Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T08:30:36.830Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

21 - Implications of the Changing Nature of Work for Employee Attitudes and Work Perceptions

from Part III - Implications for Talent Management and Impact on Employees

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2020

By
Lauren A. Wegman  and
Brian J. Hoffman
Edited by
Brian J. Hoffman ,
Mindy K. Shoss  and
Lauren A. Wegman
Brian J. Hoffman
Affiliation:
University of Georgia
Mindy K. Shoss
Affiliation:
University of Central Florida
Lauren A. Wegman
Affiliation:
University of Georgia
Get access

Summary

As the nature of work and the workplace continue to change, leaders need to become adept at changing how they lead. In this chapter, we describe four broad leader behavior categories (task-oriented, relations-oriented, change-oriented, and external behaviors), their specific component behaviors, and evidence for the importance of these behaviors. We also describe several major changes facing leaders in the coming years, including demographic changes in the workforce, technological changes, changes in occupations and work tasks, and global and strategic changes. Then we provide suggestions for how leaders should flexibly use the different types of behaviors to reflect these changes and the leadership situation. Finally, we offer some suggestions for future research that would make theoretical and methodological contributions to the leadership literature.

Keywords

changing nature of workleader behaviorsflexible leadershipsituational leadership
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of the Changing Nature of Work , pp. 446 - 466
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, T. D., Freeman, D. M., Russell, J. E., Reizenstein, R. C., & Rentz, J. O. (2001). Survivor reactions to organizational downsizing: Does time ease the pain? Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 74, 145–164.Google Scholar
Allen, T. D., Johnson, R. C., Kiburz, K., & Shockley, K. M. (2013). Work–family conflict and flexible work arrangements: Deconstructing flexibility. Personnel Psychology, 66, 345–376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Management Association. (1996). 1996 AMA survey on downsizing, job elimination and job creation. New York, NY: American Management Association. Retrieved from www.copyrightreviews.com/5046137/1996-ama-survey-on-downsizing-job-elimination-and-job-creationGoogle Scholar
Andreu, R., & Sieber, S. (2001). Rally racing: knowledge and learning requirements for a winning team. Knowledge and Process Management, 8, 91–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Appelbaum, E., & Batt, R. (1994). The new American workforce transforming work systems in the United States. Ithaca, NY: ILR Press.Google Scholar
Arthur, M. B., Defillippi, R. J., & Lindsay, V. J. (2008). On being a knowledge worker. Organizational Dynamics, 37, 365–377.Google Scholar
Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, 14, 20–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bal, P. M., De Lange, A. H., Jansen, P. G., & Van Der Velde, M. E. (2008). Psychological contract breach and job attitudes: A meta-analysis of age as a moderator. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72, 143–158.Google Scholar
Baltes, B. B., Briggs, T. E., Huff, J. W., Wright, J. A., & Neuman, G. A. (1999). Flexible and compressed workweek schedules: A meta-analysis of their effects on work-related criteria. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(4) 496–513.Google Scholar
Barney, C. E., & Elias, S. M. (2010). Flex-time as a moderator of the job stress–work motivation relationship: A three nation investigation. Personnel Review, 39, 487–502.Google Scholar
Benson, J., & Brown, M. (2011). Generations at work: Are there differences and do they matter? International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22, 1843–1865.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackford, K., Jancey, J., Howat, P., Ledger, M., & Lee, A. H. (2012). Office-based physical activity and nutrition intervention: Barriers, enablers, and preferred strategies for workplace obesity prevention, Perth, Western Australia, 2012. Preventing Chronic Disease, 10.Google Scholar
Blauner, R. (1964). Alienation and freedom: The factory worker and his industry. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Borjas, G. (2008). Labor outflows and labor inflows in Puerto Rico. Journal of Human Capital, 2, 32–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brantely, P. J. (1993). Daily stress and stress related disorders. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 17–25.Google Scholar
Brief, A. P. (2008). Diversity at work. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Brockner, J. (1988). The effects of work layoffs on survivors: Research, theory, and practice. Research in Organizational Behavior, 10, 213–256.Google Scholar
Bryant, S. (2000). At home on the electronic frontier: Work, gender and the information highway. New Technology, Work and Employment, 15, 19–33.Google Scholar
Byron, K. (2005). A meta-analytic review of work–family conflict and its antecedents. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67, 169–198.Google Scholar
Caplow, T., Hicks, L., & Wattenberg, B. J. (2001). The first measured century: An illustrated guide to trends in America, 1900–2000. Washington, DC: AEI Press.Google Scholar
Capozza, D., & Brown, R. (Eds.). (2000). Social identity processes: Trends in theory and research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cappelli, P. (1999). The new deal at work: Managing the market-driven workforce. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
Cappelli, P. H. (2015). Skill gaps, skill shortages, and skill mismatches: Evidence and arguments for the United States. ILR Review, 68(2), 251–290.Google Scholar
Cappelli, P., Bassi, L., Katz, H., Knoke, D., Osterman, P., & Useem, M. (1997). Change at work. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cennamo, L., & Gardner, D. (2008). Generational differences in work values, outcomes and person–organization values fit. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23, 891–906.Google Scholar
Cohen, C. (1980). After effects of stress on human performance and social behavior: A review of research and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 82–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, S., & Spacapan, S. (1978). The after effects of stress: An attentional interpretation. Environmental Psychology and Nonverbal Behavior, 3, 43–57.Google Scholar
Colquitt, J. A., Conlon, D. E., Wesson, M. J., Porter, C. O., & Ng, K. Y. (2001). Justice at the millennium: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 425–445.Google Scholar
Coovert, M. D. (1995). Technological changes in office jobs (pp. 175–208). In Howard, A. (Ed.), The changing nature of work. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Coovert, M. D., & Thompson, L. F. (Eds.). (2013). The psychology of workplace technology. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Costanza, D. P., Badger, J. M., Fraser, R. L. Severt, J. B., & Gade, P. A. (2012). Generational differences in work-related attitudes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Business and Psychology, 27, 375–394.Google Scholar
Crawford, E. R., LePine, J. A., & Rich, B. L. (2010). Linking job demands and resources to employee engagement and burnout: a theoretical extension and meta-analytic test. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 834–848.Google Scholar
Deal, J. J., Altman, D. G., & Rogelberg, S. G. (2010). Millennials at work: What we know and what we need to do (if anything). Journal of Business and Psychology, 25, 191–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dekas, K. H., Bauer, T. N., Welle, B., Kurkoski, J., & Sullivan, S. (2013). Organizational citizenship behavior, version 2.0: A review and qualitative investigation of OCBs for knowledge workers at Google and beyond. Academy of Management Perspectives, 27, 219–237.Google Scholar
Dimock, M., Doherty, C., & Tyson, A. (2013). Favorable views of business, labor rebound. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from www.people-press.org/files/legacy-pdf/6-27-13%20Business%20and%20Labor%20Release.pdfGoogle Scholar
Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 500–507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Families and Work Institute & American Business Collaboration. (2004) Gender & generation within the workplace. The American Business Collaboration. Retrieved from www.abcdependentcare.com/docs/ABC-generation-gender-workplace.pdf.Google Scholar
Feldman, D. C., Leana, C. R., & Bolino, M. C. (2002). Underemployment and relative deprivation among re‐employed executives. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75, 453–471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Felin, T., Zenger, T. R., & Tomsik, J. (2009). The knowledge economy: Emerging organizational forms, missing microfoundations, and key considerations for managing human capital. Human Resource Management, 48, 555–570.Google Scholar
Felstead, A., Jewson, N., Phizacklea, A., & Walters, S. (2002). The option to work at home: Another privilege for the favoured few? New Technology, Work and Employment, 17, 204–223.Google Scholar
Fields, D. (2002). Taking the measure of work: A guide to scales for organizational research and diagnosis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Fried, Y., Levi, A. S., & Laurence, G. (2008). Job design in the new world of work. In Cartwright, S. & Cooper, C. L. (Eds.), Oxford handbook of personnel psychology (pp. 587–597). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Frye, N. K., & Breaugh, J. A. (2004). Family-friendly policies, supervisor support, work–family conflict, family–work conflict, and satisfaction: A test of a conceptual model. Journal of Business and Psychology, 19, 197–220.Google Scholar
Gajendran, R. S., & Harrison, D. A. (2007). The good, the bad, and the unknown about telecommuting: meta-analysis of psychological mediators and individual consequences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1524–1541.Google Scholar
Gakovic, A., & Tetrick, L. E. (2003). Psychological contract breach as a source of strain for employees. Journal of Business and Psychology, 18, 235–246.Google Scholar
Galinsky, E., Bond, J., Kim, S., Brownfield, E., & Sakai, K. (2005). When the way we work becomes too much. Retrieved from www.familiesandwork.orgGoogle Scholar
Gallie, D. (1978). In search of the new working class: Automation and social integration within the capitalist enterprise. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gentile, B., Wood, L. A., Twenge, J. M., Hoffman, B. J., Campbell, W. K. (2014). The problem of generational change: Why cross-sectional designs are inadequate for investigating generational differences. In Lance, C. E. & Vandenberg, R. J. (Eds.), Statistical and methodological myths and urban legends (2nd ed.) (pp.100–111). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Grandey, A. (2000). Emotion regulation in the workplace: A new way to conceptualize emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 95–110Google Scholar
Grover, S. L., & Crooker, K. J. (1995). Who appreciates family-responsive human-resource policies: The impact of family-friendly policies on the organizational attachment of parents and non-parents. Personnel Psychology, 48, 271–288.Google Scholar
Hammer, L. B., Allen, E., & Grigsby, T. D. (1997). Work–family conflict in dual-earner couples: Within-individual and crossover effects of work and family. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50, 185–203.Google Scholar
Hill, E. J., Hawkins, A. J., Ferris, M., & Weitzman, M. (2001). Finding an extra day a week: The positive influence of perceived job flexibility on work and family life balance. Family Relations, 50, 49–58.Google Scholar
Hochschild, A. R. (1983). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hon, A. H., & Chan, W. W. (2013). The effects of group conflict and work stress on employee performance. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 54, 174–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howard, A. (Ed.) (1995). The changing nature of work. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Humphrey, S. E., Nahrgang, J. D., & Morgeson, F. P. (2007). Integrating motivational, social, and contextual work design features: A meta-analytic of the summary and theoretical extension work design literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1332–1356.Google Scholar
Johns, G. (2006). The essential impact of context on organizational behavior. Academy of Management Review, 31, 386–408.Google Scholar
Karasek, R. A. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job design, Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 285–308.Google Scholar
Karasek, R., & Theorell, T. (1990). Healthy work: Stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working life. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Keiningham, T. L., & Aksoy, L. (2009). Why loyalty matters: The groundbreaking approach to rediscovering happiness, meaning, and lasting fulfillment in your life and work. Dallas, TX: BenBella Books.Google Scholar
Kennedy, T. L., Smith, A., Wells, A. T., & Wellman, B. (2008). Networked families. Pew Internet & American Life Project, 1–44. Retrieved from www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2008/Networked-Families.aspxGoogle Scholar
Kessels, J. W. (2001). Learning in organisations: A corporate curriculum for the knowledge economy. Futures, 33, 497–506.Google Scholar
Kidder, D. L., Lankau, M. J., Chrobot-Mason, D., Mollica, K. A., & Friedman, R. A. (2004). Backlash toward diversity initiatives: Examining the impact of diversity program justification, personal and group outcomes. International Journal of Conflict Management, 15, 77–102.Google Scholar
Kiggundu, M. N. (1983). Task interdependence and job design – test of a theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 31, 145–172.Google Scholar
Knudsen, H. K., Johnson, A. J., Martin, J. K., & Roman, P. M. (2003). Downsizing survival: The experience of work and organizational commitment. Sociological Inquiry, 73, 265–283.Google Scholar
Kotter, J. (2002). Managing change: The power of leadership. Balanced Scorecard Report, 4, 6–9.Google Scholar
Kowske, B. J., Rasch, R., & Wiley, J. (2010). Millennials’(lack of) attitude problem: An empirical examination of generational effects on work attitudes. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25, 265–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kozlowski, S. W. J., Chao, G. T., Smith, E. M., & Hedlund, J. (1993). Organizational downsizing: Strategies, interventions, and research implications. In Cooper, C. L. & Robertson, I. (Eds.), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (pp. 262–332). Chichester, UK: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Lewis, S., & Roper, I. (2008). Flexible working arrangement: From work–life to gender equity policies. In Susan, C. L. and Cooper, G., The Oxford handbook of personnel psychology (pp. 411–437). Oxford: Cartwright.Google Scholar
Lloyd, C., King, R., & Chenoweth, L. (2002). Social work, stress and burnout: A review. Journal of Mental Health, 11, 255–265.Google Scholar
Lub, X., Nije Bijvank, M., Matthijs Bal, P., Blomme, R., & Schalk, R. (2012). Different or alike? Exploring the psychological contract and commitment of different generations of hospitality workers. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 24, 553–573.Google Scholar
Madden, M., & Jones, S. (2008). Networked workers. Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved from www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2008/Networked-Workers.aspxGoogle Scholar
Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1996). Maslach burnout inventory manual (3rd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.Google Scholar
Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (2008). Early predictors of job burnout and engagement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3), 498–512.Google Scholar
Mesmer-Magnus, J. R., & Viswesvaran, C. (2006). How family-friendly work environments affect work/family conflict: A meta-analytic examination. Journal of Labor Research, 27, 555–574.Google Scholar
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the workplace: Theory, research, and application. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Michel, J. S., Kotrba, L. M., Mitchelson, J. K., Clark, M. A., & Baltes, B. B. (2011). Antecedents of work–family conflict: A meta‐analytic review. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32, 689–725.Google Scholar
Milkie, M. A., & Peltola, P. (1999). Playing all the roles: Gender and the work–family balancing act. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61, 476–490.Google Scholar
Mishel, L., Bernstein, J., & Allegretto, S. (2007). The state of working America 2006/2007. Ithaca, NY: ILR Press.Google Scholar
Morris, J. A., & Feldman, D. C. (1996). The dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of emotional labor. Academy of Management Review, 21, 986–1010.Google Scholar
Morris, J. A., & Feldman, D. C. (1997). Managing emotions in the workplace. Journal of Managerial Issues, 9, 257–274.Google Scholar
Morrison, E. W., & Robinson, S. L. (1997). When employees feel betrayed: A model of how psychological contract violation develops. Academy of Management Review, 22, 226–256.Google Scholar
Mottaz, C. J. (1988). Determinants of organizational commitment. Human Relations, 41, 467–482.Google Scholar
Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. (1979). The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14, 224–247.Google Scholar
National Academy of Sciences (1999). The changing nature of work: Implications for occupational analysis. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Ng, T. W., & Feldman, D. C. (2008). Long work hours: A social identity perspective on meta‐analysis data. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29, 853–880.Google Scholar
Nixon, A. E., & Spector, P. E. (2013). The impact of technology on employee stress, health, and well-being. In Coovert, M. D. & Thompson, L. Foster (Eds.), The psychology of workplace technology (pp. 238–260). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Noer, D. M. (1990). Layoff survivor sickness: A new challenge for supervisors. Supervisory Management, 35, 1–2.Google Scholar
Noer, D. M. (1993). Healing the wounds. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Noer, D. M. (1997). Breaking free: A prescription for personal and organizational change. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Noonan, M. C., & Glass, J. L. (2012). The hard truth about telecommuting. Monthly Labor Review, 135, 38–45.Google Scholar
Pfeffer, J. (1983). Organizational demography. In Cummings, L. L. & Staw, B. M. (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (pp. 299–357). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.Google Scholar
Potosky, D., & Lomax, M. W. (2013). Leadership and technology: A love–hate relationship. In Coovert, M. D. & Thompson, L. F. (Eds.), The psychology of workplace technology, (pp. 118–146). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Rhoades, L., & –714berger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 698–714.Google Scholar
Riordan, C. M., & Shore, L. M. (1997). Demographic diversity and employee attitudes: An empirical examination of relational demography within work units. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(3), 342–358.Google Scholar
Robinson, B. E., Flowers, C., & Carroll, J. (2001). Work stress and marriage: A theoretical model examining the relationship between workaholism and marital cohesion. International Journal of Stress Management, 8, 165–175.Google Scholar
Robinson, S. L. (1996). Trust and breach of the psychological contract. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(4), 574–599.Google Scholar
Rousseau, D. M. & Wade-Benzoni, K. A. (1995). Changing individual–organization attachments: A two-way street. In Howard, A. (Ed.), The changing nature of work, (pp. 290–321). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78.Google Scholar
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi‐sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 293–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shirom, A., Westman, M., Shamai, O., & Carel, R. S. (1997). Effects of work overload and burnout on cholesterol and triglycerides levels: The moderating effects of emotional reactivity among male and female employees. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 2(4), 275–288.Google Scholar
Society for Human Resource Management. (2008a). SHRM 2007 Symposium on the Workforce Readiness of the Future US Labor Pool: Executive summary. Alexandria, VA: Author.Google Scholar
Society for Human Resource Management. (2008b). Workforce readiness weekly survey. Society for Human Resource Management. Retrieved from www.shrm.org/surveys.Google Scholar
Spence, J. T., & Robbins, A. S. (1992). Workaholism: Definition, measurement, and preliminary results. Journal of Personality Assessment, 58, 160–178.Google Scholar
Staufenbiel, T., & König, C. J. (2010). A model for the effects of job insecurity on performance, turnover intention, and absenteeism. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83, 101–117.Google Scholar
Stevens, M. J., & Campion, M. A. (1994). The knowledge, skill, and ability requirements for teamwork: Implications for human resource management. Journal of Management, 20, 503–530.Google Scholar
Stockdale, M. S., & Crosby, F. J. (2004). The psychology and management of workplace diversity. Malden, UK: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Sverke, M., Hellgren, J., & Näswall, K. (2002). No security: A meta-analysis and review of job insecurity and its consequences. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(3), 242–264.Google Scholar
Tajfel, H. & Turner, J. C. (1985). The social identity of theory of intergroup behavior. In Worchel, S. & Austin, W. G. (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7–24). Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall.Google Scholar
Taylor, P., Funk, C., & Craighill, P. (2006). Public says American work life is worsening, but most workers remain satisfied with their jobs. Pew Social Trends. Retrieved from http://pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Jobs.pdfGoogle Scholar
Thomas, K. M., & Chrobot-Mason, D. (2005). Group-level explanations of workplace discrimination. In Dipboye, R. L., & Colella, A. (Eds.), Discrimination at work: The psychological and organizational bases (pp. 63–88). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Twenge, J. M., Campbell, S. M., Hoffman, B. J., & Lance, C. E. (2010). Generational differences in work values: Leisure and extrinsic values increasing, social and intrinsic values decreasing. Journal of Management, 36, 1117–1142.Google Scholar
US Census Bureau. (1975–2011). Statistical abstracts of the United States: 1975–2011. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from www.census.gov/compendia/statab/Google Scholar
US Census Bureau. (2012). Statistical abstracts of the United States: 2012. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from www.census.gov/compendia/statab/Google Scholar
US Department of Labor, Bureau of Statistics (2004). Number of jobs held, labor market activity, and earnings growth among younger baby boomers: Recent results from a longitudinal survey. Retrieved from www.bls.gov/nls/nlsy79r20.pdfGoogle Scholar
US Department of Labor, Bureau of Statistics (2006). Occupational changes: Then and now. Retrieved from www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2006/apr/wk1/art04.htmGoogle Scholar
Valcour, P. M., & Hunter, L. W. (2005). Technology, organizations, and work–life integration. In Kossik, EE & Lambert, SJ (Eds.), Work and life integration: Organizational, cultural, and individual perspectives (pp. 61–84). London, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Van der Spiegel, J. (1995). New information technologies and changes in work. In Howard, A. (Ed.), The changing nature of work (pp. 97–111). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Varca, P. E. (2006). Telephone surveillance in call centers: Prescriptions for reducing strain. Managing Service Quality, 16, 290–305.Google Scholar
Wegman, L. A., Hoffman, B. J., Carter, N. T., Twenge, J. M., & Guenole, N. (2018). Placing job characteristics in context: Cross-temporal meta-analysis of changes in job characteristics since 1975. Journal of Management, 44, 352–386.Google Scholar
Wesolowski, M. A., & Mossholder, K. W. (1997). Relational demography in supervisor–subordinate dyads: Impact on subordinate job satisfaction, burnout, and perceived procedural justice. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, 351–362.Google Scholar
Wharton, A. S. (1993). The affective consequences of service work: Managing emotions on the job. Work and Occupations, 20, 205–232.Google Scholar
Wilson, B., Squires, M., Widger, K., Cranley, L., & Tourangeau, A. (2008). Job satisfaction among a multigenerational nursing workforce. Journal of Nursing Management, 16, 716–723.Google Scholar
Wong, S. S., DeSanctis, G., & Staudenmayer, N. (2007). The relationship between task interdependency and role stress: A revisit of the job demands–control model. Journal of Management Studies, 44, 284–303.Google Scholar
Zhao, H. A. O., Wayne, S. J., Glibkowski, B. C., & Bravo, J. (2007). The impact of psychological contract breach on work‐related outcomes: A meta‐analysis. Personnel Psychology, 60, 647–680.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×