Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T00:24:36.023Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part I - Introduction to the Changing Nature of Work

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2020

Brian J. Hoffman
Affiliation:
University of Georgia
Mindy K. Shoss
Affiliation:
University of Central Florida
Lauren A. Wegman
Affiliation:
University of Georgia
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Acemoglu, D., & Autor, D. (2011). Skills, tasks and technologies: Implications for employment and earnings. In Handbook of labor economics (Vol. 4, pp. 10431171). North Holland: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Barley, S. R., Bechky, B. A., & Milliken, F. J. (2017). The changing nature of work: Careers, identities, and work lives in the 21st century. Academy of Management Annals, 3, 111115.Google Scholar
Bort, J. (2014). Bill Gates: People don’t realize how many jobs will soon be replaced by software bots. Business Insider. www.businessinsider.com/bill-gates-bots-are-taking-away-jobs-2014-3Google Scholar
Brown, A. (2013). In U.S. average retirement age up to 61. Retrieved from www.news.gallup.comGoogle Scholar
Costanza, D. P., & Finkelstein, L. M. (2015). Generationally based differences in the workplace: Is there a there there? Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 8, 308323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisenberger, R., Rockstuhl, T., Shoss, M.K., Wen, X., & Dulebohn, J. (2019). Is the employee–organization relationship dying or thriving? A temporal meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 104(8), 10361057.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fox, S., & Rainie, L. (2014, February 27). The web at 25 in the US. Pew Research Center Report. Retrieved from www.pewinternet.org/2014/02/27/the-web-at-25-in-the-u-s/Google Scholar
Howard, A. E. (1995). The changing nature of work. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Johns, G. (2006). The essential impact of context on organizational behavior. Academy of Management Review, 31, 386408.Google Scholar
Kalleberg, A. L. (2009). Precarious work, insecure workers: Employment relations in transition. American Sociological Review, 74, 122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mann, A., & Harter, J. (2016). The worldwide employee engagement crisis. Gallup Business Journal, January 7.Google Scholar
McFarland, B. (2018). Retirement offerings in the 21st century: A retrospective. Insider, 28(2). Retrieved from www.willistowerswatson.com/en-US/Insights/2018/02/evolution-of-retirement-plans-in-fortune-500-companiesGoogle Scholar
Miller, C. C. (2017). A darker theme in Obama’s farewell: Automation can divide us. New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2017/01/12/upshot/in-obamas-farewell-a-warning-on-automations-perils.htmlGoogle Scholar
Notter, J. (2018). Motivating millennials (and everyone else for that matter). Retrieved from www.forbes.com/sites/forbescoachescouncil/2018/03/14/motivating-millennials-and-everyone-else-for-that-matter/#7a42db5b57c1Google Scholar
O’Boyle, E. Jr., & Aguinis, H. (2012). The best and the rest: Revisiting the norm of normality of individual performance. Personnel Psychology, 65, 79119.Google Scholar
Reshwan, R. (2015). Four tips for managing millennial employees. Retrieved October 11, 2015, from https://money.usnews.com/moneyGoogle Scholar
Schneider, B. (1987). The people make the place. Personnel Psychology, 40, 437453.Google Scholar
Seppala, E., & Moeller, J. (2018). One in five employees is highly engaged and at risk of burnout. Harvard Business Review, May 16.Google Scholar
Smola, K. W., & Sutton, C. D. (2002). Generational differences: Revisiting generational work values for the new millennium. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 363382.Google Scholar
Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2001). Age and birth cohort differences in self-esteem: A cross-temporal meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, 321344.Google Scholar
Wegman, L. A., Hoffman, B. J., Carter, N. T., Twenge, J. M., & Guenole, N. (2018). Placing job characteristics in context: Cross-temporal meta-analysis of changes in job characteristics since 1975. Journal of Management, 44, 352386.Google Scholar
Yang, Y., & Land, K. C. (2006). A mixed models approach to the age‐period‐cohort analysis of repeated cross‐section surveys, with an application to data on trends in verbal test scores. Sociological Methodology, 36, 7597.Google Scholar
Yost, K. (2018). Female CEO’s of Fortune 500 Companies. Retrieved October 10, 2018, from http://kdmengineering.com/female-ceos-fortune-500-companies/Google Scholar

References

Acar, A. B. (2014). Do intrinsic and extrinsic motivation factors differ for Generation X and Generation Y? International Journal of Business and Social Science, 5, 1220.Google Scholar
Akhavan Sarraf, A. R., Abzari, M., Nasr Isfahani, A., & Fathi, S. (2016). The impact of generational groups on organizational behavior in Iran. Human Systems Management, 35(3), 175183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, R. S., Allen, D. E., Karl, K., & White, C. S. (2015). Are millennials really an entitled generation? An investigation into generational equity sensitivity differences. Journal of Business Diversity, 15(2), 1426.Google Scholar
Anderson, E., Buchko, A. A., & Buchko, K. J. (2016). Giving negative feedback to Millennials. Management Research Review, 39, 692705.Google Scholar
Baldonado, A. M. (2013). Motivating generation Y and virtual teams. Open Journal of Business and Management, 1(2), 3944.Google Scholar
Ballone, C. (2007). Consulting your clients to leverage the multi-generational workforce. Journal of Practical Consulting, 2(1), 915.Google Scholar
Baran, M. (2014). Mutual mentoring as a tool for managing employees of different generations in the enterprise. Journal of Positive Management, 5(2), 2029.Google Scholar
Baron, R. A., Byrne, D. R., & Branscombe, N. R. (2009). Social Psychology (12th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.Google Scholar
Becton, J. B., Walker, H. J., & Jones‐Farmer, A. (2014). Generational differences in workplace behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 44(3), 175189.Google Scholar
Berkup, S. B. (2014). Working with Generations X and Y in Generation Z period: Management of different generations in business life. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5, 218229.Google Scholar
Boehm, S. A., Kunze, F., & Bruch, H. (2014). Spotlight on age‐diversity climate: The impact of age‐inclusive HR practices on firm‐level outcomes. Personnel Psychology, 67(3), 667704.Google Scholar
Campbell, S. M., Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2017). Fuzzy but useful constructs: Making sense of the differences between generations. Work, Aging and Retirement, 3(2), 130139.Google Scholar
Cates, S. V., Cojanu, K. A., & Pettine, S. (2013). Can you lead effectively? An analysis of the leadership styles of four generations of American employees. International Review of Management and Business Research, 2(4), 10251041.Google Scholar
Chou, S. Y. (2012). Millennials in the workplace: A conceptual analysis of Millennials’ leadership and followership styles. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 2, 7183.Google Scholar
Costanza, D. P., Badger, J. M., Fraser, R. L., Severt, J. B., & Gade, P. A. (2012). Generational differences in work-related attitudes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Business and Psychology, 27(4), 375394.Google Scholar
Costanza, D. P., Darrow, J. B., Yost, A. B., & Severt, J. B. (2017). A review of analytical methods used to study generational differences: Strengths and limitations. Work, Aging and Retirement, 3(2), 149165.Google Scholar
Costanza, D. P., & Finkelstein, L. M. (2015). Generationally based differences in the workplace: Is there a there there? Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 8(3), 308323.Google Scholar
Costanza, D. P., & Finkelstein, L. M. (2017). Generations, age, and the space between: Introduction to the special issue. Work, Aging and Retirement, 3(2), 109112. doi: 10.1093/workar/wax003.Google Scholar
Crumpacker, M., & Crumpacker, J. M. (2007). Succession planning and generational stereotypes: Should HR consider age-based values and attitudes a relevant factor or a passing fad? Public Personnel Management, 36(4), 349369.Google Scholar
Czaja, S. J., & Sharit, J. (2009). Aging and work: issues and implications in a changing landscape. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Deal, J. J., Altman, D. G., & Rogelberg, S. G. (2010). Millennials at work: What we know and what we need to do (if anything). Journal of Business and Psychology, 25, 191199.Google Scholar
De Hauw, S., & De Vos, A. (2010). Millennials’ career perspective and psychological contract expectations: does the recession lead to lowered expectations? Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(2), 293302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Lange, A. H., Kooij, D. T. A. M., & van der Heijen, B. I. J. M. (2015). Human resource management and sustainability at work across the lifespan: An integrative perspective. In Finkelstein, L., Truxillo, D., Fraccaroli, F., and Kanfer, R. (Eds.), Facing the challenges of a multi-age workforce: A use-inspired approach (pp. 5079). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Dencker, J. C., Joshi, A., & Martocchio, J. J. (2008). Towards a theoretical framework linking generational memories to workplace attitudes and behaviors. Human Resource Management Review, 18(3), 180187.Google Scholar
Espinoza, C., & Ukleja, M. (2016). Managing the Millennials: Discover the core competencies for managing today’s workforce. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Festing, M., & Schäfer, L. (2014). Generational challenges to talent management: A framework for talent retention based on the psychological-contract perspective. Journal of World Business, 49(2), 262271.Google Scholar
Finkelstein, L. M. (2012). Aging and work: Linking our work to practitioner needs. Paper presented at the International Federation of Scholarly Associations of Management, Limerick, Ireland. June.Google Scholar
Finkelstein, L. M., Truxillo, D. M., Fraccaroli, F., & Kanfer, R. (2015). An introduction to facing the challenges of a multi-age workforce: A use-inspired approach. In Finkelstein, L., Truxillo, D., Fraccaroli, F., and Kanfer, R. (Eds.), Facing the challenges of a multi-age workforce: A use-inspired approach (pp. 322). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Fogg, P. (2009). When generations collide. Education Digest, 74(6), 2530.Google Scholar
Giambatista, R. C., Hoover, J. D., & Tribble, L. (2017). Millennials, learning, and development: Managing complexity avoidance and narcissism. Psychologist-Manager Journal, 20(3), 176193.Google Scholar
Green, D. (2008). Knowledge management for a postmodern workforce: Rethinking leadership styles in the public sector. Journal of Strategic Leadership, 1, 1624.Google Scholar
Greenwood, R. A., Gibson, J. W., & Murphy, E. F. Jr (2008). An investigation of generational values in the workplace: Divergence, convergence, and implications for leadership. International Leadership Journal, 20, 5776.Google Scholar
Guillot-Soulez, C., & Soulez, S. (2014). On the heterogeneity of Generation Y job preferences. Employee Relations, 36, 319332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gursoy, D., Maier, T. A., & Chi, C. G. (2008). Generational differences: An examination of work values and generational gaps in the hospitality workforce. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27(3), 448458.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hendricks, J. M., & Cope, V. C. (2013). Generational diversity: What nurse managers need to know. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 69(3), 717725.Google Scholar
Hernaus, T., & Pološki Vokic, N. (2014). Work design for different generational cohorts: Determining common and idiosyncratic job characteristics. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 27, 615641.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howe, N., & Strauss, W. (2000). Millennials rising: The next great generation. New York, NY: Vintage.Google Scholar
Inceoglu, I., Segers, J., & Bartram, D. (2012). Age‐related differences in work motivation. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 85(2), 300329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, C., Elizabeth, F., Bharat, M., & Jitendra, M. (2016). Generation gaps: Changes in the workplace due to differing generational values. Advances in Management, 9(5), 18.Google Scholar
Kooij, D. T. A. M., Jansen, P. G. W., Dikkers, J. S. E., & de Lange, A. H. (2014). Managing aging workers: A mixed methods study on bundles of HR practices for aging workers. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25, 21922212.Google Scholar
Kowske, B. J., Rasch, R., & Wiley, J. (2010). Millennials’ (lack of) attitude problem: An empirical examination of generational effects on work attitudes. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25, 265279.Google Scholar
Lachman, M. E., & James, J. B. (Eds.) (1997). Multiple paths of midlife development. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lester, S. W., Standifer, R. L., Schultz, N. J., & Windsor, J. M. (2012). Actual versus perceived generational differences at work: An empirical examination. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 19, 341354.Google Scholar
Lewicki, R. J., Weiss, S. E., & Lewin, D. (1992). Models of conflict, negotiation and third-party intervention: A review and synthesis. Journal of organizational behavior, 13(3), 209252.Google Scholar
Lindquist, T. M. (2008). Recruiting the millennium generation: The new CPA. CPA Journal, 78(8), 56.Google Scholar
Lyons, S., & Kuron, L. (2014). Generational differences in the workplace: A review of the evidence and directions for future research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(S1), S139S157.Google Scholar
Lyons, S. T., & Schweitzer, L. (2016). A qualitative exploration of generational identity: Making sense of young and old in the context of today’s workplace. Work, Aging and Retirement, 3(2), 209224.Google Scholar
Macky, K., Gardner, D., & Forsyth, S. (2008). Generational differences at work: Introduction and overview. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(8), 857861.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mannheim, K. (1952). The problem of generations. In Mannheim, K. (Ed.), Essays on the sociology of knowledge (pp. 276322). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Mhatre, K. H., & Conger, J. A. (2011). Bridging the gap between Gen X and Gen Y. Journal of Leadership Studies, 5(3), 7276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McHenry, W. K., & Ash, S. R. (2013). Knowledge management and collaboration: Generation X vs. Generation Y. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4, 7887.Google Scholar
Parry, E., & Urwin, P. (2011). Generational differences in work values: A review of theory and evidence. International Journal of Management Reviews, 13(1), 7996.Google Scholar
Parry, E., & Urwin, P. (2017). The evidence base for generational differences: Where do we go from here? Work, Aging and Retirement, 3(2), 140148.Google Scholar
Perry, E. L., Golom, F. D., & McCarthy, J. A. (2015). Generational differences: Let’s not throw the baby boomer out with the bathwater. Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives of Science and Practice, 8, 376382.Google Scholar
Pondy, L. R. (1967). Organizational conflict: Concepts and models. Administrative Science Quarterly, 296–320.Google Scholar
Rajput, N., Marwah, P., Balli, R., & Gupta, M. (2013). Managing multigenerational workforce: Challenge for millennium managers. International Journal of Marketing and Technology, 3(2), 132149.Google Scholar
Rudolph, C. W. (2015). A note on the folly of cross-sectional operationalizations of generations. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 8, 362366. doi: 10.1017/iop.2015.50.Google Scholar
Rudolph, C. W., Rauvola, R. S., & Zacher, H. (2017). Leadership and generations at work: A critical review. Leadership Quarterly, 29(1), 4457.Google Scholar
Rudolph, C. W., & Zacher, H. (2017). Considering generations from a lifespan developmental perspective. Work, Aging and Retirement, 3(2), 113129.Google Scholar
Ryder, N. (1965). The cohort as a concept in the study of social change. American Sociological Review, 30(6), 843861.Google Scholar
Salahuddin, M. M. (2010). Generational differences impact on leadership style and organizational success. Journal of Diversity Management, 5(2), 16.Google Scholar
Schofield, C. P., & Honoré, S. (2009). Generation Y and learning. Ashridge Journal, Winter, 26–32.Google Scholar
Sessa, V. I., Kabacoff, R. I., Deal, J., & Brown, H. (2007). Generational differences in leader values and leadership behaviors. Psychologist-Manager Journal, 10, 4774.Google Scholar
Strauss, W., & Howe, N. (1991). Generations: The history of America’s future, 1584 to 2069. New York, NY: William Morrow & Co.Google Scholar
Thomas, K. M. (2005). Diversity dynamics in the workplace. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.Google Scholar
Thompson, C., & Gregory, J. B. (2012). Managing Millennials: A framework for improving attraction, motivation, and retention. Psychologist-Manager Journal, 15(4), 237246.Google Scholar
Twenge, J. M. (2010). A review of the empirical evidence on generational differences in work attitudes. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(2), 201210.Google Scholar
Twenge, J. M. (2017). The real truth about generational differences: Millennials are not a myth. Get over it. Psychology Today Blog. May 12.Google Scholar
Twenge, J. M., Campbell, S. M., Hoffman, B. J., & Lance, C. E. (2010). Generational differences in work values: Leisure and extrinsic values increasing, social and intrinsic values decreasing. Journal of Management, 36(5), 11171142.Google Scholar
Twenge, J. M., Carter, N. T., & Campbell, W. K. (2017). Age, time period, and birth cohort differences in self-esteem: Reexamining a cohort-sequential longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 112(5), e9e17.Google Scholar
Twenge, J. M., Konrath, S., Foster, J. D., Keith Campbell, W., & Bushman, B. J. (2008). Egos inflating over time: A cross‐temporal meta‐analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality, 76(4), 875902.Google Scholar
Van de Vliert, E., & De Dreu, C. K. (1994). Optimizing performance by conflict stimulation. International Journal of Conflict Management, 5(3), 211222.Google Scholar
Warr, P. (2001). Age and work behavior: Physical attributes, cognitive abilities, knowledge, personality traits, and motives. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 16, 136.Google Scholar
Weresh, M. H. (2009). I’ll start walking your way, you start walking mine: Sociological perspectives on professional identity development and influence of generational differences. SCL Review, 61, 337392.Google Scholar
Williams, M. (2016). Being trusted: How team generational age diversity promotes and undermines trust in cross‐boundary relationships. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(3), 346373.Google Scholar
Zabel, K. L., Biermeier-Hanson, B. J., Baltes, B. B., Early, B. J., & Shepard, A. (2017). Generational differences in work ethic: Fact or fiction? Journal of Business and Psychology, 32, 301315.Google Scholar
Zemke, R., Raines, C., & Filipczak, B. (2013). Generations at work: Managing the clash of Boomers, Gen Xers, and Gen Yers in the workplace. New York, NY: American Management Association.Google Scholar
Zhu, Y., Yang, H., & Bai, G. (2016). Effect of superior–subordinate intergenerational conflict on job performance of new generation employees. Social Behavior and Personality, 44(9), 14991514.Google Scholar

References

Acemoglu, D., & Autor, D. (2011). Skill, tasks and technologies: Implications for employment earnings. In Ashenfelter, O. & Card, D. (Eds.), The handbook of labor economics, Vol. 4b (pp. 10431171). Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Aguinis, H., & Lawal, S.O. (2013). eLancing: A review and research agenda for bridging the science–practice gap. Human Resource Management Review, 23, 617.Google Scholar
Aloisi, A. (2015). Commoditized workers: Case study research on labor law issues arising from a set of on-demand/gig economy platforms. Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal, 37, 653690.Google Scholar
Andes, S., & Muro, M. (2015, April 29). Don’t blame robots for the loss of manufacturing jobs. Brookings Advanced Industries Series. Retrieved from www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2015/04/29/dont-blame-the-robots-for-lost-manufacturing-jobs/Google Scholar
Arntz, M., Gregory, T., & Zierahn, U. (2016). The risk of automation for jobs in OECD countries: a comparative analysis. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 189. Paris: OECD Publishing.Google Scholar
Autor, D. H., & Dorn, D. (2013). The growth of low-skill service jobs and the polarization of the US labor market. American Economic Review, 103, 15531597.Google Scholar
Autor, D. H., Katz, L. F., & Kearney, M. S. (2006). The polarization of the US labor market. American Economic Review, 96, 189194.Google Scholar
Autor, D. H., Levy, F., & Murnane, R. J. (2003). The skill content of recent technological change: An empirical exploration. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118, 12791333.Google Scholar
Baumgarten, D., Geishecker, I., & Görg, H. (2010). Offshoring, tasks, and the skill–wage pattern. CEGE Discussion Paper, 98. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.1574784Google Scholar
Becker, S. O., Ekholm, K., & Muendler, M. A. (2013). Offshoring and the onshore composition of tasks and skills. Journal of International Economics, 90, 91106.Google Scholar
Bell, B. S., & Kozlowski, S. W. (2002). A typology of virtual teams: Implications for effective leadership. Group and Organization Management, 27, 1449.Google Scholar
Berg, M. (2017). The highest-paid YouTube stars 2017: Gamer DanTDM takes the crown with $16.5 million. Retrieved from www.forbes.com/sites/maddieberg/2017/12/07/Google Scholar
Bidwell, M. J. (2013). What happened to long-term employment: The role of worker power and environmental turbulence in explaining declines in worker tenure. Organizational Science, 24, 10611082.Google Scholar
Bivens, J., Gould, E., Mishel, L., & Shierholz, H. (2014). Raising America’s pay: Why it’s our central policy challenge. Briefing Paper #378. Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute.Google Scholar
Bontis, N., Crossan, M. M., & Hulland, J. (2002). Managing an organizational learning system by aligning stocks and flows. Journal of Management Studies, 39, 437469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brynjolfsson, E., and McAfee, A. (2011). Race against the machine: How the digital revolution is accelerating innovation, driving productivity, and irreversibly transforming employment and the economy. Lexington, MA: Digital Frontier Press.Google Scholar
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2017). Washington (DC): USDOL Bureau of Labor Statistics. Occupational employment statistics. Retrieved September 12, 2017, from www.bls.gov/oes/tables.htm.Google Scholar
Burke, R. J., & Ng, E. (2006). The changing nature of work and organizations: Implications for human resource management. Human Management Resource Review, 16, 8694.Google Scholar
Cappelli, P. (2000). The New Deal at work. Chicago-Kent Law Review, 76, 11691193.Google Scholar
Cardon, D., & Casilli, A. A. (2015). Qu’est-ce que le digital labor? Paris: Institut National de l’Audiovisual.Google Scholar
Cascio, W. F., (1995). Whither industrial and organizational psychology in a changing world of work? American Psychologist, 50, 928939.Google Scholar
Cascio, W. F. & Montealegre, R. (2016). How technology is changing work and organizations. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 3, 349375.Google Scholar
CNN. (2017). Intuit: Gig economy now accounts for 34% of US workforce. Retrieved October 16, 2017, from http://money.cnn.com/2017/05/24/news/economy/gig-economy-intuit/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
Coco, F. (2016). Most US manufacturing jobs lost to technology, not trade. Financial Times. December 2. www.ft.com/content/dec677c0-b7e6-11e6-ba85-95d1533d9a62Google Scholar
Copeland, C. (2012). Employee tenure trends, 1983–2012. Employee Benefits Research Institute Notes, 33(12), 113.Google Scholar
Coyle-Shapiro, J. A., Morrow, P. C., & Kessler, I. (2006). Serving two organizations: Exploring the employment relationship of contracted employees. Human Resource Management, 45, 561583.Google Scholar
Cunningham-Parameter, K. (2016). From Amazon to Uber: Defining employment in the modern economy. Boston University Law Review, 96, 16731728.Google Scholar
Davis-Blake, A., & Broschak, J. P. (2009). Outsourcing and the changing nature of work. Annual Review of Sociology, 35, 321340.Google Scholar
Donkin, R. (2010). The history of work. New York, NY: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Dubé, L. E. (2015). Misclassification remains major issue for attorneys and the Labor Department. HR Focus, 92, 13.Google Scholar
Dudowsky, J. (2014). Changing nature of work in the 21st century. https://research-methodology.net/changing-nature-of-work-in-the-21st-century/Google Scholar
Employment law – National Labor Relations Board (2016). NLRB classifies canvassers as employees, not independent contractors. Harvard Law Review, 129, 20392046.Google Scholar
Farber, H. S. (2008). Employment insecurity: The decline of worker–firm attachment in the United States. CEPS Working Paper No. 172. Princeton, NJ: Center for Economic Policy Studies.Google Scholar
Fisher, S. L., Wasserman, M. E., Wolf, P. P., & Wears, K. H. (2008). Human resource issues in outsourcing: Integrating research and practice. Human Resource Management, 47, 501523.Google Scholar
Frey, C. B., & Obsorne, M. A. (2013). The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerization? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 114, 254280.Google Scholar
Gilson, L. L., Maynard, M. T., Jones Young, N. C., Vartiainen, M., & Hakonen, M. (2015). Virtual teams research: 10 years, 10 themes, and 10 opportunities. Journal of Management, 41(5), 13131337.Google Scholar
Gould, E. (2016). Wage inequality continues its 35-year rise in 2015. Briefing Paper #421. Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute.Google Scholar
Green, M. Z. (2015). The NLRB as an überagency for the evolving workplace. Emory Law Journal, 64, 16211646.Google Scholar
Greenwood, I., & Randle, H. (2007). Team work, restructuring and skills in the UK and Sweden. European Journal of Industrial Relations, 13, 361377.Google Scholar
Hanauer, N., & Rolf, D. (2015). Shared security and shared growth. Democracy, No 37. https://democracyjournal.org/magazine/37/shared-security-shared-growth/Google Scholar
Hoch, J. E., & Kozlowski, S. W. (2014). Leading virtual teams: Hierarchical leadership, structural supports, and shared team leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(3), 390403.Google Scholar
Hogler, R. (2015). The end of American labor unions: The right-to-work movement and the erosion of collective bargaining. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.Google Scholar
Howard, A. (Ed.) (1995). The changing nature of work. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Hyatt, H. R., & Spetzler, J. R. (2016). The shifting job tenure distribution. Discussion Paper No. 9776. Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor.Google Scholar
International Labor Office. (2016). World employment and social outlook: Trends 2016. Geneva: ILO.Google Scholar
Jackson, E., Looney, A., & Ramnath, S. (2017). The rise of alternative work arrangements: Evidence and implications for tax filing and benefit coverage. Office of Tax Analysis Working Paper 114. www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/tax analysis/Documents/WP-114.pdfGoogle Scholar
Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., De Luque, M. S., & House, R. J. (2006). In the eye of the beholder: Cross cultural lessons in leadership from project GLOBE. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 20, 6790.Google Scholar
Johansson, A. (2016). Here’s how you can actually make money with YouTube. Retrieved September 3, 2017, fromwww.entrepreneur.com/article/280966.Google Scholar
Kirkman, B. L., Gibson, C. B., & Kim, K. (2012). Across borders and technologies: Advancements in virtual teams research. In Kozlowski, I. S. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of organizational psychology, Vol. 2 (pp. 789858). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kokakowski, N. (2017, August 1). Google pouring $50 million into ‘changing nature of work’. https://insights.dice.com/2017/08/01/google-50-million-changing-nature-work/Google Scholar
Lebergott, S. (1966). Labor force and employment: 1800–1960. In Brady, D. S. (Ed.), Employment and productivity on the United States after 1800 (pp. 117204). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.Google Scholar
Lee, M. A., & Mather, M. (2008). US labor force trends. Population Bulletin, 63, 116.Google Scholar
Levine, B. R., Harrington, J. R., & Uhlmann, E. L. (in press). Culture and work. Chapter to appear in D. Cohen and S. Kitayama, The handbook of cross-cultural psychology (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Levy, R. (2016). Impact of the gig economy on legal classification of health care workers. Journal of Health Care Compliance, 18, 4546.Google Scholar
Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Kraimer, M. L., & Sparrowe, R. T. (2003). The dual commitments of contingent workers: An examination of contingents’ commitments to the agency and the organization. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 609625.Google Scholar
Lohr, S. (1987). Making cars the Volvo way. New York Times, June 23. www.nytimes.com/1987/06/23/business/making-cars-the-volvo-way.html?pagewanted=all&mcubz=0Google Scholar
Lowry, A. (2017). What the gig economy looks like worldwide. The Atlantic. www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/04/gig-economy-global/522954/Google Scholar
Malos, S., Haynes, P., & Bowal, P. (2003). A contingency approach to the employment relationship: form, function, and effectiveness implications. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 15, 149167.Google Scholar
Mangold, W. G., & Faulds, D. J. (2009). Social media: The new hybrid element of the promotion mix. Business Horizons, 52, 357365.Google Scholar
Markus, H. R., & Lin, L. R. (1999). Conflictways: Cultural diversity in the meanings and practices of conflict. In Prentice, D. A. and Miller, D. R. (Eds.), Cultural divides: Understanding and overcoming group conflict (pp. 302333). New York, NY: Russell Sage.Google Scholar
Mayer, G. (2004). Union membership trends in the United States. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.Google Scholar
Middleton, H. (2002). Complex problem solving in a workplace setting. International Journal of Educational Research, 37, 6784.Google Scholar
Mitlacher, L. (2005). Temporary agency work, the changing employment relationship and its impact on human resource management. Management Revue, 16, 370388.Google Scholar
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) (2017). Information technology and the US workforce: Where are we and where do we go from here? Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.Google Scholar
National Research Council (1999). The changing nature of work: Implications for occupational analysis. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.Google Scholar
National Research Council (2012). Education for life and work: Developing transferable knowledge and skills in the 21st century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Nesheim, T., Olsen, K. M., & Kalleberg, A. L. (2007). Externalizing the core firms’ use of employment intermediaries in the information and communication technology industries. Human Resource Management, 46, 247264.Google Scholar
Neubert, J. C., Mainert, J., Kretzschmar, A., & Greiff, S. (2015). The assessment of 21st century skills in industrial and organizational psychology: Complex and collaborative problem solving. Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice, 8, 131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nikiforuk, A. (2013). The big shift last time: From horse dung to car smog. https://thetyee.ca/News/2013/03/06/Horse-Dung-Big-Shift/Google Scholar
OECD. (2013a). OECD skills outlook 2013: First results from the survey of adult skills. Paris: OECD Publishing.Google Scholar
OECD. (2013b). PISA 2012 assessment and analytical framework. Paris: OECD Publishing.Google Scholar
O’Sullivan, M., Turner, T., Lavelle, J., MacMahon, J., Ryan, L., Murphy, C., Gunnigle, P., & O’Brien, M. (2017). The role of the state in shaping zero hours work in an atypical liberal market economy. Economic and Industrial Democracy, November. doi: 10.1177/0143831X17735181CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Sullivan, M., Turner, T., MacMahon, J., Ryan, L., Lavelle, J., Murphy, C., O’Brien, M., & Gunnigle, P. (2015). A study on the prevalence of zero hours contracts among Irish employers and their impact on employees. Limerick: Kemmy Business School, University of Limerick.Google Scholar
Perry, B. (2008). Virtual teams now a reality: Two out of three companies say they will rely more on virtual teams in the future. www.pr.com/press-release/103409.Google Scholar
Pessoa, J. P., & Van Reenan, J. (2013). Wage growth and productivity growth: The myth and reality of ‘decoupling’. CEP Discussion Paper No. 146. London: Center for Economic Progress, London School of Economics.Google Scholar
Pissarides, C. A. (2000). Equilibrium unemployment theory. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Pratt, G. A. (2015), Is a Cambrian explosion coming for robotics? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 29(3), 5160.Google Scholar
Sale, K. (1995). Rebels against the future: The Luddites and their war against the industrial revolution: Lessons for the computer age. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Sanchez-Burks, J., & Lee, F. (2007). Cultural psychology of workways. Handbook of Cultural Psychology, 1, 346369.Google Scholar
Schwartz, J., Collins, L., Stockton, H., Wagner, D., & Walsh, B. (2017). The future of work: The augmented workforce. www2.deloitte.com/insights/us/en/focus/human-capital-trends/2017/future-workforce-changing-nature-of-work.htmlGoogle Scholar
Sherman, E. (2017). New count of gig economy says old employment has nothing to worry about. www.inc.com/erik-sherman/the-real-size-of-the-gig-economy-is-smaller-than-you-may-think.htmlGoogle Scholar
Singer, N. (2014). In the sharing economy, workers find both freedom and uncertainty. New York Times. August 16. www.nytimes.com/2014/08/17/technology/in-the-sharing-economy-workersfind-both-freedom-and-uncertainty.html?_r=0.Google Scholar
Small Business Administration. (2016). Small business profile. Retrieved September 26, 2017, from www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/advocacy/United_States.pdfGoogle Scholar
Tan, E. (2014). Human capital theory: A holistic criticism. Review of Educational Research, 84, 311345.Google Scholar
US Department of Labor. (2015). Administrator’s Interpretation No. 2015-1. www.dol.gov/whd/workers/Misclassification/AI-2015_1.pdfGoogle Scholar
Wartzman, R. (2017). The end of loyalty: The rise and fall of good jobs in America. New York, NY: Public Affairs.Google Scholar
Wears, K. H., & Fisher, S. L. (2012). Who is the employer in the triangular employment relationship? Sorting through the definitional confusion. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 24, 159176.Google Scholar
Wegman, L. A., Hoffman, B. J., Carter, N. T., Twenge, J. M., & Guenole, N. (2018). Placing job characteristics in context: cross-temporal meta-analysis of changes in job characteristics since 1975. Journal of Management, 44(1), 352386.Google Scholar
World Bank Development Report. (2016). Digital dividends. Washington, DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank.Google Scholar
World Bank Development Report. (2019). The changing nature of work. Working draft, April 20, 2018. Washington, DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank.Google Scholar
Wrzesniewski, A., & Dutton, J. E. (2001). Crafting a job: Revisioning employees as active crafters of their work. Academy of Management Review, 26, 179201.Google Scholar
Zuboff, S. (1988). In the age of the smart machine: The future of work and power. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×