Al-Sayed, R. & Gunter, B. (2012). How Much Sex Is There in Soap Operas on British TV? Communications, 37, 329–344. doi:10.1515/commun-2012–0019.Google Scholar

Ashby, S., Arcari, C., & Edmonson, M. (2006). Television Viewing and Risk of Sexual Initiation by Young Adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 160, 375–380.Google Scholar

Aubrey, J. S. (2004). Sex and Punishment: An Examination of Sexual Consequences and the Sexual Double Standard in Teen Programming. Sex Roles, 50, 505–514.Google Scholar

Aubrey, J. S., Behm-Morawitz, E., & Kim, K. (2014). Understanding the Effects of MTV’s 16 and Pregnant on Adolescent Girls’ Beliefs, Attitudes, and Behavioral Intentions toward Teen Pregnancy. Journal of Health Communication, 19, 1145–1160. doi:10.1080/10810730.2013.872721.Google Scholar

Aubrey, J. S. & Frisby, C. M. (2011). Sexual Objectification in Music Videos: A Content Analysis Comparing Gender and Genre. Mass Communication & Society, 14, 475–501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Avelar e Silva, R. N. A., Wijtzes, A., van de Bongardt, D., van de Looij-Jansen, P., Bannink, R., & Raat, H. (2016). Early Sexual Intercourse: Prospective Associations with Adolescents’ Physical Activity and Screen Time. PloS One, 11, e0158648.Google Scholar

Avery, L. R., Ward, L. M., Moss, L., & Uskup, D. (2017). Tuning Gender: Representations of Femininity and Masculinity in Popular Music by Black Artists. Journal of Black Psychology, 43, 159–161. doi:10.1177/0095798415627917.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bandura, A. (2002). Social Cognitive Theory of Mass Communication. In Bryant, J. & Zillmann, D. (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in Theory and Research (121–153). Mahwah: Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Barr, E., Moore, M., Johnson, T., Merten, J., & Stewart, W. (2014). The Relationship between Screen Time and Sexual Behaviors among Middle School Students. Health Educator, 46, 6–13.Google Scholar

Bleakley, A., Ellithorpe, M. E., Hennessy, M., Khurana, A., Jamieson, P., & Weitz, I. (2017). Alcohol, Sex, and Screens: Modeling Media Influence on Adolescent Alcohol and Sex Co-Occurrence. Journal of Sex Research, 1026–1037. doi:10.1080/00224499.2017.1279585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bleakley, A., Hennessy, M., Fishbein, M., Coles, H., & Jordan, A. (2009). How Sources of Sexual Information Relate to Adolescents’ Beliefs about Sex. American Journal of Health Behavior, 33, 37–48. doi:10.5993/AJHB.33.1.4.Google Scholar

Bleakley, A., Hennessy, M., & Fishbein, M. (2010). A Model of Adolescents’ Seeking of Sexual Content in Their Media Choices. Journal of Sex Research, 48, 309–315. doi:10.1080/00224499.2010.497985.Google Scholar

Bleakley, A., Hennessy, M., Fishbein, M., & Jordan, A. (2008). It Works Both Ways: The Relationship between Exposure to Sexual Content in the Media and Adolescent Sexual Behavior. Media Psychology, 11, 443–461.Google Scholar

Bleakley, A., Hennessy, M., Fishbein, M., & Jordan, A. (2011). Using the Integrative Model to Explain How Exposure to Sexual Media Content Influences Adolescent Sexual Behavior. Health Education & Behavior, 38, 530–540. doi:10.1177/1090198110385775.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bleakley, A., Jamieson, P., & Romer, D. (2012). Trends of Sexual and Violent Content by Gender in Top-Grossing U.S. Films, 1950–2006. Journal of Adolescent Health, 51, 73–79. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.02.006.Google Scholar

Bond, B. (2015). Portrayals of Sex and Sexuality in Gay- and Lesbian-Oriented Media: A Quantitative Content Analysis. Sexuality & Culture, 19, 37–56. doi:10.1007/s12119-014-9241-6.Google Scholar

Bond, B. & Compton, B. (2015). Gay On-Screen: The Relationship between Exposure to Gay Characters on Television and Heterosexual Audiences’ Endorsement of Gay Equality. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 59, 717–732. doi:10.1080/08838151.2015.1093485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brown, J. D., Halpern, C., & L’Engle, K. (2005). Mass Media as a Sexual Super Peer for Early Maturing Girls. Journal of Adolescent Health, 36, 420–427. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.06.003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brown, J. D., L’Engle, K., Pardun, C., Guo, G., Kenneavy, K., & Jackson, C. (2006). Sexy Media Matter: Exposure to Sexual Content in Music, Movies, Television, and Magazines Predicts Black and White Adolescents’ Sexual Behavior. Pediatrics, 117, 1018–1027. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1406.Google Scholar

Bryant, Y. (2008). Relationships between Exposure to Rap Music Videos and Attitudes toward Relationships among African American Youth. Journal of Black Psychology, 34, 356–380. doi:10.1177/0095798408314141.Google Scholar

Callister, M., Stern, L. A., Coyne, S. M., Robinson, T., & Bennion, E. (2011). Evaluation of Sexual Content in Teen-Centered Films from 1980 to 2007. Mass Communication and Society, 14, 454–474. doi:10.1080/15205436.2010.500446.Google Scholar

Calzo, J. & Ward, L. M. (2009). Media Exposure and Viewers’ Attitudes towards Homosexuality: Evidence for Mainstreaming or Resonance? Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 53, 280–299. doi:10.1080/08838150902908049.Google Scholar

Carpentier, F., Stevens, E., Wu, L. & Seely, N. (2017). Sex, Love, and Risk-n-Responsibility: A Content Analysis of Entertainment Television. Mass Communication and Society, 20(5), 686–709. doi:10.1080/15205436.2017.1298807.Google Scholar

Collins, R. L., Elliott, M. N., Berry, S. H., et al. (2004). Watching Sex on Television Predicts Adolescent Initiation of Sexual Behavior. Pediatrics, 114(3), e280-e289. doi:10.1542/peds.2003-1065-L.Google Scholar

Collins, R., Strasburger, V., Brown, J. D., Donnerstein, E., Lenhart, A., & Ward, L. M. (2017). Sexual Media and Childhood Well-Being and Health. Pediatrics, 140, s162–s166. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-1758X.Google Scholar

Common Sense Media. (2015). The CommonSense Census: Media Use by Tweens and Teens. San Francisco: Common Sense Media.Google Scholar

Dennis, J. (2009). The Boy Who Would Be Queen: Hints and Closets on Children’s Television. Journal of Homosexuality, 56, 738–756. doi:10.1080/00918360903054210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Driesmans, K., Vandenbosch, L., & Eggermont, S. (2016). True Love Lasts Forever: The Influence of a Popular Teenage Movie on Belgian Girls’ Romantic Beliefs. Journal of Children and Media, 10, 304–320. doi:10.1080/17482798.2016.1157501.Google Scholar

Eggermont, S. (2004). Television Viewing, Perceived Similarity, and Adolescents’ Expectations of a Romantic Partner. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 48, 244–265. doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem4802_5.Google Scholar

Eggermont, S. (2005). Young Adolescents’ Perceptions of Peer Sexual Behaviours: The Role of Television Viewing. Child: Care, Health and Development, 31, 459–468. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2005.00525.x.Google Scholar

Eyal, K. & Ben-Ami, Y. (2017). It Only Happens Once: Adolescents’ Interpretations of Mediated Messages about Sexual Initiation. Mass Communication and Society, 20, 68–91. doi:10.1080/15205436.2016.1187754.Google Scholar

Eyal, R., Raz, Y., & Levi, M. (2014). Messages about Sex on Israeli Television: Comparing Local and Foreign Programming. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 58, 42–58. doi:10.1080/08838151.2013.875021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fisher, D. A., Hill, D. L., Grube, J. W., Bersamin, M. M., Walker, S., & Gruber, E. L. (2009). Televised Sexual Content and Parental Mediation: Influences on Adolescent Sexuality. Media Psychology, 12, 121–147. doi:10.1080/15213260902849901.Google Scholar

Fisher, D., Hill, D., Grube, J., & Gruber, E. (2004). Sex on American Television: An Analysis across Program Genres and Network Types. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 48, 529–553.Google Scholar

Flynn, M., Park, S-Y., Morin, D., & Stana, A. (2015). Anything but Real: Body Idealization and Objectification of MTV Docusoap Characters. Sex Roles, 72, 173–182. doi:10.1007/s11199-015-0464-2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Frisby, C. M. & Aubrey, J. S. (2012). Race and Genre in the Use of Sexual Objectification in Female Artists’ Music Videos. Howard Journal of Communications, 23, 66–87. doi:10.1080/10646175.2012.641880.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Frison, E., Vandenbosch, L., Trekels, J., & Eggermont, S. (2015). Reciprocal Relationships between Music Television Exposure and Adolescents’ Sexual Behaviors: The Role of Perceived Peer Norms. Sex Roles, 72, 183–197. doi:10.1007/s11199-015-0454-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., Signorielli, N., & Shanahan, J. (2002). Growing Up with Television: Cultivation Processes. In Bryant, J. & Zillmann, D. (Eds.), Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research, 2nd edn. (43–67). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Gottfried, J. A., Vaala, S. E., Bleakley, A., Hennessy, M., & Jordan, A. (2013). Does the Effect of Exposure to TV Sex on Adolescent Sexual Behavior Vary by Genre? Communication Research, 40, 73–95. doi:10.1177/0093650211415399.Google Scholar

Harris, A. L. (2015). Urban Lit and Sexual Risk Behavior: A Survey of African-American Adolescent Girls. Journal of National Black Nurses’ Association: JNBNA, 26, 58–63. https://mgetit.lib.umich.edu/go/1668292.Google ScholarPubMed

Harris, R., Hoekstra, S., Scott, C., Sanborn, F., Dodds, L., & Brandenburg, J. (2004). Auto-Biographical Memories for Seeing Romantic Movies on a Date: Romance Is Not Just for Women. Media Psychology, 6, 257–284. doi:10.1207/s1532785xmep0603_2.Google Scholar

Hartley, J. E., Wight, D., & Hunt, K. (2014). Presuming the Influence of the Media: Teenagers’ Constructions of Gender Identity through Sexual/Romantic Relationships and Alcohol Consumption. Sociology of Health & Illness, 36, 772–786. doi:10.1111/1467-9566.12107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hennessy, M., Bleakley, A., Fishbein, M., & Jordan, A. (2009). Estimating the Longitudinal Association between Adolescent Sexual Behavior and Exposure to Sexual Media Content. Journal of Sex Research, 46, 586–596. doi:10.1080/00224490902898736.Google Scholar

Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The Weirdest People in the World? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2–3), 61–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hoffner, C. & Cantor, J. (1991). Perceiving and Responding to Mass Media Characters. In Bryant, J. & Zillmann, D. (Eds.), Responding to the Screen: Reception and Reaction Processes (63–103). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Horton, D. & Wohl, R. (1956). Mass Communication and Para-Social Interaction: Observation on Intimacy at a Distance. Psychiatry, 19, 188–211. doi:10.1080/00332747.1956.11023049.Google Scholar

Hull, J. G., Brunelle, T. J., Prescott, A. T., & Sargent, J. D. (2014). A Longitudinal Study of Risk-Glorifying Video Games and Behavioral Deviance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107, 300–325. doi:10.1037/a0036058.Google Scholar

Jackson, C., Brown, J. D., & Pardun, C. J. (2008). A TV in the Bedroom: Implications for Viewing Habits and Risk Behaviors during Early Adolescence. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 52, 349–367.Google Scholar

Jamieson, P., More, E., Lee, S., Busse, P., & Romer, D. (2008). It Matters What People Watch: Health Risk Behaviors Portrayed in Top-Grossing Movies Since 1950. In Jamieson, P. & Romer, D. (Eds.), The Changing Portrayal of Adolescents in the Media Since 1950 (105–131). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Jeong, S. H., Hwang, Y., & Fishbein, M. (2010). Effects of Exposure to Sexual Content in the Media on Adolescent Sexual Behaviors: The Moderating Role of Multitasking with Media. Media Psychology, 13, 222–242. doi:10.1080/15213269.2010.502872.Google Scholar

Jones, R. K., Biddlecom, A. E., Hebert, L., & Mellor, R. (2011). Teens Reflect on Their Sources of Contraceptive Information. Journal of Adolescent Research, 26, 423–446. doi:10.1177/0743558411400908.Google Scholar

Kim, J. L., Sorsoli, C. L., Collins, K., Zylbergold, B. A., Schooler, D., & Tolman, D. A. (2007). From Sex to Sexuality: Exposing the Heterosexual Script on Primetime Television Network. Journal of Sex Research, 44, 145–157.Google Scholar

Kim, J. & Wells, B. (2015). Assessing Alcohol and Sexual Content on Reality Dating Programs. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 6, 237–254. doi:10.1037/ppm0000098.Google Scholar

King, K. A., Laake, R. A., & Bernard, A. L. (2006). Do the Depictions of Sexual Attire and Sexual Behavior in Music Videos Differ Based on Video Network and Character Gender? American Journal of Health Education, 37, 146–153.Google Scholar

Kirsch, A. C. & Murnen, S. K. (2015). “Hot” Girls and “Cool Dudes”: Examining the Prevalence of the Heterosexual Script in American Children’s Television Media. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 4, 18.Google Scholar

Kistler, M., Rodgers, K. B., Power, T., Austin, E. W., & Hill, L. G. (2010). Adolescents and Music Media: Toward an Involvement-Mediational Model of Consumption and Self‐concept. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20, 616–630. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00651.x.Google Scholar

Koletic, G. (2017). Longitudinal Associations between the Use of Sexually Explicit Material and Adolescents’ Attitudes and Behaviors: A Narrative Review of Studies. Journal of Adolescence, 57, 119–133. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.04.006.Google Scholar

Kunkel, D., Biely, E., Eyal, K., Cope-Farrar, K., Donnerstein, E., & Fandrich, R. (2003). Sex on TV 3: A Biennial Report of the Kaiser Family Foundation. Menlo Park: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.Google Scholar

Kunkel, D., Cope, K., Farinola, W., Biely, E., Rollin, E., & Donnerstein, E. (1999). Sex on TV: A Biennial Report to the Kaiser Family Foundation. Menlo Park: Kaiser Family Foundation.Google Scholar

Kunkel, D., Cope-Farrar, K., Biely, E., Farinola, W., & Donnerstein, E. (2001). Sex on TV 2: A Biennial Report to the Kaiser Family Foundation. Menlo Park: Kaiser Family Foundation.Google Scholar

Kunkel, D., Eyal, K., Finnerty, K., Biely, E., & Donnerstein, E. (2005). Sex on TV 4: A Biennial Report of the Kaiser Family Foundation. Menlo Park: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.Google Scholar

Kunkel, D., Farrar, K. M., Eyal, K., Biely, E., Donnerstein, E., & Rideout, V. (2007). Sexual Socialization Messages on Entertainment Television: Comparing Content Trends 1997–2002. Media Psychology, 9, 595–622. doi:10.1080/15213260701283210.Google Scholar

L’Engle, K., Brown, J. D., & Kenneavy, K. (2006). The Mass Media Are an Important Context for Adolescents’ Sexual Behavior. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38, 186–192.Google Scholar

Len-Ríos, M., Streit, C., Killoren, S., Deutsch, A., Cooper, M., & Carlo, G. (2016). U.S. Latino Adolescents’ Use of Mass Media and Mediated Communication in Romantic Relationships. Journal of Children and Media, 10, 395–410. doi:10.1080/17482798.2016.1144214.Google Scholar

Malacane, M. & Martins, N. (2017). Sexual Socialization Messages in Television Programming Produced by Adolescents. Mass Communication and Society, 20, 23–46. doi:10.1080/15205436.2016.1203436.Google Scholar

Martino, S. C., Collins, R. L., Elliott, M. N., Kanouse, D. E., & Berry, S. H. (2009). It’s Better on TV: Does Television Set Teenagers Up for Regret Following Sexual Initiation? Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 41, 92–100. doi:10.1363/4109209.Google Scholar

Martino, S. C., Collins, R. L., Kanouse, D. E., Elliott, M., & Berry, S. H. (2005). Social Cognitive Processes Mediating the Relationship between Exposure to Television’s Sexual Content and Adolescents’ Sexual Behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 914–924. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.914.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Nalkur, P. G., Jamieson, P. E., & Romer, D. (2010). The Effectiveness of the Motion Picture Association of America’s Rating System in Screening Explicit Violence and Sex in Top-Ranked Movies from 1950 to 2006. Journal of Adolescent Health, 47, 440–447.Google Scholar

Netzley, S. (2010). Visibility that Demystifies: Gays, Gender, and Sex on Television. Journal of Homosexuality, 57, 968–986. doi:10.1080/00918369.2010.503505.Google Scholar

O’Hara, R. E., Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., Li, Z., & Sargent, J. D. (2012). Greater Exposure to Sexual Content in Popular Movies Predicts Earlier Sexual Debut and Increased Sexual Risk Taking. Psychological Science, 23, 984–993. doi:10.1177/0956797611435529.Google Scholar

Ortiz, R. & Brooks, M. (2014). Getting What They Deserve? Consequences of Sexual Expression by Central Characters in Five Popular Television Teen Dramas in the United States. Journal of Children and Media, 8, 40–52. doi:10.1080/17482798.2014.863477.Google Scholar

Owens, E., Behun, R., Manning, J., & Reid, R. (2012). The Impact of Internet Pornography on Adolescents: A Review of the Research. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 19, 99–122. doi:10.1080/10720162.2012.660431.Google Scholar

Pardun, C., L’Engle, K., & Brown, J. (2005). Linking Exposure to Outcomes: Early Adolescents’ Consumption of Sexual Content in Six Media. Mass Communication & Society, 8, 75–91. doi:10.1207/s15327825mcs0802_1.Google Scholar

Parkes, A., Wight, D., Hunt, K., Henderson, M., & Sargent, J. (2013). Are Sexual Media Exposure, Parental Restrictions on Media Use and Co-Viewing TV and DVDs with Parents and Friends Associated with Teenagers’ Early Sexual Behaviour? Journal of Adolescence, 36, 1121–1133. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.08.019.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Peter, J. & Valkenburg, P. (2016). Adolescents and Pornography: A Review of 20 years of Research. Journal of Sex Research, 54, 509–531. doi:10.1080/00224499.2016.1143441.Google Scholar

Primack, B. A., Douglas, E. L., Fine, M. J., & Dalton, M. A. (2009). Exposure to Sexual Lyrics and Sexual Experience among Urban Adolescents. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 36, 317–323. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2008.11.011.Google Scholar

Primack, B.A., Gold, M.A., Schwarz, E.B., & Dalton, M.A. (2008). Degrading and Non-Degrading Sex in Popular Music: A Content Analysis. Public Health Reports, 123, 593–600.Google Scholar

Ragsdale, K., Bersamin, M., Schwartz, S., Zamboanga, B., Kerrick, M., & Grube, J. (2014). Development of Sexual Expectancies among Adolescents: Contributions by Parents, Peers and the Media. Journal of Sex Research, 51, 551–560. doi:10.1080/00224499.2012.753025.Google Scholar

Rideout, V. J., Foehr, U. G., & Roberts, D. F. (2010). Generation M2. Media in the Lives of 8–18 Year Olds. Menlo Park: Kaiser Family Foundation. http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED527859.Google Scholar

Rivadeneyra, R. & Lebo, M. J. (2008). The Association between Television-Viewing Behaviors and Adolescent Dating Role Attitudes and Behaviors. Journal of Adolescence, 31, 291–305. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.06.001.Google Scholar

Robillard, A. (2012). Music Videos and Sexual Risk in African American Adolescent Girls: Gender, Power and the Need for Media Literacy. American Journal of Health Education, 43, 93-103. doi:10.1080/19325037.2012.10599224.Google Scholar

Rouner, D., Slater, M. D., & Domenech-Rodriguez, M. (2003). Adolescent Evaluation of  Gender Role and Sexual Imagery in Television Advertisements. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 47, 435–454. doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem4703_7.Google Scholar

Rubin, R. B. & Rubin, A. M. (2001). Attribution in Social and Parasocial Relationships. In Manusov, V. & Harvey, J. H. (Eds.), Attribution, Communication Behavior, and Close Relationships (320–337). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Shrum, L. J. (1996). Psychological Processes Underlying Cultivation Effects: Further Tests of Construct Accessibility. Human Communication Research, 22, 482–509.Google Scholar

Signorielli, N. & Bievenour, A. (2015). Sex in Adolescent Programming: A Content Analysis. Communication Research Reports, 32, 304–313. doi:10.1080/08824096.2015.1089856.Google Scholar

Smiler, A., Shewmaker, J., & Hearon, B. (2017). From “I Want to Hold Your Hand” to “Promiscuous”: Sexual Stereotypes in Popular Music Lyrics, 1960–2008. Sexuality & Culture, 21(4), 1083–1105. doi:10.1007/s12119-017-9437-7.Google Scholar

Somers, C. L. & Tynan, J. J. (2006). Consumption of Sexual Dialogue and Content on Television and Adolescent Sexual Outcomes: Multiethnic Findings. Adolescence, 41, 15–38.Google Scholar

Stephens, D. P. & Few, A. L. (2007). The Effects of Images of African American Women in Hip Hop on Early Adolescents’ Attitudes toward Physical Attractiveness and Interpersonal Relationships. Sex Roles, 56, 251–264. doi:10.1007/s11199-006-9145-5.Google Scholar

ter Bogt, T. F., Engels, R. C., Bogers, S., & Kloosterman, M. (2010). “Shake It Baby, Shake It”: Media Preferences, Sexual Attitudes and Gender Stereotypes among Adolescents. Sex Roles, 63, 844–859. doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9815-1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Tolman, D. L., Kim, J. L., Schooler, D., & Sorsoli, C. L. (2007). Rethinking the Associations between Television Viewing and Adolescent Sexuality Development: Bringing Gender into Focus. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40(1), 84.e9–84.e16.Google Scholar

Tolman, D. L. & McClelland, S. I. (2011). Normative Sexuality Development in Adolescence: A Decade in Review, 2000–2009. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21, 242–255.Google Scholar

Turner, J. S. (2011). Sex and the Spectacle of Music Videos: An Examination of the Portrayal of Race and Sexuality in Music Videos. Sex Roles, 64, 173–191.Google Scholar

van Oosten, J. M., Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2015). The Influence of Sexual Music Videos on Adolescents’ Misogynistic Beliefs: The Role of Video Content, Gender, and Affective Engagement. Communication Research, 42, 986–1008. doi:10.1177/0093650214565893.Google Scholar

Van Ouytsel, J., Van Gool, E., Ponnet, K., & Walrave, M. (2014). The Association between Adolescents’ Characteristics and Engagement in Sexting. Journal of Adolescence, 37, 1387–1391.Google Scholar

Wallis, C. (2011). Performing Gender: A Content Analysis of Gender Display in Music Videos. Sex Roles, 64, 160–172.Google Scholar

Ward, L. M. (2003). Understanding the Role of Entertainment Media in the Sexual Socialization of American Youth: A Review of Empirical Research. Developmental Review, 23, 347–388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ward, L. M., Day, K., & Epstein, M. (2006). Uncommonly Good: Exploring How Mass Media May Be a Positive Influence on Young Women’s Sexual Health and Development. In Diamond, L. (Ed.), Rethinking Positive Adolescent Female Sexual Development: New Directions in Child and Adolescent Development (57–70). San Francisco: Jossey Bass.Google Scholar

Ward, L. M. & Friedman, K. (2006). Using TV as a Guide: Associations between Television Viewing and Adolescents’ Sexual Attitudes and Behavior. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 16, 133–156. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2006.00125.x.Google Scholar

Ward, L. M., Hansbrough, E., & Walker, E. (2005). Contributions of Music Video Exposure to Black Adolescents’ Gender and Sexual Schemas. Journal of Adolescent Research, 20, 143-166. doi:10.1177/0743558404271135.Google Scholar

Ward, L. M., Reed, L., Trinh, S., & Foust, M. (2013). Sexuality and Entertainment Media. In Tolman, D., Diamond, L. M., Bauermeister, J., William, G., Pfaus, J., & Ward, L.M. (Eds.), APA Handbook of Sexuality and Psychology, Volume 2: Contextual Approaches (373–423). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar

Ward, L. M., Rivadeneyra, R., Thomas, K., Day, K., & Epstein, M. (2013). A Woman’s Worth: Analyzing the Sexual Objectification of  Black Women in Music Videos. In Zurbriggen, E. & Roberts, T-A. (Eds.), The Sexualization of Girls and Girlhood: Causes, Consequences, and Resistance (39–62). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Watson, A. F. & McKee, A. (2013). Masturbation and the Media. Sexuality & Culture, 17, 449-475. doi:10.1007/s12119-013-9186-1.Google Scholar

Werner-Wilson, R. J., Fitzharris, J. L., & Morrissey, K. M. (2004). Adolescent and Parent Perceptions of Media Influence on Adolescent Sexuality. Family Therapy, 31, 303–313.Google Scholar

Albury, K. (2015). Selfies, Sexts, and Sneaky Hats: Young People’s Understandings of Gendered Practices of Self-representation. International Journal of Communication, 9, 1734–1745.Google Scholar

Albury, K. & Byron, P. (2016). Safe on My Phone? Same-Sex Attracted Young People’s Negotiations of Intimacy, Visibility, and Risk on Digital Hook-Up Apps. Social Media + Society, 2(4), 1–10.Google Scholar

Attwood, F., Hakim, J., & Winch, A. (2017). Mediated Intimacies: Bodies, Technologies and Relationships. Journal of Gender Studies, 26(3), 249–253.Google Scholar

boyd, d. (2008a). Taken out of context: American teen sociality in networked publics. (Doctoral dissertation). Berkeley: University of California.Google Scholar

boyd, d. (2008b). Why Youth Love Social Network Sites: The Role of Networked Publics in Teenage Social Life. In Buckingham, D. (Ed.), Youth, Identity, and Digital Media (119–142). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

boyd, d. (2014). It’s Complicated: The Social Lives of Networked Teens. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Bragg, S. (2015). What about the Boys?: Sexualization, Media and Masculinities. In Renold, E., Ringrose, J., & Egan, D. R. (Eds.), Children, Sexuality and Sexualization (89–104). Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Bragg, S. & Buckingham, D. (2009). Too Much too Young? Young People, Sexual Media and Learning. In Attwood, F. (Ed.), Mainstreaming Sex: The Sexualization of Western Culture (129–146). London: I.B. Taris.Google Scholar

Bruns, A. (2013). Produsage: Towards a Broader Framework for User-Led Content Creation. In Du Gay, P., Hall, S., Janes, L., Madsen, A. K., Mackay, H., & Negus, K. (Eds.), Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman (117–121). London: Sage.Google Scholar

Burns, A. (2015). Self(ie)-Discipline: Social Regulation as Enacted through the Discussion of Photographic Practice. International Journal of Communication, 9, 1716–1733.Google Scholar

Butler, J. (1991). Imitation and Gender Subordination. In Fuss, D. (Ed.), Inside Out: Lesbian Theories, Gay Theories (13–32). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Byron, P. & Hunt, J. (2017). “That Happened to Me Too”: Young People’s Informal Knowledge of Diverse Genders and Sexualities. Sex Education, 17(3), 319–332.Google Scholar

Chambers, D. (2013). Social Media and Personal Relationships: Online Intimacies and Networked Friendship. Houndsmills: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cho, A. (2015). Sensuous participation: Queer youth of color, affect, and social media. (Doctoral dissertation). Austin: University of Texas.Google Scholar

Cooper, A. (Ed.) (2000). Cybersex: The Dark Side of the Force: A Special Issue of the Journal Sexual Addiction and Compulsion. Philadelphia: Brunner-Routledge.Google Scholar

Delmonico, D. L. & Griffin, E. J. (Eds.). (2012). Revisiting the Dark Side of the Force: Cybersex Twelve Years Later: A Special Issue of the Journal of Sexual Addiction and Compulsivity. Philadelphia: Brunner-Routledge.Google Scholar

De Ridder, S. & Van Bauwel, S. (2013). Commenting on Pictures: Teens Negotiating Gender and Sexualities on Social Networking Sites. Sexualities, 16(5–6), 565–586.Google Scholar

Dobson, A. S. (2015). Postfeminist Digital Cultures: Femininity, Social Media, and Self-representation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Döring, N. M. (2009). The Internet’s Impact on Sexuality: A Critical Review of 15 Years of Research. Computers in Human Behavior, 25(5), 1089–1101.Google Scholar

Duits, L. & Zoonen, L. V. (2011). Coming to Terms with Sexualization. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 14(5), 491–506.Google Scholar

Egan, D. R. (2013). Becoming Sexual: A Critical Appraisal of the Sexualisation of Girls. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar

Evans, A., Riley, S., & Shankar, A. (2010). Technologies of Sexiness: Theorizing Women’s Engagement in the Sexualization of Culture. Feminism & Psychology, 20(1), 114–131.Google Scholar

Fischer, N. (2006). Purity and Pollution: Sex as a Moral Discourse. In Seidman, S., Fischer, N., & Meeks, C. (Eds.), Handbook of the New Sexuality Studies (56–64). London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Gill, R. (2007a). Critical Respect: The Difficulties and Dilemmas of Agency and ‘Choice’ for Feminism. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 14(1), 69–80.Google Scholar

Gill, R. (2007b). Postfeminist Media Culture: Elements of a Sensibility. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 10(2), 147–166.Google Scholar

Gill, R. (2009). Beyond the ‘Sexualization of Culture’ Thesis: An Intersectional Analysis of ‘Sixpacks’, ‘Midriffs’ and ‘Hot Lesbians’ in Advertising. Sexualities, 12(2), 137–160.Google Scholar

Handyside, S. & Ringrose, J. (2017). Snapchat Memory and Youth Digital Sexual Cultures: Mediated Temporality, Duration and Affect. Journal of Gender Studies, 26(3), 347–360.Google Scholar

Harvey, L. & Ringrose, J. (2015). Sexting, Ratings and (Mis)Recognition: Teen Boys Performing Classed and Racialized Masculinities in Digitally Networked Publics. In Renold, E., Ringrose, J., & Egan, R. D. (Eds.), Children, Sexuality and Sexualization (352–368). Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Hasinoff, A. A. (2015). Sexting Panic: Rethinking Criminalization, Privacy, and Consent. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar

Henry, N. & Powell, A. (2018). Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence: A Literature Review of Empirical Research. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 19(2), 195–208. doi:10.1177/1524838016650189.Google Scholar

Hillier, L. & Harrison, L. (2007). Building Realities Less Limited than Their Own: Young People Practising Same-Sex Attraction on the Internet. Sexualities, 10(1), 82–100.Google Scholar

Hillis, K. (1999). Digital Sensations: Space, Identity, and Embodiment in Virtual Reality. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar

Hjorth, L. & Lim, S. S. (2012). Mobile Intimacy in an Age of Affective Mobile Media. Feminist Media Studies, 12(4), 477–484.Google Scholar

Jackson, S. & Vares, T. (2015). New Visibilities? “Using Video Diaries to Explore Girls” Experiences of Sexualized Culture. In Renold, E., Ringrose, J., & Egan, D. R. (Eds.), Children, Sexuality and Sexualization (307–321). Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Karaian, L. & Van Meyl, K. (2015). Reframing Risqué/Risky: Queer Temporalities, Teenage Sexting, and Freedom of Expression. Laws, 4(1), 18–36.Google Scholar

Kofoed, J. & Ringrose, J. (2012). Travelling and Sticky Affects: Exploring Teens and Sexualized Cyberbullying through a Butlerian-Deleuzian-Guattarian Lens. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 33(1), 5–20.Google Scholar

Krebbekx, W. (2018). Making sex, moving difference: An ethnography of sexuality and diversity in Dutch schools. Doctoral dissertation. University of Amsterdam.Google Scholar

Lehmiller, J. J. & Agnew, C. R. (2006). Marginalized Relationships: The Impact of Social Disapproval on Romantic Relationship Commitment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(1), 40–51.Google Scholar

Livingstone, S. (2008). Taking Risky Opportunities in Youthful Content Creation: Teenagers’ Use of Social Networking Sites for Intimacy, Privacy and Self-Expression. New Media & Society, 10(3), 393–411.Google Scholar

Livingstone, S. (2011). Internet, Children, and Youth. In Consalvo, M. & Ess, C. (Eds.), The Handbook of Internet Studies (348-368). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar

Maliepaard, E. (2017). Bisexual Safe Space(s) on the Internet: Analysis of an Online Forum for Bisexuals. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 108(3), 318–330.Google Scholar

McGlotten, S. (2013). Virtual Intimacies: Media, Affect, and Queer Sociality. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar

McRobbie, A. (2009). The Aftermath of Feminism: Gender, Culture and Social Change. London: Sage.Google Scholar

Mulholland, M. (2017). “When Difference Gets in the Way”: Young People, Whiteness and Sexualisation. Sexuality & Culture: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly, 21(2), 593–612.Google Scholar

Naezer, M. (2015). Love, Lust and Learning: Youth, Sexuality and Social Media [Liefde, Lust & Leren: Jongeren en Seksualiteit op Social Media]. Raffia, 27(1), 3–6.Google Scholar

Naezer, M. (2017). From Risky Behaviour to Sexy Adventures: Reconceptualising Young People’s Online Sexual Activities. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 20(6):715–729. doi:10.1080/13691058.2017.1372632.Google Scholar

Naezer, M., Rommes, E., & Jansen, W. (2017). Empowerment through Sex Education? Rethinking Paradoxical Policies. Sex Education, 17(6), 712–728.Google Scholar

Pascoe, C. J. (2010). Intimacy. In Ito, M., Baumer, S., Bittanti, M., et al. (Eds.), Hanging Out, Messing Around, and Geeking Out: Kids Living and Learning with New Media (117–148). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Payne, E. & Smith, M. (2013). LGBTQ Kids, School Safety, and Missing the Big Picture: How the Dominant Bullying Discourse Prevents School Professionals from Thinking about Systemic Marginalization or … Why We Need to Rethink LGBTQ Bullying. QED: A Journal in GLBTQ Worldmaking, 1(1), 1–36.Google Scholar

Peter, J. & Valkenburg, P. M. (2007). Adolescents’ Exposure to a Sexualized Media Environment and Their Notions of Women as Sex Objects. Sex Roles, 56(5), 381–395.Google Scholar

Peter, J. & Valkenburg, P. M. (2008). Adolescents’ Exposure to Sexually Explicit Internet Material and Sexual Preoccupancy: A Three-Wave Panel Study. Media Psychology, 11(2), 207–234.Google Scholar

Peter, J. & Valkenburg, P. M. (2009). Adolescents’ Exposure to Sexually Explicit Internet Material and Notions of Women as Sex Objects: Assessing Causality and Underlying Processes. The Journal of Communication: A Publication of the National Society for the Study of Communication, 59(3), 407–433.Google Scholar

Plummer, K. (2003). Intimate Citizenship: Private Decisions and Public Dialogues. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar

Pullen, C. (Ed.) (2014). Queer Youth and Media Cultures. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Renold, E., Egan, R. D., & Ringrose, J. (2015). Introduction. In Renold, E., Ringrose, J., & Egan, R. D. (Eds.), Children, Sexuality and Sexualization (1–21). Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Renold, E. & Ringrose, J. (2011). Schizoid Subjectivities? Re-Theorizing Teen Girls’ Sexual Cultures in an Era of ‘Sexualization’. Journal of Sociology, 47(4), 389–409.Google Scholar

Renold, E. & Ringrose, J. (2017). Selfies, Relfies and Phallic Tagging: Posthuman Part-icipations in Teen Digital Sexuality Assemblages. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 49(11), 1066–1079.Google Scholar

Renold, E., Ringrose, J., & Egan, R. D. (2015). Children, Sexuality and Sexualization. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Reynolds, P. (2010). Disentangling Privacy and Intimacy: Intimate Citizenship, Private Boundaries and Public Transgressions. Human Affairs, 20(1), 33–42.Google Scholar

Richards, G. (2017). Cybersexism: Digital Sociability and Gendered Identities at Play. Paper presented at the World Anti-Bullying Forum, Stockholm, Sweden.Google Scholar

Ringrose, J. (2011). Are You Sexy, Flirty, or a Slut? Exploring ‘Sexualization’ and How Teen Girls Perform/Negotiate Digital Sexual Identity on Social Networking Sites. In Gill, R. & Scharff, C. (Eds.), New Femininities: Postfeminism, Neoliberalism and Subjectivity (99–117). Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Ringrose, J. & Harvey, L. (2015a). BBM is Like Match.com: Social Networking and the Digital Mediation of Teens’ Sexual Cultures. In Bailey, J. & Steeves, V. (Eds.), eGirls, eCitizens (199–226). Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press.Google Scholar

Ringrose, J. & Harvey, L. (2015b). Boobs, Back-off, Six Packs and Bits: Mediated Body Parts, Gendered Reward, and Sexual Shame in Teens’ Sexting Images. Continuum, 29(2), 205–217.Google Scholar

Ringrose, J., Harvey, L., Gill, R., & Livingstone, S. (2013). Teen Girls, Sexual Double Standards and ‘Sexting’: Gendered Value in Digital Image Exchange. Feminist Theory, 14(3), 305–323.Google Scholar

Ringrose, J. Mendes, K . (2018). Mediated Affect & Feminist Solidarity: Teens Using Twitter to Challenge ‘Rape Culture’ in and Around School. In Sampson, T., Ellis, D., & Maddison, S. (Eds.), Affect and Social Media. London: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar

Robinson, K. H. (2013). Innocence, Knowledge and the Construction of Childhood: The Contradictory Nature of Sexuality and Censorship in Children’s Contemporary Lives. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Salter, M., Crofts, T., & Lee, M. (2013). Beyond Criminalisation and Responsibilisation: Sexting, Gender and Young People. Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 24(3), 301–316.Google Scholar

Sedgwick, E. K. (2008 [1990]). Epistemology of the Closet. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Senft, T. M. & Baym, N. K. (2015). What Does the Selfie Say? Investigating a Global Phenomenon. International Journal of Communication, 9(2015), 1588–1606.Google Scholar

Smith, C. (2010). Review: Papadopoulos, Linda: Sexualisation of young people. Participations, 7(1), 175–179.Google Scholar

Szulc, Ł. & Dhoest, A. (2013). The Internet and Sexual Identity Formation: Comparing Internet Use before and after Coming Out. Communications – The European Journal of Communication Research, 38(4), 347–365.Google Scholar

Tiidenberg, K. (2018). “Nude Selfies til I Die” – Making of ‘Sexy’ in Selfies. In Nixon, P. G. & Düsterhöft, I. K. (Eds.), Sex in the Digital Age. Oxford: Routledge.Google Scholar

Tropiano, S. (2014). “A Safe and Supportive Environment”: LGBTQ Youth and Social Media. In Pullen, C. (Ed.), Queer Youth and Media Cultures (46–62). Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Van Doorn, N. A. J. M. (2009). Digital spaces, material traces: Investigating the performance of gender, sexuality, and embodiment on internet platforms that feature user-generated content. (Doctoral dissertation). Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam.Google Scholar

Warfield, K. (2016). Making the Cut: An Agential Realist Examination of Selfies and Touch. Social Media + Society, 2(2), 1–10.Google Scholar

Waskul, D. D. (2006). Internet Sex: The Seductive ‘Freedom To’. In Seidman, S., Fischer, N., & Meeks, C. (Eds.), Handbook of the New Sexuality Studies (281–289). London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Allen, K. R. & Lavender-Stott, E. S. (2015). Family Contexts of Informal Sex Education: Young Men’s Perceptions of First Sexual Images. Family Relations, 64, 393–406. doi:10.1111/fare.12128.Google Scholar

Arrington-Sanders, R., Harper, G. W., Morgan, A., Ogunbajo, A., Trent, M., & Fortenberry, J. D. (2015). The Role of Sexually Explicit Material in the Sexual Development of Same-Sex-Attracted Black Adolescent Males. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44, 597–608. doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0416-x.Google Scholar

Attwood, F. (2005). What Do People Do with Porn? Qualitative Research into Consumption, Use and Experience of Pornography and Other Sexually Explicit Media. Sexuality & Culture, 9, 65–86.Google Scholar

Auerback, D. (2014, October 23). Vampire porn: MindGeek is a cautionary tale of consolidating production and distribution in a single, monopolistic owner. Slate Magazine. www.slate.com/articles/technology/technology/2014/10/mindgeek_porn_monopoly_its_dominance_is_a_cautionary_tale_for_other_industries.htmlGoogle Scholar

Bandura, A. (1967). Behavioral Psychotherapy. Scientific American, 216, 78–86.Google Scholar

Bandura, A. (1978). Social Learning Theory of Aggression. Journal of Communication, 28, 12–29.Google Scholar

Barron, M. & Kimmel, M. (2000). Sexual Violence in Three Pornographic Media: Toward a Sociological Explanation. Journal of Sex Research, 8, 161–168.Google Scholar

Beyens, I., Vandenbosch, L., & Eggermont, S. (2015). Early Adolescent Boys’ Exposure to Internet Pornography: Relationships to Pubertal Timing, Sensation Seeking, and Academic Performance. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 35, 1045–1068.Google Scholar

Bleakley, A., Hennessy, M., & Fishbein, M. (2011). A Model of Adolescents’ Seeking of Sexual Content in Their Media Choices. Journal of Sex Research, 48, 309–315. doi:10.1080/00224499.2010.497985,Google Scholar

Bleakley, A., Hennessy, M., Fishbein, M., & Jordan, A. (2008). It Works Both Ways: The Relationship between Exposure to Sexual Content in the Media and Adolescent Sexual Behavior. Media Psychology, 11, 443–461. doi:10.1080/15213260802491986.Google Scholar

Bleakley, A., Hennessy, M., Fishbein, M., & Jordan, A. (2011). Using the Integrative Model to Explain How Exposure to Sexual Media Content Influences Adolescent Sexual Behavior. Health Education & Behavior, 38, 530–540. doi:10.1177/1090198110385775,Google Scholar

Bleakley, A., Jamieson, P., & Romer, D. (2012). Trends of Sexual and Violent Content by Gender in Top-Grossing U.S. Films, 1950–2006. Journal of Adolescent Health, 51, 73–79. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.02.006.Google Scholar

Bonino, S., Ciairano, S., Rabaglietti, E., & Cattelino, E. (2006). Use of Pornography and Self-Reported Engagement in Sexual Violence among Adolescents. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 3, 265–288. doi:10.1080/17405620600562359.Google Scholar

Braun-Courville, D. K. & Rojas, M. (2009). Exposure to Sexually Explicit Web Sites and Adolescent Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45, 156–162. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.12.004.Google Scholar

Bridges, A. J. (2010). Methodological Considerations in Mapping Pornography Content. In Boyle, K. (Ed.), Everyday Pornography (34–48). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Bridges, A.J. & Jensen, R. (2010). Pornography. In Edleson, J., Bergen, R., & Renzetti, C. (Eds.), Sourcebook on Violence against Women, 2nd edn. (133–149). Thousand Oaks: Sage.Google Scholar

Bridges, A. J., Sun, C. F., Ezzell, M. B., & Johnson, J. (2016). Sexual Scripts and the Sexual Behavior of Men and Women Who Use Pornography. Sexualization, Media, & Society, 2, 1–14. doi:10.1177/2374623816668275.Google Scholar

Bridges, A. J., Wosnitzer, R., Scharrer, E., Sun, C., & Liberman, R. (2010). Aggression and Sexual Behavior in Best-Selling Pornography Videos: A Content Analysis Update. Violence Against Women, 16, 1065–1085.Google Scholar

Brosi, M. W., Foubert, J. D., Bannon, R. S., & Yandell, G. (2011). Effects of Women’s Pornography Use on Bystander Intervention in a Sexual Assault Situation and Rape Myth Acceptance. Oracle: The Research Journal of the Association of Fraternity/Sorority Advisors, 6, 26–35.Google Scholar

Brown, J. D. & L’Engle, K. L. (2009). X-rated: Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors Associated with Us Early Adolescents’ Exposure to Sexually Explicit Media. Communication Research, 36, 129–151.Google Scholar

Buzzell, T. (2005). Demographic Characteristics of Persons Using Pornography in Three Technological Contexts. Sexuality & Culture, 9, 28–48.Google Scholar

Calogero, R. M. & Thompson, J. K. (2009). Potential Implications of the Objectification of Women’s Bodies for Women’s Sexual Satisfaction. Body Image, 6, 145–148.Google Scholar

Chen, A.-S., Leung, M., Chen, C.-H., & Yang, S. C. (2013). Exposure to Internet Pornography among Taiwanese Adolescents. Social Behavior and Personality, 41, 157–164. doi:10.2224/sbp.2013.41.1.157.Google Scholar

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2017). Sexual violence: Risk and protective factors. www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/sexualviolence/riskprotectivefactors.html.Google Scholar

Cheng, S., Ma, J., & Missari, S. (2014). The Effects of Internet Use on Adolescents’ First Romantic and Sexual Relationships in Taiwan. International Sociology, 29, 324–347.Google Scholar

Coy, M., Kelly, L., Vera-Gray, F., Garner, M., & Kanyeredzi, A. (2016). From ‘No Means No’ to ‘an Enthusiastic Yes’: Changing the Discourse on Sexual Consent through Sex and Relationships Education. In Global Perspectives and Key Debates in Sex and Relationships Education: Addressing Issues of Gender, Sexuality, Plurality and Power (84–99). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Dines, G. (2006). The White Man’s Burden: Gonzo Pornography and the Construction of Black Masculinity. Yale Journal of Law & Feminism, 18, 283–297.Google Scholar

Dines, G. (2010a, May 17). Not your father’s Playboy. CounterPunch. www.counterpunch.org/2010/05/17/not-your-father-s-playboy/.Google Scholar

Dines, G. (2010b). Pornland: How Pornography Has Hijacked Our Sexuality. New York: Beacon.Google Scholar

Doornwaard, S. M., de Boer, F., Vanwesenbeech, I., van Nijnatten, C. H. C. J., ter Bogt, T. F. M., & van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M. (2017). Dutch Adolescents’ Motives, Perceptions, and Reflections toward Sex-Related Internet Use: Results of a Web-Based Focus-Group Study. Journal of Sex Research, 54, 1038–1050. doi:10.1080/00224499.2016.1255873.Google Scholar

Epstein, M., Bailey, J. A., Manhart, L. E., Hill, K. G., & Hawkins, J. D. (2014). Sexual Risk Behavior in Young Adulthood: Broadening the Scope beyond Early Sexual Initiation. The Journal of Sex Research, 51, 721–730.Google Scholar

Flood, M. (2007). Exposure to Pornography among Youth in Australia. Journal of Sociology, 43, 45–60. doi:10.1177/1440783307073934.Google Scholar

Forrester, K. (2016, September 26) Making sense of modern pornography: While the Internet has made porn ubiquitous, it has also thrown the industry into severe decline. The New Yorker. www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/09/26/making-sense-of-modern-pornography.Google Scholar

Foubert, J. D., Brosi, M. W., & Bannon, R. S. (2011). Pornography Viewing among Fraternity Men: Effects on Bystander Intervention, Rape Myth Acceptance and Behavioral Intent to Commit Sexual Assault. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 18, 212–231.Google Scholar

Gazzaniga, M. S., Heatherton, T. F., & Halpern, D. F. (2011). Psychological Science, 4th edn. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.Google Scholar

Gentile, D. A., Saleem, M., & Anderson, C. A. (2007). Public Policy and the Effects of Media Violence on Children. Social Issues and Policy Review, 1, 15–51.Google Scholar

Grubbs, J., Braden, A., Kraus, S. W., Wilt, J., & Wright, P. (2017, September 25). Pornography and pleasure-seeking: Toward a hedonic reinforcement model. Open Science Framework. https://psyarxiv.com/jevb7.Google Scholar

Grubbs, J. B., Stauner, N., Exline, J. J., Pargament, K. I., & Lindberg, M. J. (2015). Perceived Addiction to Internet Pornography and Psychological Distress: Examining Relationships Concurrently and over Time. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 29, 1056–1067.Google Scholar

Häggström-Nordin, E., Hanson, U., & Tydén, T. (2005). Associations between Pornography Consumption and Sexual Practices among Adolescents in Sweden. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 16, 102–107. doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9714-0.Google Scholar

Häggström-Nordin, E., Tydén, T., Hanson, U., & Larsson, M. (2009). Experiences of and Attitudes towards Pornography among a Group of Swedish High School Students. The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care, 14, 277–284.Google Scholar

Hald, G. M., Kuyper, L., Adam, P. C., & Wit, J. B. (2013). Does Viewing Explain Doing? Assessing the Association between Sexually Explicit Materials Use and Sexual Behaviors in a Large Sample of Dutch Adolescents and Young Adults. Journal Of Sexual Medicine, 10, 2986–2995.Google Scholar

Hald, G. M., Malamuth, N. M., & Lange, T. (2013). Pornography and Sexist Attitudes among Heterosexuals. Journal of Communication, 63, 638–660.Google Scholar

Hald, G. M., Malamuth, N. M., & Yuen, C. (2010). Pornography and Attitudes Supporting Violence against Women: Revisiting the Relationship in Nonexperimental Studies. Aggressive Behavior, 36, 14–20.Google Scholar

Hardy, S. (2008). The Pornography of Reality. Sexualities, 11, 60–64. doi:10.1177/13634607080110010209.Google Scholar

Hasking, P. A., Scheier, L. M., & Abdallah, A. B. (2011). The Three Latent Classes of Adolescent Delinquency and the Risk Factors for Membership In Each Class. Aggressive Behavior, 37, 19–35.Google Scholar

Hollis, K. L. (1997). Contemporary Research on Pavlovian Conditioning: A “New” Functional Analysis. American Psychologist, 52, 956–965.Google Scholar

Holt, T. J., Bossler, A. M., & May, D. C. (2012). Low Self-Control, Deviant Peer Associations, and Juvenile Cyberdeviance. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 37, 378–395.Google Scholar

Hunter, J. A., Figueredo, A. J., & Malamuth, N. M. (2010). Developmental Pathways into Social and Sexual Deviance. Journal of Family Violence, 25, 141–148.Google Scholar

Johansson, T. & Hammarén, N. (2007). Hegemonic Masculinity and Pornography: Young People’s Attitudes toward and Relations to Pornography. Journal of Men’s Studies, 15, 57–70.Google Scholar

Johnson, J. A. (2011). Mapping the Feminist Political Economy of the Online Commercial Pornography Industry: A Network Approach. International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics, 7, 189–208.Google Scholar

Juffer, J. (1998). At Home with Pornography: Women, Sex, and Everyday Life. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar

Klaassen, M. J. & Peter, J. (2015). Gender (in) Equality in Internet Pornography: A Content Analysis of Popular Pornographic Internet Videos. Journal of Sex Research, 52, 721–735.Google Scholar

Klein, M. (2016, October 30). Kids need porn literacy. Psychology Today. www.psychologytoday.com/blog/sexual-intelligence/201610/kids-need-porn-literacy.Google Scholar

Löfgren-Mårtenson, L. & Månsson, S. A. (2010). Lust, Love, and Life: A Qualitative Study of Swedish Adolescents’ Perceptions and Experiences with Pornography. Journal of Sex Research, 47, 568–579.Google Scholar

Lott, B. (1994). Women’s Lives: Themes and Variations in Gender Learning. Belmont: Brooks/Cole.Google Scholar

Luder, M. T., Pittet, I., Berchtold, A., Akré, C., Michaud, P. A., & Surís, J. C. (2011). Associations between Online Pornography and Sexual Behavior among Adolescents: Myth or Reality?. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40, 1027–1035.Google Scholar

Ma, C. M. S. & Shek, D. T. L. (2013). Consumption of Pornographic Materials in Early Adolescents in Hong Kong. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 26, S18–25. doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2013.03.011,Google Scholar

Malamuth, N. M., Hald, G. M., & Koss, M. (2012). Pornography, Individual Differences in Risk and Men’s Acceptance of Violence against Women in a Representative Sample. Sex Roles, 66, 427–439. doi:10.1007/s11199-011-0082-6.Google Scholar

Malamuth, N. & Huppin, M. (2005). Pornography and Teenagers: The Importance of Individual Differences. Adolescent Medicine Clinics, 16, 315–326. doi:10.1016/j.admecli.2005.02.004.Google Scholar

Mattebo, M., Tydén, T., Häggström-Nordin, E., Nilsson, K. W., & Larsson, M. (2016). Pornography Consumption among Adolescent Girls in Sweden. The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care, 21, 295–302.Google Scholar

McKee, A. (2005). The Objectification of Women in Mainstream Pornographic Videos in Australia. Journal of Sex Research, 42, 277–290. doi:10.1080/00224490509552283.Google Scholar

Merriam-Webster. (2017). Gonzo. www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gonzo.Google Scholar

Mesch, G. S. (2009). Social Bonds and Internet Pornographic Exposure among Adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 32, 601–618.Google Scholar

Mesch, G. S. & Maman, T. L. (2009). Intentional Online Pornographic Exposure among Adolescents: Is the Internet to Blame? Verhaltenstherapie & Verhaltensmedizin, 30, 352–367. doi:10.1037/t01038-000.Google Scholar

Mitchell, K., Finklehor, D., & Wolak, J. (2003). The Exposure of Youth to Unwanted Sexual Material on the Internet: A National Survey of Risk, Impact, and Prevention. Youth & Society, 34, 330–358. doi:10.1177/0044118X02250123.Google Scholar

Morelli, M., Bianchi, D., Baiocco, R., Pezzuti, L., & Chirumbolo, A. (2017). Sexting Behaviors and Cyber Pornography Addiction among Adolescents: The Moderating Role of Alcohol Consumption. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 14, 113–121.Google Scholar

Morgan, E. M. (2011). Associations between Young Adults’ Use of Sexually Explicit Materials and Their Sexual Preferences, Behaviors, and Satisfaction. Journal of Sex Research, 48, 520–530. doi:10.080/00224499.2010.543960.Google Scholar

Ogas, O. & Gaddam, S. (2011). A Billion Wicked Thoughts: What the World’s Largest Experiment Reveals about Human Desire. New York: Penguin Group.Google Scholar

Owens, E. W., Behun, R. J., Manning, J. C., & Reid, R. C. (2012). The Impact of Internet Pornography on Adolescents: A Review of the Research. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 19, 99–122. doi:10.1080/10720162.2012.660431.Google Scholar

Paasonen, S. (2010). Online Pornography: Ubiquitous and Effaced. In Burnett, R., Consalvo, M., & Ess, C. (Eds.) The Handbook of Internet Studies. West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell.Google Scholar

Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned Reflexes. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Peter, J. & Valkenburg, P. M. (2006). Adolescents’ Exposure to Sexually Explicit Online Material and Recreational Attitudes toward Sex. Journal of Communication, 56, 639–660. doi:10.1111/j.1460–2466.2006.00313.x.Google Scholar

Peter, J. & Valkenburg, P. M. (2007). Adolescents’ Exposure to a Sexualized Media Environment and Their Notions of Women as Sex Objects. Sex Roles, 56, 381–395. doi:10.1007/s11199-006-9176-y.Google Scholar

Peter, J. & Valkenburg, P. M. (2008). Adolescents’ Exposure to Sexually Explicit Internet Material, Sexual Uncertainty, and Attitudes toward Uncommitted Sexual Exploration: Is There a Link? Communication Research, 35, 579–601. doi:10.1177/0093650208321754.Google Scholar

Peter, J. & Valkenburg, P. M. (2010). Processes Underlying the Effects of Adolescents’ Use of Sexually Explicit Internet Material: The Role of Perceived Realism. Communication Research, 37, 375–399. doi:10.1177/0093650210362464.Google Scholar

Peter, J. & Valkenburg, P. M. (2011). The Use of Sexually Explicit Internet Material and Its Antecedents: A Longitudinal Comparison of Adolescents and Adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40, 1015–1025. doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9644-x.Google Scholar

Peter, J. & Valkenburg, P. M. (2016). Adolescents and Pornography: A Review of 20 years of Research. Journal of Sex Research, 53, 509–531. doi:10.1080/00224499.2016.1143441.Google Scholar

Pinsker, J. (2016) The hidden economics of porn. The Atlantic. www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/pornography-industry-economics-tarrant/476580/.Google Scholar

Purcell, N. J. (2012). Violence and the Pornographic Imaginary: The Politics of Sex, Gender, and Aggression in Hardcore Pornography (Vol. 42). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Reyes, H. L. M., Foshee, V. A., Niolon, P. H., Reidy, D. E., & Hall, J. E. (2016). Gender Role Attitudes and Male Adolescent Dating Violence Perpetration: Normative Beliefs as Moderators. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45, 350–360. doi:10.1007/s10964-015–0278-0.Google Scholar

Russell, D. E. H. (1993). Against Pornography: The Evidence of Harm. Berkeley: Russell Publications.Google Scholar

Sabina, C., Wolak, J., & Finkelhor, D. (2008). The Nature and Dynamics of Internet Pornography Exposure for Youth. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11, 691–693. doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.0179.Google Scholar

Schultz, W. (2015). Neuronal Reward and Decision Signals: From Theories to Data. Physiological Reviews, 95, 853–951. doi:10.1152/physrev.00023.2014.Google Scholar

Senn, C. Y. & Radtke, H. L. (1990). Women’s Evaluations of and Affective Reactions to Mainstream Violent Pornography, Nonviolent Pornography, and Erotica. Violence and Victims, 5, 143–155.Google Scholar

Ševčíková, A. & Daneback, K. (2014). Online Pornography Use in Adolescence: Age and Gender Differences. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 11, 674–686.Google Scholar

Shek, D. T. L. & Ma, C. M. S. (2012). Consumption of Pornographic Materials among Early Adolescents in Hong Kong: Profiles and Psychosocial Correlates. International Journal on Disability and Human Development, 11, 143–150. doi:10.1515/ijdhd-2012-0024.Google Scholar

Simon, W. & Gagnon, J. H. (1986). Sexual Scripts: Permanence and Change. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 15, 97–120. doi:10.1007/BF01542219.Google Scholar

Sinković, M., Štulhofer, A., & Božić, J. (2013). Revisiting the Association between Pornography Use and Risky Sexual Behaviors: The Role of Early Exposure to Pornography and Sexual Sensation Seeking. Journal of Sex Research, 50, 633–641.Google Scholar

Skinner, B. F. (1950). Are Theories of Learning Necessary? Psychological Review, 57, 193–216.Google Scholar

Stanley, N., Barter, C., Wood, M., et al. (2016). Pornography, Sexual Coercion and Abuse and Sexting in Young People’s Intimate Relationships: A European Study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, doi:10.1177/0886260516633204.Google Scholar

Steinem, G. (November 1978). Erotica and pornography: A clear and present sifference. Ms Magazine, 53–54 & 75–76.Google Scholar

Stewart, D. N. & Szymanski, D. M. (2012). Young Adult Women’s Reports of Their Male Romantic Partner’s Pornography Use as a Correlate of Their Self-Esteem, Relationship Quality, and Sexual Satisfaction. Sex Roles, 67, 257–271.Google Scholar

Tanton, C., Jones, K. G., Macdowall, W., et al. (2015). Patterns and Trends in Sources of Information about Sex among Young People in Britain: Evidence from Three National Surveys of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles. BMJ Open, 5, e007834. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-007834.Google Scholar

Tarrant, S. (2016). The Pornography Industry: What Everyone Needs to Know. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Tylka, T. L. (2015). No Harm in Looking, Right? Men’s Pornography Consumption, Body Image, and Well-Being. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 16, 97–107.Google Scholar

Vandenbosch, L., van Oosten, J. M. F., & Jochen, P. (2015). The Relationship between Sexual Content on Mass Media and Social Media: A Longitudinal Study. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(12). doi:10.1089/cyber.2015.0197Google Scholar

Wallmyr, G. & Welin, C. (2006). Young People, Pornography, and Sexuality: Sources and Attitudes. Journal of School Nursing, 22, 290–295.Google Scholar

Ward, L. M. (2003). Understanding the Role of Entertainment Media in the Sexual Socialization of American Youth. Developmental Review, 23, 347–388. doi:10.1016/S0273-2297(03)00013–3.Google Scholar

Weber, M., Quiring, O. & Daschmann, G. (2012). Peers, Parents and Pornography: Exploring Adolescents’ Exposure to Sexually Explicit Material and Its Developmental Correlates. Sexuality & Culture, 16, 408–427. doi:10.1007/s12119-012-9132-7.Google Scholar

Weinberg, M. S., Williams, C. J., Kleiner, S., & Irizarry, Y. (2010). Pornography, Normalization, and Empowerment. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 1389–1401.Google Scholar

Weitzer, R. J. (2000). Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography, and the Sex Industry. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Wikipedia.com. (2017) MindGeek. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MindGeek.Google Scholar

Williams, L. (2004). Porn Studies. North Carolina: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Wolak, J., Mitchell, K., & Finkelhor, D. (2007). Unwanted and Wanted Exposure to Online Pornography in a National Sample of Youth Internet Users. Pediatrics, 119, 247–257. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1891.Google Scholar

Wright, P.J. (2011). Mass Media Effects on Youth Sexual Behavior: Assessing the Claim for Causality. Communication Yearbook, 35, 343–386.Google Scholar

Wright, P.J. (2013). A Three-Wave Longitudinal Analysis of Preexisting Beliefs, Exposure to Pornography, and Attitude Change. Communication Reports, 26, 13–25.Google Scholar

Wright, P.J. (2014). Pornography and the Sexual Socialization of Children: Current Knowledge and a Theoretical Future. Journal of Children and Media, 8, 305–312.Google Scholar

Wright, P. J., Bae, S., & Funk, M. (2013). United States Women and Pornography through Four Decades: Exposure, Attitudes, Behaviors, Individual Differences. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42, 1131–1144. doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0116-y.Google Scholar

Wright, P. J. & Funk, M. (2014). Pornography Consumption and Opposition to Affirmative Action for Women: A Prospective Study. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 38, 208–221. doi:10.1177/0361684313498853.Google Scholar

Wright, P. J., Tokunaga, R. S., & Kraus, A. (2016). A Meta-analysis of Pornography Consumption and Actual Acts of Sexual Aggression in General Population Studies. Journal of Communication, 66, 183–205. doi:10.1111/jcom.12201.Google Scholar

Ybarra, M. L. & Mitchell, K. J. (2005). Exposure to Internet Pornography among Children and Adolescents: A National Survey. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 8, 473–486.Google Scholar

Ybarra, M. L., Strasburger, V. C., & Mitchell, K. J. (2014). Sexual Media Exposure, Sexual Behavior, and Sexual Violence Victimization in Adolescence. Clinical pediatrics, 53, 1239–1247.Google Scholar

Zillmann, D. (2000). Influence of Unrestrained Access to Erotica on Adolescents’ and Young Adults’ Dispositions toward Sexuality. Journal of Adolescent Health, 275, 41–44.Google Scholar

American Psychological Association (2007). Report of the APA Task Force on the Sexualisation of Girls. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar

Australian Senate Committee (2008). Sexualisation of Children in the Contemporary Media. Canberra: Parliament House.Google Scholar

Baker, J. (2008). The Ideology of Choice: Overstating Progress and Hiding Injustice in the Lives of Young Women: Findings from a Study in North Queensland, Australia. Women’s Studies International Forum, 31, 53–64.Google Scholar

Bailey, R. (2011). Letting Children be Children – Report of an Independent Review of the Commercialisation and Sexualisation of Childhood. London: Department of Education.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barter, C., McCarry, M., Berridge, D, & Evans, K. (2009). Partner Exploitation and Violence in Teenage Intimate Relationships. London: NSPCC.Google Scholar

Bay-Cheng, L. (2015). The Agency Line: A Neoliberal Metric for Appraising Young Women’s Sexuality, Sex Roles, 73(7–8), 279–291.Google Scholar

Bridges, A., (2010) Methodological Considerations in Mapping Pornography Content. In Boyle, K. (Ed.), Everyday Pornography. (34–49). London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Bridges, A., Sun, C. F., Ezzell, M., & Johnson, J. A. (2016). Sexual Scripts and the Sexual Behavior of Men and Women Who Use Pornography, Sexualization, Media and Society. doi:10.1177/2374623816668275.Google Scholar

Brown, J. D. & L’Engle, K. (2009). X-rated Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors Associated with U.S. Early Adolescents’ Exposure to Sexually Explicit Media. Communication Research, 36(1), 129, 151.Google Scholar

Commonwealth of Australia (2016). Harm Being Done to Australian Children through Access to Pornography on the Internet. Canberra: Environment and Communications References Committee.Google Scholar

Connell, R. W. (2009). Gender, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar

Coy, M. (2009). Milkshakes, Lady Lumps and Growing Up to Want Boobies: How the Sexualisation of Popular Culture Limits Girls’ Horizons. Child Abuse Review, 18(6), 372–383.Google Scholar

Coy, M. (2013). Children, Childhood and Sexualised Popular Culture. In Wild, J. (Ed.), Exploiting Childhood. London: Jessica Kingsley.Google Scholar

Coy, M. (2014). ‘Pornographic Performances’: A Review of Research on Sexualisation and Racism in Music Videos London: End Violence Against Women.Google Scholar

Coy, M. & Garner, M (2010). Glamour Modelling and the Marketing of Self-Sexualisation: Critical Reflections International Journal of Cultural Studies, 13(6), 657–675.Google Scholar

Coy, M. & Garner, M (2012). Definitions, Discourses and Dilemmas: Policy and Academic Engagement with the Sexualisation of Popular Culture Gender & Education, 24(3), 285–301.Google Scholar

Coy, M., Kelly, L., Elvines, F., Garner, M., & Kanyeredzi, A. (2013). Sex without Consent, I Suppose That Is Rape: How Young People in England Understand Sexual Consent. London: Office of the Children’s Commissioner.Google Scholar

Coy, M., Lovett, J., & Kelly, L. (2008). Realising Rights, Fulfilling Obligations: A Template Integrated Strategy on Violence against Women for the UK. London: EVAW.Google Scholar

Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Colour. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299.Google Scholar

Department for Culture, Media and Sport (2016). Child Safety Online: Age Verification for Pornography Consultation Response. London: Department for Culture, Media and Sport. www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/534965/20160705_AVConsultationResponseFINAL__2_.pdf.Google Scholar

Department for Education (2017). Schools to teach 21st century relationships and sex education. Press release www.gov.uk/government/news/schools-to-teach-21st-century-relationships-and-sex-education.Google Scholar

End Violence Against Women (2011). A Different World Is Possible: A Call for Long-Term and Targeted Action to Prevent Violence against Women and Girls. London: End Violence Against Women.Google Scholar

End Violence Against Women(2017). Government announces compulsory relationships & sex education in all schools. www.endviolenceagainstwomen.org.uk/451–2/.Google Scholar

Escoffier, J. (2007). Scripting the Sex: Fantasy, Narrative and Sexual Scripts in Pornographic Films. In Kimmel, M (Ed.), The Sexual Self: The Construction of Sexual Scripts (61–79). Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.Google Scholar

Flood, M. (2009). The Harms of Pornography Exposure among Children and Young People. Child Abuse Review, 18(6), 384–400.Google Scholar

Flood, M. (2016). Submission to the Inquiry into the harm being done to Australian children through access to pornography on the internet. www.aph.gov.au/DocumentStore.ashx?id=1966f277-6267–4398-a8a6-7be9f97358a8&subId=410413.Google Scholar

Frith, H. (2009). Sexual Scripts, Sexual Refusals and Rape. In Horvath, M. A. H. & Brown, J. (Eds.), Rape: Challenging Contemporary Thinking (99–122). Cullompton: Willan Publishing.Google Scholar

Gagnon, J. H. & Simon, W. (1974). Sexual Conduct: The Social Sources of Human Sexuality. Chicago: Aldine Press.Google Scholar

Garner, M. (2012). The Missing Link: The Sexualisation of Culture and Men, Gender and Education, 24(3), 325–331.Google Scholar

Garner, M. (2016). Conflicts, Contradictions and Commitments: Men Speak about Sexualisation of Culture. (PhD thesis). London: London Metropolitan University.Google Scholar

Gavey, N. (2005). Just Sex? The Cultural Scaffolding of Rape. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Gavey, N. (2012). Beyond “Empowerment”? Sexuality in a Sexist World, Sex Roles, 66(11–12), 718–724.Google Scholar

Gill, R. (2007). Postfeminist Media Culture: Elements of a Sensibility, European Journal of Cultural Studies 10(2), 147–166.Google Scholar

Gill, R. (2011). Sexism Reloaded, or, It’s Time to Get Angry Again! Feminist Media Studies 11(1), 61–71.Google Scholar

Gill, R. (2012). Media, Empowerment and the “Sexualization of Culture” Debates, Sex Roles, 66(11–12), 736–745.Google Scholar

Girlguiding (2016). Girls’ Attitudes Survey. London: Girlguiding UK.Google Scholar

Hald, G. M., Malamuth, N. M., & Yuen, C. (2010). Pornography and Attitudes Supporting Violence against Women, Aggressive Behavior, 36, 14–20.Google Scholar

Hill Collins, P. (1990). Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness and the Politics of Empowerment. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Hilton, G. L. S. (2007). Listening to the Boys Again: An Exploration of What Boys Want to Learn in Sex Education Classes and How They Want to Be Taught. Sex Education, 7, 161–174.Google Scholar

hooks, b. (2004). We Real Cool: Black Men and Masculinity. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Holland, J., Ramazanolgu, C., & Thomson, R. (1998). The Male in the Head: Young People, Heterosexuality and Power. London: The Tufnell Press.Google Scholar

Horvath, M. A. H., Alys, K., Massey, K., Pina, A., Scally, M., & Adler, J. R. (2013). ‘Basically, Porn Is Everywhere … ’: A Rapid Evidence Assessment on the Effects that Access and Exposure to Pornography Has on Children and Young People. London: Office for the Children’s Commissioner.Google Scholar

Horvath, M. A. H. & Coy, M. (2014). Young People and Online Pornography Survey Findings. Unpublished internal report for BBC3 Programme ‘Porn: What’s the harm?’ London: Middlesex University and London Metropolitan University.Google Scholar

Hyde, A., Drennan, J., Howlett, E., & Brady, D. (2008). Heterosexual Experiences of Secondary School Pupils in Ireland: Sexual Coercion in Context. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 10(5), 479–493.Google Scholar

Jackson, S. (1999). Heterosexuality in Question. London: Sage.Google Scholar

Jackson, S. M. & Cram, F. (2003). Disrupting the Sexual Double Standard: Young Women’s Talk about Heterosexuality. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42(1), 113–127.Google Scholar

Jeffner, S. (2000). Different Space for Action: The Everyday Meaning of Young People’s Perception of Rape, Paper at ESS Faculty Seminar, University of North London, May 2000.Google Scholar

Kelly, L. (1988). Surviving Sexual Violence. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar

Kelly, L. (2007). A Conducive Context: Trafficking of Persons in Central Asia. In Lee, M. (Ed.), Human Trafficking (73–91). Cullompton: Willan Publishing.Google Scholar

Kendall, C. N. (2004). Educating Gay Male Youth: Since When Is Pornography a Path towards Self Respect? Journal of Homosexuality, 47, 83–128.Google Scholar

Kubicek, K., Beyer, W. J., Weiss, G., Iverson, E. & Kipke, M. D. (2010). In the Dark: Young Men’s Stories of Sexual Initiation in the Absence of Relevant Sexual Health Information. Health Education & Behavior, 37, 243–263.Google Scholar

Lamb, S. & Peterson, Z. (2012). Adolescent Girls’ Sexual Empowerment: Two Feminists Explore the Concept. Sex Roles, 66(11–12), 703–712.Google Scholar

Lamb, S. (2015). Revisiting Choice and Victimization: A Commentary on Bay-Cheng’s Agency Matrix. Sex Roles, 73(7–8), 292–297Google Scholar

Larasi, I. (2013, November 10). Why must we accept the casual racism in pop videos? The Observer. www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/nov/10/black-women-music-industry-sex.Google Scholar

Livingstone, S. & Smith, P. (2014). Annual Research Review: Harms Experienced by Child Users of Online and Mobile Technologies: The Nature, Prevalence and Management of Sexual and Aggressive Risks in the Digital Age. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(6), 635–654.Google Scholar

Malamuth, N. M., Hald, G. M., & Koss, M. (2012). Pornography, Individual Differences in Risk and Men’s Acceptance of Violence against Women in a Representative Sample. Sex Roles, 66, 427–439.Google Scholar

Marston, C. & Lewis, R. (2014). Anal Heterosex among Young People and Implications for Health Promotion: A Qualitative Study in the UK. BMJ Open, 4, e004996.Google Scholar

Martellozzo, E., Monaghan, A., Adler, J. R., Davidson, J., Leyva, R., & Horvath, M. A. H. (2017). “I Wasn’t Sure It Was Normal to Watch it … ”A Quantitative and Qualitative Examination of the Impact of Online Pornography on the Values, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours of Children and Young People. London: Middlesex University, NSPCC, OCC. (Revised version, May 2017).Google Scholar

McRobbie, A. (2009). The Aftermath of Feminism: Gender, Culture and Social Change. London: Sage.Google Scholar

Melrose, M. (2013). Twenty-First Century Party People: Young People and Sexual Exploitation in the New Millennium. Child Abuse Review, 22(3), 155–168.Google Scholar

Muehlenhard, C. L., Humphreys, T. P., Jozkowski, K. N., & Peterson, Z. D. (2016). The Complexities of Sexual Consent among College Students: A Conceptual and Empirical Review, Journal of Sex Research, 53(4–5), 457–487.Google Scholar

Nash, V., Adler, J. R., Horvath, M. A.H., et al. (2015). Identifying the Routes by which Children View Pornography Online: Implications for Future Policy-Makers Seeking to Limit Viewing. London: Department of Media, Culture and Sport.Google Scholar

Papadopoulos, L. (2010). Sexualisation of Young People Review. London: Home Office.Google Scholar

Peter, J. & Valkenburg, P. (2016). Adolescents and Pornography: A Review of 20 Years of Research. Journal of Sex Research, 53(4–5), 509–531.Google Scholar

Renold, E. (2013). Boys and Girls Speak Out: A Qualitative Study of Children’s Gender and Sexual Cultures. Cardiff: Cardiff University.Google Scholar

Renold, E. & Ringrose, J. (2011). Schizoid Subjectivities? Re-Theorizing Teen Girls’ Sexual Cultures in an Era of ‘Sexualization’, Journal of Sociology 47(4), 389–409.Google Scholar

Rose, T. (2008). The Hip Hop Wars: What We Talk about When We Talk about Hip Hop-and Why It Matters. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Rothman, E. F., Kaczmarsky, C., Burke, N., Jansen, E., & Baughman, A. (2015). “Without Porn … I Wouldn’t Know Half the Things I Know Now”: A Qualitative Study of Pornography Use among a Sample of Urban, Low-Income, Black and Hispanic Youth. Journal of Sex Research, 52(7), 736–746.Google Scholar

Stanley, N., Barter, C., Wood, M., et al. (2016). Pornography, Sexual Coercion and Abuse and Sexting in Young People’s Intimate Relationships: A European Study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. doi:10.1177/0886260516633204.Google Scholar

Sun, C., Bridges, A., Johnson, J. A., & Ezzell, M. (2016). Pornography and the Male Sexual Script: An Analysis of Consumption and Sexual Relations. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45(4), 983–994.Google Scholar

Tolman, D., Anderson, S. M., & Belmonte, K. (2015). Mobilizing Metaphor: Considering Complexities, Contradictions, and Contexts in Adolescent Girls’ and Young Women’s Sexual Agency. Sex Roles, 73(7–8), 298–310.Google Scholar

Tyler, M. (2011). Selling Sex Short: The Pornographic and Sexological Construction of Women’s Sexuality in the West. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars PressGoogle Scholar

Tyler, M. & Quek, K. (2016). Conceptualizing Pornographication: A Lack of Clarity and Problems for Feminist Analysis. Sexualization, Media and Society. doi:10.1177/2374623816643281.Google Scholar

Vagi, K., Olsen, E. O. M., Basile, K., & Vivolo-Kantor, A. (2015). Teen Dating Violence (Physical and Sexual) among US High School Students: Findings from the 2013 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey. JAMA Pediatrics, 169(5), 474–482.Google Scholar

Vera-Gray, F. (2017) www.womenonporn.org/.Google Scholar

Wiederman, M. W. (2015). Sexual Script Theory: Past, Present, and Future. In DeLamater, J. & Plante, R. F. (Eds.), Handbook of the Sociology of Sexualities, Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. New York: Springer.Google Scholar

Wolak, J., Mitchell, K., & Finkelhor, D. (2007). Unwanted and Wanted Exposure to Online Pornography in a National Sample of Youth Internet Users Pediatrics 119(2), 247–257.Google Scholar

Women and Equalities Committee (2016). Sexual Harassment and Sexual Violence in Schools. London: House of Commons.Google Scholar

Wright, P. J., Tokunaga, R. S., & Kraus, A. (2016). A Meta-Analysis of Pornography Consumption and Actual Acts of Sexual Aggression in General Population Studies. Journal of Communication, 66(1), 183–205.Google Scholar

Ybarra, M., Mitchell, K. J., Hamburger, M., Diener-West, M., & Leaf, P. J. (2011). X-Rated Material and Perpetration of Sexually Aggressive Behavior among Children and Adolescents: Is There a Link? Aggressive Behavior 37, 1–18.Google Scholar

Zero Tolerance (2014). “He’s the Stud and She’s the Slut” Young People’s Attitudes to Pornography, Sex and Relationships. Edinburgh: Zero Tolerance.Google Scholar