Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T03:40:37.209Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

33 - Gender and Women’s Sexual and Reproductive Health

from Section 6 - Health and Well-Being

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 July 2020

Fanny M. Cheung
Affiliation:
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Diane F. Halpern
Affiliation:
Claremont McKenna College, California
Get access

Summary

This chapter focuses on women’s sexual and reproductive health across their lifecourse. It begins with an overview of how sexual and reproductive health has been defined historically and today. Next, it describes the leading causes of morbidity and mortality related to sexual and reproductive health globally and then turns to some specific health outcomes that primarily or exclusively impact girls and younger women, and women during their childbearing ages, as well as peri- and post-menopausal women. The chapter highlights some of the ways gender adversely impacts girls’ and women’s sexual and reproductive health and rights as well as how gendered opportunities limit women’s access to sexual and reproductive health care and services. The chapter concludes with a summary and recommendations for future research and programs.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Suggested Readings

Michelle J. Hindin is director of the Population Council’s Reproductive Health Program. Prior to joining she was Professor, Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, where she continues to hold an adjunct appointment. She was also a scientist in WHO’s Reproductive Health and Research Department. She has published more than 115 peer-reviewed articles on topics ranging from contraceptive use to women’s empowerment. Hindin was born in the USA. She earned her PhD in Sociology at Johns Hopkins University and an MHS in the Department of Population Dynamics at the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health. She spent a semester in Brazil during her college years and did her doctoral research in Zimbabwe. She had a three-month consultancy in Rwanda, and worked extensively in a number of countries in sub-Saharan Africa.

Funmilola OlaOlorun is a Nigerian-born and trained community health physician. She grew up in both Nigeria and the United States. She has a PhD from the Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. OlaOlorun is currently a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, and an Honourary Consultant to the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Her main research interest is in women’s health across the life course, with a special focus on women’s empowerment and their reproductive health issues, especially family planning. OlaOlorun is also interested in gender-related issues, such as intimate-partner violence and how its experience influences the health and lives of women. She hopes that her career of teaching, research, and clinical practice helps to improve the health of Nigerian women and men, as well as the communities from which they come.

Glasier, A., Gülmezoglu, A. M., Schmid, G. P., Moreno, C. G., & Van Look, P. F. A. (2006). Sexual and reproductive health: A matter of life and death. The Lancet, 368(9547), 15951607. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69478-6Google Scholar
Higgins, J. A., & Smith, N. K. (2016). The sexual acceptability of contraception: Reviewing the literature and building a new concept. Journal of Sex Research, 53(4–5), 417456. doi:10.1080/00224499.2015.1134425Google Scholar
Jewkes, R., Flood, M., & Lang, J. (2015). From work with men and boys to changes of social norms and reduction of inequities in gender relations: A conceptual shift in prevention of violence against women and girls. The Lancet, 385(9977), 15801589. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61683-4Google Scholar
Starrs, A. M., Ezeh, A. C., Barker, G., Basu, A., Bertrand, J. T., Blum, R., … Ashford, L. S. (2018). Accelerate progress – sexual and reproductive health and rights for all: Report of the Guttmacher-Lancet Commission. The Lancet, 391(10140), 26422692. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30293-9Google Scholar
United Nations Population Fund. (2014). Program of action of the International Conference on Population Development. www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/programme_of_action_Web%20ENGLISH.pdfGoogle Scholar
World Health Organization. (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: Prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and nonpartner sexual violence. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar

References

Abreu, A. P., & Kaiser, U. B. (2016). Pubertal development and regulation. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 4(3), 254264. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00418-0Google Scholar
Agunbiade, O. M., & Togunde, D. (2018). “No sweet in sex”: Perceptions of condom usefulness among elderly Yoruba people in Ibadan Nigeria. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 33(3), 319336. doi:10.1007/s10823-018-9354-8Google Scholar
Alam, M. U., Luby, S. P., Halder, A. K., Islam, K., Opel, A., Shoab, A. K., … Unicomb, L. (2017). Menstrual hygiene management among Bangladeshi adolescent schoolgirls and risk factors affecting school absence: Results from a cross-sectional survey. BMJ Open, 7(7), e015508. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015508Google Scholar
American Academy of Family Physicians. (2016). Preconception care (position paper). www.aafp.org/about/policies/all/preconception-care.htmlGoogle Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2019). Prepregnancy counseling. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 762. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 133(1), e78–89. www.acog.org/-/media/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Gynecologic-Practice/co762.pdf?dmc=1&ts=20190319T1259136411Google Scholar
Avis, N. E., Brockwell, S., Randolph, J. F. Jr., Shen, S., Cain, V. S., Ory, M., & Greendale, G. A. (2009). Longitudinal changes in sexual functioning as women transition through menopause: Results from the study of women’s health across the nation. Menopause, 16(3), 442452. doi:10.1097/gme.0b013e3181948dd0Google Scholar
Avis, N. E., Colvin, A., Karlamangla, A. S., Crawford, S., Hess, R., Waetjen, L. E., … Greendale, G. A. (2017). Change in sexual functioning over the menopausal transition: Results from the study of women’s health across the nation. Menopause, 24(4), 379390. doi:10.1097/GME.0000000000000770Google Scholar
Avis, N. E., Stellato, R., Crawford, S., Johannes, C., & Longcope, C. (2000). Is there an association between menopause status and sexual functioning? Menopause, 7(5), 297309.Google Scholar
Beckman, N., Waern, M., Gustafson, D., & Skoog, I. (2008). Secular trends in self reported sexual activity and satisfaction in Swedish 70 year olds: Cross sectional survey of four populations, 1971–2001. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 337(7662), a279a279. doi:10.1136/bmj.a279CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bélisle, S., Blake, J., Basson, R., Desindes, S., Graves, G., Grigoriadis, S., … Oman, J. (2006). Canadian Consensus Conference on Menopause, 2006 update. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada, 28(2, Supplement), S7S9. doi:10.1016/S1701-2163(16)32086-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bennett, I., Switzer, J., Aguirre, A., Evans, K., & Barg, F. (2006). “Breaking it down”: Patient–clinician communication and prenatal care among African American women of low and higher literacy. Annals of Family Medicine, 4(4), 334340. doi:10.1370/afm.548Google Scholar
Boynton-Jarrett, R., Rich-Edwards, J., Fredman, L., Hibert, E. L., Michels, K. B., Forman, M. R., & Wright, R. J. (2011). Gestational weight gain and daughter’s age at menarche. Journal of Women’s Health, 20(8), 11931200. doi:10.1089/jwh.2010.2517Google Scholar
Brown, E., Mwangi-Powell, F., Jerotich, M., & Le May, V. (2016). Female genital mutilation in Kenya: Are young men allies in social change programmes? Reproductive Health Matters, 24(47), 118125. doi:10.1016/j.rhm.2016.06.002Google Scholar
Catalano, P. M., Farrell, K., Thomas, A., Huston-Presley, L., Mencin, P., De Mouzon, S. H., & Amini, S. B. (2009). Perinatal risk factors for childhood obesity and metabolic dysregulation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 90(5), 13031313. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27416Google Scholar
Chirinda, W., & Zungu, N. (2016). Health status and years of sexually active life among older men and women in South Africa. Reproductive Health Matters 24(48),1424. doi:10.1016/j.rhm.2016.11.004.Google Scholar
Chuamoor, K., Kaewmanee, K., & Tanmahasamut, P. (2012). Dysmenorrhea among Siriraj nurses: Prevalence, quality of life, and knowledge of management. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, 95(8), 983991.Google Scholar
Cooke, A., Mills, T. A., & Lavender, T. (2010). “Informed and uninformed decision making” – Women’s reasoning, experiences and perceptions with regard to advanced maternal age and delayed childbearing: A meta-synthesis. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 47(10), 13171329. doi:doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2010.06.001Google Scholar
Côté, I., Jacobs, P., & Cumming, D. (2002). Work loss associated with increased menstrual loss in the United States. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 100(4), 683687.Google ScholarPubMed
Davis, J., Macintyre, A., Odagiri, M., Suriastini, W., Cordova, A., Huggett, C., … Kennedy, E. (2018). Menstrual hygiene management and school absenteeism among adolescent students in Indonesia: Evidence from a cross-sectional school-based survey. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 23(12), 13501363. doi:10.1111/tmi.13159Google Scholar
Davis, T. C., Fredrickson, D. D., Potter, L., Brouillette, R., Bocchini, A. C., Williams, M. V., & Parker, R. M. (2006). Patient understanding and use of oral contraceptive pills in a Southern public health family planning clinic. Southern Medical Journal, 99, 713718.Google Scholar
Deardorff, J., Berry-Millett, R., Rehkopf, D., Luecke, E., Lahiff, M., & Abrams, B. (2013). Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, and age at menarche in daughters. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 17(8), 13911398. doi:10.1007/s10995-012-1139-zGoogle Scholar
Dennerstein, L., Lehert, P., Dudley, E., & Guthrie, J. (2001). Factors contributing to positive mood during the menopausal transition. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189(2), 8489. doi:10.1097/00005053-200102000-00003Google Scholar
Dixon-Mueller, R. (1993). The sexuality connection in reproductive health. Studies in Family Planning, 24(5), 269282. doi:10.2307/2939221CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Endres, L. K., Sharp, L. K., Haney, E., & Dooley, S. L. (2004). Health literacy and pregnancy preparedness in pregestational diabetes. Diabetes Care, 27(2), 331334. doi:10.2337/diacare.27.2.331Google Scholar
Freeman, E., & Anglewicz, P. (2012). HIV prevalence and sexual behaviour at older ages in rural Malawi. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 23(7), 490496. doi:10.1258/ijsa.2011.011340Google Scholar
Gamal Eldin, A., Babiker, S., Sabahelzain, M., & Eltayeb, M. (2018). FGM/C decision-making process and the role of gender power relations in Sudan. Evidence to end FGM/C. New York: Population Council.Google Scholar
Gazmararian, J. A., Parker, R. M., & Baker, D. W. (1999). Reading skills and family planning knowledge and practices in a low-income managed-care population. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 93, 239–244.Google Scholar
Girls Not Brides. (2019). Child marriage around the world. www.girlsnotbrides.org/where-does-it-happen/Google Scholar
Gossett, D. R., Nayak, S., Bhatt, S., & Bailey, S. C. (2013). What do healthy women know about the consequences of delayed childbearing? Journal of Health Communication, 18 (Supplement 1), 118128. doi:10.1080/10810730.2013.825677Google Scholar
Gott, C. M. (2001). Sexual activity and risk-taking in later life. Health & Social Care in the Community, 9(2), 7278. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2524.2001.00285.xGoogle Scholar
Gracia, C. R., Freeman, E. W., Sammel, M. D., Lin, H., & Mogul, M. (2007). Hormones and sexuality during transition to menopause. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 109(4), 831840.Google Scholar
Gracia, C. R., Sammel, M. D., Freeman, E. W., Liu, L., Hollander, L., & Nelson, D. B. (2004). Predictors of decreased libido in women during the late reproductive years. Menopause, 11(2), 144150. doi:10.1097/01.GME.0000082147.01218.CFGoogle Scholar
Grant, M. J., Lloyd, C. B., & Mensch, B. S. (2013). Menstruation and school absenteeism: Evidence from rural malawi. Comparative Education Review, 57(2), 260284. doi:10.1086/669121Google Scholar
Graves, G., Lea, R., & Bourgeois-Law, G. (2002). Menopause and sexual function. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada, 24(10), 2528. doi:10.1016/S1701-2163(17)31077-0Google Scholar
Hayes, R. D., Dennerstein, L., Bennett, C. M., Sidat, M., Gurrin, L. C., & Fairley, C. K. (2008). Risk factors for female sexual dysfunction in the general population: Exploring factors associated with low sexual function and sexual distress. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 5(7), 16811693. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00838.xGoogle Scholar
Higgins, J. A., & Hirsch, J. S. (2007). The pleasure deficit: Revisiting the “sexuality connection” in reproductive health. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 39(4), 240247. doi:10.1363/3924007Google Scholar
Higgins, J. A., & Smith, N. K. (2016). The sexual acceptability of contraception: Reviewing the literature and building a new concept. Journal of Sex Research, 53(4–5), 417456. doi:10.1080/00224499.2015.1134425Google Scholar
Hindin, M. J. (2003). Understanding women’s attitudes towards wife beating in Zimbabwe. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 81, 501508.Google Scholar
Hindin, M. J., Kalamar, A. M., Thompson, T. A., & Upadahyay, U. D. (2016). Interventions to prevent unintended and repeat pregnancy among young people in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review of the published and gray literature. Journal of Adolescent Health 56, S8S15.Google Scholar
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. (2017). GBD Compare – Viz Hub. vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/Google Scholar
International Labour Organization. (2010). Maternity at work: A review of national legislation. Findings from the ILO Database of Conditions of Work and Employment Laws (2nd ed.). Geneva: International Labour Organization.Google Scholar
Jewkes, R., Flood, M., & Lang, J. (2015). From work with men and boys to changes of social norms and reduction of inequities in gender relations: A conceptual shift in prevention of violence against women and girls. The Lancet, 385(9977), 15801589. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61683-4Google Scholar
John, N. A., Babalola, S., & Chipeta, E. (2015). Sexual pleasure, partner dynamics and contraceptive use in Malawi. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 41(2), 99107. doi:10.1363/4109915Google Scholar
John, N. A., Stoebenau, K., Ritter, S., Edmeades, J., & Balvin, N. (2017). Gender socialization during adolescence in low- and middle-income countries: Conceptualization, influences and outcomes. Innocenti Discussion Paper 2017-01. Florence: UNICEF Office of Research.Google Scholar
Kalamar, A. M., Lee-Rife, S., & Hindin, M. J. (2016). Interventions to prevent child marriage among young people in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review of the published and gray literature. Journal of Adolescent Health, 59(3), S16S21. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.06.015Google Scholar
Karapanou, O., & Papadimitriou, A. (2010). Determinants of menarche. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 8, 115115. doi:10.1186/1477-7827-8-115Google Scholar
Keim, S. A., Branum, A. M., Klebanoff, M. A., & Zemel, B. S. (2009). Maternal body mass index and daughters’ age at menarche. Epidemiology, 20(5), 677681. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181b093ceGoogle Scholar
Kennedy, E. C., Bulu, S., Harris, J., Humphreys, D., Malverus, J., & Gray, N. J. (2014). “These issues aren’t talked about at home”: A qualitative study of the sexual and reproductive health information preferences of adolescents in Vanuatu. BMC Public Health, 14, 770770. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-770Google Scholar
Kilfoyle, K. A., Vitko, M., O’Conor, R., & Bailey, S. C. (2016). Health literacy and women’s reproductive health: A systematic review. Journal of Women’s Health, 25(12), 12371255. doi:10.1089/jwh.2016.5810Google Scholar
Koski, A., & Heymann, J. (2018). Changes in support for the continuation of female genital mutilation/cutting and religious views on the practice in 19 countries. Global Public Health, 14(5), 696708. doi:10.1080/17441692.2018.1542016Google Scholar
Kosmala-Anderson, J., & Wallace, L. M. (2006). Breastfeeding works: the role of employers in supporting women who wish to breastfeed and work in four organizations in England. Journal of Public Health, 28(3), 183191. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdl012Google Scholar
Lachance-Grzela, M., & Bouchard, G. (2010). Why do women do the lion’s share of housework? A decade of research. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 63(11–12), 767780. doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9797-zCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laumann, E. O., Paik, A., & Rosen, R. C. (1999). Sexual dysfunction in the United States: Prevalence and predictors. JAMA, 281(6), 537544. doi:10.1001/jama.281.6.537Google Scholar
Li, W., Liu, Q., Deng, X., Chen, Y., Liu, S., & Story, M. (2017). Association between obesity and puberty timing: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(10), 1266. doi:10.3390/ijerph14101266Google Scholar
Lindau, S. T., Basu, A., & Leitsch, S. A. (2006). Health literacy as a predictor of follow-up after an abnormal pap smear: A prospective study. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21(8), 829834. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00534.xGoogle Scholar
Lindau, S. T., Schumm, L. P., Laumann, E. O., Levinson, W., O’Muircheartaigh, C.A., & Waite, L. J. (2007). A study of sexuality and health among older adults in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine, 357(8), 762774. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa067423Google Scholar
Lindau, S. T., Tomori, C., Lyons, T., Langseth, L., Bennett, C. L., & Garcia, P. (2002). The association of health literacy with cervical cancer prevention knowledge and health behaviors in a multiethnic cohort of women. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 186(5), 938943. doi:10.1067/mob.2002.122091CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lusti-Narasimhan, M., & Beard, J. R. (2013). Sexual health in older women. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 91(9), 707709. doi:10.2471/BLT.13.119230Google Scholar
Macintyre, A. K. J., Montero Vega, A. R., & Sagbakken, M. (2015). From disease to desire, pleasure to the pill: A qualitative study of adolescent learning about sexual health and sexuality in Chile. BMC Public Health, 15(1), Article 945. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2253-9Google Scholar
McDougal, L., Jackson, E. C., McClendon, K. A., Belayneh, Y., Sinha, A., & Raj, A. (2018). Beyond the statistic: Exploring the process of early marriage decision-making using qualitative findings from Ethiopia and India. BMC Women’s Health, 18(1), 144144. doi:10.1186/s12905-018-0631-zGoogle Scholar
Menon, J. A., Kusanthan, T., Mwaba, S. O. C., Juanola, L., & Kok, M. C. (2018). “Ring” your future, without changing diaper – Can preventing teenage pregnancy address child marriage in Zambia? PLoS One, 13(10), e0205523. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205523Google Scholar
Muliira, J. K., & Muliira, R. S. (2013). Sexual health for older women: Implications for Nurses and other healthcare providers. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal, 13(4), 469476.Google Scholar
Needham, H. E., Wiemann, C. M., Tortolero, S. R., & Chacko, M. R. (2010). Relationship between health literacy, reading comprehension, and risk for sexually transmitted infections in young women. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46(5), 506508. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.11.195Google Scholar
Nicolosi, A., Laumann, E. O., Glasser, D. B., Moreira, E. D. Jr., Paik, A., & Gingell, C. (2004). Sexual behavior and sexual dysfunctions after age 40: The global study of sexual attitudes and behaviors. Urology, 64(5), 991997. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2004.06.055CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ojebode, A., Togunde, D., & Adelakun, A. (2010). Beyond money and gifts: Social capital as motivation for cross-generational dating among tertiary school female students in south west Nigeria. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences: Annual Review, 5(4), 169182. 10.18848/1833-1882/CGP/v05i04/51673Google Scholar
Osteria, T. S. (1983). Nutritional status and menarche in a rural community in the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Nutrition, 36(4), 150156.Google Scholar
Pacagnella, R. C., Cecatti, J. G., Osis, M. J., & Souza, J. P. (2012). The role of delays in severe maternal morbidity and mortality: Expanding the conceptual framework. Reproductive Health Matters, 20(39), 155163. doi:10.1016/S0968-8080(12)39601-8Google Scholar
Psaki, S. R., & Olaolorun, F. (2012). More than mothers: Aligning indicators with women’s lives. The Lancet, 380(9843), 711713. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60757-5Google Scholar
Pulerwitz, J., Hughes, L., Mehta, M., Kidanu, A., Verani, F., & Tewolde, S. (2015). Changing gender norms and reducing intimate partner violence: Results from a quasi-experimental intervention study with young men in Ethiopia. American Journal of Public Health, 105(1), 132137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raymond, E. G., L’Engle, K. L., Tolley, E. E., Ricciotti, N., Arnold, M. V., & Park, S. (2009). Comprehension of a prototype emergency contraception package label by female adolescents. Contraception, 79(3), 199205. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2008.09.004Google Scholar
Reed, S. D., Newton, K. M., Lacroix, A. Z., Grothaus, L. C., & Ehrlich, K. (2007). Night sweats, sleep disturbance, and depression associated with diminished libido in late menopausal transition and early postmenopause: Baseline Data from the Herbal Alternatives for Menopause Trial (Halt). American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 196(6), 593.e591–593.e597. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2007.03.008Google Scholar
Riley, A. P. (1994). Determinants of adolescent fertility and its consequences for maternal health, with special reference to rural Bangladesh. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 709(1), 86100. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb30390.xGoogle Scholar
Rosenfield, R. L., Lipton, R. B., & Drum, M. L. (2009). Thelarche, pubarche, and menarche attainment in children with normal and elevated body mass index. Pediatrics, 123(1), 8488. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-0146Google Scholar
Roth, G. A., Abate, D., Abate, K. H., Abay, S. M., Abbafati, C., Abbasi, N., … Murray, C. J. L. (2018). Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet, 392(10159), 17361788. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7Google Scholar
Royal Society of Edinburgh. (2013). Women’s reproductive health across the lifecourse – Implications for public policy. Report of a conference organised by the Royal Society of Edinburgh. E. Doyle, S. E. Jeavons, & E. Ross (Eds.). www.rse.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Womens-Reproductive-Health-RSE-Report.pdfGoogle Scholar
Rutagumirwa, S. K., & Bailey, A. (2018). “The heart desires but the body refuses”: Sexual scripts, older men’s perceptions of sexuality, and implications for their mental and sexual health. Sex Roles, 78(9), 653668. doi:10.1007/s11199-017-0822-3Google Scholar
Rutherford, J., Taylor, A., Holman, R., Macdonald, J., Jarrett, D., & Bigrigg, A. (2006). Low literacy: A hidden problem in family planning clinics. Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care, 32(4), 235240. doi:10.1783/147118906778586778Google Scholar
Sanders, J. N., Higgins, J. A., Adkins, D. E., Stoddard, G. J., Gawron, L. M., & Turok, D. K. (2018). The impact of sexual satisfaction, functioning, and perceived contraceptive effects on sex life on iud and implant continuation at 1 year. Women’s Health Issues, 28(5), 401407. doi:10.1016/j.whi.2018.06.003Google Scholar
Sexuality across the lifespan. (2012). Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada, 34(8), Supplement 2, S8S14.Google Scholar
Sharp, L. K., Zurawski, J. M., Roland, P. Y., O’Toole, C.,& Hines, J. (2002). Health literacy, cervical cancer risk factors, and distress in low-income African-American women seeking colposcopy. Ethnicity & Disease, 12, 541546.Google Scholar
Shell-Duncan, B., Moreau, A., Wander, K., & Smith, S. (2018). The role of older women in contesting norms associated with female genital mutilation/cutting in Senegambia: A factorial focus group analysis. PLoS One, 13(7), e0199217. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199217Google Scholar
Shifren, J. L., Monz, B. U., Russo, P. A., Segreti, A., & Johannes, C. B. (2008). Sexual problems and distress in United States women: Prevalence and correlates. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 112(5), 970978. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181898cdbGoogle Scholar
Sivakami, M., van Eijk, A. M., Thakur, H., Kakade, N., Patil, C., Shinde, S., … Phillips-Howard, P. A. (2019). Effect of menstruation on girls and their schooling, and facilitators of menstrual hygiene management in Schools: Surveys in government schools in three states in India, 2015. Journal of Global Health, 9(1), 010408010408. doi:10.7189/jogh.09.010408Google Scholar
Stanaway, J. D., Afshin, A., Gakidou, E., Lim, S. S., Abate, D., Abate, K. H., … Murray, C. J. L. (2018). Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet, 392(10159), 19231994. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32225-6Google Scholar
Stark, L. (2018). Early marriage and cultural constructions of adulthood in two slums in Dar Es Salaam. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 20(8), 888901. doi:10.1080/13691058.2017.1390162Google Scholar
Starrs, A. M., Ezeh, A. C., Barker, G., Basu, A., Bertrand, J. T., Blum, R., … Ashford, L.S. (2018). Accelerate progress – sexual and reproductive health and rights for all: Report of the Guttmacher-Lancet Commission. The Lancet, 391(10140), 26422692. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30293-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sundell, G., Milsom, I., & Andersch, B. (1990). Factors influencing the prevalence and severity of dysmenorrhoea in young women. British Journal of Obstetetrics and Gynaecology, 97(7), 588594.Google Scholar
Tolman, D. L., Striepe, M. I., & Harmon, T. (2003). Gender matters: Constructing a model of adolescent sexual health. Journal of Sex Research, 40(1), 412. doi:10.1080/00224490309552162Google Scholar
Tran, T. D., Nguyen, H., & Fisher, J. (2016). Attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women among women and men in 39 low- and middle-income countries. PLoS One, 11(11), e0167438. doi:doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167438Google Scholar
UNFPA-UNICEF Joint Programme on Female Genital Mutilation. (2018). Accelerating change. Performance analysis for Phase II. www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/UNFPA-UNICEF-Phase2Performance_2018_web_0.pdfGoogle Scholar
UNICEF Data and Analytics Section. (2018). Progress for every child in the SDG era: Are we on track to achieve the SDGs for children? New York: UNICEF Division of Data, Research and Policy.Google Scholar
United Nations Children’s Fund. (2018). Maternal health. data.unicef.org/topic/gender/maternal-health-gender/Google Scholar
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2018). UNESCO Institute for Statistics Global Databases, 2018. Primary school age education – UNICEF data. data.unicef.org/topic/education/primary-education/#Google Scholar
United Nations Population Fund. (2014). Program of action of the International Conference on Population Development. www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/programme_of_action_Web%20ENGLISH.pdfGoogle Scholar
United Nations Population Fund. (2018). Female genital mutilation. www.unfpa.org/female-genital-mutilationGoogle Scholar
United Nations Statistics Division. (2017). Global indicator framework for the sustainable development goals and targets of the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/indicators-list/Google Scholar
Ussher, J. M., Perz, J., & Parton, C. (2015). Sex and the menopausal woman: A critical review and analysis. Feminism & Psychology, 25(4), 449468.Google Scholar
Van Reeuwijk, M., & Nahar, P. (2013). The importance of a positive approach to sexuality in sexual health programmes for unmarried adolescents in Bangladesh. Reproductive Health Matters, 21(41), 6977. doi:10.1016/S0968-8080(13)41694-4Google Scholar
Vashisht, A., Pathak, R., Agarwalla, R., Patavegar, B. N., & Panda, M. (2018). School absenteeism during menstruation amongst adolescent girls in Delhi, India. Journal of Family & Community Medicine, 25(3), 163168. doi:10.4103/jfcm.JFCM_161_17Google Scholar
Wong, J. D., & Almeida, D. M. (2013). The effects of employment status and daily stressors on time spent on daily household chores in middle-aged and older adults. The Gerontologist, 53(1), 8191. doi:10.1093/geront/gns047Google Scholar
Woodroffe, J. (2009). Not having it all: How motherhood reduces women’s pay and employment prospects. www.equality-ne.co.uk/downloads/445_NotHavingItAll.pdfGoogle Scholar
Woods, N. F., Mitchell, E. S., & Smith-Di Julio, K. (2010). Sexual desire during the menopausal transition and early postmenopause: Observations from the Seattle Midlife Women’s Health Study. Journal of Women’s Health, 19(2), 209218. doi:10.1089/jwh.2009.1388Google Scholar
Woodsong, C., & Alleman, P. (2008). Sexual pleasure, gender power and microbicide acceptability in Zimbabwe and Malawi. AIDS Education and Prevention, 20(2), 171187. doi:10.1521/aeap.2008.20.2.171Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: Prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and nonpartner sexual violence. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2017). Safely managed drinking water – Thematic report on drinking water 2017. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Yee, L. M., & Simon, M. A. (2014). The role of health literacy and numeracy in contraceptive decision-making for urban Chicago women. Journal of Community Health, 39(2), 394399.Google Scholar
Yesuf, T. A., Eshete, N. A., & Sisay, E. A. (2018). Dysmenorrhea among university health science students, northern Ethiopia: Impact and associated factors. International Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 2018, 15. doi:10.1155/2018/9730328CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zacharias, L., & Wurtman, R. J. (1969). Age at menarche. New England Journal of Medicine, 280(16), 868875. doi:10.1056/nejm196904172801606Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×