Wouters, L. F., Doreleijers, T. A., & van den Brink, W. (2004). Psychotic symptoms among male adolescent detainees in The Netherlands. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30, 7386.Google Scholar
Weiss, B. & Catron, T. (1994). Specificity of the comorbidity of aggression and depression in children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 22, 389401.Google Scholar
Wichstrom, L., Berg-Nielsen, T. S., Angold, A., Egger, H. L., Solheim, E., & Sveen, T. H. (2012). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in preschoolers. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53, 695705.Google Scholar
Wilson, H. W., Stover, C. S., & Berkowitz, S. J. (2009). Research review: the relationship between childhood violence exposure and juvenile antisocial behavior: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 769779.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (1992). The International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision (ICD-10) Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Young, S. & Thome, J. (2011). ADHD and offenders. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 12(Suppl. 1), 124128.Google Scholar

References

Baron, S. (2003). Self-control, social consequences and criminal behavior: Street youth and the general theory of crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 40, 403425.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. & Heatherton, T. (1996). Self-regulation failure: An overview. Psychological Inquiry, 7, 115.Google Scholar
Boyum, D. & Kleiman, M. (1995). Alcohol and other drugs. In Wilson, J. & Petersilia, J. (Eds), Crime. San Francisco: ICS Press.Google Scholar
Brannigan, A., Gemmell, W., Pevalin, D., & Wade, T. (2002). Self-control and social control in childhood misconduct and aggression: The role of family structure, hyperactivity, and hostile parenting. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 9, 142160.Google Scholar
Britt, C. (1994). Versatility. In T. Hirschi & M. Gottfredson (Eds), The Generality of Deviance. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.Google Scholar
Brownfield, D. & Sorenson, S. (1993). Self-control and juvenile delinquency: Theoretical issues and empirical assessment of selected elements of A General Theory of Crime. Deviant Behavior, 14, 243264.Google Scholar
Burt, C., Simons, R., & Simons, L. G. (2006). A longitudinal test of the effects of parenting and the stability of self-control: Negative evidence for the general theory of crime. Criminology, 44, 353396.Google Scholar
Burton, V., Evans, T. D., Cullen, F., Olivares, K., & Dunaway, R. (1995). Age, self-control, and adults’ offending behaviors: A research note assessing A General Theory of Crime. Journal of Criminal Justice, 27(1), 4554.Google Scholar
Chapple, C., Hope, T., & Whiteford, S. (2005). The direct and indirect effects of parental bonds, parental drug use, and self-control on adolescent substance use. Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse, 14, 1738.Google Scholar
Chapple, C. & Hope, T. (2003). An analysis of the self-control and criminal versatility of gang and dating violence offenders. Violence and Victims, 18, 671690.Google Scholar
Clarke, R. V. (1995). Situational crime prevention. In Tonry, M. & Farrington, D. P. (Eds), Crime and justice: A review of research: Vol. 19. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Clarke, S. & Campbell, F. (1998). Can intervention early prevent crime later? The abecedarian project compared with other programs. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 13(2), 319–343.Google Scholar
Costello, B. & Dunaway, R. (2003). Egotism and delinquent behavior. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18, 572590.Google Scholar
Cohen, L. & Felson, M. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activities approach. American Sociological Review, 44, 588608.Google Scholar
De Li, S. (2004). The impacts of self-control and social bonds on juvenile delinquency in a national sample of mid-adolescents. Deviant Behavior, 2, 351373.Google Scholar
DeLisi, M. (2001a). Designed to fail: Self-control and involvement in the criminal justice system. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 26(1), 131148.Google Scholar
DeLisi, M. (2001b). It’s all in the record: assessing self-control theory with an offender sample. Criminal Justice Review, 26, 116.Google Scholar
DeLisi, M. (2005). Career criminals in society. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
DeLisi, M. & Piquero, A. R. (2011). New frontiers in criminal careers research, 2000–2011: A state-of-the-art review. Journal of Criminal Justice, 39, 289301.Google Scholar
de Ridder, D., Lensvelt-Mulders, G., Finkenauer, C., Stok, F., & Baumeister, R. (2012). Taking stock of self-control: a meta-analysis of how trait self-control relates to a wide range of behaviors. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16, 7699.Google Scholar
Donovan, J., Jessor, R., & Costa, F. (1991). Adolescent health behavior and conventionality-unconventionality: An extension of problem-behavior theory. Health Psychology, 10(1), 5261.Google Scholar
Duckworth, A. (2011). The significance of self-control. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 2639–40.Google Scholar
Eckenrode, J., Zielinske, D., Smith, E., Marcynyszyn, L., Henderson, C. Jr., Kitzman, H., … & Olds, D. (2001). Child maltreatment and the early onset of problem behaviors: Can a program of nurse home visitation break the link? Development and Psychopathology, 13, 873890.Google Scholar
Engel, C. (2012). Low self control as a source of crime: a meta-study. Bonn: Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods.Google Scholar
Erosheva, E., Matsueda, R., & Telesca, D. (2014). Breaking bad: Two decades of life-course data analysis in criminology, developmental psychology, and beyond. Annual Review of Statistics and Applications, 1, 301332.Google Scholar
Farrington, D. (2003). Developmental and life-course criminology: Key theoretical and empirical issues. The 2002 Sutherland Award Address. Criminology, 41, 221255.Google Scholar
Gibbs, J., Giever, D., & Higgins, G. (2003). A test of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory using structural equation modeling. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 35(4), 441–458.Google Scholar
Gibbs, J., Giever, D., & Martin, J. (1998). Parental-management and self-control: An empirical test of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 35, 4272.Google Scholar
Glueck, S. & Glueck, E. (1950). Unraveling juvenile delinquency. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Gottfredson, M. (2013). A note on the role of basic theory in thinking about crime prevention. European Journal of Criminal Policy and Research, 19, 9197.Google Scholar
Gottfredson, M. (2011a). Sanctions, situations, and agency in control theories of crime. European Journal of Criminology, 8, 129143.Google Scholar
Gottfredson, M. (2011b). Some advantages of a crime-free criminology. In Bosworth, M. & Hoyle, C. (Eds), What is criminology? (p. 3548). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gottfredson, M. (2006). The empirical status of control theories in criminology. In Cullen, F. et al. (Eds), Taking Stock: The Empirical Status of Theory in Criminology. New Brunswick: Transaction.Google Scholar
Gottfredson, S. & Gottfredson, D. (1994). Behavioral prediction and the problem of incapacitation. Criminology, 32, 441474.Google Scholar
Gottfredson, M. & Hirschi, T. (2016). The criminal career perspective as an explanation of crime and a guide to crime control policy: The view from general theories of crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 53, 406419.Google Scholar
Gottfredson, M. & Hirschi, T. (1995). National crime control policies. Society, 32(2), 3036.Google Scholar
Gottfredson, M. & Hirschi, T. (1994). The Generalilty of Deviance. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.Google Scholar
Gottfredson, M. & Hirschi, T. (1993). A control theory interpretation of psychological research on aggression. In Felson, R. & Tedeschi, J. (Eds), Aggression and Violence. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Gottfredson, M. & Hirschi, T. (1991). Three facts and their implications for research on crime. In Albrecht, G. & Otto, H. (Eds), Social Prevention and the Social Sciences (pp. 525–537). New York: de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Gottfredson, M. R. & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Gottfredson, M. R. & Hirschi, T. (1990a). Substantive positivism and the idea of crime. Rationality and Society, 2, 412428.Google Scholar
Greenwood, P. (2006). Changing lives: Delinquency prevention as crime control policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Heckman, J. (2006). Skill formation and the economics of investing in disadvantaged children. Science, 312, 19001902.Google Scholar
Heckman, J. (2007). The economics, technology, and neuroscience of human capability formation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(33), 1325013255.Google Scholar
Hindelang, M., Gottfredson, M., & Garofalo, J. (1978). Victims of personal crime: An empirical foundation for a theory of personal victimization. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.Google Scholar
Hindelang, M., Hirschi, T., & Weis, J. G. (1981). Measuring delinquency. Beverley Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Hirschi, T. (2004). Self-control and crime. In Baumeister, R. & Vohs, K. (Eds), Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory and applications. New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of delinquency. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hirschi, T. & Gottfredson, M. R. (2003). Punishment of children from the point of view of control theory.” In Britt, C. & Gottfredson, M. (Eds), Control theories of crime and delinquency. New Brunswick: Transaction.Google Scholar
Hirschi, T. & Gottfredson, M. (1995). Control theory and the life-course perspective. Studies of Crime and Crime Prevention, 4, 131142.Google Scholar
Hirschi, T. & Gottfredson, M. (1994). The generality of deviance. New Brunswick: Transaction.Google Scholar
Hirschi, T. & Gottfredson, M. (1983). Age and the explanation of crime. American Journal of Sociology, 89, 552584.Google Scholar
Hirschi, T. & Selvin, H. (1967). Delinquency research. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Hirtenlehner, H. & Kunz, F. (2017). Can self-control theory explain offending in late adulthood? Evidence from Germany. Journal of Criminal Justice, 48, 3747.Google Scholar
Junger, M., Stroebe, W., & van der Laan, A. (2001). Delinquency, health behaviour and health. British Journal of Health Psychology, 6(2), 103120.Google Scholar
Junger, M. & Tremblay, R. (1999). Self-control, accidents, and crime. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 26(4), 485501.Google Scholar
Junger, M., van der Heijden, P., & Keane, C. (2001). Interrelated harms: Examining the associations between victimization, accidents, and criminal behavior. International Journal of Injury Control & Safety Promotion, 8, 1328.Google Scholar
Keane, C., Maxim, P., & Teevan, J. (1993). Drinking and driving, self control, and gender: Testing the general theory of crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30, 3046.Google Scholar
Kobayashi, E., Vazsonyi, A., Chen, P., & Sharp, S. (2010). A culturally nuanced test of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s “general theory”: Dimensionality and generalizability in Japan and in the U.S. International Criminal Justice Review, 20, 112131.Google Scholar
Laub, J. & Sampson, R. J. (2003). Shared beginnings, divergent lives. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lanier, M. & Henry, S. (2004). Essential Criminology. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
LeBlanc, M. & Girard, S. (1997). The generality of deviance: Replication over two decades with a Canadian sample of adjudicated boys. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 34, 171183.Google Scholar
Loeber, R. & Dishion, T. (1983). Early predictors of male delinquency: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 94, 6899.Google Scholar
Loeber, R. & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1986). Family factors as correlates and predictors of juvenile conduct problems and delinquency. In Tonry, M. & Morris, N. (Eds), Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Macmillan, R. (2008). Review of key issues in criminal career research. Contemporary Sociology, 37(2), 159160.Google Scholar
Marcus, B. (2004). Self-control in the general theory of crime: Theoretical implications of a measurement problem. Theoretical Criminology, 8(1), 3355.Google Scholar
Marcus, B. (2003). An empirical examination of the construct validity of two alternative self-control measures. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63(4), 674706.Google Scholar
Maxfield, M. & Widom, C. (1996). The cycle of violence revisited 6 years later. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 150, 390395.Google Scholar
McCord, W. & McCord, J.. (1959). Origins of crime. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Peake, P. (1988). The nature of adolescent competencies predicted by preschool delay of gratification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 687696.Google Scholar
Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., … & Sears, M. R. (2011). A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(7), 26932698.Google Scholar
Moffitt, T. E., Poulton, R., & Caspi, A. (2013). Lifelong impact of early self-control. American Scientist, 101, 352359.Google Scholar
Olds, D., Pettitt, L. M., Robinson, J., Henderson, C., Eckenrode, J., Kitzman, H., … & Powers, J. (1998). Reducing risks for antisocial behavior with a program of prenatal and early childhood home visitation. Journal of Community Psychology, 26(1), 6583.Google Scholar
Osgood, D. L., Johnston, P. O’Malley, , & Bachman, J. (1988). The generality of deviance in late adolescence and early adulthood. American Sociological Review, 53, 8193.Google Scholar
Perrone, D, Sullivan, C., Pratt, T., & Margaryan, S. (2004). Parental efficacy, self-control, and delinquency: A test of a general theory of crime on a nationally representative sample of youth. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 48, 298312.Google Scholar
Piquero, A., Farrington, D., Welsh, B., Tremblay, R., & Jennings, W. (2009). Effects of early family/parent training programs on antisocial behavior and delinquency. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 5, 83120.Google Scholar
Piquero, A., Jennings, R., Diamons, G., & Farrington, D. (2016). A meta-analysis update on the effects of early family/parent training programs on antisocial behavior and delinquency. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 12(2), 229–248.Google Scholar
Piquero, A., Jennings, W., & Farrington, D. (2010). On the malleability of self-control: Theoretical and policy implications regarding a general theory of crime. Justice Quarterly, 27, 803–34.Google Scholar
Pratt, T. & Cullen, F. (2000). The empirical status of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime: A meta-analysis. Criminology, 38, 931964.Google Scholar
Ribeaud, D. & Eisner, M. (2010). Risk factors for aggression in preadolescence. European Journal of Criminology, 7(6), 460–498.Google Scholar
Robbins, L. (1966). Deviant children grown up. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.Google Scholar
Sampson, R. & Laub, J. (1995). Crime in the Making: Pathways and turning points through life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Schulz, S. (2006). Beyond self-control: Analysis and critique of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime. Berlin: Duncker and Hirbult.Google Scholar
Sellers, C. (1999). Self-control and intimate violence: An examination of the scope and specification of the general theory of crime. Criminology, 37, 375404.Google Scholar
Skardhamar, T. (2009). Reconsidering the theory of adolescent-limited and life-course persistent anti-social behaviour. British Journal of Criminology, 49, 863878.Google Scholar
Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004). High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of Personality, 72(2), 271324.Google Scholar
Tittle, C. R., Ward, D. A., & Grasmick, H. G. (2003). Gender, age, and crime/deviance: A challenge to self-control theory. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 40(4), 426453.Google Scholar
Tittle, C. R., Ward, D. A., & Grasmick, H. G. (2004). Capacity for self-control and individuals’ interest in exercising self-control. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 20(2), 143172.Google Scholar
Unnever, J. D. & Cornell, D. G. (2003). Bullying, self-control, and ADHD. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18(2), 129147.Google Scholar
Vazsonyi, A. & Belliston, L. (2007). The family, low self-control and deviance. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34(4), 505–530.Google Scholar
Vazsonyi, A. T., Mikuska, J., & Kelley, E. (2017). It’s time: A meta-analysis on the self-control deviance link. Journal of Criminal Justice, 48, 4863.Google Scholar
Vazsonyi, A. T., Pickering, L. E., Junger, M., & Hessing, D. (2001). An empirical test of a general theory of crime: A four-nation comparative study of self-control and the prediction of deviance. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38(2), 91131.Google Scholar
Vazsonyi, A. T., Wittekind, J. E. C., Belliston, L. M., & Van Loh, T. D. (2004). Extending the General Theory of Crime to “The East”: Low self-control in Japanese late adolescents. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 20(3), 189216.Google Scholar
Vold, G., Bernard, T., & Snipes, J. (2002). Theoretical Criminology. 5th Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
West, D. & Farrington, D. P. (1973). Who becomes delinquent? London: Heineman.Google Scholar
Wolfgang, M., Figlio, R., & Sellin, T. 1972. Delinquency in a Birth Cohort. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Wright, J. & Cullen, F. (2001). Parental efficacy and delinquency behavior: Do control and support matter? Criminology, 39, 677–706.Google Scholar
Zhang, L., Welte, J., & Wieczorek, W. (2002). Underlying common factors of adolescent problem behaviors. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 29, 161182.Google Scholar

References

Adams, R. E., Bukowski, W. M., & Bagwell, C. (2005). Stability of aggression during early adolescence as moderated by reciprocated friendship status and friend’s aggression. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29(2), 139145.Google Scholar
Allen, J. P., Porter, M. R., & McFarland, F. C. (2006). Leaders and followers in adolescent close friendships: Susceptibility to peer influence as a predictor of risky behavior, friendship instability, and depression. Development and Psychopathology, 18(1), 155172.Google Scholar
Allen, J. P., Porter, M. R., McFarland, F. C., Marsh, P., & McElhaney, K. B. (2005). The two faces of adolescents’ success with peers: Adolescent popularity, social adaptation, and deviant behavior. Child Development, 76(3), 747760.Google Scholar
August, G. J., Bloomquist, M. L., Realmuto, G. M., & Hektner, J. M. (2007). The Early Risers “Skills for Success” program: A targeted intervention for preventing conduct problems and substance abuse in aggressive elementary school children. In Tolan, P., Szapocznik, J. & Sambrano, S. (Eds), Preventing youth substance abuse: Science-based programs for children and adolescents (pp. 137158). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
August, G. J., Egan, E. A., Realmuto, G. M., & Hektner, J. M. (2003). Four years of the early risers early-age-targeted preventive intervention: Effects on aggressive children’s peer relations. Behavior Therapy, 34, 453470.Google Scholar
Bagwell, C. L. & Coie, J. D. (2004). The best friendships of aggressive boys: Relationship quality, conflict management, and rule-breaking behavior. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 88, 524.Google Scholar
Baker, L. A. & Daniels, D. (1990). Nonshared environmental-influences and personality-differences in adult twins. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(1), 103110.Google Scholar
Beaver, K. M. (2008). Nonshared environmental influences on adolescent delinquent involvement and adult criminal behavior. Criminology, 46(2), 341369.Google Scholar
Beaver, K. M., DeLisi, M., Wright, J. P., & Vaughn, M. G. (2009). Gene-environment interplay and delinquent involvement evidence of direct, indirect, and interactive effects. Journal of Adolescent Research, 24(2), 147168.Google Scholar
Beaver, K. M., Schutt, J. E., Boutwell, B. B., Ratchford, M., Roberts, K., & Barnes, J. C. (2009). Genetic and environmental influences on levels of self-control and delinquent peer affiliation. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36(1), 4160.Google Scholar
Boivin, M. & Vitaro, F. (1995). The impact of peer relationships on aggression in childhood: Inhibition through coercion or promotion through peer support. In McCord, J. (ed.), Coercion and punishment in long-term perspectives (pp. 183197). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Boivin, M., Vitaro, F., & Poulin, F. (2005). Peer relationships and the development of aggressive behavior in early childhood. In Tremblay, R. E., Hartup, W. W. & Archer, J. (Eds), Developmental origins of aggression (pp. 376397). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Botvin, G. J., Griffin, K. W., & Nichols, T. D. (2006). Preventing youth violence and delinquency through a universal school-based prevention approach. Prevention Science, 7(4), 403408.Google Scholar
Brendgen, M. (2012). Genetics and peer relations: A review. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 22(3), 419437.Google Scholar
Brendgen, M., Boivin, M., Vitaro, F., Bukowski, W. M., Dionne, G., Tremblay, R. E., & Pérusse, D. (2008). Linkages between children’s and their friends’ social and physical aggression: Evidence for a gene-environment interaction. Child Development, 79(1), 1329.Google Scholar
Brendgen, M., Girard, A., Vitaro, F., Dionne, G., & Boivin, M. (2013). Do peer group norms moderate the expression of genetic risk for aggression? Journal of Criminal Justice, 41(5), 324330.Google Scholar
Brendgen, M., Vitaro, F., & Bukowski, W. M. (2000a). Deviant friends and early adolescents’ emotional and behavioral adjustment. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 10(2), 173189.Google Scholar
Brody, G. H., Ge, X., Conger, R. D., Gibbons, F. X., Murry, V. M., Gerrard, M., & Simons, R. L. (2001). The influence of neighborhood disadvantage, collective socialization, and parenting on African American children’s affiliation with deviant peers. Child Development, 72(4), 12311246.Google Scholar
Bronfenbrenner, U. & Ceci, S. J. (1994). Nature-nurture reconceptualized in developmental perspective – A bioecological model. Psychological Review, 101(4), 568586.Google Scholar
Bukowski, W. M., Newcomb, A. F., & Hartup, W. W. (1996). The company they keep: Friendship in childhood and adolescence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Button, T. M. M., Corley, R. P., Rhee, S. H., Hewitt, J. K., Young, S. E., & Stallings, M. C. (2007). Delinquent peer affiliation and conduct problems: A twin study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116(3), 554564.Google Scholar
Cairns, R., Xie, H., & Leung, M. (1998). The popularity of friendship and the neglect of social networks: Toward a new balance. In Bukowski, W. M. & Cillessen, A. H. (Eds), Sociometry then and now: Building on six decades of measuring children’s experiences with the paper group: No. 80. New directions for child development (pp. 524). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Cairns, R. B., Perrin, J. E., & Cairns, B. D. (1985). Social structure and social cognition in early adolescence: Affiliative patterns. Journal of Early Adolescence, 5, 339355.Google Scholar
Chamberlain, P. & Reid, J. B. (1998). Comparison of two community alternative to incarceration for chronic juvenile offenders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 624633.Google Scholar
Cleveland, H. H., Wiebe, R. P., & Rowe, D. C. (2005). Sources of exposure to smoking and drinking friends among adolescents: A behavioral-genetic evaluation. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 166(2), 153169.Google Scholar
Cohen, G. L. & Prinstein, M. J. (2006). Peer contagion of aggression and health risk behavior among adolescent males: An experimental investigation of effects on public conduct and private attitudes. Child Development, 77(4), 967983.Google Scholar
Deptula, D. P. & Cohen, R. (2004). Aggressive, rejected, and delinquent children and adolescents: A comparison of their friendships. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9, 75104.Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J. (1990). Peer context of troublesome behavior in children and adolescents. In Leone, P. (Ed.), Understanding troubled and troublesome youth (pp. 128153). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J., Andrews, D. W., & Crosby, L. (1995). Antisocial boys and their friends in early adolescence: Relationship characteristics, quality, and interactional processes. Child Development, 66(1), 139151.Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J., Burraston, B., & Poulin, F. (2001). Peer group dynamics associated with iatrogenic effects in group interventions with high-risk young adolescents. In Erdley, C. & Nangle, D. W. (Eds), New directions in child development: The role of friendship in psychological adjustment (pp. 7992). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J., Nelson, S. E., Winter, C. E., & Bullock, B. M. (2004). Adolescent friendship as a dynamic system: Entropy and deviance in the etiology and course of male antisocial behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32(6), 651663.Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J., Spracklen, K. M., Andrews, D. W., & Patterson, G. R. (1996). Deviancy training in male adolescent friendships. Behavior Therapy, 27, 373390.Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J. & Tipsord, J. M. (2011). Peer Contagion in Child and Adolescent Social and Emotional Development. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 189214.Google Scholar
Donaldson, S. I., Graham, J. W., Piccinin, A. M., & Hansen, W. B. (1995). Resistance-skills training and onset of alcohol use: Evidence for beneficial and potentially harmful effects in public schools and in private Catholic schools. Health Psychology, 14(4), 291300.Google Scholar
Eddy, J. M., Whaley, R. B., & Chamberlain, P. (2004). The prevention of violent behavior by chronic and serious male juvenile offenders: A 2-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 12(1), 28.Google Scholar
Elliott, D. S., Huizinga, D., & Ageton, S. S. (1985). Explaining delinquency and drug use. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Ellis, W. E., Chung-Hall, J., & Dumas, T. M. (2013). The role of peer group aggression in predicting adolescent dating violence and relationship quality. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(4), 487499.Google Scholar
Ellis, W. E. & Zarbatany, L. (2007). Peer group status as a moderator of group influence on children’s deviant, aggressive, and prosocial behavior. Child Development, 78(4), 12401254.Google Scholar
Engle, J. M., McElwain, N. L., & Lasky, N. (2011). Presence and quality of kindergarten children’s friendships: Concurrent and longitudinal associations with child adjustment in the early school years. Infant and Child Development, 20(4), 365386.Google Scholar
Estell, D. B., Cairns, R. B., Farmer, T. W., & Cairns, B. D. (2002). Aggression in inner-city early elementary classroom: Individual and peer-group configurations. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 48(1), 5276.Google Scholar
Farrell, A. D., Henry, D. B., Mays, S. A., & Schoeny, M. E. (2011). Parents as moderators of the impact of school norms and peer influences on aggression in middle school students. [Article]. Child Development, 82(1), 146161.Google Scholar
Farrington, D. P. (1995). The Twelfth Jack Tizard Memorial Lecture: The development of offending and antisocial behaviour from childhood: Key findings from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 36(6), 929964.Google Scholar
Farrington, D. P. & West, D. J. (1993). Criminal, penal and life histories of chronic offenders: Risk and protective factors and early identification. Criminal Behavior and Mental Health, 3, 492523.Google Scholar
Feinberg, A. B. & Shapiro, E. S. (2003). Accuracy of teacher judgments in predicting oral reading fluency. School Psychology Quarterly, 18(1), 5265.Google Scholar
Feldman, R. A. (1992). The St. Louis experiment: Effective treatment of antisocial youths in prosocial peer groups. In McCord, J. & Tremblay, R. E. (Eds), Preventing Antisocial Behavior: Interventions from Birth to Adolescents (pp. 233252). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Fergusson, D. M., Vitaro, F., Wanner, B., & Brendgen, M. (2007). Protective and compensatory factors mitigating the influence of deviant friends on delinquent behaviours during early adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 30(1), 3350.Google Scholar
Galambos, N. L., Barker, E. T., & Almeida, D. M. (2003). Parents do matter: Trajectories of change in externalizing and internalizing problems in early adolescence. Child Development, 74, 578594.Google Scholar
Gardner, T. W., Dishion, T. J., & Connell, A. M. (2008). Adolescent self-regulation as resilience: Resistance to antisocial behavior within the deviant peer context. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(2), 273284.Google Scholar
Gottfredson, M. R. & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Greenberg, M. T., Kusche, C. A., Cook, E. T., & Quamma, J. P. (1995). Promoting emotional competence in school-aged children: The effects of the paths curriculum. Development and Psychopathology, 7(1), 117136.Google Scholar
Guo, G., Elder, G. H., Cai, T. J., & Hamilton, N. (2009). Gene-environment interactions: Peers’ alcohol use moderates genetic contribution to adolescent drinking behavior. Social Science Research, 38(1), 213224.Google Scholar
Harden, K. P., Hill, J. E., Turkheimer, E., & Emery, R. E. (2008). Gene-environment correlation and interaction in peer effects on adolescent alcohol and tobacco use. Behavior Genetics, 38(4), 339347.Google Scholar
Harris, J. R. (1995). Where is the child’s environment: A group socialization theory of development. Psychological Review, 102(3), 458489.Google Scholar
Hartup, W. W. (2005). Peer interaction: What causes what? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33(3), 387394.Google Scholar
Haynie, D. L. (2001). Delinquent peers revisited: Does network structure matter? American Journal of Sociology, 106(4), 10131057.Google Scholar
Hektner, J. M., August, G. J., Bloomquist, M. L., Lee, S., & Klimes-Dougan, B. (2014). A 10-Year Randomized Controlled Trial of the Early Risers Conduct Problems Preventive Intervention: Effects on Externalizing and Internalizing in Late High School. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(2), 355360.Google Scholar
Hektner, J. M., August, G. J., & Realmuto, G. M. (2000). Patterns and temporal changes in peer affiliation among aggressive and nonaggressive children participating in a summer school program. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29(4), 603614.Google Scholar
Henry, D., Guerra, N., Huesmann, R., Tolan, P., VanAcker, R., & Eron, L. (2000). Normative influences on aggression in urban elementary school classrooms. American Journal of Community Psychology, 28(1), 5981.Google Scholar
Hou, J. Q., Chen, Z. Y., Natsuaki, M. N., Li, X. Y., Yang, X. D., Zhang, J., & Zhang, J. X. (2013). A longitudinal investigation of the associations among parenting, deviant peer affiliation, and externalizing behaviors: A monozygotic twin differences design. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 16(3), 698706.Google Scholar
Johnson, L. M., Simons, R. L., & Conger, R. D. (2004). Criminal justice system involvement and continuity of youth crime: A longitudinal analysis. Youth & Society, 36, 329.Google Scholar
Johnson, R. E., Marcos, A. C., & Bahr, S. (1987). The role of peers in the complex etiology of drug use. Criminology, 323340.Google Scholar
Jussim, L. & Osgood, D. W. (1989). Influence and similarity among friends: An integrative model applied to incarcerated adolescents. Social Psychology Quarterly, 52, 98112.Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S., Jacobson, K., Myers, J. M., & Eaves, L. J. (2008). A genetically informative developmental study of the relationship between conduct disorder and peer deviance in males. Psychological Medicine, 38(7), 10011011.Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S., Jacobson, K. C., Gardner, C. O., Gillespie, N., Aggen, S. A., & Prescott, C. A. (2007). Creating a social world – A developmental twin study of peer-group deviance. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(8), 958965.Google Scholar
Kim, J. E., Hetherington, E. M., & Reiss, D. (1999). Associations among family relationships, antisocial peers, and adolescents’ externalizing behaviors: Gender and family type differences. Child Development, 70, 12091230.Google Scholar
Kupersmidt, J. B., Burchinal, M., & Patterson, C. J. (1995). Developmental patterns of childhood peer relations as predictors of externalizing behavior problems. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 825843.Google Scholar
Lacourse, É., Nagin, D., Tremblay, R. E., Vitaro, F., & Claes, M. (2003). Developmental trajectories of boys’ delinquent group membership and facilitation of violent behaviors during adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 15(1), 183197.Google Scholar
Laird, R. D., Jordan, K. Y., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (2001). Peer rejection in childhood, involvement with antisocial peers in early adolescence, and the development of externalizing behavior problems. Development and Psychopathology, 13(2), 337354.Google Scholar
Leve, L. D. & Chamberlain, P. (2005). Association with delinquent peers: Intervention effects for youth in the juvenile justice system. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33(3), 339347.Google Scholar
Manke, B., McGuire, S., Reiss, D., Hetherington, E. M., & Plomin, R. (1995). Genetic contributions to adolescents extrafamilial social interactions: Teachers, best friends, and peers. Social Development, 4, 238256.Google Scholar
Marcus, R. F. (1996). The friendships of delinquents. Adolescence, 31(121), 145158.Google Scholar
Mathys, C., Hyde, L. W., Shaw, D. S., & Born, M. (2013). Deviancy and Normative Training Processes in Experimental Groups of Delinquent and Nondelinquent Male Adolescents. Aggressive Behavior, 39(1), 3044.Google Scholar
Mercer, S. H., McMillen, J. S., & DeRosier, M. E. (2009). Predicting change in children’s aggression and victimization using classroom-level descriptive norms of aggression and pro-social behavior. Journal of School Psychology, 47(4), 267289.Google Scholar
Moffitt, T. E. (2005a). Genetic and environmental influences on antisocial behaviors: Evidence from behavioral-genetic research. In Hall, J. (Ed.), Advances in genetics (Vol. 55, pp. 41104). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers.Google Scholar
Moffitt, T. E. (2005b). The new look of behavioral genetics in developmental psychopathology: Gene-environment interplay in antisocial behaviors. Psychological Bulletin, 131(4), 533554.Google Scholar
Molano, A., Jones, S. M., Brown, J. L., & Aber, J. L. (2013). Selection and socialization of aggressive and prosocial behavior: The moderating role of social-cognitive processes. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 23(3), 424436.Google Scholar
Mrug, S. & Windle, M. (2009). Bidirectional influences of violence exposure and adjustment in early adolescence: Externalizing behaviors and school connectedness. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37(5), 611623.Google Scholar
Müller, C. & Minger, M. (2013). Which children and adolescents are most susceptible to peer influence? A systematic review regarding antisocial behavior. Empirische Sonderpädagogik, 2, 107129.Google Scholar
Müller, C. M., Hofmann, V., Fleischli, J., & Studer, F. (2015). “Tell me what your classmates do and I will tell you what you are going to do?” The influence of classroom composition on the development of problem behavior in school. Zeitschrift Fur Erziehungswissenschaft, 18(3), 569589.Google Scholar
Nijhof, K. S., Scholte, R. H. J., Overbeek, G., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2010). Friends’ and adolescents’ delinquency: The moderating role of social status and reciprocity of friendships [Article]. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 37(3), 289305.Google Scholar
Olweus, D. (1994). Bullying at school: Basic facts and effects of a school based intervention program. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 35(7), 11711190.Google Scholar
Patterson, G. R., Capaldi, D. M., & Bank, L. (1991). An early starter model for predicting delinquency. In Pepler, D. J. & Rubin, K. H. (Eds), The development and treatment of childhood (pp. 139168). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Patterson, G. R., Littman, R. A., & Bricker, W. (1967). Assertive behavior in children: A step toward a theory of aggression. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 32, 143.Google Scholar
Petras, H., Kellam, S. G., Brown, C. H., Muthen, B. O., Ialongo, N. S., & Poduska, J. M. (2008). Developmental epidemiological courses leading to antisocial personality disorder and violent and criminal behavior: Effects by young adulthood of a universal preventive intervention in first- and second-grade classrooms. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 95, S45S59.Google Scholar
Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., & Loehlin, J. C. (1977). Genotype-environment interaction and correlation in the analysis of human behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 84(2), 309322.Google Scholar
Poulin, F., Dishion, T. J., & Burraston, B. (2001). 3-year iatrogenic effects associated with aggregating high-risk adolescents in cognitive-behavioral preventive interventions. Applied Developmental Science, 5, 214224.Google Scholar
Poulin, F., Dishion, T. J., & Haas, E. (1999). The peer influence paradox: Friendship quality and deviancy training within male adolescent friendships. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 45, 4261.Google Scholar
Prinstein, M. J., Boergers, J., & Spirito, A. (2001). Adolescents’ and their friends’ health-risk behavior: Factors that alter or add to peer influence. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 26, 287298.Google Scholar
Prinstein, M. J., Brechwald, W. A., & Cohen, G. L. (2011). Susceptibility to Peer Influence: Using a Performance-Based Measure to Identify Adolescent Males at Heightened Risk for Deviant Peer Socialization. Developmental Psychology, 47(4), 11671172.Google Scholar
Prinstein, M. J. & Giletta, M. (2016). Peer relations and developmental psychopathology. In Cicchetti, D. (Ed.), Developmental psychopathology (3rd ed., vol. 1, pp. 527-579). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Rhee, S. H. & Waldman, I. D. (2002). Genetic and environmental influences on antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 490529.Google Scholar
Rodkin, P. C., Farmer, T. W., Pearl, R., & Van Acker, R. (2006). They’re cool: Social status and peer group supports for aggressive boys and girls. Social Development, 15(2), 175204.Google Scholar
Rose, R. J. (2002). How do adolescents select their friends? A behavior-genetic perspective. In Pulkkinen, L. & Caspi, A. (Eds), Paths to successful development: Personality in the life course (pp. 106125). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rowe, D. C. & Osgood, D. W. (1984). Heredity and sociological theories of delinquency: A reconsideration. American Sociological Review, 49, 526540.Google Scholar
Rutter, M., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2006). Gene-environment interplay and psychopathology: multiple varieties but real effects. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(34), 226261.Google Scholar
Salmivalli, C., Kärnä, A., & Poskiparta, E. (2011). Counteracting bullying in Finland: The KiVa program and its effects on different forms of being bullied. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35(5), 405411.Google Scholar
Salvas, M.-C., Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., & Cantin, S. (2016). Prospective links between friendship and early physical aggression: Preliminary evidence supporting the role of friendship quality through a dyadic intervention. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 62(3), 285305.Google Scholar
Salvas, M.-C., Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., Dionne, G., Tremblay, R. E., & Boivin, M. (2014). Friendship conflict and the development of generalized physical aggression in the early school years: A genetically informed study of potential moderators. Developmental Psychology, 50(6), 17941807.Google Scholar
Salvas, M.-C., Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., Lacourse, E., Boivin, M., & Tremblay, R. E. (2011). Interplay between friends’ aggression and friendship quality in the development of child aggression during the early school years. Social Development, 20(4), 645663.Google Scholar
Shanahan, M. J. & Hofer, S. M. (2005). Social context in gene-environment interactions: Retrospect and prospect. Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60 (Special Issue 1), 6576.Google Scholar
Snyder, J., Schrepferman, L., Oeser, J., Patterson, G., Stoolmiller, M., Johnson, K., & Snyder, A. (2005). Deviancy training and association with deviant peers in young children: Occurrence and contribution to early-onset conduct problems. Development and Psychopathology, 17(2), 397413.Google Scholar
Steinberg, L. & Monahan, K. C. (2007). Age differences in resistance to peer influence. Developmental Psychology, 43(6), 15311543.Google Scholar
Sullivan, H. S. (1953). The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Sutherland, E. (1947). Principles of criminology (3rd edition). Philadelphia: Lippincott.Google Scholar
Tarantino, N., Tully, E. C., Garcia, S. E., South, S., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2014). Genetic and environmental influences on affiliation with deviant peers during adolescence and early adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 50(3), 663673.Google Scholar
Thomas, D. E., Bierman, K. L., & Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (2006). The impact of classroom aggression on the development of aggressive behavior problems in children. Development and Psychopathology, 18(2), 471487.Google Scholar
Thomas, D. E., Bierman, K. L., Powers, C. J., & Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (2011). The Influence of Classroom Aggression and Classroom Climate on Aggressive-Disruptive Behavior. Child Development, 82(3), 751757.Google Scholar
Tuvblad, C. & Baker, L. (2011). Human aggression across the lifespan: Genetic propensities and environmental moderators (ch. 8). In Huber, R., Brennan, P. & Bannasch, D. (Eds), Advances in genetics: Aggression (Vol. 75, pp. 171214). Boston, MA: Elsevier Press.Google Scholar
Urberg, K. A., Degirmencioglu, S. M., & Pilgrim, C. (1997). Close friend and group influence on adolescent cigarette smoking and alcohol use. Developmental Psychology, 33(5), 834844.Google Scholar
van Lier, P. A. C., Wanner, B., & Vitaro, F. (2007). Onset of antisocial behavior, affiliation with deviant friends, and childhood maladjustment: A test of the childhood- and adolescent-onset models. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 167185.Google Scholar
Veenstra, R. & Dijkstra, J. K. (2011). Transformations in adolescent peer networks. In Laursen, B. & Collins, W. A. (Eds), Relationship Pathways: From Adolescence to Young Adulthood (pp. 135154). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Viding, E., Larsson, H., & Jones, A. P. (2008). Quantitative genetic studies of antisocial behaviour. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 363(1503), 25192527.Google Scholar
Vitaro, F., Barker, E. D., Brendgen, M., & Tremblay, R. E. (2012). Pathways explaining the reduction of adult criminal behaviour by a randomized preventive intervention for disruptive kindergarten children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(7), 748756.Google Scholar
Vitaro, F. & Brendgen, M. (2012). Subtypes of aggressive behaviors: Etiologies, development, and consequences. In Bliesener, T., Beelmann, A. & Stemmler, M. (Eds), Antisocial behavior and crime: Contributions of developmental and evaluation research to prevention and intervention (pp. 1738). Cambridge, MA: Hogrefe Publishing.Google Scholar
Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., & Arseneault, L. (2009). The discordant MZ-twin method: One step closer to the holy grail of causality. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 33(4), 376382.Google Scholar
Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., Boivin, M., Cantin, S., Dionne, G., Tremblay, R. E., … & Pérusse, D. (2011). A monozygotic twin difference study of friends’ aggression and children’s adjustment problems. Child Development, 82(2), 617632.Google Scholar
Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., Girard, A., Boivin, M., Dionne, G., & Tremblay, R. E. (2015). The expression of genetic risk for aggressive and non-aggressive antisocial behavior is moderated by peer group norms. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(7), 13791395.Google Scholar
Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., Girard, A., Dionne, G., Tremblay, R. E., & Boivin, M. (2016). Links between friends’ physical aggression and adolescents’ physical aggression: What happens if gene-environment correlations are controlled? International Journal of Behavioral Development, 40(3), 234242.Google Scholar
Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., & Tremblay, R. E. (2000). Influence of deviant friends on delinquency: Searching for moderator variables. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 313325.Google Scholar
Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., & Tremblay, R. E. (2001). Preventive intervention: Assessing its effects on the trajectories of delinquency and testing for mediational processes. Applied Developmental Science, 5(4), 201213.Google Scholar
Vitaro, F., Pedersen, S., & Brendgen, M. (2007). Children’s disruptiveness, peer rejection, friends’ deviancy, and delinquent behaviors: A process-oriented approach. Development and Psychopathology, 19(2), 433453.Google Scholar
Vitaro, F., Tremblay, R. E., Kerr, M., Pagani, L. S., & Bukowski, W. M. (1997). Disruptiveness, friends’ characteristics, and delinquency: A test of two competing models of development. Child Development, 68(4), 676689.Google Scholar
Warren, K., Schoppelrey, S., Moberg, D. P., & McDonald, M. (2005). A model of contagion through competition in the aggressive behaviors of elementary school students. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33(3), 283292.Google Scholar
Witvliet, M., van Lier, P. A. C., Brendgen, M., Koot, H., & Vitaro, F. (2010). Longitudinal associations between clique membership status and internalizing and externalizing problems during late childhood. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 39(5), 693704.Google Scholar

References

Assink, M., van der Put, C. E., Hoeve, M., de Vries, S. L., Stams, G. J. J., & Oort, F. J. (2015). Risk factors for persistent delinquent behavior among juveniles: a meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 42, 4761.Google Scholar
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W. H. Freeman.Google Scholar
Barker, E. D., Oliver, B. R., & Maughan, B. (2010). Co-occurring problems of early onset persistent, childhood limited, and adolescent onset conduct problem youth. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(11), 12171226.Google Scholar
Barnett, W. S., Jung, K., Yarosz, D. J., Thomas, J., Hornbeck, A., Stechuk, R., & Burns, S. (2008). Educational effects of the Tools of the Mind curriculum: A randomized trial. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 23(3), 299313.Google Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P., Hinshaw, S. P., & Pang, K. L. (2010). Comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and early-onset conduct disorder: Biological, environmental, and developmental mechanisms. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 17(4), 327336.Google Scholar
Blair, C. & Raver, C. C. (2012). Individual development and evolution: Experiential canalization of self-regulation. Developmental Psychology, 48(3), 647657.Google Scholar
Blair, C., Raver, C. C., & Finegood, E. D. (2016). Self-Regulation and Developmental Psychopathology: Experiential Canalization of Brain and Behavior. In Cicchetti, D. (Ed.), Developmental Psychopathology (Vol. 2). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Boeldt, D. L., Rhee, S. H., DiLalla, L. F., Mullineaux, P. Y., Schulz-Heik, R. J., Corley, R. P., … & Hewitt, J. K. (2012). The association between positive parenting and externalizing behaviour. Infant and Child Development, 21(1), 85106.Google Scholar
Brennan, L. M., Shelleby, E. C., Shaw, D. S., Gardner, F., Dishion, T. J., & Wilson, M. (2013). Indirect effects of the family check-up on school-age academic achievement through improvements in parenting in early childhood. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(3), 762.Google Scholar
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Bruce, J., Gunnar, M. R., Pears, K. C., & Fisher, P. A. (2013). Early adverse care, stress neurobiology, and prevention science: Lessons learned. Prevention Science, 14(3), 247256.Google Scholar
Brumley, L. D. & Jaffee, S. R. (2016). Defining and distinguishing promotive and protective effects for childhood externalizing psychopathology: a systematic review. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(6), 803815.Google Scholar
Brunwasser, S. M., Gillham, J. E., & Kim, E. S. (2009). A meta-analytic review of the Penn Resiliency Program’s effect on depressive symptoms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(6), 1042.Google Scholar
Buckner, J. C., Mezzacappa, E., & Beardslee, W. R. (2003). Characteristics of resilient youths living in poverty: The role of self-regulatory processes. Development and Psychopathology, 15(1), 139162.Google Scholar
Burt, K. B., Coatsworth, J. D., & Masten, A. S. (2016). Competence and Psychopathology in Development. In Cicchetti, D. (Ed.), Developmental Psychopathology (3rd ed). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Burt, S. A. (2009). Rethinking environmental contributions to child and adolescent psychopathology: A meta-analysis of shared environmental influences. Psychological Bulletin, 135(4), 608.Google Scholar
Burt, S. A., McGue, M., Krueger, R. F., & Iacono, W. G. (2007). Environmental contributions to adolescent delinquency: A fresh look at the shared environment. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35(5), 787800.Google Scholar
Bushman, B. J., Newman, K., Calvert, S. L., Downey, G., Dredze, M., Gottfredson, M., … & Neill, D. B. (2016). Youth violence: What we know and what we need to know. American Psychologist, 71(1), 17.Google Scholar
Chang, H. & Shaw, D. S. (2016). The Emergence of Parent–Child Coercive Processes in Toddlerhood. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 47(2), 226235.Google Scholar
Chang, H., Shaw, D. S., Shelleby, E. C., Dishion, T. J., & Wilson, M. N. (2016). The Long-Term Effectiveness of the Family Check-up on Peer Preference: Parent-Child Interaction and Child Effortful Control as Sequential Mediators. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 113.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D. & Blender, J. A. (2006). A multiple-levels-of-analysis perspective on resilience: Implications for the developing brain, neural plasticity, and preventive interventions. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 1094, 248258.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D. & Rogosch, F. A. (2009). Adaptive coping under conditions of extreme stress: Multilevel influences on the determinants of resilience in maltreated children. New Directions in Child and Adolescent Development, 124, 4759.Google Scholar
Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (1999). Initial impact of the Fast Track prevention trial for conduct problems: I. The high-risk sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67(5), 631.Google Scholar
Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (2002). Using the Fast Track randomized prevention trial to test the early-starter model of the development of serious conduct problems. Development and Psychopathology, 14(4), 925.Google Scholar
Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (2011). The effects of the Fast Track preventive intervention on the development of conduct disorder across childhood. Child Development, 82(1), 331.Google Scholar
Crick, N. R. & Dodge, K. A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children’s social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115(1), 74.Google Scholar
Crick, N. R. & Dodge, K. A. (1996). Social information-processing mechanisms in reactive and proactive aggression. Child Development, 67(3), 9931002.Google Scholar
Crick, N. R. & Grotpeter, J. K. (1995). Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment. Child Development, 710722.Google Scholar
Cutuli, J. J., Chaplin, T. M., Gillham, J. E., Reivich, K. J., & Seligman, M. E. (2006). Preventing Co-Occurring Depression Symptoms in Adolescents with Conduct Problems. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094(1), 282286.Google Scholar
Cutuli, J. J., Gillham, J. E., Chaplin, T. M., Reivich, K. J., Seligman, M. E., Gallop, R. J., … & Freres, D. R. (2013). Preventing adolescents’ externalizing and internalizing symptoms: Effects of the Penn Resiliency Program. International Journal of Emotional Education, 5(2), 67.Google Scholar
Cutuli, J. J., Herbers, J. E., Masten, A. S., & Reed, M. G. J. (in press). Resilience in Development Handbook of Positive Psychology (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Diamond, A., Barnett, W. S., Thomas, J., & Munro, S. (2007). Preschool program improves cognitive control. Science, 318(5855), 13871388.Google Scholar
Diamond, A. & Lee, K. (2011). Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4–12 years old. Science, 333(6045), 959964. doi: 10.1126/science.1204529.Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J., Brennan, L. M., Shaw, D. S., McEachern, A. D., Wilson, M. N., & Jo, B. (2014). Prevention of problem behavior through annual family check-ups in early childhood: intervention effects from home to early elementary school. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42(3), 343354.Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J. & Patterson, G. R. (2016). The development and ecology of antisocial behavior: Linking etiology, prevention, and treatment. In Cicchetti, D. (Ed.), Developmental Psychopathology (3rd ed., pp. 647478). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J., Shaw, D., Connell, A., Gardner, F., Weaver, C., & Wilson, M. (2008). The family check-up With high-risk indigent families: Preventing problem behavior by increasing parents’ positive behavior support in early childhood. Child Development, 79(5), 13951414.Google Scholar
Dodge, K. A. (1986). A social information processing model of social competence in children. In M. Perlmutter (Ed.), Cognitive Perspectives on Children’s Social and Behavioral Development: The Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology, Volume 18 (pp. 77126). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Dodge, K. A. (2006). Translational science in action: Hostile attributional style and the development of aggressive behavior problems. Development and Psychopathology, 18(03), 791814.Google Scholar
Dodge, K. A., Bierman, K. L., Coie, J. D., Greenberg, M. T., Lochman, J. E., McMahon, R. J., & Pinderhughes, E. E. (2015). Impact of Early Intervention on Psychopathology, Crime, and Well-being at Age 25. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 172(1), 5970.Google Scholar
Dodge, K. A. & Pettit, G. S. (2003). A biopsychosocial model of the development of chronic conduct problems in adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 39(2), 349.Google Scholar
Eiland, L. & Romeo, R. D. (2013). Stress and the developing adolescent brain. Neuroscience, 249, 162171.Google Scholar
Elder, G. H. (1998). The life course as developmental theory. Child Development, 69, 112.Google Scholar
Evans, G. W. & Kim, P. (2013). Childhood poverty, chronic stress, self-regulation, and coping. Child Development Perspectives, 7(1), 4348.Google Scholar
Frick, P. J., Blair, R. J., & Castellanos, F. X. (2013). Callous-unemotional traits and developmental pathways to the disruptive behavior disorders. In P. H. Tolan and B. L. Leventhal (Eds), Disruptive Behavior Disorders (pp. 69102). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Frick, P. J. & Morris, A. S. (2004). Temperament and developmental pathways to conduct problems. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33(1), 5468.Google Scholar
Galán, C. A., Shaw, , Dishion, D. S., , T. J., & Wilson, M. N. (2016). Neighborhood deprivation during early childhood and conduct problems in middle childhood: mediation by aggressive response generation. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 112.Google Scholar
Gardner, F., Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., Burton, J., & Supplee, L. (2007). Randomized prevention trial for early conduct problems: Effects on proactive parenting and links to toddler disruptive behavior. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(3), 398.Google Scholar
Ge, X., Conger, R. D., Cadoret, R. J., Neiderhiser, J. M., Yates, W., Troughton, E., & Stewart, M. A. (1996). The developmental interface between nature and nurture: a mutual influence model of child antisocial behavior and parent behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 32(4), 574.Google Scholar
Gershoff, E. T., Lansford, J. E., Sexton, H. R., Davis-Kean, P., & Sameroff, A. J. (2012). Longitudinal links between spanking and children’s externalizing behaviors in a national sample of White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian American families. Child Development, 83(3), 838843.Google Scholar
Gifford-Smith, M., Dodge, K. A., Dishion, T. J., & McCord, J. (2005). Peer influence in children and adolescents: Crossing the bridge from developmental to intervention science. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33(3), 255265.Google Scholar
Gottlieb, G. (1991). Experiential canalization of behavioral development: Theory. Developmental Psychology, 27(1), 413.Google Scholar
Greenberg, M. T., Weissberg, R. P., O’Brien, M. U., Zins, J. E., Fredericks, L., Resnik, H., & Elias, M. J. (2003). Enhancing school-based prevention and youth development through coordinated social, emotional, and academic learning. American Psychologist, 58(67), 466.Google Scholar
Haberstick, B. C., Schmitz, S., Young, S. E., & Hewitt, J. K. (2005). Contributions of genes and environments to stability and change in externalizing and internalizing problems during elementary and middle school. Behavior Genetics, 35(4), 381396.Google Scholar
Hamre, B. K. & Pianta, R. C. (2001). Early teacher–child relationships and the trajectory of children’s school outcomes through eighth grade. Child Development, 72(2), 625638.Google Scholar
Herbers, J. E., Cutuli, J. J., Lafavor, T. L., Vrieze, D., Leibel, C., Obradovic, J., & Masten, A. S. (2011). Direct and indirect effects of parenting on academic functioning of young homeless children. Early Education and Development, 22(1), 77104.Google Scholar
Herbers, J. E., Cutuli, J. J., Monn, A. R., Narayan, A. J., & Masten, A. S. (2014). Trauma, Adversity, and Parent-Child Relationships Among Young Children Experiencing Homelessness. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42(7), 11671174.Google Scholar
Herbers, J. E., Cutuli, J. J., Supkoff, L. M., Narayan, A. J., & Masten, A. S. (2014). Parenting and Coregulation: Adaptive systems for competence in children experiencing homelessness. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84(4), 420430.Google Scholar
Holz, N. E., Zohsel, K., Laucht, M., Banaschewski, T., Hohmann, S., & Brandeis, D. (2016). Gene x environment interactions in conduct disorder: Implications for future treatments. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.Google Scholar
Hughes, K., Bullock, A., & Coplan, R. J. (2014). A person-centred analysis of teacher–child relationships in early childhood. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 84(2), 253267.Google Scholar
Hyde, L. W., Waller, R., Trentacosta, C. J., Shaw, D. S., Neiderhiser, J. M., Ganiban, J. M., … & Leve, L. D. (2016). Heritable and Nonheritable Pathways to Early Callous-Unemotional Behaviors. American Journal of Psychiatry.Google Scholar
Jaffee, S. R., Strait, L. B., & Odgers, C. L. (2012). From correlates to causes: can quasi-experimental studies and statistical innovations bring us closer to identifying the causes of antisocial behavior? Psychological Bulletin, 138(2), 272.Google Scholar
Kim, P., Evans, G. W., Angstadt, M., Ho, S. S., Sripada, C. S., Swain, J. E., … & Phan, K. L. (2013). Effects of childhood poverty and chronic stress on emotion regulatory brain function in adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(46), 1844218447.Google Scholar
Klahr, A. M., McGue, M., Iacono, W. G., & Burt, S. A. (2011). The association between parent–child conflict and adolescent conduct problems over time: Results from a longitudinal adoption study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120(1), 4657.Google Scholar
Labella, M. H., & Masten, A. S. (2016). Family Influences on Aggression and Violence. Aggression and Violence: A Social Psychological Perspective.Google Scholar
Lansford, J. E., Malone, P. S., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (2010). Developmental cascades of peer rejection, social information processing biases, and aggression during middle childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 22(03), 593602.Google Scholar
Lanza, S. T., Rhoades, B. L., Nix, R. L., & Greenberg, M. T. (2010). Modeling the interplay of multilevel risk factors for future academic and behavior problems: A person-centered approach. Development and Psychopathology, 22(2), 313335.Google Scholar
Leff, S. S., Baker, C. N., Waasdorp, T. E., Vaughn, N. A., Bevans, K. B., Thomas, N. A., … & Monopoli, W. J. (2014). Social cognitions, distress, and leadership self-efficacy: Associations with aggression for high-risk minority youth. Development and Psychopathology, 26(03), 759772.Google Scholar
Leff, S. S., Power, T. J., Manz, P. H., Costigan, T. E., & Nabors, L. A. (2001). School-based aggression prevention program for young children: Current status and implications for violence prevention. School Psychology Review, 30(3), 344.Google Scholar
Leff, S. S., Waasdorp, T. E., & Crick, N. R. (2010). A review of existing relational aggression programs: Strengths, limitations, and future directions. School Psychology Review, 39(4), 508.Google Scholar
Leijten, P., Shaw, D. S., Gardner, F., Wilson, M. N., Matthys, W., & Dishion, T. J. (2015). The Family Check-Up and service use in high-risk families of young children: A prevention strategy with a bridge to community-based treatment. Prevention Science, 16(3), 397406.Google Scholar
Lengua, L. J. (2002). The Contribution of Emotionality and Self-Regulation to the Understanding of Children’s Response to Multiple Risk. Child Development, 73(1), 144161.Google Scholar
Lorber, M. F. (2004). Psychophysiology of aggression, psychopathy, and conduct problems: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 130(4), 531.Google Scholar
Luthar, S. S. (2006). Resilience in development: A synthesis of research across five decades. In Cicchetti, D. & Cohen, D. J. (Eds), Developmental Psychopathology: Volume 3. Risk, disorder, and adaptation (2nd ed., pp. 739795). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543562.Google Scholar
Ly, J. & Zhou, Q. (2016). Bidirectional associations between teacher–child relationship quality and Chinese American immigrant children’s behavior problems. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 113.Google Scholar
Martel, M. M. (2013). Sexual selection and sex differences in the prevalence of childhood externalizing and adolescent internalizing disorders. Psychological Bulletin, 139(6), 1221.Google Scholar
Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227238.Google Scholar
Masten, A. S. (2014). Ordinary Magic: Resilience in development. New York: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Masten, A. S. & Cicchetti, D. (2010). Editorial: Developmental cascades. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 491495.Google Scholar
Masten, A. S. & Cicchetti, D. (2016). Resilience in Development: Progress and Transformation. In Cicchetti, D. (Ed.), Developmental Psychopathology (3rd ed.) (Vol IV, pp. 271–333). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Masten, A. S., Herbers, J. E., Desjardins, C. D., Cutuli, J. J., McCormick, C. M., Sapienza, J. K., … & Zelazo, P. D. (2012). Executive function skills and school success in young children experiencing homelessness. Educational Researcher, 41(9), 375384.Google Scholar
Masten, A. S. & Obradović, J. (2006). Competence and resilience in development. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094(1), 1327.Google Scholar
Masten, A. S., Roisman, G. I., Long, J. D., Burt, K. B., Obradović, J., Riley, J., … & Tellegen, A. (2005). Developmental cascades: Linking academic achievement and externalizing and internalizing symptoms over 20 years. Developmental Psychology, 43, 733746.Google Scholar
McClelland, M. M., John Geldhof, G., Cameron, C. E., & Wanless, S. B. (2015). Development and Self-Regulation. Handbook of child psychology and developmental science.Google Scholar
McEachern, A. D., Fosco, G. M., Dishion, T. J., Shaw, D. S., Wilson, M. N., & Gardner, F. (2013). Collateral benefits of the family check-up in early childhood: Primary caregivers’ social support and relationship satisfaction. Journal of Family Psychology, 27(2), 271.Google Scholar
McFadyen-Ketchum, S. A., Bates, J. E., Dodge, K. A., & Pettit, G. S. (1996). Patterns of change in early childhood aggressive-disruptive behavior: Gender differences in predictions from early coercive and affectionate mother-child interactions. Child Development, 24172433.Google Scholar
McKee, L., Roland, E., Coffelt, N., Olson, A. L., Forehand, R., Massari, C., … & Zens, M. S. (2007). Harsh discipline and child problem behaviors: the roles of positive parenting and gender. Journal of Family Violence, 22(4), 187196.Google Scholar
McLeod, B. D., Sutherland, K. S., Martinez, R. G., Conroy, M. A., Snyder, P. A., & Southam-Gerow, M. A. (2016). Identifying common practice elements to improve social, emotional, and behavioral outcomes of young children in early childhood classrooms. Prevention Science, 110.Google Scholar
McMahon, R. J., Wells, K. C., & Kotler, J. S. (2006). Conduct problems. Treatment of childhood disorders, 3, 137268.Google Scholar
Merikangas, K. R., He, J.-p., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., Avenevoli, S., Cui, L., … & Swendsen, J. (2010). Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in US adolescents: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication–Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(10), 980989.Google Scholar
Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100(4), 674701.Google Scholar
Moffitt, T. E. (2006). Life-course-persistent versus adolescence-limited behavior. In Cicchetti, D. & Cohen, D. J. (Eds), Developmental psychopathology, Volume 3: Risk, disorder, and adaptation. (2nd edition). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Molano, A., Jones, S. M., Brown, J. L., & Aber, J. L. (2013). Selection and Socialization of Aggressive and Prosocial Behavior: The Moderating Role of Social-Cognitive Processes. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 23(3), 424436.Google Scholar
Montroy, J. J., Bowles, R. P., Skibbe, L. E., McClelland, M. M., & Morrison, F. J. (2016). The development of self-regulation across early childhood. Developmental Psychology, 52(11), 1744–1762.Google Scholar
Murray-Close, D., Nelson, D. A., Ostrov, J. M., Casas, J. F., & Crick, N. R. (2016). Relational aggression: A developmental psychopathology perspective. In D. Cicchetti (Ed.), Developmental psychopathology: Risk, resilience, and intervention (pp. 660722). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.Google Scholar
O’Connor, E. E., Dearing, E., & Collins, B. A. (2011). Teacher-child relationship and behavior problem trajectories in elementary school. American Educational Research Journal, 48(1), 120162.Google Scholar
Obradović, J. (2010). Effortful control and adaptive functioning of homeless children: Variable-focused and person-focused analyses. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 31, 109117.Google Scholar
Obradović, J., Shaffer, , , A., & Masten, A. S. (2012). Adversity and risk in developmental psychopathology: Progress and future directions. In Mayes, L. C. & Lewis, M. (eds), The Cambridge Handbook of Environment in Human Development (pp. 3557). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ollendick, T. H., Jarrett, M. A., Grills-Taquechel, A. E., Hovey, L. D., & Wolff, J. C. (2008). Comorbidity as a predictor and moderator of treatment outcome in youth with anxiety, affective, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and oppositional/conduct disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(8), 14471471.Google Scholar
Pasalich, D. S., Witkiewitz, K., McMahon, R. J., Pinderhughes, E. E., & Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (2016). Indirect effects of the fast track intervention on conduct disorder symptoms and callous-unemotional traits: distinct pathways involving discipline and warmth. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(3), 587597.Google Scholar
Patterson, G. R. (1982). Social Interactional Approach: Coercive Family Process (Vol. 3). Eugene, OR: Castalia.Google Scholar
Patterson, G. R. (1993). Orderly change in a stable world: The antisocial trait as a chimera. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61(6), 911919.Google Scholar
Patterson, G. R., DeBaryshe, B. D., & Ramsey, R. (1989). A developmental perspective on antisocial behavior. American Psychologist, 44(2), 329–335.Google Scholar
Patterson, G. R. & Stoolmiller, M. (1991). Replications of a dual failure model for boys’ depressed mood. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59(4), 491.Google Scholar
Portilla, X. A., Ballard, P. J., Adler, N. E., Boyce, W. T., & Obradović, J. (2014). An integrative view of school functioning: Transactions between self-regulation, school engagement, and teacher–child relationship quality. Child Development, 85(5), 19151931.Google Scholar
Raine, A., Dodge, K. A., Loeber, R., Gatzke-Kopp, L., Lynam, D., Reynolds, C., … & Liu, J. (2006). The reactive–proactive aggression questionnaire: Differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent boys. Aggressive Behavior, 32(2), 159171.Google Scholar
Raver, C. C., Jones, S. M., Li-Grining, C. P., Metzger, M., Champion, K. M., & Sardin, L. (2008). Improving preschool classroom processes: Preliminary findings from a randomized trial implemented in Head Start settings. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 23(1), 1026.Google Scholar
Rothbart, M. & Bates, J. (2006). Temperament. In Damon, W., Lerner, R., & Eisenberg, N. (eds), Handbook of child psychology. Social, emotional, and personality development (Vol. 3, pp. 99166). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Rulison, K. L., Gest, S. D., & Loken, E. (2013). Dynamic social networks and physical aggression: The moderating role of gender and social status among peers. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 23(3), 437449.Google Scholar
Salvatore, J. E., & Dick, D. M. (2016). Genetic influences on conduct disorder. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.Google Scholar
Samek, D. R., Bailey, J., Hill, K. G., Wilson, S., Lee, S., Keyes, M. A., … & Winters, K. C. (2016). A Test-Replicate Approach to Candidate Gene Research on Addiction and Externalizing Disorders: A Collaboration Across Five Longitudinal Studies. Behavior Genetics, 46(5), 608626.Google Scholar
Sameroff, A. J., Seifer, R., Barocas, R., Zax, M., & Greenspan, S. (1987). Intelligence quotient scores of 4-year-old children: social-environmental risk factors. Pediatrics, 79(3), 343350.Google Scholar
Schoemaker, K., Mulder, H., Deković, M., & Matthys, W. (2013). Executive functions in preschool children with externalizing behavior problems: A meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41(3), 457471.Google Scholar
Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., Supplee, L., Gardner, F., & Arnds, K. (2006). Randomized trial of a family-centered approach to the prevention of early conduct problems: 2-year effects of the family check-up in early childhood. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(1), 1.Google Scholar
Shaw, D. S. & Taraban, L. E. (2016). New Directions and Challenges in Preventing Conduct Problems in Early Childhood. Child Development Perspectives.Google Scholar
Silver, R. B., Measelle, J. R., Armstrong, J. M., & Essex, M. J. (2005). Trajectories of classroom externalizing behavior: Contributions of child characteristics, family characteristics, and the teacher–child relationship during the school transition. Journal of School Psychology, 43(1), 3960.Google Scholar
Simons, D. J., Boot, W. R., Charness, N., Gathercole, S. E., Chabris, C. F., Hambrick, D. Z., & Stine-Morrow, E. A. (2016). Do “brain-training” programs work? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 17(3), 103186.Google Scholar
Skalická, V., Belsky, J., Stenseng, F., & Wichstrøm, L. (2015). Reciprocal Relations Between Student–Teacher Relationship and Children’s Behavioral Problems: Moderation by Child-Care Group Size. Child Development, 86(5), 15571570.Google Scholar
Southwick, S. M., Bonanno, G. A., Masten, A. S., Panter-Brick, C., & Yehuda, R. (2014). Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: interdisciplinary perspectives. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5.Google Scholar
Sroufe, L. A. (1979). The coherence of individual development: Early care, attachment, and subsequent developmental issues. American Psychologist, 34(10), 834.Google Scholar
Sroufe, L. A. (1997). Psychopathology as an outcome of development. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 251268.Google Scholar
Talge, N. M., Neal, C., & Glover, V. (2007). Antenatal maternal stress and long-term effects on child neurodevelopment: how and why? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(3-4), 245261.Google Scholar
Taylor, C. A., Manganello, J. A., Lee, S. J., & Rice, J. C. (2010). Mothers’ spanking of 3-year-old children and subsequent risk of children’s aggressive behavior. Pediatrics, 125(5), e1057–e1065.Google Scholar
Thompson, R. A. (2014). Stress and child development. The Future of Children, 24(1), 4159.Google Scholar
Tiet, Q. Q., Wasserman, G. A., Loeber, R., McReynolds, L. S., & Miller, L. S. (2001). Developmental and sex differences in types of conduct problems. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 10(2), 181197.Google Scholar
Van Goozen, S. H., Fairchild, G., Snoek, H., & Harold, G. T. (2007). The evidence for a neurobiological model of childhood antisocial behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 149.Google Scholar
Webster-Stratton, C. & Reid, M. J. (2004). Strengthening social and emotional competence in young children – The foundation for early school readiness and success: Incredible years classroom social skills and problem-solving curriculum. Infants & Young Children, 17(2), 96113.Google Scholar
Webster-Stratton, C., Reinke, W. M., Herman, K. C., & Newcomer, L. L. (2011). The incredible years teacher classroom management training: the methods and principles that support fidelity of training delivery. School Psychology Review, 40(4), 509.Google Scholar
Wilson, S. J. & Farran, D. C. (2012). Experimental Evaluation of the Tools of the Mind Preschool Curriculum. Society for Research on Educational Effectiveness.Google Scholar
Wolfe, D. A., Crooks, C. V., Lee, V., McIntyre-Smith, A., & Jaffe, P. G. (2003). The effects of children’s exposure to domestic violence: A meta-analysis and critique. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6(3), 171187.Google Scholar
Yates, T. M., Egeland, B., & Sroufe, L. A. (2003). Rethinking resilience: A developmental process perspective. In Luthar, S. S. (Ed.), Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities (pp. 243266). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Zelazo, P. D. (2013). Developmental Psychology: A New Synthesis. The Oxford Handbook of Developmental Psychology, Vol. 1: Body and Mind, 1, 3.Google Scholar
Zimmermann, F., Schütte, K., Taskinen, P., & Köller, O. (2013). Reciprocal effects between adolescent externalizing problems and measures of achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(3), 747.Google Scholar

References

Adshead, G. & Bluglass, K. (2005). Attachment representations in mothers with abnormal illness behaviour by proxy. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 187, 328333.Google Scholar
Almirall, D. & Chronis-Tuscano, A. (2016) Adaptive interventions in child and adolescent mental health. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 45, 383395.Google Scholar
Almirall, D., DiStefano, C., Chang, Y. C., Shire, S., Kaiser, A., Lu, X., … & Kasari, C. (2016). Longitudinal effects of adaptive interventions with a speech-generating device in minimally verbal children with ASD. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 45, 442456.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar
Ammerman, R. T. (1990). Etiological models of child maltreatment: A behavioral perspective. Behavior Modification, 14, 230254.Google Scholar
Azar, S. T. & Weinzierl, K. M. (2005). Child maltreatment and childhood injury research: A cognitive behavioral approach. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 30, 598614.Google Scholar
Azar, S. T., Reitz, E. B., & Goslin, M. C. (2008). Mothering: Thinking is part of the job description: Application of cognitive views to understanding maladaptive parenting and doing intervention and prevention work. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29, 295304.Google Scholar
Azar, S. T., Robinson, D. R., Hekimian, E., & Twentyman, C. T. (1984). Unrealistic expectations and problem-solving ability in maltreating and comparison mothers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 687691.Google Scholar
Bandura, A. (1977) Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191215.Google Scholar
Bandura, A. (1986) Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social-Cognitive View. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. A. (1961). Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 575582.Google Scholar
Barth, J., Bermetz, L., Heim, E., Trelle, S., & Tonia, T. (2013). The current prevalence of child sexual abuse worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Public Health, 58, 469483.Google Scholar
Bauer, W. D. & Twentyman, C. T. (1985). Abusing, neglectful, and comparison mothers’ responses to child-related and non-child-related stressors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 335343.Google Scholar
Beckett, C., Maughan, B., Rutter, M., Castle, J., Colvert, E., Groothues, C., … & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. (2006). Do the effects of early severe deprivation on cognition persist into early adolescence? Findings from the English and Romanian adoptees study. Child Development, 77, 696711.Google Scholar
Belsky, J. (1980). Child maltreatment: An ecological integration. American Psychologist, 35, 320335.Google Scholar
Belsky, J., Hancox, R. J., Sligo, J., & Poulton, R. (2012). Does being an older parent attenuate the intergenerational transmission of parenting? Developmental Psychology, 48, 15701574.Google Scholar
Berlin, L. J., Appleyard, K., & Dodge, K. A. (2011). Intergenerational continuity in child maltreatment: Mediating mechanisms and implications for prevention. Child Development, 82, 162176.Google Scholar
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Brown, J., Cohen, P. J. G., Johnson, J. G., & Salzinger, S. (1998). A longitudinal analysis of risk factors for child maltreatment: Findings of a 17-year prospective study of officially recorded and self-reported child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse & Neglect, 22, 10651078.Google Scholar
Chaffin, M., Kelleher, K., & Hollenberg, J. (1996). Onset of physical abuse and neglect: Psychiatric, substance abuse, and social risk factors from prospective community data. Child Abuse & Neglect, 20, 191203.Google Scholar
Chaffin, M., Silovsky, J. F., Funderburk, B., Valle, L. A., Brestan, E. V., Balachova, T., … & Bonner, B. L. (2004). Parent-child interaction therapy with physically abusive parents: efficacy for reducing future abuse reports. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 500510.Google Scholar
Chilamkurti, C. & Milner, J. S. (1993). Perceptions and evaluations of child transgressions and disciplinary techniques in high- and low-risk mothers and their children. Child Development, 64, 18011814.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D. (2004). An odyssey of discovery: Lessons learned through three decades of research on child maltreatment. American Psychologist, 59, 731741.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D. (2016). Socioemotional, personality, and biological development: Illustrations from a multilevel developmental psychopathology perspective on child maltreatment. Annual Review of Psychology, 67, 187211.Google Scholar
Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., & Deblinger, E. (2006). Treating trauma and traumatic grief in children and adolescents. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Coohey, C. & Braun, N. (1997). Toward an integrated framework for understanding child physical abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 21, 10811094.Google Scholar
Cyr, C., Euser, E. M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2010). Attachment security and disorganization in maltreating and high-risk families: A series of meta-analyses. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 87108.Google Scholar
Danese, A. & McEwen, B. S. (2012). Adverse childhood experiences, allostasis, allostatic load, and age-related disease. Physiology & Behavior, 106, 2939.Google Scholar
Dawson, B., de Armas, A., McGrath, M. L., & Kelly, J. A. (1986). Cognitive problem-solving training to improve the child-care judgment of child neglectful parents. Journal of Family Violence, 1, 209226.Google Scholar
Dopke, C. A. & Milner, J. S. (2000). Impact of child noncompliance on stress appraisals, attributions, and disciplinary choices in mothers at high and low risk for child physical abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24, 493504.Google Scholar
Egeland, B., Breitenbucher, M. C., & Rosenberg, M. S. (1980). Prospective study of the significance of life stress in the etiology in child abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48, 195205.Google Scholar
Evans, S. C., Roberts, M. C., Keeley, J. W., Blossom, J. B., Amaro, C. M., Garcia, A. M., … & Reed, G. M. (2015). Vignette methodologies for studying clinicians’ decision-making: Validity, utility, and application in ICD-11 field studies. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 15, 160170.Google Scholar
Eyberg, S. M. & Robinson, E. A. (1982). Parent-child interaction training: Effects on family functioning. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 11, 130137.Google Scholar
Fennell, D. C. & Fishel, A. H. (1998). Parent education: An evaluation of STEP on abusive parents’ perceptions and abuse potential. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 11, 107120.Google Scholar
Finkelhor, D. & Baron, L. (1986). Risk factors for child sexual abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1, 4371.Google Scholar
First, M. B., Gibbon, M., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (1997). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders – Clinician version. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Frodi, A. M. & Lamb, M. E. (1980). Child abusers’ responses to infant smiles and cries. Child Development, 51, 238241.Google Scholar
Gilbert, R., Widom, C. S., Browne, K., Fergusson, D., Webb, E., & Janson, S. (2009). Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries. The Lancet, 373, 6881.Google Scholar
Gottman, J. M., Katz, L., & Hooven, C. (1996). Parental meta-emotion philosophy and the emotional life of families: Theoretical models and preliminary data. Journal of Family Psychology, 10, 243268.Google Scholar
Hatty, S. E. & Hatty, J. (2001). Australia. In Schwartz-Kenney, B., Epstein, M., & McCauley, M. (Eds), Child Abuse: A Global View (pp. 116). Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Hesse, E. & Main, M. (2006). Frightened, threatening, and dissociative parental behavior in low-risk samples: Description, discussion, and interpretations. Development and Psychopathology, 18, 309343. doi: 10.10170S0954579406060172.Google Scholar
Heyman, R. E., & Malik, J. (2014). Intergenerational transmission of violence. In Chadwick, D. L., Giardino, A. P., & Alexander, R. (Eds), Child Maltreatment (4th ed., Vol. 3, pp. 145160). St. Louis: STM Learning, Inc.Google Scholar
Heyman, R. E. & Slep, A. M. S. (2006). Creating and field-testing diagnostic criteria for partner and child maltreatment. Journal of Family Psychology, 20, 397408.Google Scholar
Heyman, R. E. & Slep, A. M. S. (2009). Reliability of family maltreatment diagnostic criteria: 41 site dissemination field trial. Journal of Family Psychology, 23, 905910.Google Scholar
Heyman, R. E. & Slep, A. M. S. (in press). Relational diagnoses and beyond. In Friese, B. (Ed.), APA handbook of contemporary family psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press.Google Scholar
Huebner, C. E. (2002). Evaluation of a clinic-based parent education program to reduce the risk of infant and toddler maltreatment. Public Health Nursing, 19, 377389.Google Scholar
Huesmann, L. R. (1997). Observational learning of violent behavior: Social and biosocial processes. In Raine, A., Brennan, P. A., et al. (Eds), Biosocial bases of violence (pp. 6988). New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Jaffe, S. R. & Christian, C. W. (2014). The biological embedding of child abuse and neglect. Social Policy Report, 28.Google Scholar
Jones, L. M. & Finkelhor, D. (2003). Putting together evidence on declining trends in sexual abuse: A complex puzzle. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 133135.Google Scholar
Jonson-Reid, M., Kohl, P. L., & Drake, B. (2012). Child and adult outcomes of chronic child maltreatment. Pediatrics, 129, 839845.Google Scholar
Kelleher, K., Chaffin, M., Hollenberg, J., & Fischer, E. (1994). Alcohol and drug disorders among physically abusive and neglectful parents in a community-based sample. American Journal of Public Health, 84, 15861590.Google Scholar
Kempe, C. H. Silverman, F. N., Steele, B. F., Droegemuller, W., & Silver, H. K. (1962). The battered child syndrome. Journal of the American Medical Association, 181, 1724.Google Scholar
Kim, S., Noh, D., & Kim, H. (2016). A summary of selective experimental research on psychosocial interventions for sexually abused children, Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 25, 597617.Google Scholar
Kolko, D. J., Iselin, A. M. R., & Gully, K. J. (2011). Evaluation of the sustainability and clinical outcome of Alternatives for Families: A Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (AF-CBT) in a child protection center. Child Abuse & Neglect, 35, 105116.Google Scholar
Kolko, D. & Swenson, C. C. (2002). Assessing and treating physically abused children and their families: A cognitive-behavioral approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Krug, E. G., Dahlberg, L. L., Mercy, J. A., Zwi, A. B., & Lozano, R. (Eds) (2002). World report on violence and health. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Lee, B. J. & Goerge, R. M. (1999). Poverty, early childbearing, and child maltreatment: A multinomial analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 21, 755780.Google Scholar
Mash, E. J., Johnston, C., & Kovitz, K. (1983). A comparison of the mother–child interactions of physically abused and non-abused children during play and task situations. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 12, 337346.Google Scholar
Milner, J. S. (1993). Social information processing and physical child abuse. Clinical Psychology Review, 13, 275294.Google Scholar
Milner, J. S. (2000). Social information processing and child physical abuse: Theory and research. In Hersen, D. J. (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation (Vol. 45). Motivation and child maltreatment (pp. 3984). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska.Google Scholar
Milner, J. S., Halsey, L. B., & Fultz, J. (1995). Empathic responsiveness and affective reactivity to infant stimuli in high and low-risk for physical child abuse mothers. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19, 767780.Google Scholar
Mineka, S. & Hamida, S. (1998). Observational and nonconscious learning. In O’Donohue, W. (Ed.), Learning and behavior therapy (pp. 421439). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.Google Scholar
Norman, R. E., Byambaa, M., De, R., Butchart, A., Scott, J., & Vos, T. (2012). The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med, 9, e1001349.Google Scholar
Nowak, C. & Heinrichs, N. (2008). A comprehensive meta-analysis of Triple P-Positive Parenting Program using hierarchical linear modeling: Effectiveness and moderating variables. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 11, 114144.Google Scholar
Olds, D. L., Eckenrode, J., Henderson, C. R., Kitzman, H., Powers, J., Cole, R., … & Luckey, D. (1997). Long-term effects of home visitation on maternal life course and child abuse and neglect: Fifteen-year follow-up of a randomized trial. JAME, 278, 637643.Google Scholar
Olds, D. L., Henderson, C. R., Chamberlin, R., & Tatelbaum, R. (1986). Preventing child abuse and neglect: A randomized trial of nurse home visitation. Pediatrics, 78, 6579.Google Scholar
Olds, D. L., Robinson, J., O’Brien, R., Luckey, D. W., Pettitt, L. M., Henderson, C. R., … & Talmi, A. (2002). Home visiting by paraprofessionals and by nurses: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics, 110, 486496.Google Scholar
Olds, D. L., Robinson, J., Pettitt, L., Luckey, D. W., Holmberg, J., Ng, R. K., … & Henderson, C. R. (2004). Effects of home visits by paraprofessionals and by nurses: Age 4 follow-up results of a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 114, 15601568.Google Scholar
Pelham, W. E., Fabiano, G. A., Waxmonsky, J. G., Greiner, A. R., Gnagy, E. M., Pelham, W. E., … & Karch, K. (2016). Treatment sequencing for childhood ADHD: A multiple-randomization study of adaptive medication and behavioral interventions. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 45, 396415.Google Scholar
Perry, B., Pollard, R., Blakley, T., Baker, W., & Vigilante, D. (1995). Childhood trauma, the neurobiology of adaptation, and “use-dependent” development of the brain: How “states” become “traits.” Infant Mental Health Journal, 16, 271291.Google Scholar
Pianta, B. (1984). Antecedents of child abuse. School Psychology International, 5, 151160.Google Scholar
Pianta, R., Egeland, B., & Erikson, M. F. (1989). The antecedents of maltreatment: Results of the Mother-Child Interaction Research Project. In Cicchetti, D. & Carlson, V. (Eds), Child maltreatment: Theory and research on the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect (pp. 203253). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Putnam, F. W. (2003). Ten-year research update review: Child sexual abuse. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 269278.Google Scholar
Reid, J., Patterson, G. R., & Snyder, J. (Eds) (2002). Antisocial behavior in children and adolescents. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Reijman, S., Alink, L. R., Compier-De Block, L. H., Werner, C. D., Maras, A., Rijnberk, C., … & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2017). Attachment representations and autonomic regulation in maltreating and nonmaltreating mothers. Development and Psychopathology, 29, 10751087.Google Scholar
Repetti, R. L., Taylor, S. E., & Seeman, T. E. (2002). Risky families: family social environments and the mental and physical health of offspring. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 330–366.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, C. M. & Green, A. J. (1997). Parenting stress and anger expression as predictors of child abuse potential. Child Abuse & Neglect, 21, 367377.Google Scholar
Sanders, M. R. (2012). Development, evaluation, and multinational dissemination of the Triple P-Positive Parenting Program. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 8, 345379.Google Scholar
Santisteban, D. A., Coatsworth, J. D., Perez-Vidal, A., Kurtines, W. M., Schwartz, S. J., LaPerriere, A., & Szapocznik, J. (2003). Efficacy of brief strategic family therapy in modifying Hispanic adolescent behavior problems and substance use. Journal of Family Psychology, 17, 121133.Google Scholar
Santisteban, D. A., Coatsworth, J. D., Perez-Vidal, A., Mitrani, V., Jean-Gilles, M., & Szapocnik, J. (1997). Brief structural/strategic family therapy with African American and Hispanic high-risk youth. Journal of Community Psychology, 25, 453471.Google Scholar
Schuhmann, E. M., Foote, R. C., Eyberg, S. M., Boggs, S. R., & Algina, J. (1998). Efficacy of parent-child interaction therapy: Interim report of a randomized trial with short-term maintenance. Journal of clinical child psychology, 27, 3445.Google Scholar
Schumacher, J. A., Slep, A. M. S., & Heyman, R. E. (2001). Risk factors for child neglect. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 6, 231254.Google Scholar
Sedlak, A. J. & Broadhurst, D. D. (1996). Third National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect: Final report. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect.Google Scholar
Sedlak, A. J., Mettenburg, J., Basena, M., Petta, I., McPherson, K., Greene, A., & Li, S. (2010). Fourth national incidence study of child abuse and neglect (NIS–4): Report to Congress. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families.Google Scholar
Sherrod, K. B., O’Connor, S., Vietze, P. M., & Altemeier, W. A. (1984). Child health and maltreatment. Child Development, 55, 11741183.Google Scholar
Smith, C. A. & Ireland, T. O. (2009). Family violence and delinquency. In Krohn, M. D., Lizotte, A. J., & Hall, G. P. (Eds), Handbook on crime and deviance (pp. 493523). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Snarr, J. D., Heyman, R. E., Slep, A. M. S., Malik, J., & USAF Family Advocacy Program. (2011). Preventive impacts of reliable family maltreatment criteria. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 79, 826833.Google Scholar
Stermac, L. E. & Segal, Z. V. (1989). Adult sexual contact with children. An examination of cognitive factors. Behavioural Therapy, 20, 573584.Google Scholar
Stith, S. M., Liu, T., Davies, C., Boykin, E. L., Alder, M. C., Harris, J. M., … & Dees, J. E. M. E. G. (2009). Risk factors in child maltreatment: A meta-analytic review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior 14, 1329.Google Scholar
Stoltenborgh, M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Alink, L. R., & IJzendoorn, M. H. (2015). The prevalence of child maltreatment across the globe: Review of a series of meta-analyses. Child Abuse Review, 24, 3750.Google Scholar
Teicher, M. H., Dumont, N. L., Ho, Y., Vaituzis, C., GIedd, J. N., & Andersen, S. L. (2004). Childhood neglect is associated with reduced corpus callosum area. Biological Psychiatry, 56, 8085.Google Scholar
Teisl, M. & Cicchetti, D. (2008). Physical abuse, cognitive and emotional processes, and aggressive/disruptive behavior problems. Social Development, 17, 123.Google Scholar
Trickett, P. K. & Kuczynski, L. (1986). Children’s misbehaviors and parental discipline strategies in abusive and nonabusive families. Development Psychology, 22, 115123.Google Scholar
Trocmé, N. M., Tourigny, , MacLaurin, M., , B., & Fallon, B. (2003). Major findings from the Canadian incidence study of reported child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 14271439.Google Scholar
Turner, H. A., Finkelhor, D., & Ormrod, R. (2010). Poly-victimization in a national sample of children and youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 38, 323330.Google Scholar
van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (1995). Adult attachment representations, parental responsiveness, and infant attachment: A meta-analysis on the predictive validity of the Adult Attachment Interview. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 387403.Google Scholar
Ward, T. & Keenan, T. (1999). Child molesters’ implicit theories. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14, 821838.Google Scholar
Widom, C. (1989) Does violence beget violence? A critical examination of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 328.Google Scholar
Wojda, A. K., Heyman, R. E., Slep, A. M. S., Foran, H. M., Snarr, J. D., & US Air Force Mental Health Division. (2017). Family violence, suicidality, and substance abuse in active duty military families: An ecological perspective. Military Behavioral Health, 5, 300–312.Google Scholar
Wolff, M. S. & Ijzendoorn, M. H. (1997). Sensitivity and attachment: A meta-analysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment. Child Development, 68, 571591.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2016). ICD-11 Beta Draft (Joint Linearization for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics). 24 Factors influencing health status and contact with health services. Retrieved from https://icd.who.int/dev11/l-m/en. Accessed December 7, 2017.Google Scholar

References

Andershed, A.-K., Gibson, C. L., & Andershed, H. (2016). The role of cumulative risk and protection for violent offending. Journal of Criminal Justice, 45, 7884.Google Scholar
Arsenio, W. F. & Lemerise, E. A. (2004). Aggression and moral development: Integrating social information processing and moral domain models. Child Development, 75, 9871002.Google Scholar
Bailey, C. A. & Ostrov, J. M. (2008). Differentiating forms and functions of aggression in emerging adults: Associations with hostile attribution biases and normative beliefs. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37, 713722.Google Scholar
Bennett, S., Farrington, D. P., & Huesmann, L. R. (2005). Explaining gender differences in crime and violence: The importance of social cognitive skills. Aggression and Violence Behavior, 10, 263288.Google Scholar
Blakely-McClure, S. J. & Ostrov, J. M. (2016). Relational aggression, victimization and self concept: Testing pathways from middle childhood to adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45, 376390.Google Scholar
Bradshaw, C. P., Rodgers, C. R. R., Ghandour, L. A., & Garbarino, J. (2009). Social-cognitive mediators of the association between community violence exposure and aggressive behavior. School Psychology Quarterly, 23, 199210.Google Scholar
Bradshaw, C. P., Waasdorp, T. E., & Johnson, S. L. (2015). Overlapping verbal, relational, physical, and electronic forms of bullying in adolescence: Influence of school context. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 44, 494508.Google Scholar
Campione-Barr, N., Lindell, A. K., Greer, K. B., & Rose, A. J. (2014). Relational aggression and psychological control in the sibling relationship: Mediators of the association between maternal psychological control and adolescents’ emotional adjustment. Development and Psychopathology, 26, 749758.Google Scholar
Card, N. A., Stucky, B. D., Sawalani, G. M., & Little, T. D. (2008). Direct and indirect aggression during childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic review of gender differences, intercorrelations, and relations to maladjustment. Child Development, 79, 11851229.Google Scholar
Causadias, J. M. (2013). A roadmap for the integration of culture into developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 25, 13751398.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D. & Toth, S. L. (2009). The past achievements and future promises of developmental psychopathology: The coming of age of a discipline. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 1625.Google Scholar
Crick, N. R. (1997). Engagement in gender normative versus nonnormative forms of aggression: Links to social–psychological adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 33, 610617.Google Scholar
Crick, N. R. & Dodge, K. A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information- processing mechanisms in children’s social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 74101.Google Scholar
Crick, N. R. & Grotpeter, J. K. (1995). Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment. Child Development, 66, 710722.Google Scholar
Crick, N. R., Ostrov, J. M., & Kawabata, Y. (2007). Relational aggression and gender: An overview. In Flannery, D. J., Vazsonyi, A. T., & Waldman, I. D. (Eds), The Cambridge handbook of violent behavior and aggression (pp. 245259). New York: Cambridge University.Google Scholar
Crick, N. R., Ostrov, J. M., & Werner, N. E. (2006). A longitudinal study of relational aggression, physical aggression, and children’s social-psychological adjustment. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34, 131142.Google Scholar
Crick, N. R. & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2003). The development of psychopathology in females and males: Current progress and future challenges. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 719742.Google Scholar
Dailey, A. L., Frey, A. J., & Walker, H. M. (2015). Relational aggression in school settings: Definition, development, strategies, and implications. Children & Schools, 37, 7988.Google Scholar
Dodge, K. A., Coie, J. D., & Lynam, D. (2006). Aggression and antisocial behavior in youth. In Damon, W. (series ed.) & Eisenberg, N. (vol. ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (6th ed., pp. 719788). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Ellis, W. E., Crooks, C. V., & Wolfe, D. A. (2009). Relational aggression in peer and dating relationships: Links to psychological and behavioral adjustment. Social Development, 18, 253269.Google Scholar
Espelage, D. L., Low, S., & De La Rue, L. (2012). Relations between peer victimization subtypes, family violence, and psychological outcomes during early adolescence. Psychology of Violence, 2, 313324.Google Scholar
Ettekal, I. & Ladd, G. W. (2015). Costs and benefits of children’s physical and relational aggression trajectories on peer rejection, acceptance, and friendships: Variations by aggression subtypes, gender, and age. Developmental Psychology, 51, 17561770.Google Scholar
Farrington, D. P. (2007). Origins of violent behavior over the life span. In Flannery, D. J., Vazsonyi, A. T., & Waldman, I. D. (Eds), The Cambridge handbook of violent behavior and aggression (pp. 1948). New York: Cambridge University.Google Scholar
Fontaine, N., Carbonneau, R., Vitaro, F., Barker, E. D., & Tremblay, R. E. (2009). Research review: A critical review of studies on the developmental trajectories of antisocial behavior in females. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 363385.Google Scholar
French, D. C., Jansen, E. A., & Pidada, S. (2002). United States and Indonesian children’s and adolescents’ reports of relational aggression by disliked peers. Child Development, 73, 11431150.Google Scholar
Gaertner, A. E., Rathert, J. L., Fite, P. J., Vitulano, M., Wynn, P. T., & Harber, J. (2010). Sources of parental knowledge as moderators of the relation between parental psychological control and relational aggression. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19, 607616.Google Scholar
Gladden, R.M., Vivolo-Kantor, A.M., Hamburger, M.E., & Lumpkin, C.D. (2014). Bullying surveillance among youths: Uniform definitions for public health and recommended data elements, version 1.0. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and US Department of Education.Google Scholar
Goldstein, S. E. (2011). Relational aggression in young adults’ friendships and romantic relationships. Personal Relationships, 18, 645656.Google Scholar
Hanish, L. D., Bradshaw, C. P., Espelage, D. L., Rodkin, P. C., Swearer, S. M., & Horne, A. (2013). Looking toward the future of bullying research: Recommendations for research and funding priorities. Journal of School Violence, 12, 283295.Google Scholar
Hartup, W. W. & Laursen, B. (1991). Relationships as developmental contexts. In Cohen, R. & Siegel, A. W. (Eds), Context and development. (pp. 253279). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Hemphill, S. A., Heerde, J. A., & Scholes-Balog, K. E. (2016). Risk factors and risk-based protective factors for violent offending: A study of young Victorians. Journal of Criminal Justice, 45, 94100.Google Scholar
Henington, C., Hughes, J. N., Cavell, T. A., & Thompson, B. (1998). The role of relational aggression in identifying aggressive boys and girls. Journal of School Psychology, 36, 457477.Google Scholar
Hipwell, A. E. & Loeber, R. (2006). Do we know which interventions are effective for disruptive and delinquent girls? Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 9, 221255.Google Scholar
Hong, J. S. & Espelage, D. L. (2012). A review of research on bullying and peer victimization in school: An ecological system analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17, 311322.Google Scholar
Johnson, W. L., Giordano, P. C., Manning, W. D., & Longmore, M. A. (2015). The age–IPV curve: Changes in the perpetration of intimate partner violence during adolescence and young adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44, 708726.Google Scholar
Kawabata, Y., Alink, L. R. A., Tseng, W-L., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Crick, N. R. (2011). Maternal and paternal parenting styles associated with relational aggression in children and adolescents: A conceptual analysis and meta-analytic review. Developmental Review, 31, 240278.Google Scholar
Kawabata, Y., Crick, N. R., & Hamaguchi, Y. (2010). The role of culture in relational aggression: Associations with social-psychological adjustment problems in Japanese and US school-aged children. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 34, 354362.Google Scholar
Keenan, K. & Shaw, D. (1997). Developmental and social influences on young girls’ early problem behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 95113.Google Scholar
Leadbeater, B. (2010). Can we see it? Can we stop it? Lessons learned from community- university collaborations about relational aggression. School Psychology Review, 39, 588593.Google Scholar
Leff, S. S., Waasdorp, T. E., & Crick, N. R. (2010). A review of existing relational aggression programs: Strengths, limitations, and future directions. School Psychology Review, 39, 508535.Google Scholar
Leff, S. S., Waasdorp, T. E., Paskewich, B., Gullan, R. L., Jawad, A. F., MacEvoy, J. P., … & Power, T. J. (2010). The preventing relational aggression in schools everyday program: A preliminary evaluation of acceptability and impact. School Psychology Review, 39, 569587.Google Scholar
Lemerise, E. A. & Arsenio, W. F. (2000). An integrated model of emotion processes and cognition in social information processing. Child Development, 71, 107118.Google Scholar
Loeber, R. & Hay, D. (1997). Key issues in the development of aggression and violence from childhood to early adulthood. Annual Review of Psychology, 48, 371410.Google Scholar
Long, J. D. & Pellegrini, A. D. (2003). Studying change in dominance and bullying with mixed models. School Psychology Review, 32, 401417.Google Scholar
Magdol, L., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Newman, D. L., Fagan, J., & Silva, P. A. (1997). Gender differences in partner violence in a birth cohort of 21-year-olds: Bridging the gap between clinical and epidemiological approaches. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 6878.Google Scholar
Marsee, M. A. & Frick, P. J. (2007). Exploring the cognitive and emotional correlates to proactive and reactive aggression in a sample of detained girls. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 969981.Google Scholar
McAra, L. & McVie, S. (2016). Understanding youth violence: The mediating effects of gender, poverty and vulnerability. Journal of Criminal Justice, 45, 7177.Google Scholar
Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100, 674701.Google Scholar
Moffitt, T. E. & Caspi, A. (2001). Childhood predictors differentiate life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways among males and females. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 355375.Google Scholar
Murray-Close, D., Crick, N. R., Tseng, W. L., Lafko, N., Burrows, C., Pitula, C., & Ralston, P. (2014). Autonomic reactivity to stress and physical and relational aggression: The moderating roles of victimization, type of task, and child gender. Development & Psychopathology, 26, 589603.Google Scholar
Murray-Close, D., Nelson, D. A., Ostrov, J. M., Casas, J. F., & Crick, N. R. (2016). Relational aggression: A developmental psychopathology perspective. In Cicchetti, D. (Ed.), Developmental Psychopathology (3rd ed., pp. 660722). New York: Wiley Publications.Google Scholar
Murray-Close, D., Ostrov, J. M., & Crick, N. R. (2007). A short-term longitudinal study of growth of relational aggression during middle childhood: Associations with gender, friendship intimacy, and internalizing problems. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 187203.Google Scholar
Murray-Close, D., Ostrov, J. M., Nelson, D. A., Crick, N. R., & Coccaro, E. F. (2010). Proactive, reactive, and romantic relational aggression in adulthood: Measurement, predictive validity, gender differences, and association with intermittent explosive disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 44, 393404.Google Scholar
Nelson, D. A. & Crick, N. R. (2002). Parental psychological control: Implications for childhood physical and relational aggression. In Barber, B. K. (Ed.), Intrusive parenting: How psychological control affects children and adolescents. (pp. 161189). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Nelson, D. A., Hart, C. H., Yang, C., Olsen, J. A., & Jin, S. (2006). Aversive parenting in China: Associations with child physical and relational aggression. Child Development, 77, 554572.Google Scholar
NICHD Early Child Care and Research Network. (2004). Trajectories of physical aggression from toddlerhood to middle childhood: III. Person-centered trajectories of physical aggression. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 69(4), 4149.Google Scholar
Ostrov, J. M. (2006). Deception and subtypes of aggression during early childhood. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 93, 322336.Google Scholar
Ostrov, J. M. (2010). Prospective associations between peer victimization and aggression. Child Development, 81, 16701677.Google Scholar
Ostrov, J. M., Crick, N. R., & Stauffacher, K. (2006). Relational aggression in sibling and peer relationships during early childhood. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 27, 241253.Google Scholar
Ostrov, J. M., Gentile, D. A., & Mullins, A. D. (2013). Evaluating the effect of educational media exposure on aggression in early childhood. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 34, 3844.Google Scholar
Ostrov, J. M. & Godleski, S. A. (2010). Toward an integrated gender-linked model of aggression subtypes in early and middle childhood. Psychological Review, 117, 233242.Google Scholar
Ostrov, J. M., Godleski, S. A., Kamper, K. E., Blakely-McClure, S. J., & Celenza, L. (2015). Replication and extension of the early childhood friendship project: Effects on physical and relational bullying. School Psychology Review, 44, 445463.Google Scholar
Ostrov, J. M. & Kamper, K. E. (2015). Future directions for research on the development of relational and physical peer victimization. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 44, 509519.Google Scholar
Ostrov, J. M., Kamper, K. E., Hart, E. J., Godleski, S. A., & Blakely-McClure, S. J. (2014). A gender-balanced approach to the study of peer victimization and aggression subtypes in early childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 26, 575587.Google Scholar
Ostrov, J. M. & Keating, C. F. (2004). Gender differences in preschool aggression during free play and structured interactions: An observational study. Social Development, 13, 255277.Google Scholar
Pellegrini, A. D. & Long, J. D. (2003). A sexual selection theory longitudinal analysis of sexual segregation and integration in early adolescence. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 85, 257278.Google Scholar
Pellegrini, A. D. & Roseth, C. J. (2006). Relational aggression and relationships in preschoolers: A discussion of methods, gender differences, and function. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 27, 269–276.Google Scholar
Petras, H., Masyn, K., & Ialongo, N. (2011). The developmental impact of two first grade preventive interventions on aggressive/disruptive behavior in childhood and adolescence: An application of latent transition growth mixture modeling. Prevention Science, 12, 300313.Google Scholar
Prinstein, M. J., Boergers, J., & Vernberg, E. M. (2001). Overt and relational aggression in adolescents: Social-psychological adjustment of aggressors and victims. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 479491.Google Scholar
Reingle, J. M., Jennings, W. G., Lynne-Landsman, S. D., Cottler, L. B., & Maldonado-Molina, M. M. (2013). Toward an understanding of risk and protective factors for violence among adolescent boys and men: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52, 493498.Google Scholar
Rodkin, P. C., Espelage, D., & Hanish, L. D. (2015). A relational framework for understanding bullying: Developmental antecedents and outcomes. American Psychologist, 70, 311321.Google Scholar
Sandstrom, M. J. & Cillessen, A. H. N. (2010). Life after high school: Adjustment of popular teens in emerging adulthood. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 56, 474499.Google Scholar
Silverthorn, P. & Frick, P. J. (1999). Developmental pathways to antisocial behavior: The delayed-onset pathway in girls. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 101126.Google Scholar
Smith, R. L., Rose, A. J., & Schwartz-Mette, R. A. (2010). Relational and overt aggression in childhood and adolescence: Clarifying mean-level gender differences and associations with peer acceptance. Social Development, 19, 243269.Google Scholar
Spieker, S. J., Campbell, S. B., Vandergrift, N., Pierce, K. M., Cauffman, E., Susman, E. J., & Roisman, G. I. (2012). Relational aggression in middle childhood: Predictors and adolescent outcomes. Social Development, 21, 354375.Google Scholar
Susman, E. J., Dockray, S., Schiefelbein, V. L., Herwehe, S., Heaton, J. A., & Dorn, L. D. (2007). Morningness/eveningness, morning-to-afternoon cortisol ratio, and antisocial behavior problems during puberty. Developmental Psychology, 43, 811822.Google Scholar
Tackett, J. L., Daoud, S. L. S. B., De Bolle, M., & Burt, S. A. (2013). Is relational aggression part of the externalizing spectrum? A bifactor model of youth antisocial behavior. Aggressive Behavior, 39, 149159.Google Scholar
Thornton, A. J. V., Graham-Kevan, N., & Archer, J. (2013). Development and confirmatory factor analysis of the non-violent and violent offending behavior scale (NVOBS). Aggressive Behavior, 39, 171181.Google Scholar
Tolan, P. H. (2007). Understanding violence. In Flannery, D. J., Vazsonyi, A. T., & Waldman, I. D. (Eds), The Cambridge Handbook of Violent Behavior and Aggression (pp. 518). New York: Cambridge University.Google Scholar
Ttofi, M. M., Farrington, D. P., Piquero, A. R., & DeLisi, M. (2016). Protective factors against youth offending and violence: Results from prospective longitudinal studies. Journal of Criminal Justice, 45, 13.Google Scholar
Ybarra, M. L., Espelage, D. L., Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J., Korchmaros, J. D., & Boyd, D. (2016). Lifetime prevalence rates and overlap of physical, psychological, and sexual dating abuse perpetration and victimization in a national sample of youth. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45, 10831099.Google Scholar
Zahn-Waxler, C., Crick, N. R., Shirtcliff, E. A., & Woods, K. E. (2006). The origins and development of psychopathology in females and males. In Cicchetti, D., & Cohen, D. J. (Eds), Developmental psychopathology, Vol 1: Theory and method (2nd ed., pp. 76138). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Zahn-Waxler, C., Shirtcliff, E. A., & Marceau, K. (2008). Disorders of childhood and adolescence: Gender and psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4, 275303.Google Scholar

References

Abbey, A., Wegner, R., Pierce, J., & Jacques-Tiura, A. J. (2012). Patterns of Sexual Aggression in a Community Sample of Young Men: Risk Factors Associated with Persistence, Desistance, and Initiation over a 1-Year Interval. Psychology of Violence, 2(1), 115.Google Scholar
Balteri, D. & Andrade, A. G. (2008). Comparing Serial and Nonserial Sexual Offenders: Alcohol and Street Drug Consumption, Impulsiveness and History of Sexual Abuse. Revista Brasileira De Psiquiatira, 30(1), 2531.Google Scholar
Bettinger-Lopez, C. (2016). The Sexual Assault Kit Initiative: An Important Step Toward Ending the Rape Kit Backlog. March 15, 2016. Retrieved December 5, 2017 from https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2016/03/15/sexual-assault-kit-initiative-important-step-toward-ending-rape-kit-backlog.Google Scholar
Bureau of Justice Affairs. (2016). National Sexual Assault Kit Initiative (SAKI) FY 2016 Competitive Grant Announcement. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice – Office of Justice Programs.Google Scholar
Bureau of Justice Assistance. (2015). National Sexual Assault Kit Initiative (SAKI) FY 2015 Competitive Grant Announcement. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice – Bureau of Justice Programs.Google Scholar
Burgess, A. W., Hazelwood, R. R., Rokous, F. E., Hartman, C. R., & Burgess, A. G. (1988). Serial Rapists and Their Victims: Reenactment and Repetition. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 528, 277295.Google Scholar
Calandro, L., Reeder, D. J., & Cormier, K. (2005,). Evolution of DNA for Crime Solving – A Judicial and Legislative History. Forensic Magazine. January 6, 2005. Retrieved September 28, 2016 from www.forensicmag.com/article/2005/01/evolution-dna-evidence-crime-solving-judicial-and-legislative-history.Google Scholar
Campbell, R., Feeney, H., Fehler-Cabral, G., Shaw, J., & Horsford, S. (2015). The National Problem of Untested Sexual Assault Kits (SAKs): Scope, Causes, and Future Directions for Research, Policy, and Practice. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 18(4), 363–376. 1524838015622436.Google Scholar
Campbell, R., Pierce, S. J., Sharma, D. B., Feeney, H., & Fedlor-Cabral, G. (2016a). Developing Empirically Informed Policies for Sexual Assault Kit DNA Testing: Is It Too Late to Test Kits Beyond the Statute of Limitations? Criminal Justice Policy Review, 125. doi: 10.1177/0887403416638507.Google Scholar
Campbell, R., Pierce, S. J., Sharma, D. B., Feeney, H., & Fehler-Cabral, G. (2016b). Should Rape Kit Testing Be Prioritized by Victim-Offender Relationship? Empirical Comparison of Forensic Testing Outcomes for Stranger and Nonstranger Sexual Assaults. Criminology & Public Policy, 15(2), 555583.Google Scholar
Campbell, R., Shaw, J., & Fehler-Cabral, G. (2015). Shelving Justice: The Discovery of Thousands of Untested Rape Kits in Detroit. City & Community, 14(2), 151166.Google Scholar
Canter, D. & Larkin, P. (1993). The Environmental Range of Serial Rapists. The Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13(1), 6369.Google Scholar
Cocke, S. (2016). Police Miss Deadline on Rape Kits. Honolulu Star Advertiser. September 19, 2016. Retrieved September 28, 2016 from www.staradvertiser.com/2016/09/19/hawaii-news/police-miss-deadline-on-rape-kits/.Google Scholar
Corovic, J., Christianson, S. Å., & Bergman, L. R. (2012). From Crime Scene Actions in Stranger Rape to Prediction of Rapist Type: Single-Victim or Serial Rapist? Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 30(6), 764781.Google Scholar
de Heer, B. (2016). A Snapshot of Serial Rape. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 31(4), 598619.Google Scholar
Department of Justice. (2016). Identifying and Preventing Gender Bias in Law Enforcement Response to Sexual Assault and Domestic Violence. Washington, DC: Department of Justice.Google Scholar
Deslauriers-Varin, N. & Beauregard, E. (2013). Investigating Offending Consistency of Geographic and Environmental Factors Among Serial Sex Offenders: A Comparison of Multiple Analytical Strategies. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 40(2), 156179.Google Scholar
Dickson, C. (2014). How the US Ended Up with 400,000 Untested Rape Kits. Retrieved September 23, 2016 from www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/09/23/how-the-u-s-ended-up-with-400-000-untested-rape-kits.html.Google Scholar
End the Backlog. (2016). Accountability Project. Retrieved September 28, 2016 from http://endthebacklog.org/backlog-where-it/accountability-project.Google Scholar
Findell, E. (2016). Austin Police Pledge to Find Money to Clear Up Rape Kit Backlog. myStatesman. September 12, 2016. Retrieved September 28, 2016 from www.mystatesman.com/news/news/local-govt-politics/austin-police-pledge-to-find-money-to-clear-up-rap/nsW6Z/.Google Scholar
Hazelwood, R. R. & Warren, J. (1989). The Serial Rapist: His Characteristics and Victims (Conclusion). Law Enforcement Bulletin.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. (2009). Testing Justice: The Rape Kit Backlog in Los Angeles City and County. New York: Human Rights Watch.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. (2011). The City of Los Angeles Eliminates Historical Rape Kit Backlog. April 29, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2016 from www.hrw.org/news/2011/04/29/city-los-angeles-eliminates-historical-rape-kit-backlog.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. (2013). Capitol Offense: Police Mishandling of Sexual Assault Cases in the District of Columbia. Chicago: Human Rights Watch.Google Scholar
Jan, J. (2004). Beyond Belief?: Police, Rape and Women’s Credibility. Criminal Justice: International Journal of Policy & Practice, 4(1), 2959.Google Scholar
Johnson, D., Peterson, J., Sommers, I., & Baskin, D. (2012). Use of Forensic Science in Investigating Crimes of Sexual Violence: Contrasting Its Theoretical Potential with Empirical Realities. Violence Against Women, 18(2), 193222.Google Scholar
Joyful Heart Foundation. (2016). Navigating Notification: A Guide to Re-engaging Sexual Assault Survivors Affected by the Untested Rape Kit Backlog: Joyful Heart Foundation.Google Scholar
Lisak, D. & Miller, P. (2002). Repeat Rape and Multiple Offending Among Undetected Rapists. Violence and Victims, 17(1), 7384.Google Scholar
Lovell, R., Butcher, F., & Flannery, D. (2016). Analysis of Cuyahoga County’s Procedures for Alleviating the Backlog of Sexual Assault Kits. Cleveland, OH: Begun Center for Violence Prevention Research and Education at the Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences at Case Western Reserve University.Google Scholar
Lovell, R., Flannery, D., Overman, L., & Walker, T. (2016). What Happened with the Sexual Assaults Reports? Then vs. Now. Cleveland, OH: Begun Center for Violence Prevention Research and Education at the Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences at Case Western Reserve University.Google Scholar
Lovrich, N. P., Pratt, T. C., Gaffney, M. J., Johnson, C. L., Asplen, C. H., Hurst, L. H., & Schellberg, T. M. (2004). National Forensic DNA Study Report, Final Report. Pullman, WA: U.S. Department of Justice.Google Scholar
Luminais, M., Lovell, R., & Flannery, D. (forthcoming). How the Backlog Happened: Cuyahoga County Sexual Assault Kit Task Force Members’ Understanding. Cleveland, OH: Begun Center for Violence Prevention Research and Education at the Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences at Case Western Reserve University.Google Scholar
Meaney, R. (2004). Commuters and Mauraders: An Examination of the Spatial Behaviour of Serial Criminals. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 1(2), 121137.Google Scholar
Munday, D. (2016). Sex-Crime Evidence Ignored? Several Hundred Charleston-Area Kits Remain Untested. The Post and Courier. August 20, 2016. Retrieved September 28, 2016 from www.postandcourier.com/20160820/160829993/sex-crime-evidence-ignored-several-hundred-charleston-area-kits-remain-untested.Google Scholar
National Institute of Justice. (2015). Sexual Assault Kits: Using Science to Find Solutions. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.Google Scholar
National Institute of Justice. (2016). Untested Evidence in Sexual Assault Cases. Retrieved September 28, 2016 from www.nij.gov/topics/law-enforcement/investigations/sexual-assault/Pages/untested-sexual-assault.aspx#understanding.Google Scholar
Nelson, M. S. (2013). Analysis of Untested Sexual Assault Kits in New Orleans. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.Google Scholar
Park, J., Schlesinger, L. B., Pinizzotto, A. J., & Davis, E. F. (2008). Serial and Single-Victim Rapists: Differences in Crime-Scene Violence, Interpersonal Involvement, and Criminal Sophistication. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 26(2), 227237.Google Scholar
Peterson, J., Johnson, D., Herz, D., Graziano, L., & Oehler, T. (2012). Sexual Assault Kit Backlog Study: National Institute of Justice.Google Scholar
Pinchevsky, G. M. (2016). Criminal Justice Considerations for Unsubmitted and Untested Sexual Assault Kits: A Review of the Literature and Suggestions for Moving Forward. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 121. doi: 10.1177/0887403416662899.Google Scholar
Plackett, B. (2015). Federal Scientists Are Helping Police Catch Up with Rape Forensics. Inside Science. February 10, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2016 from www.insidescience.org/news/federal-scientists-are-helping-police-catch-rape-forensics.Google Scholar
Poe, R. (2016). Smith to Lead City’s Sexual Assault Kit Task Force. The Commercial Appeal. February 2, 2016. Retrieved September 28, 2016 from www.commercialappeal.com/news/government/city/smith-to-lead-citys-sexual-assault-kit-task-force-2acced50-e003-5bf5-e053-0100007f3b24-367370461.html.Google Scholar
Pratt, T. C., Gaffney, M. J., Lovrich, N. P., & Johnson, C. L. (2006). This Isn’t CSI: Estimating the National Backlog of Forensic DNA Cases and the Barriers Associated With Case Processing. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 17(1), 3247.Google Scholar
RAINN. (2016a). What is a Rape Kit? Retrieved September 28, 2016 from www.rainn.org/articles/rape-kit.Google Scholar
RAINN (2016b). The Criminal Justice System: Statistics. Retrieved November 3, 2016 from www.rainn.org/statistics/criminal-justice-system.Google Scholar
Reilly, S. (2015). Tens of Thousands of Rape Kits Go Untested Across USA. Retrieved September 28, 2016 from www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/07/16/untested-rape-kits-evidence-across-usa/29902199/.Google Scholar
Ritter, N. (2011). The Road Ahead: Unanalyzed Evidence in Sexual Assault Cases. Washington, DC National Institute of Justice.Google Scholar
Ritter, N. (2016). Down the Road: Testing Evidence in Sexual Assaults. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.Google Scholar
Rogalski, J. (2016). City’s Rape Kit Backlog Creeping Back Up. KHOU.com. April 4, 2016. Retrieved September 28, 2016 from www.khou.com/news/investigations/citys-rape-kit-backlog-creeping-back/119672065.Google Scholar
Slater, C., Woodhams, J., & Hamilton-Giachritsis, C. (2014). Can Serial Rapists be Distinguished from One-off Rapists? Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 32, 220239.Google Scholar
Sorochinski, M. (2015). Assumptions Underlying Behavioral Linkage Revisited: A Multidimensional Approach to Ascertaining Individual Differentiation and Consistency in Serial Rape. PhD, New York: City University of New York.Google Scholar
Spohn, C. (2016). Untested Sexual Assault Kits. Criminology & Public Policy, 15(2), 551554.Google Scholar
Spohn, C. & Tellis, K. (2012). The Criminal Justice System’s Response to Sexual Violence. Violence Against Women, 18(2), 169192.Google Scholar
Stein, R. (2016). Police: Backlog Testing of Rape Kits Yields Few Matches. Amarillo Globe-News. March 17, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2016 from http://amarillo.com/news/crime-and-courts/2016-03-17/police-rape-kit-testing-yields-few-results-matches#.Google Scholar
Stevens, D. J. (1997). Violence and Serial Rape. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 12(1), 3947.Google Scholar
Strangeland, P. (2005). Catching a Serial Rapist: Hits and Misses in Criminal Profiling. Police Practice & Research, 6(5), 453469.Google Scholar
Strom, K. J. & Hickman, M. J. (2010). Unanalyzed evidence in law-enforcement agencies. Criminology & Public Policy, 9(2), 381404.Google Scholar
Strom, K. J. & Hickman, M. J. (2016). Untested Sexual Assault Kits: Searching for an Empirical Foundation to Guide Forensic Case Processing Decisions. Criminology & Public Policy, 15(2), 593601.Google Scholar
Swartout, K. M., Koss, M. P., White, J. W., Thompson, M. P., et al. (2015) Trajectory Analysis of the Campus Serial Rapist Assumption. JAMA Pediatrics, 169(12), 11481154.Google Scholar
The Associated Press. (2016). Rape Kit System Unneccessary Since Most Accusations False, Idaho Sheriff Says. The Oregonian. March 17, 2016. Retrieved September 28, 2016 from www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/index.ssf/2016/03/rape_kit_system_unnecessary_si.html.Google Scholar
The National Center for Victims of Crime. (2016). Sexual Assault Kit Testing: What Victims Need to Know. Retrieved September 28, 2016, from http://victimsofcrime.org/docs/default-source/dna-resource-center-documents/dna-sak-victim-brofinal.pdf?sfvrsn=2.Google Scholar
US Department of Justice. (2014). Advancing Justice through DNA Technology: Using DNA to Solve Crimes. US Department of Justice. September 9, 2014. Retrieved September 28, 2016 from www.justice.gov/ag/advancing-justice-through-dna-technology-using-dna-solve-crimes.Google Scholar
Voice of San Diego (2016). San Diego PD Doubles Down on Decision to Leave Some Rape Kits Untested. PublicCEO. September 12, 2016. Retrieved September 28, 2016 from www.publicceo.com/2016/09/san-diego-pd-doubles-down-on-decision-to-leave-some-rape-kits-untested/.Google Scholar
Warren, J., Reboussin, R., Hazelwood, R. R., Gibbs, N. A., Trumbetta, S. L., & Cummings, A. (1999). Crime Scene Analysis and the Escalation of Violence in Serial Rape. Forensic Science International, 100(1–2), 3756.Google Scholar
Woodhams, J. & Labuschagne, G. (2012). A Test of Case Linkage Principles with Solved and Unsolved Serial Rapes. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 27(1), 8598.Google Scholar
WTVQ Web Desk (2016). AG Beshar Holds Safe Summit to Address Sexual Assault Kit Backlog. Retrieved September 28, 2016 from www.wtvq.com/2016/09/14/ag-beshear-holds-safe-summit-address-sexual-assault-kit-backlogs/.Google Scholar

References

Andresen, M. A. (2012). Homicide in Lithuania. In Liem, M. C. A. & Pridemore, W. A. (Eds), Handbook of European Homicide Research. New York: Springer, pp 437449.Google Scholar
Becker, G. S. (1968). Crime and punishment: An economic approach. Journal of Political Economy, 76, 169217.Google Scholar
Beetham, D. (1991). The Legitimation of Power. London: MacMillan.Google Scholar
Bennett, R. R. (1991). Development and crime: A cross-national, time-series analysis of competing models. Sociological Quarterly, 32, 343363.Google Scholar
Bjerregaard, B. & Cochran, J. K. (2008). A cross-national test of institutional anomie theory: Do the strength of other social institutions mediate or moderate the effects of the economy on the rate of crime? Western Criminology Review, 9, 3148.Google Scholar
Chamlin, M. B. & Cochran, J. K. (2006). Economic inequality, legitimacy, and cross-national homicide rates. Homicide Studies, 10, 231252.Google Scholar
Chervyakov, V. V., Shkolnikov, V. M., Pridemore, W. A., & McKee, M. (2002). The changing nature of murder in Russia. Social Science & Medicine, 55, 17131724.Google Scholar
Chilton, R. & Spielberger, A. (1971). Is delinquency increasing? Age structure and the crime rate. Social Forces, 49, 487493.Google Scholar
Clark, A. E. & D’Ambrosio, C. (2014). Attitudes to income inequality: Experimental and survey evidence. The Institute for the Study of Labor Working Paper Series, IZA DP No. 8136.Google Scholar
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NY: Lawrence Erlebaum.Google Scholar
Cohen, L. E. & Felson, M. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach. American Sociological Review, 44, 588608.Google Scholar
Currie, E. (1997). Market, crime and community: Toward a mid-range theory of post-industrial violence. Theoretical Criminology, 1, 147172.Google Scholar
Durkheim, E. (1897/1979). Suicide: A study in sociology. Translated by John A. Spaulding and George Simpson. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Durkheim, E. (1900/1957). Professional ethics and civic morals. Translated by Cornelia Brookfield. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Easterlin, R. A. (1987). Birth and fortune: The impact of numbers on personal welfare. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Eckberg, D. L. (1995). Estimates of early twentieth-century U.S. homicide rates: An econometric forecasting approach. Demography, 32, 116.Google Scholar
Elias, N. (1939/2000). The civilizing process: Sociogenetic and psychogenetic investigations. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Fajnzylber, P., Lederman, D., & Loayza, N. (2002) Inequality and violent crime. Journal of Law and Economics, 45, 140.Google Scholar
Ferrer-i-Carbonell, A. & Ramos, X. (2013). Inequality and happiness. Journal of Economic Surveys, 28, 10161027.Google Scholar
Fiala, R. & LaFree, G. (1988). Cross-national determinants of child homicides. American Sociological Review, 53, 432445.Google Scholar
Gartner, R. (1990). The victims of homicide: A temporal and cross-national comparison. American Sociological Review, 55, 92106.Google Scholar
Gartner, R. & Parker, R. N. (1990). Cross-national evidence on homicide and the age structure of the population. Social Forces, 69, 351371.Google Scholar
Gilley, B. (2006). The meaning and measure of state legitimacy: Results for 72 countries. European Journal of Political Research, 45, 499525.Google Scholar
Granath, S. (2012). Homicide in Sweden. In Liem, M. C. A. & Pridemore, W. A. (Eds), Handbook of European Homicide Research: Patterns, Explanations, and Country Studies. New York: Springer, pp 405414.Google Scholar
Greenberg, D. F. (1977). Delinquency and the age structure of society. Contemporary Crisis, 1, 189223.Google Scholar
Greenberg, D. F. (1985). Age, crime, and social explanation. American Journal of Sociology, 91, 121.Google Scholar
Gruenewald, J. & Pridemore, W. A. (2009). Stability and change in homicide victim, offender, and event characteristics in Chicago between 1900 and 2000. Homicide Studies, 13, 355384.Google Scholar
Hirschi, T. & Gottfredson, M. R. (1983). Age and the explanation of crime. American Journal of Sociology, 89, 552584.Google Scholar
Hofstede, G. H. (1998). Attitudes, values, and organizational culture: Disentangling the concepts. Organization Studies, 19, 477493.Google Scholar
Hofstede, G. H. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organization across nations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
International Labour Organization. (2016). Statistics and database. Retrieved July 1, 2016 from www.ilo.org/global/statistics-and-databases/lang--en/index.htm.Google Scholar
Kelly, M. (2000). Inequality and crime. Review of Economics and Statistics, 82, 530539.Google Scholar
LaFree, G. (1999). A summary and review of cross-national comparative studies of homicide. In Smith, M. D. & Zahn, M. A. (Eds), Homicide: A Sourcebook of Social Research (pp. 125–145). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
LaFree, G. (1998). Losing legitimacy: Street crime and the decline of social institutions in America. Oxford: Westview Press.Google Scholar
LaFree, G. (2005). Evidence for elite convergence in cross-national homicide victimization trends, 1956 to 2000. The Sociological Quarterly, 46, 191211.Google Scholar
LaFree, G., Curtis, K., & McDowall, D. (2015). How effective are our “better angels”? Assessing country-level declines in homicide since 1950. European Journal of Criminology, 12, 482504.Google Scholar
Lehti, M. & Kivivuori, J. (2012). Homicide in Finland. In Liem, M. C. A. & Pridemore, W. A. (Eds), Handbook of European Homicide Research. New York: Springer, pp 391404.Google Scholar
Liem, M., Ganpat, S., Granath, S., Hagstedt, J., Kivivuori, J., Lehti, M., & Nieuwbeerta, P. (2012). Homicide in Finland, the Netherlands, and Sweden: First Findings From the European Homicide Monitor. Homicide Studies, 17, 7595.Google Scholar
Lynch, J. P. & Pridemore, W. A. (2011). Crime in the international perspective. In Wilson, J. Q. & Petersilia, J., Crime and Public Policy (2nd ed., pp. 552). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lysova, A. V., Shchitov, N. G., & Pridemore, W. A. (2012). Homicide in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. In Liem, M. C. A. & Pridemore, W. A. (Eds), Handbook of European Homicide Research. New York: Springer, pp 451469.Google Scholar
Macunovich, D. J. (2011). A note on inequality aversion across countries, using two new measures. The Institute for the Study of Labor Working Paper Series, IZA DP No. 5734.Google Scholar
Messner, S. F., Raffalovich, L. E., & Sutton, G. M. (2011). NIH Public Access, 48, 122.Google Scholar
Messner, S. F. & Rosenfeld, R. (2007). Crime and the American Dream. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.Google Scholar
Messner, S. F. & Rosenfeld, R. (1999). Social structure and homicide: Theory and research. In Smith, M. D. & Zahn, M. A. (Eds), Homicide: A sourcebook of social research (pp. 27–41). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Monkkonen, E. H. (1999). New York City offender ages: How variable over time? Homicide Studies, 3, 256270.Google Scholar
Monkkonen, E. H. (1995). New York City homicides: A research note. Social Science History, 19, 201214.Google Scholar
Nivette, A. E. (2011). Cross-National Predictors of Crime: A Meta-Analysis. Homicide Studies, 15, 103131.Google Scholar
Nivette, A. E. & Eisner, M. (2013). Do legitimate polities have fewer homicides? A cross-national analysis. Homicide Studies, 17, 326.Google Scholar
O’Kane, R. H. T. (1993). Against legitimacy. Political Studies, 41, 471–487.Google Scholar
Pampel, F. C. & Williamson, J. B. (2001). Age patterns of suicide and homicide mortality rates in high-income nations. Social Forces, 80, 251282.Google Scholar
Paré, P. P. & Felson, R. (2014). Income inequality, poverty and crime across nations. British Journal of Sociology, 65, 434458.Google Scholar
Pratt, T. C. & Cullen, F. T. (2005). Assessing macro-level predictors and theories of crime: A meta-analysis. Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, 32, 373450.Google Scholar
Pridemore, W. A. (2002). What we know about social structure and homicide: A review of the theoretical and empirical literature. Violence & Victims, 17, 127156.Google Scholar
Pridemore, W. A. (2003). Demographic, temporal, and spatial patterns of homicide rates in Russia. European Sociological Review, 19, 4159.Google Scholar
Pridemore, W. A. (2007). Change and stability in the characteristics of homicide victims, offenders, and incidents during rapid social change. British Journal of Criminology, 47, 331345.Google Scholar
Pridemore, W. A. (2008). Cross-national empirical literature on social structure and homicide: A first test of the poverty – homicide thesis. Criminology, 46, 133154.Google Scholar
Pridemore, W. A. (2011). Poverty matters: A reassessment of the inequality-homicide relationship in cross-national studies. British Journal of Criminology, 51, 739772.Google Scholar
Pridemore, W. A. (2016). The Criminological Transition Model: A new theory of how societal evolution influences the nature of crime. Presentation at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology. New Orleans, LA.Google Scholar
Rogers, M. L. (2014). A descriptive and graphical analysis of the (lack of) association between age and homicide cross-nationally. International Criminal Justice Review, 24, 235253.Google Scholar
Rogers, M. L. & Pridemore, W. A. (2013). The effect of poverty and social protection on national homicide rates: Direct and moderating effects. Social Science Research, 42, 584595.Google Scholar
Rogers, M. L. & Pridemore, W. A. (2016a). A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Association between Percent Young and Cross-National Homicide Rates. British Journal of Criminology.Google Scholar
Rogers, M. L. & Pridemore, W. A. (2016b). The (Null) Effects of Percent Young on 15 to 24 Age-Specific and Male- and Female-Specific Cross-National Homicide Rates. Homicide Studies, 20, 257292.Google Scholar
Rogers, M. L. & Pridemore, W. A. (2016c). Perceived income inequality. Manuscript in preparation.Google Scholar
Rogers, M. L. & Pridemore, W. A. (2016d). Do national homicide rates follow supranational trends? Manuscript submitted for publication.Google Scholar
Rogers, M. L. & Pridemore, W. A. (2016e). How does social protection influence cross-national homicide rates in developed nations? Manuscript submitted for publication.Google Scholar
Rogers, M. L. & Pridemore, W. A. (2016f). Not just another test of IAT: Accessing relative institutional imbalance. Manuscript submitted for publication.Google Scholar
Rogers, M. L. & Pridemore, W. A. (2016g). The utility of model selection in testing criminological theory across nations. Manuscript in preparation.Google Scholar
Roth, R. (2009). American Homicide. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Sampson, R. J. & Groves, W. B. (1989). Community structure and crime: Testing social-disorganization theory. The American Journal of Sociology, 94, 774802.Google Scholar
Sampson, R. J. & Lauritsen, J. L. (1994). Violent victimization and offending: Individual, situational-, and community-level risk factors. In Reiss, A. J. & Roth, J. A. (Eds), Understanding and Preventing Violence. Volume 2: Social Influences (pp. 1–114). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
South, S. J. & Messner, S. F. (2000). Crime and demography: Multiple linkages, reciprocal relations. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 83106.Google Scholar
Stamatel, J. P. (2006). Incorporating socio-historical context into quantitative cross-national criminology. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 30, 177-207.Google Scholar
Stamatel, J. P. (2009). Correlates of national-level homicide variation in post-communist East-Central Europe. Social Forces, 87, 14231448.Google Scholar
Stamatel, J. P. (2016). Democratic cultural values as predictors of cross-national homicide variation in Europe. Homicide Studies: An Interdisciplinary & International Journal, 20(3), 239–256..Google Scholar
Thacher, D. (2004). The rich get richer and the poor get robbed: Inequality in US criminal victimization, 1974–2000. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 20, 89116.Google Scholar
Tonry, M. (2014). Why crime rates are falling throughout the western world. Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, 43, 163.Google Scholar
Trent, C. L. S. & Pridemore, W. A. (2011). A review of the cross-national empirical literature on social structure and homicide. In Liem, M. C. A. & Pridemore (Eds), W. A., Handbook of European Homicide Research: Patterns, Explanations, and Country Studies. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
van Dijk, J. (2008). The world of crime: Breaking the silence on problems of security, justice and development across the world. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
van Kesteren, J. (2007). Integrated database from the International Crime Victim Survey (ICVS) 1989–2005, codebook and data. Tiburg: INTERVICT.Google Scholar
van Kesteren, J., Mayhew, P., & Nieuwbeerta, P. (2000). Criminal Victimization in Seventeen Industrialized Countries. The Netherlands: Justice Wetenschappelijk Onderzoeken Documentaciecentrum.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, R. (2004). Why is violence more common where inequality is greater? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1036, 112.Google Scholar
World Values Survey (2014). Data and Documentation. Retrieved October 24, 2014 from http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSContents.jsp.Google Scholar
World Values Survey (2016). Online Data Analysis. Retrieved August 1, 2016 from http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSOnline.jsp.Google Scholar
Zahn, M. A. & McCall, P. L. (1999). Trends and patterns of homicide in the 20th-century United States. In Smith, M. D. & Zahn, M. A. (Eds), Homicide: A sourcebook of social research (pp. 9–23). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

References

Acton, J. E. E. D. (Lord Acton) (1887). Letter to Bishop Mandell Creighton. April 5, 1887. Retrieved August 5, 2016 from oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14 07&Itemid=283.Google Scholar
American Bar Association (1983a). Standards for Criminal Justice. Prosecution Function, 2d Def. Function § 3-1.2(b) and (c).Google Scholar
American Bar Association (1983b). The Model Rules of Professional Conduct, §3.8.Google Scholar
Baddeley, A. D., Thompson, N., & Buchanan, M. (1975). Word length and the structure of memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, 1, 575589.Google Scholar
Baumgartner, F., Grigg, A., Ramirez, R., Rose, K., & Lucy, J. S. (2014). The mayhem of wrongful liberty: Documenting the crimes of true perpetrators in cases of wrongful incarceration.” Unpublished paper presented at the Innocence Network Conference, Portland, OR, April 11.Google Scholar
Bureau of Justice Statistics (2016). What is the probability of conviction for felony defendants? Retrieved July 24, 2016 from www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=qa&iid=403.Google Scholar
Center for Prosecutor Integrity (2013a). An epidemic of prosecutor misconduct. Retrieved August 4, 2016 from www.prosecutorintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/EpidemicofProsecutorMisconduct.pdf.Google Scholar
Center for Prosecutor Integrity (2013b). Most Americans doubt fairness of criminal justice system. June 11, 2013.Google Scholar
Chan, S. (2016). Shootings in Dallas, Minnesota and Baton Rouge: What we know. New York Times. July 8, 2016. Retrieved July 24, 2016 from www.nytimes.com/2016/07/09/us/dallas-attacks-what-we-know-baton-rouge-minnesota.html.Google Scholar
Congressional Research Service (2015). Is Violent Crime in the United States Increasing? Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, October 29, 2015. Retrieved July 24, 2016 from www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44259.pdf.Google Scholar
Davey, M. & Smith, M. (2015). Murder Rates Rising Sharply in Many U.S. Cities. New York Times. August 31, 2015. Retrieved July 24, 2016 from www.nytimes.com/2015/09/01/us/murder-rates-rising-sharply-in-many-us-cities.html.Google Scholar
Donigan, R. L. & Fisher, E. C. (1980). The Evidence Handbook (4th ed.). Evanston, IL: Traffic Institute, Northwestern University.Google Scholar
Federal Bureau of Investigation (2015). Crime in the United States: 2014. Washington, DC: Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved July 24, 2016 from https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2014/crime-in-the-u.s.-2014.Google Scholar
Findley, K. & Scott, M. S. (2006). The multiple dimensions of tunnel vision in criminal cases. Wisconsin Law Review, 2, 291397.Google Scholar
Forst, B. (2004). Errors of Justice. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Forst, B. (2011). Managing miscarriages of justice from victimization to reintegration. Albany Law Review, 74(3), 12091275Google Scholar
Goldstein, H. (1977). Policing in a Free Society. New York: Harper-Collins.Google Scholar
Greene, J. R. (2000). Community Policing in America: Changing the Nature, Structure, and Function of the Police. Volume 3: Policies, Processes, and Decisions of the Criminal Justice System. Washington, DC: National Criminal Justice Reference Service.Google Scholar
Gross, S. R. (2013). How many false convictions are there? How many exonerations are there? In Huff, C. R. & Killias, M. (Eds), Wrongful Convictions and Miscarriages of Justice: Causes and Remedies in North American and European Criminal Justice Systems (pp. 45–59). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Gross, S. R., O’Brien, B., Hu, C., & Kennedy, E. H. (2014). Rate of false conviction of criminal defendants who are sentenced to death. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111 (20): 72307235.Google Scholar
Huff, C. R. (2016). Wrongful convictions: Psychological and criminal justice system contributors. In Kapardis, A. & Farrington, D. P. (Eds), The Psychology of Crime, Policing and Courts. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Huff, C. R., Rattner, A., & Sagarin, E. (1986). Guilty until proved innocent: Wrongful conviction and public policy. Crime & Delinquency, 32, 518544.Google Scholar
Huff, C. R. Rattner, A., & Sagarin, E. (1996). Convicted but Innocent: Wrongful conviction and public policy. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Innocence Project (2016a). DNA Exonerations in the United States. Retrieved July 22, 2016 from www.innocenceproject.org/dna-exonerations-in-the-united-states/.Google Scholar
Innocence Project (2016b). Government Misconduct. Retrieved August 5, 2016 from www.innocenceproject.org/causes/government-misconduct/.Google Scholar
James, N. (2015). Is violent crime in the United States increasing? Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, October 29.Google Scholar
Lichtblau, E. & Davey, M. (2016). Homicide rates jump in many major US cities, new data shows. New York Times. May 13, 2016. Retrieved July 22, 2016 from www.nytimes.com/2016/05/14/us/murder-rates-cities-fbi.html.Google Scholar
Manitoba Justice (2001). The Inquiry Regarding Thomas Sophonow. Retrieved August 11, 2016 from http://digitalcollection.gov.mb.ca/awweb/pdfopener?smd=1&did=12713&md=1.Google Scholar
National District Attorneys Association (2009). National Prosecution Standards (3rd ed.), Amended 2009, Section 1–1.1.Google Scholar
National Registry of Exonerations (2016a). Home page. Retrieved July 22, 2016 from www.law.umich.edu/special/exoneration/Pages/about.aspx.Google Scholar
National Registry of Exonerations (2016b). Resources: Interactive Data Display. Retrieved July 22, 2016 from www.law.umich.edu/special/exoneration/Pages/Exonerations-in-the-United-States-Map.aspx.Google Scholar
National Registry of Exonerations (2016c). The first 1600 exonerations. Retrieved August 5, 2016 from www.law.umich.edu/special/exoneration/Documents/1600_Exonerations.pdf.Google Scholar
National Registry of Exonerations (2016d). Glossary and Criteria for Exoneration. Retrieved August 5, 2016 from www.law.umich.edu/special/exoneration/Pages/glossary.aspx.Google Scholar
National Research Council (2015). Identifying the Culprit: Assessing Eyewitness Identification. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences Committee on Scientific Approaches to Understanding and Maximizing the Validity and Reliability of Eyewitness Identification in Law Enforcement and the Courts. Retrieved July 25, 2016 from http://sites.nationalacademies.org/PGA/stl/Eyewitness_ID/index.htm.Google Scholar
Ostrow, R. J. (2000). Richard Jewell Case Study. Columbia University. Retrieved July 25, 2016 from www.columbia.edu/itc/journalism/j6075/edit/readings/jewell.html.Google Scholar
Purdy, M. (2001). The Making of a Suspect: The Case of Wen Ho Lee. New York Times. February 4, 2001. Retrieved August 16, 2016 from www.nytimes.com/2001/02/04/us/the-making-of-a-suspect-the-case-of-wen-ho-lee.html.Google Scholar
Ridolfi, K. M. & Possley, M. (2010). Preventable error: A report of prosecutorial misconduct in California 1997–2009. Santa Clara, CA: Northern California Innocence Project, Santa Clara University School of Law.Google Scholar
Scheck, B., Neufeld, P., & Dwyer, J. (2001). Actual innocence: When justice goes wrong and how to make it right. New York: New American Library/Penguin.Google Scholar
Stewart, J. (2013). Peel’s Principles of Law Enforcement. Marron Institute of Urban Management, New York University. Retrieved August 16, 2016 from http://marroninstitute.nyu.edu/content/blog/peels-principles-of-law-enforcement.Google Scholar
Willis, J. (2013). Improving Police: What’s Craft Got to Do With It? Washington, DC: Police Foundation.Google Scholar
Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963).Google Scholar
United States v. Olsen, 2013 WL 6487376 (9th Cir. 2013). Dissent by Chief Judge Alex Kozinski.Google Scholar
Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963).Google Scholar
United States v. Olsen, 2013 WL 6487376 (9th Cir. 2013). Dissent by Chief Judge Alex Kozinski.Google Scholar

Cases

Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963).Google Scholar
United States v. Olsen, 2013 WL 6487376 (9th Cir. 2013). Dissent by Chief Judge Alex Kozinski.Google Scholar

References

Agnew, R. (1985). A revised strain theory of delinquency. Social Forces, 64, 151167.Google Scholar
Agnew, R. (1990). The origins of delinquent events: An examination of offender accounts. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 27, 267294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology, 30, 4787.Google Scholar
Agnew, R. (1997). Stability and change in crime over the life course: A strain theory explanation. In Thornberry, T. P. (Ed.), Developmental theories of crime and delinquency, Advances in criminological theory, Volume 7, (pp. 101132). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.Google Scholar
Agnew, R. (1999). A general strain theory of community differences in crime rates. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 36, 123155.Google Scholar
Agnew, R. (2001). Building on the foundation of general strain theory: Specifying the types of strain most likely to lead to crime and delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38, 319361.Google Scholar
Agnew, R. (2002). Experienced, vicarious, and anticipated strain: An exploratory study focusing on physical victimization and delinquency. Justice Quarterly, 19, 603632.Google Scholar
Agnew, R. (2003). An integrated theory of the adolescent peak in offending. Youth & Society, 34, 263299Google Scholar
Agnew, R. (2005a). Juvenile delinquency: Causes and control. Los Angeles: Roxbury.Google Scholar
Agnew, R. (2005b). Why do criminals offend? A general theory of crime and delinquency. Los Angeles: Roxbury.Google Scholar
Agnew, R. (2006). Pressured into crime: An overview of general strain theory. Los Angeles: Roxbury.Google Scholar
Agnew, R. (2013). When criminal coping is likely: An extension of general strain theory. Deviant Behavior, 34, 653670.Google Scholar
Agnew, R. & Brezina, T. (1997). Relational problems with peers, gender, and delinquency. Youth & Society, 29, 84111.Google Scholar
Agnew, R., Brezina, T., Wright, J. P., & Cullen, F. T. (2002). Strain, personality traits, and delinquency: Extending general strain theory. Criminology, 40, 4372.Google Scholar
Agnew, R. & White, H. R. (1992). An empirical test of general strain theory. Criminology, 30, 475499.Google Scholar
Anderson, E. (1994). The code of the streets. Atlantic Monthly, 273 (May), 8194.Google Scholar
Aseltine, R. H., Jr., Gore, S., & Gordon, J. (2000). Life stress, anger and anxiety, and delinquency: An empirical test of general strain theory. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 41, 256275.Google Scholar
Averill, J. R. (1982). Anger and aggression: An essay on emotion. New York: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Bao, W. N., Haas, A., Chen, X., & Pi, Y. (2012). Repeated strains, social control, social learning, and delinquency: Testing an integrated model of general strain theory in China. Youth & Society, 46, 402424.Google Scholar
Baron, S. W. (2004). General strain, street youth and crime: A test of Agnew’s revised theory. Criminology, 42, 457483.Google Scholar
Baron, S. W. (2009). Street youths’ violent responses to violent personal, vicarious, and anticipated strain. Journal of Criminal Justice, 37, 442451.Google Scholar
Berkowitz, L. (1989). The frustration-aggression hypothesis: An examination and reformulation. American Psychologist, 45, 494503.Google Scholar
Botchkovar, E. V., Tittle, C. R., & Antonaccio, O. (2009). General strain theory: Additional evidence using cross-cultural data. Criminology, 47, 131176.Google Scholar
Brezina, T. (1998). Adolescent maltreatment and delinquency: The question of intervening processes. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 35, 7199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brezina, T., Piquero, A. R., & Mazerolle, P. (2001). Student anger and aggressive behavior in school: An initial test of Agnew’s macro-level strain theory. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38, 362386.Google Scholar
Broidy, L. & Agnew, R. (1997). Gender and crime: A general strain theory perspective. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 34, 275306.Google Scholar
Chesney-Lind, M. (1989). Girls’ crime and woman’s place: Toward a feminist model of female delinquency. Crime and Delinquency, 35, 529.Google Scholar
Cloward, R. & Ohlin, L. (1960). Delinquency and opportunity. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, A. K. (1955). Delinquent boys. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.Google Scholar
Colvin, M. (2000). Crime & coercion. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar
De Li, S. (1999). Legal sanctions and youths’ status achievement: A longitudinal study. Justice Quarterly, 16, 377401.Google Scholar
Eitle, D. J. (2002). Exploring a source of deviance-producing strain for females: Perceived discrimination and general strain theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 30, 429442.Google Scholar
Elliott, D., Ageton, S. & Canter, R. (1979). An integrated theoretical perspective on delinquent behavior. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 16, 327.Google Scholar
Eitle, D., Gunkel, S., & Van Gundy, K. (2004). Cumulative exposure to stressful life events and male gang membership. Journal of Criminal Justice, 32, 95111.Google Scholar
Elliott, D., Huizinga, D., & Ageton, S. S. (1985). Explaining delinquency and drug use. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Eitle, D. & Turner, R. J. (2002). Exposure to community violence and young adult crime: The effects of witnessing violence, traumatic victimization, and other stressful life events. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 39, 214237.Google Scholar
Eitle, D. & Turner, R. J. (2003). Stress exposure, race, and young adult male crime. The Sociological Quarterly, 44, 243269.Google Scholar
Felson, R. (1996). Big people hit little people: Sex differences in physical power and interpersonal violence. Criminology, 34, 433452.Google Scholar
Greenberg, D. F. (1977). Delinquency and the age structure of society. Contemporary Crises, 1, 189223.Google Scholar
Hagan, J. & McCarthy, B. (1997). Mean streets. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hawkins, D.F. (2003). Violent Crime: Assessing Race and Ethnic Differences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hay, C. (2003). Family strain, gender, and delinquency. Sociological Perspectives, 46, 107136.Google Scholar
Hay, C. & Evans, M. M. (2006). Violent victimization and involvement in delinquency: Examining predictions from general strain theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34, 261274.Google Scholar
Hay, C., Fortson, E. N., Hollist, D. R., Altheimer, I., & Schaible, L. M. (2006). The impact of community disadvantage on the relationship between the family and juvenile crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 43, 326356.Google Scholar
Heimer, K. (2000). Changes in the gender gap in crime and women’s economic marginalization. In LaFree, G. (Ed.), The Nature of crime: Continuity and change, Criminal justice 2000, Volume 1 (pp. 427483). Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, J. P. & Cerbone, F. G. (1999). Stressful life events and delinquency escalation in early adolescence. Criminology, 37, 343374.Google Scholar
Hoffman, J. P. & Su, S. S. (1997). The conditional effects of stress on delinquency and drug use: A strain theory assessment of sex differences. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 34, 4678.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, J. (2003). A contextual analysis of differential association, social control, and strain theories of delinquency. Social Forces, 81, 753786.Google Scholar
Jang, S. J. (2007). Gender differences in strain, negative emotions, and coping behaviors: A general strain theory approach. Justice Quarterly, 24, 523553.Google Scholar
Jang, S. J. & Johnson, B. R. (2003). Strain, negative emotions, and deviant coping among African Americans: A test of general strain theory. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 19, 79105.Google Scholar
Kaufman, J. M., Revbellon, C. J., Thaxton, S., & Agnew, R. (2008). A general strain theory of racial differences in criminal offending. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 41, 421437.Google Scholar
Kort-Butler, L. A. (2010). Experienced and vicarious victimization: Do social support and self-esteem prevent delinquent responses? Journal of Criminal Justice, 38, 496505.Google Scholar
Lin, W. H., Cochran, J. K., & Mieczkowski, T. (2011). Direct and vicarious violent victimization and juvenile delinquency: An application of general strain theory. Sociological Inquiry, 81, 195222.Google Scholar
Mazerolle, P. & Piquero, A. (1998). Linking exposure to strain with anger: An investigation of deviant adaptations. Journal of Criminal Justice, 26, 195211.Google Scholar
Mazerolle, P. (1998). Gender, general strain, and delinquency: An empirical examination. Justice Quarterly, 15, 6591.Google Scholar
Manasse, M. E. & Ganem, N. M. (2009). Victimization as a cause of delinquency: The role of depression and gender. Journal of Criminal Justice, 37, 371378.Google Scholar
Mazerolle, P. & Maahs, J. (2000). General strain and delinquency: An alternative examination of conditioning influences. Justice Quarterly, 17, 323343.Google Scholar
Mazerolle, P., Piquero, A. R., & Capowich, G. F. (2003). Examining the links between strain, situational and dispositional anger, and crime. Youth & Society, 35, 131157.Google Scholar
McClelland, G. H. & Judd, C. M. (1993). Statistical difficulties of detecting interactions and moderator effects. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 376390.Google Scholar
Merton, R. K. (1938). Social structure and anomie. American Sociological Review, 3, 672682.Google Scholar
Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100, 674701.Google Scholar
Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Rutter, M., & Silva, P. A. (2001). Sex Differences in Antisocial Behaviour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Moon, B., Blurton, D., & McCluskey, J. D. (2008). General strain theory and delinquency focusing on the influences of key strain characteristics on delinquency. Crime & Delinquency, 54, 582613.Google Scholar
Moon, B. & Morash, M. (2013). General strain theory as a basis for the design of school interventions. Crime & Delinquency, 59, 886909.Google Scholar
Moon, B. & Morash, M. (2014). Gender and general strain theory: A comparison of strains, mediating, and moderating effects explaining three types of delinquency. Youth & Society, Published online January 16. doi: 10.1177/0886260513516863.Google Scholar
Moon, B., Morash, M., McCluskey, C. P., & Hwang, H. W. (2009). A comprehensive test of general strain theory key strains, situational-and trait-based negative emotions, conditioning factors, and delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 46, 182212.Google Scholar
Paternoster, R. & Mazerolle, P. (1994). General Strain Theory and delinquency: A replication and extension. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 31, 235263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osgood, D. W., Wilson, J. K., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Johnston, L. D. (1996). Routine activities and individual deviant behavior. American Sociological Review, 61, 635655.Google Scholar
Ousey, G. C., Wilcox, P., & Schreck, C. J. (2015). Violent victimization, confluence of risks and the nature of criminal behavior: Testing main and interactive effects from Agnew’s extension of General Strain Theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 43, 164173.Google Scholar
Piquero, N. L. & Sealock, M. D. (2004). Gender and general strain theory: A preliminary test of Broidy and Agnew’s gender/GST hypotheses. Justice Quarterly, 21, 125158.Google Scholar
Simmons, R. L., Chen, Y., Stewart, E. A., & Brody, G. H. (2003). Incidents of discrimination and risk for delinquency: A longitudinal test of strain theory with an African American sample. Justice Quarterly, 20, 827854.Google Scholar
Steffensmeier, D., & Allan, E. (1996). Gender and crime: Toward a gendered theory of female offending. Annual Review of Sociology, 22, 459487.Google Scholar
Tanner, J., Davies, S., & O’ Grady, B. (1999). Whatever happened to yesterday’s rebels? Longitudinal effects of youth delinquency on education and unemployment. Social Problems, 46, 250274.Google Scholar
Warner, B. D. & Fowler, S. K. (2003). Strain and violence: Testing a general strain theory model of community violence. Journal of Criminal Justice, 31, 511521.Google Scholar
Walsh, A. (2000 ). Behavior genetics and anomie/strain theory. Criminology, 38, 10751108.Google Scholar

References

Abram, K. M., Teplin, L. A., Charles, D. R., Longworth, S. L., McClelland, G. M., & Dulcan, M. K. (2004). Posttraumatic stress disorder and trauma in youth in juvenile detention. Archives of general psychiatry, 61, 403410.Google Scholar
Amato, P. R. (2001). Children of divorce in the 1990’s: An update of the Amato and Keith (1991) meta-analysis. Journal of Family Psychology, 15, 355370.Google Scholar
Anda, R. F., Butchart, A., Felitti, V. J., & Brown, D. W. (2010). Building a framework for global surveillance of the public health implications of Adverse Childhood Experiences. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 39, 9398.Google Scholar
Anda, R. F., Croft, J. B., Felitti, V. J., Nordenberg, D., Giles, W. H., Williamson, D. F., & Giovino, G. A. (1999). Adverse childhood experiences and smoking during adolescence and adulthood. Journal of the American Medical Association, 282, 16521658.Google Scholar
Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Bremner, J. D., Walker, J. D., Whitfield, C., Perry, B. D., Dube, S. R., & Giles, W. H. (2006). The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood: A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256, 174186.Google Scholar
Baglivio, M. T. & Epps, N. (2015). The interrelatedness of Adverse Childhood Experiences among high-risk juvenile offenders. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice. doi: 10.1177/1541204014566286.Google Scholar
Baglivio, M. T., Epps, N., Swartz, K., Huq, M. S., Sheer, A., & Hardt, N. S. (2014). The prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) in the lives of juvenile offenders. Journal of Juvenile Justice, 3, 123.Google Scholar
Baglivio, M. T., Jackowski, K., Greenwald, M. A., & Howell, J. C. (2014). Serious, violent, and chronic juvenile offenders: A statewide analysis of prevalence and prediction of subsequent recidivism using risk and protective factors. Criminology & Public Policy, 13, 83116.Google Scholar
Baglivio, M. T., Wolff, K. T., Epps, N., & Nelson, R. (2015). Predicting Adverse Childhood Experiences: The importance of neighborhood context in youth trauma among delinquent youth. Crime & Delinquency, 123. doi: 10.1177/0011128715570628.Google Scholar
Baglivio, M. T., Wolff, K. T., Piquero, A. R., Bilchik, S. Jackowski, K., Greenwald, M. A., & Epps, N. (2016). Maltreatment, child welfare, and recidivism in a sample of deep-end crossover youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45, 625654.Google Scholar
Baglivio, M. T., Wolff, K. T., Piquero, A. R., & Epps, N. (2015). The relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) and juvenile offending trajectories in a juvenile offender sample. Journal of Criminal Justice, 43, 229241.Google Scholar
Barrett, D. E., Katsiyannis, A., Zhang, D., & Zhang, D. (2014). Delinquency and recidivism, A multicohort, matched-control study of the role of early adverse experiences, mental health problems, and disabilities. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 22, 315.Google Scholar
Bellis, M. A., Lowey, H., Leckenby, N., Hughes, K., & Harrison, D. (2013). Adverse childhood experiences: Retrospective study to determine their impact on adult health behaviors and health outcomes in a UK population. Journal of Public Health, 36, 8191.Google Scholar
Bender, K. (2010). Why do some maltreated youth become juvenile offenders? A call for further investigation and adaption of youth services. Children and Youth Services Review, 32, 466473.Google Scholar
Bennett, A. J., Lesch, K. P., Heils, A., Long, J. C., Lorenz, J. G., Shoaf, S. E., Champoux, M., Suomi, S. J., Linnoila, M. V., & Higley, J. D. (2002). Early experience and serotonin transporter gene variation interact to influence primate CNS function. Molecular Psychiatry, 7, 118122.Google Scholar
Bremner, D. (2003). Long-term effects of childhood abuse on brain and neurobiology. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 12, 271292.Google Scholar
Brown, D. W., Anda, R. F., Tiemeier, H., Felitti, V. J., Edwards, V. J., Croft, J. B., & Giles, W. H. (2009). Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of premature mortality. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 37, 389396.Google Scholar
Burke, N. J., Hellman, J. L., Scott, B. G., Weems, C. F., & Carrion, V. G. (2011). The impact of adverse childhood experiences on an urban pediatric population. Child Abuse and Neglect, 35, 408413.Google Scholar
Burt, A. S., Barnes, A. R., McGue, M., & Iacono, W. G. (2008). Parental divorce and adolescent delinquency: Ruling out the impact of common genes. Developmental Psychology, 44, 16681677.Google Scholar
Caldji, C., Francis, D., Sharma, S., Plotsky, P. M., & Meaney, M. J. (2000). The effects of early rearing environment on the development of GABA and the central benzodiazepine receptor levels and novelty induced fearfulness in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology, 22, 219229.Google Scholar
Cannon, Y., Davis, G., Hsi, A., & Bochte, A. (2016). Adverse childhood experiences in the New Mexico juvenile justice population. Albuquerque, NM: New Mexico Sentencing Commission.Google Scholar
Caspi, A., McClay, J., Moffitt, T. E., Mill, J., Martin, J., Craig, I. W., Taylor, A., & Poulton, R. (2002). Role of genotype in the Cycle of Violence in maltreated children. Science, 297, 851854.Google Scholar
Cauffman, E., Feldman, S., Waterman, J., & Steiner, H. (1998). Posttraumatic stress disorder among female juvenile offenders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 12091216.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (d). Injury prevention and control: Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. Retrieved March 20, 2016 from www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/acestudy/.Google Scholar
Chartier, M. J., Walker, J. R., & Naimark, B. (2010). Separate and cumulative effects of adverse childhood experiences in predicting adult health and heath care utilization. Child Abuse and Neglect, 34, 454464.Google Scholar
Chen, W. Y., Propp, J., deLara, E., & Corvo, K. (2011). Child neglect and its association with subsequent juvenile drug and alcohol offense. Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal, 28, 273290.Google Scholar
Chiu, Y., Ryan, J. P., & Herz, D. C. (2011). Allegations of maltreatment and delinquency: Does risk of juvenile arrest vary substantiation status? Children and Youth Services Review, 33, 855860.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D. (2013). Annual research review: Resilient functioning in maltreated children – past, present, and future perspectives. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54, 402422.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D. & Toth, S. L. (2005). Child maltreatment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 409438.Google Scholar
Clark, L. A. (2005). Temperament as a unifying basis for personality and psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 505521.Google Scholar
Clark, L. A., Watson, D., & Mineka, S. (1994). Temperament, personality, and the mood and anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 103116.Google Scholar
Coulton, C. J., Crampton, D. S., Irwin, M., Spilsbury, J. C., & Korbin, J. E. (2007). How neighborhoods influence child maltreatment: A review of the literature and alternative pathways. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31, 11171142.Google Scholar
Craig, J. M., Baglivio, M. T., Wolff, K. T., Piquero, A. R., & Epps, N. (2016). Do social bonds buffer the impact of adverse childhood experiences on reoffending? Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 118. doi: 10.1177/1541204016630033.Google Scholar
Crooks, C. V., Scott, K. L., Wolfe, D. A., Chiodo, D., & Killip, S. (2007). Understanding the link between childhood maltreatment and violent delinquency: What do schools have to add? Child Maltreatment, 12, 269280.Google Scholar
Currie, J. & Tekin, E. (2006). Does child abuse cause crime? IZA discussion papers, No. 2063.Google Scholar
Dannerbeck, A. & Yan, J. (2011). Missouri’s crossover youth: Examining the relationship between maltreatment history and their risk of violence. Journal of Juvenile Justice, 1, 7897.Google Scholar
Danese, A. & McEwen, B. S. (2012). Adverse childhood experiences, allostasis, allostatic load, and age-related disease. Physiology and Behavior, 106, 2939.Google Scholar
Dierkhising, C. B., Ko, S. J., Woods-Jaeger, B., Briggs, E. C., Lee, R., & Pynoos, R. S. (2013). Trauma histories among justice-involved youth: Findings from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 4, doi: 10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.20274.Google Scholar
Dietz, P. M., Spitz, A. M., Anda, R. F., Williamson, D. F., McMahon, P. M., Santelli, J. S., Nordenberg, D. F., Felitti, V. J., & Kendrick, J. S. (1999). Unintended pregnancy among adult women exposed to abuse or household dysfunction during their childhood. Journal of the American Medical Association, 282, 13591364.Google Scholar
Dong, M., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Dube, S. R., Williamson, D. F., Thompson, T. J., Loo, C. M., & Giles, W. H. (2004). The interrelatedness of multiple forms of childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. Child Abuse and Neglect, 28, 771784.Google Scholar
Dong, M., Dube, S. R., Felitti, V. J., Giles, W. H., & Anda, R. F. (2003). Adverse childhood experiences and self-reported liver disease: New insights into the causal pathway. Archives of Internal Medicine, 163, 19491956.Google Scholar
D’Onofrio, B. M., Turkheimer, E., Emery, R. E., Slutske, W. S., Heath, A. C., Madden, P. A., & Martin, N. G. (2005). A genetically informed study of marital instability and its association with offspring psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 570586.Google Scholar
Drake, B., Jonson-Reid, M., Way, I., & Chung, S. (2003). Substantiation and recidivism. Children Maltreatment, 8, 248260.Google Scholar
Dube, S. R., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Chapman, D. P., Williamson, D. F., & Giles, W. H. (2001). Childhood abuse, household dysfunction and the risk of attempted suicide throughout the life span: Findings from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 286, 30893096.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dube, S. R., Miller, J. W., Brown, D. W., Giles, W. H., Felitti, V. J., Dong, M., & Anda, R. F. (2006). Adverse childhood experiences and the association with ever using alcohol and initiating alcohol use during adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38, 444.e1–444.e10.Google Scholar
Duke, N. N., Pettingell, S. L., McMorris, B. J., & Borowsky, I. W. (2010). Adolescent violence perpetration: Associations with multiple types of adverse childhood experiences. Pediatrics, 125, 778786.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Guthrie, I. K., Murphy, B. C., Maszk, P., Holmgren, R., & Suh, K. (1996). The relations of regulation and emotionality to problem behavior in elementary school children. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 141162.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Guthrie, I. K., & Reiser, M. (2000). Dispositional emotionality and regulation: Their role in predicting quality of social functioning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 136157.Google Scholar
English, D., Widom, C., & Brandford, C. (2001). Childhood victimization and delinquency, adult criminality, and violent criminal behavior: A replication and extension (NCJ 192291). Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.Google Scholar
Evans-Chase, M. (2014). Addressing trauma and psychosocial development in juvenile justice-involved youth: A synthesis of the developmental neuroscience, juvenile justice and trauma literature. Laws, 3, 744758.Google Scholar
Evans, S. E., Davies, C., & DiLillo, D. (2008). Exposure to domestic violence: A meta-analysis of child and adolescent outcomes. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 13, 131140.Google Scholar
Fagan, A. A. (2005). The relationship between adolescent physical abuse and criminal offending: Support for an enduring and generalized cycle of violence. Journal of Family Violence, 20, 279290.Google Scholar
Felitti, V. J. (2002). The relationship between adverse childhood experiences and adult health: Turning gold into lead. The Permanente Journal, 6, 4447.Google Scholar
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14, 245258.Google Scholar
Finkelhor, D., Ormrod, R., & Turner, H. A. (2007). Polyvictimization and trauma in a national longitudinal cohort. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 149166.Google Scholar
Finkelhor, D., Shattuck, A., Turner, H. A. & Hamby, S. (2012). Improving the adverse childhood experiences study scale. JAMA Pediatrics, 167, 7075.Google Scholar
Flaherty, E. G., Thompson, R., Dubowitz, H., Harvey, E. M., English, D. J., Proctor, L. J., & Runyan, D. K. (2013). Adverse childhood experiences and child health in early adolescence. JAMA Pediatrics, 167, 622629.Google Scholar
Fox, B. H., Perez, N., Cass, E., Baglivio, M. T., & Epps, N. (2015). Trauma changes everything: Examining the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and serious, violent and chronic juvenile offenders. Child Abuse & Neglect, 46, 163173.Google Scholar
Fox, B. H., Piquero, A. R., & Jennings, W. (2014). Serious, chronic, and violent offenders. In Church, W. & Springer, D. (Eds), Juvenile justice sourcebook: Past, present and future (pp. 554579). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Freisthler, B., Merritt, D. H., & LaScala, E. A. (2006). Understanding the ecology of child maltreatment: A review of the literature and directions for future research. Child Maltreatment, 11, 263280.Google Scholar
Geller, A., Garfinkel, I., Cooper, C. E., & Mincy, R. B. (2009). Parental incarceration and child well-being: Implications for urban families. Social Science Quarterly, 1, 11861202.Google Scholar
Godinet, M. T., Li, F., & Berg, T. (2014). Early childhood maltreatment and trajectories of behavioral problems: Exploring gender and racial differences. Child Abuse and Neglect, 38, 544556.Google Scholar
Granic, I. & Lamey, A. V. (2002). Combining dynamic systems and multivariate analyses to compare the mother–child interactions of externalizing subtypes. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 265283.Google Scholar
Granic, I. & Patterson, G. R. (2006). Toward a comprehensive model of antisocial development: A dynamic systems approach. Psychological Review, 113, 101131.Google Scholar
Grevstad, J. A. (2010). Adverse childhood experiences and juvenile justice. PowerPoint delivered to Washington State Family Policy Council, June 8, 2010.Google Scholar
Halemba, G. & Siegel, G. (2011). Doorways to delinquency: Multisystem involvement of delinquent youth in King County (Seattle, WA). Pittsburgh: National Center for Juvenile Justice.Google Scholar
Hamburger, M. E., Leeb, R. T., & Swahn, M. H. (2008). Childhood maltreatment and early alcohol use among high risk adolescents. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 69, 291295.Google Scholar
Heim, C., Shugart, M., Craighead, W. E., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2010). Neurobiological and psychiatric consequences of child abuse and neglect. Developmental Psychobiology, 52, 671690.Google Scholar
Henwood, K. S., Chou, S., & Browne, K. D. (2015). A systematic review and meta-analysis on the effectiveness of CBT informed anger management. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 25(Part B), 280292.Google Scholar
Herrera, V. M. & McCloskey, L. A. (2001). Gender differences in the risk for delinquency among youth exposed to family violence. Child Abuse and Neglect, 25, 10371051.Google Scholar
Hillis, S. D., Anda, R. F., Dube, S. R., Felitti, V. J., Marchbanks, P. A., & Marks, J. S. (2004). The association between adverse childhood experiences and adolescent pregnancy, long-term psychosocial consequences, and fetal death. Pediatrics, 2, 320327.Google Scholar
Hillis, S. D., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., & Marchbanks, P. A. (2001). Adverse childhood experiences and sexual risk behaviors in women: A retrospective cohort study. Family Planning Perspective, 5, 206211.Google Scholar
Jespersen, A. F., Lalumière, M. L., & Seto, M. C., (2009). Sexual abuse history among adult sex offenders and non-sex offenders: A meta-analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 179192.Google Scholar
Lanius, R., Vermetten, E., & Pain, C. (2011). The impact of early life trauma on health and disease: The hidden epidemic. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Larkin, H., Felitti, V. J., & Anda, R. F. (2014). Social work and adverse childhood experiences research: Implications for practice and health policy. Social Work in Public Health, 29, 116.Google Scholar
Lasford, J. E., Miller-Johnson, S., Berlin, L. J., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (2007). Early physical abuse and later violent delinquency: A prospective longitudinal study. Child Maltreatment, 12, 233245.Google Scholar
Lengua, L. J., West, S. G., & Sandler, I. N. (1998). Temperament as a predictor of symptomatology in children: Addressing contamination of measures. Child Development, 69, 164181.Google Scholar
Levenson, J. S. & Socia, K. M. (2015). Adverse childhood experiences and arrest patterns in a sample of sexual offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 129. doi: 10.1177/08862605155751.Google Scholar
Levenson, J. S., Willis, G., & Prescott, D. (2014a). Adverse childhood experiences in the lives of female sex offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 27, 258283.Google Scholar
Levenson, J. S., Willis, G., & Prescott, D. (2014b). Adverse childhood experiences in the lives of male sex offenders and implications for trauma-informed care. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment. doi:10.1177/1079063214535819.Google Scholar
Loeber, R. & Farrington, D. P. (2000). Young children who commit crime: Epidemiology, developmental origins, risk factors, early interventions, and policy implications. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 737762.Google Scholar
Lynch, M. & Cicchetti, D. (1998). An ecological transactional analysis of children and contexts: The longitudinal interplay among child maltreatment, community violence, and children’s symptomology. Developmental Psychopathology, 10, 235257.Google Scholar
Mass, C., Herrenkohl, T. I., & Sousa, C. (2008). Review of research on child maltreatment and violence in youth. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 9, 5667.Google Scholar
Maxfield, M. G. & Widom, C. S. (1996). The cycle of violence: Revisited six years later. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, 150, 390395.Google Scholar
McMackin, R. A., Leisen, M. B., Cusack, J. F., LaFratta, J., & Litwin, P. (2002). The relationship of trauma exposure to sex offending behavior among male juvenile offenders. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 11, 2540.Google Scholar
Mersky, J. P. & Reynolds, A. J. (2007). Child maltreatment and violent delinquency: Disentangling main effects and subgroup effects. Child Maltreatment, 12, 246258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mersky, J. P. & Topitzes, J. (2010). Comparing early adult outcomes of maltreated and non-maltreated children: A prospective longitudinal investigation. Children and Youth Services Review, 36, 2229.Google Scholar
Miller, N. A. & Najavits, L. M. (2012). Creating trauma-informed correctional care: A balance of goals and environment. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 3, 18. doi: 10.3402/ejpt.v3i0.17246.Google Scholar
Mills, R., Alati, R., O’Callaghan, M., Najman, J., Williams, G., Bor, W., et al. (2010). Child abuse and neglect and cognitive functioning at 14 years of age: Findings from a birth cohort. Pediatrics, 127, 410.Google Scholar
Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescent-limited and life-course persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100, 674701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moffitt, T. E. (2006). Life-course persistent versus adolescent-limited antisocial behavior. In Cicchetti, D. & Cohen, D. J. (Eds), Developmental psychopathology: Risk, disorder, and adaptation (pp. 570598). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Moffitt, T. E. & Caspi, A. (2001). Childhood predictors differentiate life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways among males and females. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 255375.Google Scholar
Moylan, C. A., Herrenkohl, T. I., Sousa, C., Tajima, E. A., Herrenkohl, R. C. & Russo, M. J. (2010). The effects of child abuse exposure to domestic violence on adolescent internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Journal of Family Violence, 25, 5363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, J. & Farrington, D. P. (2005). Parental imprisonment: Effects on boys’ antisocial behavior and delinquency through the life-course. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 12691278.Google Scholar
Murray, J. & Farrington, D. P. (2008). Parental imprisonment: Long-lasting effects on boys’ internalizing problems through the life course. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 273290.Google Scholar
Nofziger, S. & Kurtz, D. (2005). Violent lives: A lifestyle model linking exposure to violence to juvenile violent offending. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 42, 326.Google Scholar
Nunes, K. L., Hermann, C. A., Renee Malcom, J., & Lavoie, K. (2013). Childhood sexual victimization, pedophilic interest, and sexual recidivism. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37, 703711.Google Scholar
Painter, K. & Scannapieco, M. (2013). Child maltreatment: The neurobiological aspects of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work, 10, 276284.Google Scholar
Parke, R. & Clarke-Stewart, K. (2002). Effects of parental incarceration on young children. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services.Google Scholar
Perry, B. D. & Pollard, R. (1998). Homeostasis, stress, trauma, and adaption: A neurodevelopmental view of childhood trauma. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 7, 3351.Google Scholar
Piquero, A. R. (2011). James Joyce, Alice in Wonderland, the Rolling Stones, and criminal careers. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, 761775.Google Scholar
Piquero, A. R., Farrington, D. P., Welsh, B. C., Tremblay, R. E., & Jennings, W. G. (2009). Effects of early family/parent training programs on antisocial behavior and delinquency: A systematic review. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 5, 83120.Google Scholar
Putnam, F. W. (2006). The impact of trauma on child development. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 57, 111.Google Scholar
Reavis, J., Looman, J., Franco, K., & Rojas, B. (2013). Adverse childhood experiences and adult criminality: How long must we live before we possess our own lives? The Permanente Journal, 17, 4448.Google Scholar
Rivera, B. & Widom, C. S. (1990). Childhood victimization and violent offending. Violence and Victims, 5, 1935.Google Scholar
Rothbart, M. K. & Bates, J. E. (1998). Temperament. In Damon, W. & Eisenberg, N. (Eds), Handbook of Child Psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 105176). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Rothbart, M. K. & Bates, J. E. (2006). Temperament. In Eisenberg, N., Damon, W., & Lerner, R. (Eds), Handbook of Child Psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (6th ed., pp. 99167). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Ryan, J. P. & Testa, M. F. (2005). Child maltreatment and juvenile delinquency: Investigating the role of placement and placement instability. Children and Youth Services Review, 27, 227249.Google Scholar
Ryan, J. P., Williams, A. B., & Courtney, M. E. (2013). Adolescent neglect, juvenile delinquency and the risk of recidivism. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, 454465.Google Scholar
Schmidt, P. & Witte, A. D. (1989). Predicting criminal recidivism using “split population” survival time models. Journal of Econometrics, 40, 141159.Google Scholar
Scott, B. G., Burke, N. J., Weems, C. F., Hellman, J. L., & Carrion, V. G. (2013). The interrelation of Adverse Childhood Experiences within an at-risk pediatric sample. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 6, 217229.Google Scholar
Shalev, I., Moffitt, T., Sugden, K., Williams, B., Houts, R. M., Danese, A., Mill, J., Arseneault, , & Caspi, A. (2013). Exposure to violence during childhood is associated with telomere erosion from 5 to 10 years of age: A longitudinal study. Molecular Psychiatry, 18, 576581.Google Scholar
Smith, C. & Thornberry, T. P. (1995). The relationship between childhood maltreatment and adolescent involvement in delinquency. Criminology, 33, 451477.Google Scholar
Teague, R., Mazerolle, P., Legosz, M., & Sanderson, J. (2008). Linking childhood exposure to physical abuse and adult offending: Examining mediating factors and gendered relationships. Justice Quarterly, 25, 313348.Google Scholar
Teicher, M. H., Andersen, S. L., Polcari, A., Anderson, C. M., Navalta, C. P., & Kim, D. M. (2003). The neurobiological consequences of early stress and childhood maltreatment. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 27(1–2), 3344.Google Scholar
Tibbetts, S. G. & Piquero, A. R. (1999). The influence of gender, low birth weight, and disadvantaged environment in predicting early onset offending: A test of Moffitt’s interactional hypothesis. Criminology, 37, 843878.Google Scholar
Topitzes, J., Mersky, J. P., & Reynolds, A. J. (2011). Child maltreatment and offending behavior: Gender-specific effects and pathways. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 38, 492510.Google Scholar
Trulson, C. R., Haerle, D. R., Caudill, J. W., & DeLisi, M. (2016). Lost causes: Blended sentencing, second chances, and the Texas Youth Commission. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Twardosz, S. & Lutzker, J. R. (2010). Child maltreatment and the developing brain: A review of neuroscience perspectives. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15, 5968.Google Scholar
US Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau. (2013). Child maltreatment 2012. Retrieved March 20, 2016 from www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/research-data-technology/statistics-research/child-maltreatment.Google Scholar
Vaughn, M. G., DeLisi, M., Gunter, T., Fu, Q., Beaver, K. M., Perron, B. E., & Howard, M. O. (2011). The severe 5%: A latent class analysis of the externalizing spectrum in the United States. Journal of Criminal Justice, 39, 7580.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vaughn, M. G., DeLisi, M., Salas-Wright, C., & Maynard, B. R. (2014). Examining violence and externalizing behavior among youth in the United States: Is there a severe 5%? Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 12, 321.Google Scholar
Widom, C. S. (1989a). The cycle of violence. Science, 244(4901), 160166.Google Scholar
Widom, C. S. (1989b). Child abuse, neglect, and adult behavior: Research design and findings on criminality, violence, and child abuse. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59, 355367.Google Scholar
Widom, C. S. (2014). The 2013 Sutherland Address: Varieties of violent behavior. Criminology, 52, 313344.Google Scholar
Widom, C. S. & Maxfield, M. G. (2001). An update on the “cycle of violence.” Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, US Department of Justice.Google Scholar
Wijkman, M., Bijleveld, C., & Hendriks, J. (2010). Women don’t do such things! Characteristics of female sex offenders and offender types. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 22, 135156.Google Scholar
Wolff, K. T. & Baglivio, M. T. (2017). Adverse childhood experiences, negative emotionality, and pathways to juvenile recidivism. Crime & Delinquency, 127. 63(12), 1495–1521.Google Scholar
Wolff, K. T., Baglivio, M. T., & Piquero, A. R. (2015). The relationship between adverse childhood experiences and recidivism in a sample of juvenile offenders in community-based treatment. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 133. doi: 10.1177/0306624X15613992.Google Scholar
Wolfgang, M. E., Figlio, R. M., & Sellin, T. (1972). Delinquency in a birth cohort. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Yu-Ling Chiu, Y. L., Ryan, J. P., & Herz, D. C. (2011). Allegations of maltreatment and delinquency: Does risk of juvenile arrest vary substantiation status? Children and Youth Services Review, 33, 855860.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×