Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T12:50:33.043Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

25 - Innovations and Challenges in Acquisition and Processing Methodologies for L3/Ln

from Part VI - Research Methods in L3/Ln

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 July 2023

Jennifer Cabrelli
Affiliation:
University of Illinois, Chicago
Adel Chaouch-Orozco
Affiliation:
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Jorge González Alonso
Affiliation:
Universidad Nebrija, Spain and UiT, Arctic University of Norway
Sergio Miguel Pereira Soares
Affiliation:
Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics
Eloi Puig-Mayenco
Affiliation:
King's College London
Jason Rothman
Affiliation:
UiT, Arctic University of Norway and Universidad Nebrija, Spain
Get access

Summary

The advent of psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic methodologies has provided new insights into theories of language acquisition. Sequential multilingualism is no exception, and some of the most recent work on the subject has incorporated a particular focus on language processing. This chapter surveys some of the work on the processing of lexical and morphosyntactic aspects of third or further languages, with different offline and online methodologies. We also discuss how, while increasingly sophisticated techniques and experimental designs have improved our understanding of third language acquisition and processing, simpler but clever designs can answer pressing questions in our theoretical debate. We provide examples of both sophistication and clever simplicity in experimental design, and argue that the field would benefit from incorporating a combination of both concepts into future work.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Angelovska, T., Roehm, D., & Weinmüller, S. (2020). Uncovering Transfer Effects of Dominance and Proficiency in L3 English Acquisition Using the Visual Moving Window Paradigm and Grammaticality Judgments. Applied Linguistics Review, 14(1), 115143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aparicio, X., & Lavaur, J. M. (2016). Masked Translation Priming Effects in Visual Word Recognition by Trilinguals. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 45(6), 13691388.Google Scholar
Bardel, C., & Falk, Y. (2007). The Role of the Second Language in Third Language Acquisition: The Case of Germanic Syntax. Second Language Research, 23(4), 459484.Google Scholar
Bardel, C., & Sánchez, L. (2017). The L2 Status Factor Hypothesis Revisited: The Role of Metalinguistic Knowledge, Working Memory, Attention and Noticing in Third Language Learning. In Angelovska, T. & Hahn, A. (Eds.), L3 Syntactic Transfer: Models, New Developments and Implications (pp. 85102). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Brennan, J. R., & Hale, J. T. (2019). Hierarchical Structure Guides Rapid Linguistic Predictions during Naturalistic Listening. PLoS ONE, 14, article e0207741.Google Scholar
Brouwer, H., Fitz, H., & Hoeks, J. (2010). Modeling the Noun Phrase versus Sentence Coordination Ambiguity in Dutch: Evidence from Surprisal Theory. In Hale, J. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics (pp. 7280). Uppsala: Association for Computational Linguistics.Google Scholar
Cabrelli Amaro, J., & Rothman, J. (2010). On L3 Acquisition and Phonological Permeability: A New Test Case for Debates on the Mental Representation of Non-native Phonological Systems. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 48(2–3), 275296.Google Scholar
Caramazza, A., & Brones, I. (1979). Lexical Access in Bilinguals. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 13(4), 212214.Google Scholar
Carvalho, A. M., & Da Silva, A. J. B. (2006). Cross-Linguistic Influence in Third Language Acquisition: The Case of Spanish–English Bilinguals’ Acquisition of Portuguese. Foreign Language Annals, 39(2), 185202.Google Scholar
Cenoz, J. (2003). The Additive Effect of Bilingualism on Third Language Acquisition: A Review. International Journal of Bilingualism, 7(1), 7187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaouch-Orozco, A., González Alonso, J., & Rothman, J. (2021). Individual Differences in Bilingual Word Recognition: The Role of Experiential Factors and Word Frequency in Cross-Language Lexical Priming. Applied Psycholinguistics, 42(2), 447474.Google Scholar
Colomé, À., & Miozzo, M. (2010). Which Words Are Activated during Bilingual Word Production? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36(1), 96.Google Scholar
De Angelis, G. (2007). Third or Additional Language Acquisition. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
De Groot, A. M., Delmaar, P., & Lupker, S. J. (2000). The Processing of Interlexical Homographs in Translation Recognition and Lexical Decision: Support for Non-selective Access to Bilingual Memory. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 53(2), 397428.Google Scholar
Dekydtspotter, L., & Renaud, C. (2014). On Second Language Processing and Grammatical Development: The Parser in Second Language Acquisition. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 4(2), 131165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dijkstra, T., & Van Heuven, W. J. (2002). The Architecture of the Bilingual Word Recognition System: From Identification to Decision. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 5(3), 175197.Google Scholar
Dijkstra, T., Van Jaarsveld, H., & Ten Brinke, S. (1998). Interlingual Homograph Recognition: Effects of Task Demands and Language Intermixing. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1(1), 5166.Google Scholar
Dijkstra, T., Grainger, J., & Van Heuven, W. J. (1999). Recognition of Cognates and Interlingual Homographs: The Neglected Role of Phonology. Journal of Memory and Language, 41(4), 496518.Google Scholar
Dijkstra, T., Wahl, A., Buytenhuijs, F., et al. (2019). Multilink: A Computational Model for Bilingual Word Recognition and Word Translation. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 22(4), 657679.Google Scholar
Dimitropoulou, M., Duñabeitia, J. A., & Carreiras, M. (2010). Influence of Prime Lexicality, Frequency, and Pronounceability on the Masked Onset Priming Effect. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63(9), 18131837.Google Scholar
Duñabeitia, J. A., Perea, M., & Carreiras, M. (2010). Masked Translation Priming Effects with Highly Proficient Simultaneous Bilinguals. Experimental Psychology, 57(2), 98.Google Scholar
Duyck, W. (2005). Translation and Associative Priming with Cross-Lingual Pseudohomophones: Evidence for Nonselective Phonological Activation in Bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 31(6), 13401359.Google Scholar
Duyck, W., & Warlop, N. (2009). Translation Priming Between the Native Language and a Second Language: New Evidence from Dutch–French Bilinguals. Experimental Psychology, 56(3), 173179.Google Scholar
Duyck, W., Van Assche, E., Drieghe, D., & Hartsuiker, R. J. (2007). Visual Word Recognition by Bilinguals in a Sentence Context: Evidence for Nonselective Lexical Access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33(4), 663679.Google Scholar
Ellis, R. (2005). Principles of Instructed Language Learning. System, 33(2), 209224.Google Scholar
Falk, Y., & Bardel, C. (2010). The Study of the Role of the Background Languages in Third Language Acquisition: The State of the Art. IRAL, 48 (2–3), 185219.Google Scholar
Falk, Y., & Bardel, C. (2011). Object Pronouns in German L3 Syntax: Evidence for the L2 Status Factor. Second Language Research, 27(1), 5982.Google Scholar
Flynn, S., Foley, C., & Vinnitskaya, I. (2004). The Cumulative-Enhancement Model for Language Acquisition: Comparing Adults’ and Children’s Patterns of Development in First, Second and Third Language Acquisition of Relative Clauses. International Journal of Multilingualism, 1(1), 316.Google Scholar
Frank, S. L. (2021). Toward Computational Models of Multilingual Sentence Processing. Language Learning, 71(S1), 193218.Google Scholar
Frank, S. L., & Hoeks, J. C. J. (2019). The Interaction between Structure and Meaning in Sentence Comprehension: Recurrent Neural Networks and Reading Times. In Proceedings of the 41st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 337343). Austin: Cognitive Science Society.Google Scholar
Frank, S. L., Trompenaars, T., & Vasishth, S. (2016). Cross‐Linguistic Differences in Processing Double‐Embedded Relative Clauses: Working‐Memory Constraints or Language Statistics? Cognitive Science, 40(3), 554578.Google Scholar
Giancaspro, D., Halloran, B., & Iverson, M. (2015). Transfer at the Initial Stages of L3 Brazilian Portuguese: A Look at Three Groups of English/Spanish Bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 18(2), 191207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
González Alonso, J., Alemán Bañón, J., DeLuca, V., et al. (2020). Event Related Potentials at Initial Exposure in Third Language Acquisition: Implications from an Artificial Mini-Grammar Study. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 56, article 100939.Google Scholar
Goss, S. (2019). Word Recognition in a Language with Multiple Orthographies: A Semantic Masked-Priming Study of L1 Mandarin Learners of L3 Japanese. Journal of Japanese Linguistics, 35(2), 235255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hale, J. T. (2001). A Probabilistic Early Parser as a Psycholinguistic Model. In Proceedings of the Second Meeting of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (pp. 159166). Stroudsburg., PA: Association for Computational Linguistics.Google Scholar
Hermas, A. (2014). Multilingual Transfer: L1 Morphosyntax in L3 English. International Journal of Language Studies, 8(2), 124.Google Scholar
Hinaut, X., Twiefel, J., Petit, M., Dominey, P., & Wermter, S. (2015). A Recurrent Neural Network for Multiple Language Acquisition: Starting with English and French. In Proceedings of the NIPS Workshop on Cognitive Computation: Integrating Neural and Symbolic Approaches (CoCo 2015). https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1583/CoCoNIPS_2015_paper_14.pdf.Google Scholar
Hoshino, N., & Kroll, J. F. (2008). Cognate Effects in Picture Naming: Does Cross-Language Activation Survive a Change of Script? Cognition, 106(1), 501511.Google Scholar
Iwata, T., Mochihashi, D., & Sawada, H. (2010). Learning Common Grammar from Multilingual Corpus. In Hajič, J., Carberry, S., Clark, S., & Nivre, J. (Eds.), Proceedings of the ACL 2010 Conference Short Papers (pp. 184188). Uppsala: Association for Computational Linguistics.Google Scholar
Jegerski, J. (2014). Self-Paced Reading. In Jegerski, J. & VanPatten, B. (Eds.), Research Methods in Second Language Psycholinguistics (pp. 2049). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Jessner, U. (2006). Linguistic Awareness in Multilinguals: English as a Third Language. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Jiang, N., & Forster, K. I. (2001). Cross-Language Priming Asymmetries in Lexical Decision and Episodic Recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 44(1), 3251.Google Scholar
Johnson, M., Schuster, M., Le, Q. V., & Krikun, M. (2017). Google’s Multilingual Neural Machine Translation System: Enabling Zero-Shot Translation. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 5, 339351.Google Scholar
Kaan, E. (2007). Event‐Related Potentials and Language Processing: A Brief Overview. Language and Linguistics Compass, 1(6), 571591.Google Scholar
Keating, G. D. (2014). Eye-Tracking with Text. In Jegerski, J. & VanPatten, B. (Eds.), Research Methods in Second Language Psycholinguistics (pp. 6992). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Klein, E. C. (1995). Second versus Third Language Acquisition: Is There a Difference? Language Learning, 45(3), 419466.Google Scholar
Kroll, J. F., & Stewart, E. (1994). Category Interference in Translation and Picture Naming: Evidence for Asymmetric Connections between Bilingual Memory Representations. Journal of Memory and Language, 33(2), 149174.Google Scholar
Kroll, J. F., Van Hell, J. G., Tokowicz, N., & Green, D. W. (2010). The Revised Hierarchical Model: A Critical Review and Assessment. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13(3), 373381.Google Scholar
Lago, S., Stutter Garcia, A., & Felser, C. (2019). The Role of Native and Non-native Grammars in the Comprehension of Possessive Pronouns. Second Language Research, 35(3), 319349.Google Scholar
Lago, S., Mosca, M., & Stutter Garcia, A. (2021). The Role of Crosslinguistic Influence in Multilingual Processing: Lexicon Versus Syntax. Language Learning, 71(S1), 163192.Google Scholar
Lemhöfer, K., Dijkstra, T., & Michel, M. (2004). Three Languages, One ECHO: Cognate Effects in Trilingual Word Recognition. Language and Cognitive Processes, 19(5), 585611.Google Scholar
Leung, Y. K. I. (2005). L2 vs. L3 Initial State: A Comparative Study of the Acquisition of French DPs by Vietnamese Monolinguals and Cantonese–English Bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 8(1), 3961.Google Scholar
Levy, R. (2013). Memory and Surprisal in Human Sentence Comprehension. In Van Gompel, R. P. G. (Ed.), Sentence Processing (pp. 78114). London: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Lewis, S., & Phillips, C. (2015). Aligning Grammatical Theories and Language Processing Models. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 44(1), 2746.Google Scholar
Lijewska, A., & Chmiel, A. (2015). Cognate Facilitation in Sentence Context–Translation Production by Interpreting Trainees and Non-interpreting Trilinguals. International Journal of Multilingualism, 12(3), 358375.Google Scholar
Liu, Y., Zhang, J. (2018). Deep Learning in Machine Translation. In Deng, L. & Liu, Y. (Eds.), Deep Learning in Natural Language Processing. Cham: Springer.Google Scholar
McDonough, K., & Trofimovich, P. (2008). Using Priming Methods in Second Language Research. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Midgley, K. J., Holcomb, P. J., & Grainger, J. (2011). Effects of Cognate Status on Word Comprehension in Second Language Learners: An ERP Investigation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(7), 16341647.Google Scholar
Morgan-Short, K., & Tanner, D. (2014). Event-Related Potentials (ERPs). In Jegerski, J. & VanPatten, B. (Eds.), Research Methods in Second Language Psycholinguistics (pp. 127152). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Nakayama, M., Ida, K., & Lupker, S. J. (2016). Cross-Script L2–L1 Noncognate Translation Priming in Lexical Decision Depends on L2 Proficiency: Evidence from Japanese–English Bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19(5), 10011022.Google Scholar
Nakayama, M., Lupker, S. J., & Itaguchi, Y. (2018). An Examination of L2–L1 Noncognate Translation Priming in the Lexical Decision Task: Insights from Distributional and Frequency-Based Analyses. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 21(2), 265277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newman, A. J. (2014). Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (FMRI). In Jegerski, J. & VanPatten, B. (Eds.), Research Methods in Second Language Psycholinguistics (pp. 153184). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ortega, L. (2013). SLA for the 21st Century: Disciplinary Progress, Transdisciplinary Relevance, and the Bi/Multilingual Turn. Language Learning, 63, 124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Padmanabhan, J., & Johnson Premkumar, M. J. (2015). Machine Learning in Automatic Speech Recognition: A Survey. IETE Technical Review, 32(4), 240251.Google Scholar
Pereira Soares, S. M., & Rothman, J. (2021). Cognitive States in Third Language Acquisition and Beyond: Theoretical and Methodological Paths Forward. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 11(1), 8995.Google Scholar
Pereira Soares, S. M., Kupisch, T., & Rothman, J. (2022). Testing Potential Transfer Effects in Heritage and Adult L2 Bilinguals Acquiring a Mini Grammar as an Additional Language: An ERP Approach. Brain Sciences, 12(5), 669.Google Scholar
Poarch, G. J., & Van Hell, J. G. (2014). Cross-Language Activation in Same-Script and Different-Script Trilinguals. International Journal of Bilingualism, 18(6), 693716.Google Scholar
Puig-Mayenco, E., González Alonso, J., & Rothman, J. (2020). A Systematic Review of Transfer Studies in Third Language Acquisition. Second Language Research, 36(1), 3164.Google Scholar
Roberts, L., & Liszka, S. A. (2013). Processing Tense/Aspect-Agreement Violations on-Line in the Second Language: A Self-Paced Reading Study with French and German L2 Learners of English. Second Language Research, 29(4), 413439.Google Scholar
Rothman, J. (2008). Aspect Selection in Adult L2 Spanish and the Competing Systems Hypothesis: When Pedagogical and Linguistic Rules Conflict. Languages in Contrast, 8(1), 74106.Google Scholar
Rothman, J. (2010). On the Typological Economy of Syntactic Transfer: Word Order and Relative Clause High/Low Attachment Preference in L3 Brazilian Portuguese. IRAL, 48(2–3), 245273.Google Scholar
Rothman, J. (2011). L3 Syntactic Transfer Selectivity and Typological Determinacy: The Typological Primacy Model. Second Language Research, 27(1), 107127.Google Scholar
Rothman, J., & Cabrelli Amaro, J. (2010). What Variables Condition Syntactic Transfer? A Look at the L3 Initial State. Second Language Research, 26(2), 189218.Google Scholar
Rothman, J., Alemán Bañón, J., & González Alonso, J. (2015). Neurolinguistic Measures of Typological Effects in Multilingual Transfer: Introducing an ERP Methodology. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1087.Google Scholar
Rothman, J., González Alonso, J. & Puig-Mayenco, E. (2019). Third Language Acquisition and Linguistic Transfer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sanz, C. (2000). Bilingual Education Enhances Third Language Acquisition: Evidence from Catalonia. Applied Psycholinguistics, 21(1), 2344.Google Scholar
Schoonbaert, S., Duyck, W., Brysbaert, M., & Hartsuiker, R. J. (2009). Semantic and Translation Priming from a First Language to a Second and Back: Making Sense of the Findings. Memory & Cognition, 37(5), 569586.Google Scholar
Schwartz, B. D. (1999). “Transfer” and L2 Acquisition of Syntax: Where Are We Now? (“Transfer”: Maligned, Realigned, Reconsidered, Redefined). In Oga, K. & Poole, G. (Eds.), Newcastle and Durham Working Papers in Linguistics (vol. 5; pp. 211234). Newcastle: University of Newcastle.Google Scholar
Schwartz, B. D., & Sprouse, R. A. (1996). L2 Cognitive States and the Full Transfer/Full Access Model. Second Language Research, 12(1), 4072.Google Scholar
Szubko-Sitarek, W. (2011). Cognate Facilitation Effects in Trilingual Word Recognition. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 1(2), 189208.Google Scholar
Thomas, J. (1988). The Role Played by Metalinguistic Awareness in Second and Third Language Learning. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 9, 235246.Google Scholar
Tytus, A. E. (2017). Asymmetrical Priming Effects: An Exploration of Trilingual German–English–French Lexico-Semantic Memory. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 46(6), 16251644.Google Scholar
Ullman, M. T. (2004). Contributions of Memory Circuits to Language: The Declarative/Procedural Model. Cognition, 92(1–2), 231270.Google Scholar
Van Assche, E., Drieghe, D., Duyck, W., Welvaert, M., & Hartsuiker, R. J. (2011). The Influence of Semantic Constraints on Bilingual Word Recognition during Sentence Reading. Journal of Memory and Language, 64(1), 88107.Google Scholar
Van Hell, J. G., & Dijkstra, T. (2002). Foreign Language Knowledge Can Influence Native Language Performance in Exclusively Native Contexts. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9(4), 780789.Google Scholar
Van Hell, J. G., & De Groot, A. M. (2008). Sentence Context Modulates Visual Word Recognition and Translation in Bilinguals. Acta Psychologica, 128(3), 431451.Google Scholar
Wen, Y., & Van Heuven, W. J. (2017). Non-cognate Translation Priming in Masked Priming Lexical Decision Experiments: A Meta-analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 24(3), 879886.Google Scholar
Xia, V., & Andrews, S. (2015). Masked Translation Priming Asymmetry in Chinese–English Bilinguals: Making Sense of the Sense Model. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 68(2), 294325.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×