Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T18:34:21.796Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

11 - Changes in Worker Demographics

from Part II - What Has Changed?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2020

Brian J. Hoffman
Affiliation:
University of Georgia
Mindy K. Shoss
Affiliation:
University of Central Florida
Lauren A. Wegman
Affiliation:
University of Georgia
Get access

Summary

A defining feature of the contemporary workforce is its diversity. Indeed, changes in worker demographics have spurred substantial scholarship and management practice. In this chapter, we draw from population-based statistics to describe and discuss the nature of change as it refers to gender, race/ethnicity, and age diversity. We further discuss existing data and theory on change in the workforce participation of people from understudied demographic groups such as people with children, multiracial individuals, immigrants, religious minorities, gender and sexual minorities, individuals with disabilities, and socioeconomic status. In so doing, this review prompts important new directions for theory and practice.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aaronson, S., Cajner, T., Fallick, B., Galbis-Reig, F., Smith, C., & Wascher, W. (2014). Labor force participation: Recent developments and future prospects. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2014(2), 197275. https://doi.org/10.1353/eca.2014.0015CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aaronson, S., Fallick, B., Figura, A., Pingle, J. F., & Wascher, W. L. (2006). The recent decline in the labor force participation rate and its implications for potential labor supply. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2006(1), 69154. https://doi.org/10.1353/eca.2006.0012Google Scholar
Aaronson, D., Park, K. H., & Sullivan, D. G. (2006). The decline in teen labor force participation. Economic Perspectives. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=888529Google Scholar
American Association of University Women (AAUW). (2016). The simple truth about the gender pay gap. Retrieved from www.aauw.org/aauw_check/pdf_download/show_pdf.php?file=The-Simple-TruthGoogle Scholar
Armstrong-Stassen, M. (1998). The effect of gender and organizational level on how survivors appraise and cope with organizational downsizing. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 34(2), 125142. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886398342001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469Google Scholar
Associated Press. (2009, May 28). Multiracial America is fastest growing group. NBC News. Retrieved from www.nbcnews.com/id/30986649/ns/us_news-life/t/multiracial-america-fastest-growing-group/#.Wb6sHmPADm0Google Scholar
Avery, D. R. (2003). Reactions to diversity in recruitment advertising – are differences black and white? Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(4), 672679. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.4.672Google Scholar
Ayoub, P. M., & Garretson, J. (2017). Getting the message out: Media context and global changes in attitudes toward homosexuality. Comparative Political Studies, 50(8), 10551085. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414016666836Google Scholar
Berdahl, J. L., & Moore, C. (2006). Workplace harassment: Double jeopardy for minority women. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(2), 426436.Google Scholar
Blahovec, S. (2016). Why hire disabled workers? 4 powerful (and inclusive) companies answer. Huffington Post. Retrieved from www.huffingtonpost.com/sarah-blahovec/why-hire-disabled-workers_b_9292912.htmlGoogle Scholar
Boneva, B. S., & Frieze, I. H. (2001). Toward a concept of a migrant personality. Journal of Social Issues, 57(3), 477491. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00224Google Scholar
Brundage, V. (2017). Profile of the labor force by educational attainment. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved from www.bls.gov/spotlight/2017/educational-attainment-of-the-labor-force/pdf/educational-attainment-of-the-labor-force.pdfGoogle Scholar
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2013). Labor force projections to 2022: The labor force participation rate continues to fall. Monthly Labor Review. Retrieved from www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2013/article/labor-force-projections-to-2022-the-labor-force-participation-rate-continues-to-fall-1.htmGoogle Scholar
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2015). Understanding the 2014–24 projections. Career Outlook. Retrieved from www.bls.gov/careeroutlook/2015/article/projections-methodology.htmGoogle Scholar
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2016). Labor force statistics from the current population survey. US Department of Labor. Retrieved from www.bls.gov/cps/tables.htmGoogle Scholar
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2017a). Household data annual averages 2016. US Department of Labor. Retrieved from www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat11.pdfGoogle Scholar
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2017b). Databases, table, & calculators by subject [Database]. Retrieved from www.bls.gov/data/Google Scholar
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2017c). Employment characteristics of families summary [Economic news release]. Retrieved from www.bls.gov/news.release/famee.nr0.htmGoogle Scholar
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2017d, May 18). Foreign-born workers: Labor force characteristics – 2016 [News Release]. Retrieved from www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/forbrn.pdfGoogle Scholar
Carnevale, A. P., Jayasundera, T., & Gulish, A. (2015). Good jobs are back: College graduates are first in line. Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce. Retrieved from https://cew.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/Good-Jobs_Full_Final.pdfGoogle Scholar
Central Intelligence Agency (2011). The world factbook. Retrieved from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.htmlGoogle Scholar
Cilluffo, A., & Cohn, D. (2017, April 27). 10 demographic trends shaping the US and the world in 2017. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/27/10-demographic-trends-shaping-the-u-s-and-the-world-in-2017/Google Scholar
Cohn, D., & Caumont, A. (2016, March 31). 10 demographic trends that are shaping the US and the world. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/03/31/10-demographic-trends-that-are-shaping-the-u-s-and-the-world/Google Scholar
Colella, A. (1994). Organizational socialization of employees with disabilities: Critical issues and implications for workplace interventions. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 4, 87106. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02110048Google Scholar
Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 12411299. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039Google Scholar
Crocker, J., & Knight, K. M. (2005). Contingencies of self-worth. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(4), 200203. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00364.xGoogle Scholar
Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2007). The BIAS map: Behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(4), 631648. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.4.631Google Scholar
Daugherty, J., & Copen, C. (2016). Trends in attitudes about marriage, childbearing, and sexual behavior: United States, 2002, 2006–2010, and 2011–2013. National Center for Health Statistics. Retrieved from www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr092.pdfGoogle Scholar
Dell’Antonia, K. J. (2013, December 11). New act proposes national paid family leave policy. New York Times. Retrieved from https://parenting.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/12/11/new-act-proposes-national-paid-family-leave-policy/?_r=1Google Scholar
Diefendorff, J. M., Brown, D. J., Kamin, A. M., & Lord, R. G. (2002). Examining the roles of job involvement and work centrality in predicting organizational citizenship behaviors and job performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 93108. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.123Google Scholar
Donnelly, G. (2017). See how your state ranks in employment among workers with disabilities. Fortune. Retrieved from http://fortune.com/2017/02/28/disability-employment-rank/Google Scholar
Dunlop, C. (2009). Female power; women in the workforce. The Economist. Retrieved from www.economist.com/node/15174418Google Scholar
Dwertmann, D. J., & Boehm, S. A. (2016). Status matters: The asymmetric effects of supervisor–subordinate disability incongruence and climate for inclusion. Academy of Management Journal, 59(1), 4464. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2014.0093Google Scholar
Dwertmann, D. J., Nishii, L. H., & van Knippenberg, D. (2016). Disentangling the fairness & discrimination and synergy perspectives on diversity climate: moving the field forward. Journal of Management, 42(5), 11361168. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316630380Google Scholar
Eagly, A. H. (1987). Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Fassmann, H., & Munz, R. (Eds.). (1994). European migration in the late twentieth century: Historical patterns, actual trends, and social implications. Laxenburg, Austria: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gates, G. J. (2011, April). How many people are lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender? The Williams Institute. Retrieved from https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/research/census-lgbt-demographics-studies/how-many-people-are-lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender/Google Scholar
Hudson, I. Z., & Schenck, S. (2001). America: Land of opportunity or exploitation? Hofstra Labor and Employment Law Journal, 19(2), 351388.Google Scholar
Human Rights Campaign. (2012). Growing up LGBT in America. Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved from www.hrc.org/youth-report/view-and-share-statisticsGoogle Scholar
Human Rights Campaign. (2016a). Corporate equality index 2017: Rating workplaces on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender equality. Retrieved from www.hrc.org/campaigns/corporate-equality-indexGoogle Scholar
Human Rights Campaign. (2016b). State maps of laws and policies. Retrieved from www.hrc.org/state-mapsGoogle Scholar
Katz, L. F., & Krueger, A. B. (2017). Documenting decline in US economic mobility. Science, 356(6336), 382383. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan3264Google Scholar
Kraus, L. (2017). 2016 Disability Statistics Annual Report. Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire. Retrieved from https://disabilitycompendium.org/sites/default/files/user-uploads/2016_AnnualReport.pdfGoogle Scholar
Lerman, R., & Schmidt, S. (1999). An overview of economic, social, and demographic trends affecting the US labor market. US Department of Labor. Retrieved from www.dol.gov/dol/aboutdol/history/herman/reports/futurework/conference/trends/Trendsintro.htmGoogle Scholar
Masci, D. (2016, January 8). Q&A: Why millennials are less religious than older Americans. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/01/08/qa-why-millennials-are-less-religious-than-older-americans/Google Scholar
Mathews, T. J., & Hamilton, B. E. (2002). Mean age of mother, 1970–2000. National Vital Statistics Reports, 51(1), 114.Google Scholar
Mathews, T. J., & Hamilton, B. E. (2016). Mean age of mothers is on the rise: United States, 2000–2014 (NCHS data brief no 232). Retrieved from www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db232.htmGoogle Scholar
McGuire, G. M. (2002). Gender, race, and the shadow structure. Gender & Society, 16(3), 303322. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243202016003003Google Scholar
McKay, P. F., Avery, D. R., Liao, H., & Morris, M. A. (2011). Does diversity climate lead to customer satisfaction? It depends on the service climate and business unit demography. Organization Science, 22(3), 788803. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1100.0550Google Scholar
McKay, P. F., Avery, D. R., & Morris, M. A. (2008). Mean racial‐ethnic differences in employee sales performance: The moderating role of diversity climate. Personnel Psychology, 61(2), 349374. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00116.xGoogle Scholar
Morgan, W. B., & King, E. B. (2012). The association between work–family guilt and pro‐and anti‐social work behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 68(4), 684703. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2012.01771.xGoogle Scholar
Mosisa, A., & Hipple, S. (2006). Trends in labor force participation in the United States. Monthly Labor Review, 129(35), 3557.Google Scholar
Passel, J. S., & Cohn, D. (2017). Immigration projected to drive growth in US working-age population through at least 2035. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/03/08/immigration-projected-to-drive-growth-in-u-s-working-age-population-through-at-least-2035/Google Scholar
Passel, J. S., Cohn, D., & Lopez, M. H. (2011). Hispanics account for more than half of nation’s growth in past decade. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from www.pewhispanic.org/2011/03/24/hispanics-account-for-more-than-half-of-nations-growth-in-past-decade/Google Scholar
Passel, J. S., Livingston, G., & Cohn, D. (2012). Explaining why minority births now outnumber white births. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from www.pewsocialtrends.org/2012/05/17/explaining-why-minority-births-now-outnumber-white-births/Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. (2015a, December 9). The American middle class is losing ground. Retrieved from www.pewsocialtrends.org/2015/12/09/the-american-middle-class-is-losing-ground/Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. (2015b, May 12). America’s changing religious landscape. Retrieved from www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. (2015c, April 2). The future of world religions: Population growth projections, 2010–2050. Retrieved from www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projections-2010-2050/Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. (2015d, June 11). Multiracial in America: Proud, diverse, and growing in numbers. Retrieved from www.pewsocialtrends.org/2015/06/11/multiracial-in-america/Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. (2016, December 13). Religion and education around the world. Retrieved from www.pewforum.org/2016/12/13/religion-and-education-around-the-world/Google Scholar
Ponnuru, R. (2017, September 27). Trump takes a (calculated) risk on immigration. Bloomberg. Retrieved from www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2017-09-17/trump-takes-a-calculated-risk-on-immigrationGoogle Scholar
Reskin, B. F. (2000). Getting it right: Sex and race inequality in work organizations. Annual Review of Sociology, 26(1), 707709. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.707Google Scholar
Ridgeway, C., & England, P. (2007). Sociological approaches to sex discrimination in employment. In Crosby, F. J., Stockdale, M. S., & Ropp, S. A. (Eds.), Sex segregation in the workplace: Trends, explanations, remedies (pp. 189211). Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Ryan, C. L., & Bauman, K. (2016, March). Educational attainment in the United States: 2015. U.S Census Bureau. Retrieved from www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2016/demo/p20–578.pdfGoogle Scholar
Sandefur, G. D., Martin, M., Eggerling-Boeck, J., Mannon, S. E., & Meier, A. M. (2001). An overview of racial and demographic trends. In Smeiser, N. J., Wilson, W. J., & Mitchell, F. (Eds.), America becoming: Racial trends and their consequences (pp. 40102). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Santuzzi, A. M., Waltz, P. R., Finkelstein, L. M., & Rupp, D. E. (2014). Invisible disabilities: Unique challenges for employees and organizations. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 7(2), 204219. https://doi.org/10.1111/iops.12134Google Scholar
Schmidt, J. A., & Lee, K. (2008). Voluntary retirement and organizational turnover intentions: The differential associations with work and non-work commitment constructs. Journal of Business and Psychology, 22(4), 297309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869–008-9068-yGoogle Scholar
Shapiro, J. R., King, E. B., & Quinones, M. A. (2007). Expectations of obese trainees: How stigmatized trainee characteristics influence training effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 239249. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.239Google Scholar
Sherkat, D. E. (2014). Changing faith: The dynamics and consequences of Americans’ shifting religious identities. New York, NY: New York University Press. https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814741269.001.0001Google Scholar
Steinmetz, K. (2017, April 4). The NCAA lifted its North Carolina boycott. Here’s what that could mean for LGBT rights. Time. Retrieved from http://time.com/4725014/ncaa-north-carolina-repeal-hb2-decision/Google Scholar
Stone, D. L., & Colella, A. (1996). A model of factors affecting the treatment of disabled individuals in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 21(2), 352401. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1996.9605060216Google Scholar
Taylor, C. J. (2010). Occupational sex composition and the gendered availability of workplace support. Gender & Society, 24(2), 189212. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243209359912Google Scholar
Tindall, G. B., & Shi, D. E. (2016). America: A narrative history (10th ed.), Vol. 2. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Toossi, M. (2006). A new look at long-term labor force projections to 2050. Monthly Labor Review, 129(11), 1939.Google Scholar
Toossi, M. (2015). Labor force projections to 2024: The labor force is growing, but slowly. Monthly Labor Review, December. https://doi.org/10.21916/mlr.2015.48Google Scholar
Toossi, M., & Morisi, T. L. (2017). Women in the workforce before, during, and after the Great Recession. Spotlight on Statistics. Retrieved from www.bls.gov/spotlight/2017/women-in-the-workforce-before-during-and-after-the-great-recession/home.htmGoogle Scholar
Unlawful Employment Practices. (2010). 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2.Google Scholar
US Census Bureau. (2015). Projections of the size and composition of the US population: 2014 to 2060. (Report No. P25–1143). Retrieved from www.census.gov/library/publications/2015/demo/p25-1143.htmlGoogle Scholar
US Census Bureau. (2016). Income and poverty in the United States: 2015. Retrieved from www.census.gov/data/tables/2016/demo/income-poverty/p60-256.htmlGoogle Scholar
US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (2016). Digest of Education Statistics, 2015 (NCES 2016-014), Chapter 3. Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=98Google Scholar
US Department of Labor. (2014). Regulations implementing Section 503 of the Rehabilitation Act. Retrieved from www.dol.gov/ofccp/regs/compliance/section503.htmGoogle Scholar
US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2016). Charge statistics (charges filed with EEOC) FY 1997 through FY 2016. Retrieved from www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/statistics/enforcement/charges.cfmGoogle Scholar
US Federal Glass Ceiling Commission. (1995). A solid investment: Making full use of the nation’s human capital. Retrieved from www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/history/reich/reports/ceiling2.pdfGoogle Scholar
Vilorio, D. (2016, March). Education Matters. Career Outlook. US Census Bureau. Retrieved from www.bls.gov/careeroutlook/2016/data-on-display/education-matters.htmGoogle Scholar
Wolla, S. A. (2014, May). The economics of immigration: A story of substitutes and complements. Retrieved from https://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/page1-econ/2014/05/01/the-economics-of-immigration-a-story-of-substitutes-and-complements/Google Scholar
Yagan, D. (2016). Is the great recession really over? Longitudinal evidence of enduring employment impacts. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Zong, J., & Batalova, J. (2017). Frequently requested statistics on immigrants and immigration in the United States. Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved from www.migrationpolicy.org/article/frequently-requested-statistics-immigrants-and-immigration-united-statesGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×