Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T03:06:17.749Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

8 - Memory and Imagination: Perspectives on Constructive Episodic Simulation

from Part I - Theoretical Perspectives on the Imagination

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 May 2020

By
Daniel L. Schacter  and
Donna Rose Addis
Edited by
Anna Abraham
Anna Abraham
Affiliation:
University of Georgia
Get access

Summary

Research concerning the relation between memory and imagination has focused increasingly on how memory contributes to imagining or simulating future and other hypothetical events. According to the constructive episodic simulation hypothesis (Schacter and Addis, 2007a, 2007b), episodic memory plays an important role in supporting the construction of imagined future events by allowing the retrieval and flexible recombination of elements of past experiences into simulations of possible future scenarios. Further, the hypothesis holds that the same flexible recombination processes that are useful for simulating possible future experiences can produce memory errors that result from miscombining elements of past experiences. A growing number of experimental studies during the past decade have examined various aspects of this hypothesis. Here, we consider (1) cognitive studies that have tested key elements of the constructive episodic simulation hypothesis; (2) neuroimaging studies that have elucidated the neural underpinnings of the constructive episodic simulation hypothesis; (3) recent experimental evidence linking flexible recombination and episodic simulation processes with memory errors; and (4) ways in which the conceptual focus of constructive episodic simulation hypothesis has changed over the past decade.

Keywords

Episodic simulationepisodic memoryimaginationfuture thinkingcore network
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of the Imagination , pp. 111 - 131
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abraham, A., Schubotz, R. I., and von Cramon, D. Y. (2008). Thinking About the Future versus the Past in Personal and Non-Personal Contexts. Brain Research, 1233, 106–119.Google Scholar
Abram, M., Picard, L., Navarro, B., and Piolino, P. (2014). Mechanisms of Remembering the Past and Imagining the Future: New Data from Autobiographical Memory Tasks in a Lifespan Approach. Consciousness and Cognition, 29, 76–80.Google Scholar
Addis, D. R. (2018). Are Episodic Memories Special? On the Sameness of Remembered and Imagined Event Simulation. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 48(23), 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Addis, D. R., Cheng, T., Roberts, R. P., and Schacter, D. L. (2011). Hippocampal Contributions to the Episodic Simulation of Specific and General Future Events. Hippocampus, 21, 1045–1052.Google Scholar
Addis, D. R., Musicaro, R., Pan, L., and Schacter, D. L. (2010). Episodic Simulation of Past and Future Events in Older Adults: Evidence from an Experimental Recombination Task. Psychology and Aging, 25, 369–376.Google Scholar
Addis, D. R., Pan, L., Vu, M. A., Laiser, N., and Schacter, D. L. (2009). Constructive Episodic Simulation of the Future and the Past: Distinct Subsystems of a Core Brain Network Mediate Imagining and Remembering. Neuropsychologia, 47, 2222–2238.Google Scholar
Addis, D. R., and Schacter, D. L. (2008). Constructive Episodic Simulation: Temporal Distance and Detail of Past and Future Events Modulate Hippocampal Engagement. Hippocampus, 18, 227–237.Google Scholar
Addis, D. R., and Schacter, D. L.(2012). The Hippocampus and Imagining the Future: Where Do We Stand? Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 5, 173.Google Scholar
Addis, D. R., Wong, A. T., and Schacter, D. L. (2007). Remembering the Past and Imagining the Future: Common and Distinct Neural Substrates During Event Construction and Elaboration. Neuropsychologia, 45, 1363–1377.Google Scholar
Addis, D. R., Wong, A. T., and Schacter, D. L.(2008). Age-Related Changes in the Episodic Simulation of Future Events. Psychological Science, 19, 33–41.Google Scholar
Anderson, R. J., Dewhurst, S. A., and Nash, R. A. (2012). Shared Cognitive Processes Underlying Past and Future Thinking: The Impact of Imagery and Concurrent Task Demands on Event Specificity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 38, 356–365.Google Scholar
Axelrod, V., Rees, G., and Bar, M. (2017). The Default Network and the Combination of Cognitive Processes that Mediate Self-Generated Thought. Nature Human Behaviour, 1, 896–910. doi.org/10.1038/s41562-017-0244-9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bar, M., and Aminoff, E. (2003). Cortical Analysis of Visual Context. Neuron, 38, 347–358.Google Scholar
Bartlett, F. C. (1932). Remembering. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Beaty, R. E., Benedek, M., Silvia, P. J., and Schacter, D. L. (2016). Creative Cognition and Brain Network Dynamics. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20, 87–95.Google Scholar
Benoit, R. G., and Schacter, D. L. (2015). Specifying the Core Network Supporting Episodic Simulation and Episodic Memory by Activation Likelihood Estimation. Neuropsychologia, 75, 450–457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Binder, J. R., Desai, R. H., Graves, W. W., and Conant, L. L. (2009). Where is the Semantic System? A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis of 120 Functional Neuroimaging Studies. Cerebral Cortex, 19, 2767–2796.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buckner, R. L., Andrews-Hanna, J. R., and Schacter, D. L. (2008). The Brain’s Default Network: Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease. The Year in Cognitive Neuroscience, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1124, 1–38.Google Scholar
Buckner, R. L., and Carroll, D. C. (2007). Self-Projection and the Brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 49–57.Google Scholar
Cabeza, R., Ciaramelli, E., and Moscovitch, M. (2012). Cognitive Contributions of the Ventral Parietal Cortex: An Integrative Theoretical Account. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16, 338–352.Google Scholar
Campbell, K. L., Madore, K. P., Benoit, R. G., Thakral, P. P., and Schacter, D. L. (2018). Increased Hippocampus to Ventromedial Prefrontal Connectivity during the Construction of Episodic Future Events. Hippocampus, 28, 39–45.Google Scholar
Cao, X., Madore, K. P., Wang, D., and Schacter, D. L. (2018). Remembering the Past and Imagining the Future: Attachment Effects on Production of Episodic Details in Close Relationships. Memory, 26, 2040–2050.Google Scholar
Carpenter, A. C., and Schacter, D. L. (2017). Flexible Retrieval: When True Inferences Produce False Memories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 43, 335–349.Google Scholar
Carpenter, A. C., and Schacter, D. L.(2018). False Memories, False Preferences: Flexible Retrieval Mechanisms Supporting Successful Inference Bias Novel Decisions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 147(7), 988–1004. dx.doi.org/10.1037/xge0000391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cavanna, A. E., and Trimble, M. R. (2006). The Precuneus: A Review of Its Functional Anatomy and Behavioural Correlates. Brain, 129, 564–583.Google Scholar
Cohen, N. J., and Eichenbaum, H. (1993). Memory, Amnesia, and the Hippocampal System. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
D’Argembeau, A., and van der Linden, M. (2004). Phenomenal Characteristics Associated with Projecting Oneself Back into the Past and Forward into the Future: Influence of Valence and Temporal Distance. Consciousness and Cognition, 13, 844–858.Google Scholar
D’Argembeau, A., and van der Linden, M.(2006). Individual Differences in the Phenomenology of Mental Time Travel. Consciousness and Cognition, 15, 342–350.Google Scholar
De Brigard, F. (2014). Is Memory for Remembering? Recollection as a Form of Episodic Hypothetical Thinking. Synthese, 191, 1–31.Google Scholar
De Brigard, F., Addis, D. R., Ford, J. H., Schacter, D. L., and Giovanello, K. S. (2013). Remembering What Could Have Happened: Neural Correlates of Episodic Counterfactual Thinking. Neuropsychologia, 51, 2401–2414.Google Scholar
Devitt, A. L., and Addis, D. R. (2016). Bidirectional Interactions Between Memory and Imagination. In Michaelian, K, Klein, S. B., and Szpunar, K. K. (eds.), Seeing the Future: Theoretical Perspectives on Future-Oriented Mental Time Travel. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Devitt, A. L., Monk-Fromont, E., Schacter, D. L., and Addis, D. R. (2016). Factors that Influence the Generation of Autobiographical Memory Conjunction Errors. Memory, 24, 204–222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Devitt, A. L., and Schacter, D. L. (2018). An Optimistic Outlook Creates a Rosy Past: The Impact of Episodic Simulation on Subsequent Memory. Psychological Science, 29, 936–946. dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0956797617753936.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dewhurst, S. A., Anderson, R. J., Grace, L., and Howe, D. (2018). Simulation, False Memories, and the Planning of Future Events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, 45(1), 26–36. doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000575.Google Scholar
Dewhurst, S. A., Anderson, R. J., Grace, L., and van Esch, L. (2016). Adaptive False Memories: Imagining Future Scenarios Increases False Memories in the DRM Paradigm. Memory & Cognition, 44, 1076–1084.Google Scholar
Dudai, Y., and Carruthers, M. (2005). The Janus Face of Mnemosyne. Nature, 434, 823–824.Google Scholar
Fisher, R. P., and Geiselman, R. E. (1992). Memory-Enhancing Techniques for Investigative Interviewing: The Cognitive Interview. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Books.Google Scholar
Gaesser, B., Sacchetti, D. C., Addis, D. R., and Schacter, D. L. (2011). Characterizing Age-Related Changes in Remembering the Past and Imagining the Future. Psychology and Aging, 26, 80–84.Google Scholar
Gaesser, B., Spreng, R. N., McLelland, V. C., Addis, D. R., and Schacter, D. L. (2013). Imagining the Future: Evidence for a Hippocampal Contribution to Constructive Processing. Hippocampus, 23, 1150–1161.Google Scholar
Gerlach, K. D., Dornblaser, D. W., and Schacter, D. L. (2014). Adaptive Constructive Processes and Memory Accuracy: Consequences of Counterfactual Simulations in Young and Older Adults. Memory, 22, 145–162.Google Scholar
Gilmore, A. W., Nelson, S. M., and McDermott, K. B. (2016). The Contextual Association Network Activates More for Remembered than Imagined Events. Cerebral Cortex, 26, 611–617.Google ScholarPubMed
Hallford, D. J., Austin, D. W., Takano, K., and Raes, F. (2018). Psychopathology and Episodic Future Thinking: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Specificity and Episodic Detail. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 102, 42–51.Google Scholar
Hassabis, D., Kumaran, D., and Maguire, E. A. (2007a). Using Imagination to Understand the Neural Basis of Episodic Memory. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 14365–14374.Google Scholar
Hassabis, D., Kumaran, D., Vann, D. S., and Maguire, E. A. (2007b). Patients with Hippocampal Amnesia Cannot Imagine New Experiences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 104, 1726–1731.Google Scholar
Irish, M., Addis, D. R., Hodges, J. R., and Piguet, O. (2012). Considering the Role of Semantic Memory in Episodic Future Thinking: Evidence from Semantic Dementia. Brain, 135, 2178–2191.Google Scholar
Jing, H. G., Madore, K. P., and Schacter, D. L. (2016). Worrying About the Future: An Episodic Specificity Induction Affects Problem Solving, Reappraisal, and Well-Being. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 145, 402–418.Google Scholar
Jing, H. G., Madore, K. P., and Schacter, D. L.(2017). Preparing for What Might Happen: An Episodic Specificity Induction Impacts the Generation of Alternative Future Events. Cognition, 169, 118–128.Google Scholar
Johnson, M. K., and Raye, C. L. (1981). Realty Monitoring. Psychological Review, 88, 67–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, S. B. (2013). The Complex Act of Projecting Oneself into the Future. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews – Cognitive Science, 4, 63–79.Google Scholar
Klein, S. B., Loftus, J., and Kihlstrom, J. F. (2002) Memory and Temporal Experience: The Effects of Episodic Memory Loss on an Amnesic Patient’s Ability to Remember the Past and Imagine the Future. Social Cognition, 20, 353–379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levine, B., Svoboda, E., Hay, J. F., Winocur, G., and Moscovitch, M. (2002). Aging and Autobiographical Memory: Dissociating Episodic from Semantic Retrieval. Psychology and Aging, 17, 677–689.Google Scholar
Madore, K. P., Addis, D. R., and Schacter, D. L. (2015). Creativity and Memory: Effects of an Episodic-Specificity Induction on Divergent Thinking. Psychological Science, 26, 1461–1468.Google Scholar
Madore, K. P., Gaesser, B., and Schacter, D. L. (2014). Constructive Episodic Simulation: Dissociable Effects of a Specificity Induction on Remembering, Imagining, and Describing in Young and Older Adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 40, 609–622.Google Scholar
Madore, K. P., Jing, H. G., and Schacter, D. L. (2016). Divergent Creative Thinking in Young and Older Adults: Extending the Effects of an Episodic Specificity Induction. Memory & Cognition, 44, 974–988.Google Scholar
Madore, K. P., and Schacter, D. L. (2014). An Episodic Specificity Induction Enhances Means-End Problem-Solving in Young and Older Adults. Psychology and Aging, 29, 913–924.Google Scholar
Madore, K. P., and Schacter, D. L.(2016). Remembering the Past and Imagining the Future: Selective Effects of an Episodic Specificity Induction on Detail Generation. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 69, 285–298.Google Scholar
Madore, K. P., Szpunar, K. K., Addis, D. R., and Schacter, D. L. (2016). Episodic Specificity Induction Impacts Activity in a Core Brain Network During Construction of Imagined Future Experiences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 113, 10696–10701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madore, K. P., Thakral, P. P., Beaty, R. E., Addis, D. R., and Schacter, D. L. (2019). Neural Mechanisms of Episodic Retrieval Support Divergent Creative Thinking. Cerebral Cortex, 29(1), 150–166. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhx312.Google Scholar
Mahr, J., and Csibra, G. (2018). Why Do We Remember? The Communicative Function of Episodic Memory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 41, e1.Google Scholar
Martin, V. C., Schacter, D. L., Corballis, M. C., and Addis, D. R. (2011). A Role for the Hippocampus in Encoding Simulations of Future Events. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 13858–13863.Google Scholar
McDermott, K. B., Woolridge, C. L., Rice, H. J., Berg, J. J., and Szpunar, K. K. (2016). Visual Perspective in Remembering and Episodic Future Thought. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 69, 243–253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McFarland, C. P., Primosch, M., Maxson, C. M., and Stewart, B. T. (2017). Enhancing Memory and Imagination Improves Problem-Solving Among Individuals with Depression. Memory & Cognition, 45, 1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Michaelian, K. (2016). Mental Time Travel: Episodic Memory and our Knowledge of the Personal Past. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Michaelian, K., Klein, S. B., and Szpunar, K. K. (eds.) (2016). Seeing the Future: Theoretical Perspective on Future-Oriented Mental Time Travel. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mullally, S. L., and Maguire, E. A. (2014). Memory, Imagination, and Predicting the Future: A Common Brain Mechanism? Neuroscientist, 20, 220–234.Google Scholar
Okuda, J., Fujii, T., Ohtake, H., et al. (2003). Thinking of the Future and the Past: The Roles of the Frontal Pole and the Medial Temporal Lobes. NeuroImage, 19, 1369–1380.Google Scholar
Palombo, D. J., Hayes, S. M., Peterson, K. M., Keane, M. M., and Verfaellie, M. (2018). Medial Temporal Lobe Contributions to Episodic Future Thinking: Scene Construction or Future Projection? Cerebral Cortex, 28, 447–458.Google Scholar
Palombo, D. J., Williams, L. J., Abdi, H., and Levine, B. (2013). The Survey of Autobiographical Memory (SAM): A Novel Measure of Trait Mnemonics in Everyday Life. Cortex, 49, 1526–1540.Google Scholar
Platt, J., and Spivack, G. (1975). Manual for the Means-End Problem-Solving Test (MEPS): A Measure of Interpersonal Problem-Solving Skill. Philadelphia, PA: Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital.Google Scholar
Raes, F., Hermans, D., Williams, J. M. G., et al. (2005). Reduced Specificity of Autobiographical Memory: A Mediator Between Rumination and Ineffective Social Problem-Solving in Major Depression? Journal of Affective Disorders, 87, 331–335.Google Scholar
Raichle, M. E. (2015). The Brain’s Default Network. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 38, 433–447.Google Scholar
Roberts, R. P., and Addis, D. R. (2018). A Common Mode of Processing Governing Divergent Thinking and Future Imagination. In Jung, R and Vartanian, O (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of the Neuroscience of Creativity (Cambridge Handbooks in Psychology). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 211–230.Google Scholar
Roberts, R. P., Schacter, D. L., and Addis, D. R. (2018). Scene Construction and Relational Processing: Separable Constructs? Cerebral Cortex, 28, 1729–1732.Google Scholar
Roberts, R. P., Wiebels, K., Sumner, R. L., et al. (2017). An fMRI Investigation of the Relationship Between Future Imagination and Cognitive Flexibility. Neuropsychologia, 95, 156–172.Google Scholar
Robin, J., Wynn, J., and Moscovitch, M. (2016). The Spatial Scaffold: The Effects of Spatial Context on Memory for Events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 42, 308–315.Google Scholar
Roediger, H. L., and McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating False Memories: Remembering Words not Presented in Lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 803–814.Google Scholar
Schacter, D. L. (2012). Adaptive Constructive Processes and the Future of Memory. American Psychologist, 67, 603–613.Google Scholar
Schacter, D. L., and Addis, D. R. (2007a). Constructive Memory: The Ghosts of Past and Future. Nature, 445, 27.Google Scholar
Schacter, D.L., and Addis, D.R.(2007b). The Cognitive Neuroscience of Constructive Memory: Remembering the Past and Imagining the Future. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 362, 773–786.Google Scholar
Schacter, D. L., Addis, D. R., and Buckner, R. L. (2007). Remembering the Past to Imagine the Future: The Prospective Brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8(9), 657–661.Google Scholar
Schacter, D. L., Addis, D. R., and Buckner, R. L.(2008). Episodic Simulation of Future Events: Concepts, Data, and Applications. The Year in Cognitive Neuroscience, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1124, 39–60.Google Scholar
Schacter, D. L., Addis, D. R., Hassabis, D., et al. (2012). The Future of Memory: Remembering, Imagining, and the Brain. Neuron, 76, 677–694.Google Scholar
Schacter, D. L., Addis, D. R., and Szpunar, K. K. (2017). Escaping the Past: Contributions of the Hippocampus to Future Thinking and Imagination. In Hannula, D. E. and Duff, M. C. (eds.), The Hippocampus from Cells to Systems: Structure, Connectivity, and Functional Contributions to Memory and Flexible Cognition. New York, NY: Springer, 439–465.Google Scholar
Schacter, D. L., Benoit, R. G., and Szpunar, K. K. (2017). Episodic Future Thinking: Mechanisms and Functions. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 17, 41–50.Google Scholar
Schacter, D. L., Carpenter, A. C., Devitt, A., Roberts, R. P., and Addis, D. R. (2018). Constructive Episodic Simulation, Flexible Recombination, and Memory Errors. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 41, e32.Google Scholar
Schacter, D. L., Gaesser, B., and Addis, D. R. (2013). Remembering the Past and Imagining the Future in the Elderly. Gerontology, 59, 143–151.Google Scholar
Schacter, D. L., and Madore, K. P. (2016). Remembering the Past and Imagining the Future: Identifying and Enhancing the Contribution of Episodic Memory. Memory Studies, 9, 245–255.Google Scholar
Sheldon, S., and Levine, B. (2016). The Role of the Hippocampus in Memory and Mental Construction. The Year in Cognitive Neuroscience, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1369, 76–92.Google Scholar
Sheldon, S., McAndrews, M. P., and Moscovitch, M. (2011). Episodic Memory Processes Mediated by the Medial Temporal Lobes Contribute to Open-Ended Problem-Solving. Neuropsychologia, 49, 2439–2447.Google Scholar
Simons, J. S., Garrison, J. R., and Johnson, M. K. (2017). Brain Mechanisms of Reality Monitoring. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21, 462–473.Google Scholar
St. Jacques, P. L., Carpenter, A. C., Szpunar, K. K., and Schacter, D. L. (2018). Remembering and Imagining Alternative Versions of the Personal Past. Neuropsychologia, 110, 170–179.Google Scholar
Suddendorf, T., and Corballis, M. C. (2007). The Evolution of Foresight: What is Mental Time Travel and is it Unique to Humans? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 30, 299–313.Google Scholar
Szpunar, K. K., and McDermott, K. B. (2008). Episodic Future Thought and its Relation to Remembering: Evidence from Ratings of Subjective Experience. Consciousness and Cognition, 17, 330–334.Google Scholar
Szpunar, K. K., Spreng, R. N., and Schacter, D. L. (2014). A Taxonomy of Prospection: Introducing an Organizational Framework for Future-Oriented Cognition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 111, 18414–18421.Google Scholar
Szpunar, K. K., Watson, J. M., and McDermott, K. B. (2007). Neural Substrates of Envisioning the Future. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 642–647.Google Scholar
Thakral, P., Benoit, R. G., and Schacter, D. L. (2017a). Characterizing the Role of the Hippocampus During Episodic Simulation and Encoding. Hippocampus, 27, 1275–1284.Google Scholar
Thakral, P., Benoit, R. G., and Schacter, D. L.(2017b). Imagining the Future: The Core Episodic Simulation Network Dissociates as a Function of Timecourse and the Amount of Simulated Information. Cortex, 90, 12–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thakral, P., Madore, K. P., and Schacter, D. L. (2017). A Role for the Left Angular Gyrus in Episodic Simulation and Memory. Journal of Neuroscience, 37, 8142–8149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thakral, P., Madore, K. P., and Schacter, D. L.(2019). Content-Specific Phenomenological Similarity Between Episodic Memory and Simulation. Memory, 27(3), 417–422.Google Scholar
Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and Consciousness. Canadian Psychologist, 26, 1–12.Google Scholar
Tulving, E.(2002). Episodic Memory: From Mind to Brain. Annual Review of Psychology 53, 1–25.Google Scholar
van Mulukom, V., Schacter, D. L., Corballis, M. C., and Addis, D. R. (2013). Re-Imagining the Future: Repetition Decreases Hippocampal Involvement in Future Simulation. PLoS One, 8, e69596.Google Scholar
Viard, A., Desgranges, B., Eustache, F., and Piolino, P. (2012). Factors Affecting Medial Temporal Lobe Engagement for Past and Future Episodic Events: An ALE Meta-Analysis of Neuroimaging Studies. Brain and Cognition, 80, 111.125.Google Scholar
Wang, Q., Hou, Y., Tang, H., and Wiprovnick, A. (2011). Travelling Backwards and Forwards in Time: Culture and Gender in the Episodic Specificity of Past and Future Events. Memory, 19, 103–109.Google Scholar
Ward, A. M. (2016). A Critical Evaluation of Episodic Future Thinking. Neuropsychology, 30, 887–905.Google Scholar
Williams, J. M. G., Ellis, N. C., Tyers, C., et al. (1996). The Specificity of Autobiographical Memory and Imaginability of the Future. Memory and Cognition, 24, 116–125.Google Scholar
Zeithamova, D., and Preston, A. R. (2010). Flexible Memories: Differential Roles for Medial Temporal Lobe and Prefrontal Cortex in Cross-Episode Binding. Journal of Neuroscience, 30, 14676–14684.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×