Qualitative Analysis

doi:10.1017/9781009010054.029

28 - Qualitative Analysis

from Part IV - Statistical Approaches

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 25 May 2023

Nicky Hayes

Edited by

Austin Lee Nichols and

John Edlund

Show author details

Austin Lee Nichols: Affiliation:
Central European University, Vienna
John Edlund: Affiliation:
Rochester Institute of Technology, New York

Book contents

Get access

Summary

In this chapter, we will discuss the “big four” approaches to qualitative analysis – qualitative content analysis, thematic analysis, grounded theory, and discourse analysis – before briefly describing four additional commonly used approaches. Some of these approaches are empirical, either theory-driven or inductive, identifying observable concepts in the data. In others, research is from a social constructionist perspective, incorporating the researcher’s interpretation as an essential part of the analysis. Some methods, such as thematic analysis, can be used for either approach. This epistemological range means that, as with quantitative analyses, it is essential to select the appropriate method for analyzing the data, and the rigorous procedures involved in qualitative methodology must be followed meticulously.

Keywords

Thematic Analysis Grounded Theory Qualitative Content Analysis Discourse Analysis Epistemology

Type: Chapter
Information: The Cambridge Handbook of Research Methods and Statistics for the Social and Behavioral Sciences
Volume 1: Building a Program of Research
, pp. 606 - 626

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009010054.029 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahmadvand, M. (2011). Critical discourse analysis an introduction to major approaches. Dinamika Bahasa Dan Budaya, 5(1), 82–90 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12616-6_4 Google Scholar

Andrews, M., Squire, S., & Tamboukou, M. (2013). Doing Narrative Research. SAGE Publications.Google Scholar

Atawneh, A. M. (2008). The discourse of war in the Middle East: Analysis of media reporting. Journal of Pragmatics, 41(2),263–278 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2008.05.013 CrossRef Google Scholar

Babbie, E. (1992). The Practice of Social Research. Macmillan.Google Scholar

Bartlett, F. C. (1932). Remembering. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Beloff, H. (1997). Making and un-making identities: A psychologist looks at art-work. In Hayes, N. (ed.), Doing Qualitative Analysis in Psychology (pp. 55–68). Psychology Press.Google Scholar

Bieneck, S. (2009). How adequate is the vignette technique as a research tool for psycho-legal research? In Oswald, M. E., Bieneck, S., & Hupfeld-Heinemann, J. (eds.), Social Psychology of Punishment of Crime. John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar

Boyatzis, R. E. (1998). Transforming Qualitative Information: Thematic Analysis and Code Development. SAGE Publications.Google Scholar

Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa CrossRef Google Scholar

Brown, G. & Harris, T. (1978). The Social Origins of Depression: A Study of Psychiatric Disorder in Women. Routledge.Google Scholar

Bryant, A. (2019). The Varieties of Grounded Theory. SAGE Publications.CrossRef Google Scholar

Bryant, A. & Charmaz, K. (2010). The SAGE Handbook of Grounded Theory. SAGE Publications.Google Scholar

Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing Grounded Theory, 2nd ed. Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Cho, J. Y. & Lee, E-H. (2014). Reducing confusion about grounded theory and qualitative content analysis: Similarities and differences. The Qualitative Report, 19, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2014.1028 Google Scholar

Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. SAGE Publications.Google Scholar

Daghigh, A. J & Rahim, H. A. (2020). Representation of Muslim minorities in politicians’ discourse: Jacinda Ardern vs. Donald Trump. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 40(2), 179–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2020.1773099 Google Scholar

Downe-Wamboldt, B. (1992). Content analysis: Method, applications, and issues. Health Care for Women International, 13, 313–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399339209516006 Google Scholar

Edwards, D. (1997). Discourse and Cognition. SAGE Publications.Google Scholar

Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical Discourse Analysis. Longman.Google Scholar

Georgakopoulou, A. (2007). Small Stories, Interaction and Identities. John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Gill, R. (1996). Discourse analysis: Practical implementation. In Richardson, J. T. E. (ed.), Handbook of Qualitative Research Methods. BPS Books.Google Scholar

Glaser, B. G. (1998). Doing Grounded Theory: Issues and Discussions. Sociology Press.Google Scholar

Glaser, B. G. & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Aldine.Google Scholar

Graneheim, U. H. & Lundman, B. (2004). Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: Concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Education Today, 24(2),105–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2003.10.001 Google Scholar

Grounded Theory Institute (2008). What is grounded theory? Available at: www.groundedtheory.com/what-is-gt.aspx.Google Scholar

Hayes, N. (2021). Doing Psychological Research, 2nd ed. Open University Press.Google Scholar

Hayes, N. (ed.) (1997a). Doing Qualitative Analysis in Psychology. Psychology Press.Google Scholar

Hayes, N. (1997b). Theory-led thematic analysis. In Hayes, N. (ed.), Doing Qualitative Analysis in Psychology (pp. 93–114). Psychology Press.Google Scholar

Hesse-Biber, S. N. & Leavy, P. (2011). The Practice of Qualitative Research, 2nd ed. SAGE Publications.Google Scholar

Hseih, H-F. & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687 Google Scholar

Jahoda, M., Lazarsfeld, P. F., & Zeisel, H. (1932). Marienthal: The Sociography of an Unemployed Community. Aldine. (English ed. 1971, Routledge).Google Scholar

Kiernan, M. D. and Hill, M. (2018). Framework analysis: a whole paradigm approach.Qualitative Research Journal, 18(3), 248–261. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRJ-D-17-00008 Google Scholar

Krauss, S. E. (2005). Research paradigms and meaning making: A primer. The Qualitative Report. 10(4), 758–770. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2005.1831 Google Scholar

Masroor, F., Khan, Q. N., Aib, I., & Ali, Z. (2019). Polarization and ideological weaving in Twitter discourse of politicians. Social Media and Society. October–December, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119891220.Google Scholar

Mead, M. (1928). Coming of Age in Samoa. William Morrow.Google Scholar

Miles, M. B. (1990). New methods for qualitative data collection: Vignettes and pre-structured cases. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 3(1), 37–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/0951839900030104 Google Scholar

Miller, T., Velleman, R., Rigby, K., et al. (1997). The use of vignettes in the analysis of interview data: Relatives of people with drug problems. In Hayes, N. (ed.), Doing Qualitative Analysis in Psychology (pp. 201–226). Psychology Press.Google Scholar

Nortio, E., Varjonen, S. Mähönen, T. A., & Jasinskaja-Lahti, I. (2016). Interpretive repertoires of multiculturalism: Supporting and challenging hierarchical intergroup relations. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 4(2), 2195–3325. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v4i2.639 Google Scholar

Parker, I. (1994). Discourse analysis. In Banister, P., Burman, E., Parker, I., Taylor, M., & Tindall, C. (eds.), Qualitative Methods in Psychology: A Research Guide. Open University Press.Google Scholar

Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods. SAGE Publications.Google Scholar

Pidgeon, N. & Henwood, K. (1997). Using grounded theory in psychological research. In Hayes, N. (ed.), Doing Qualitative Analysis in Psychology (pp. 245–274). Psychology Press.Google Scholar

Pidgeon, N. & Henwood, K. (2004). Grounded theory. In Hardy, M. A. & Bryman, A. (eds.), Handbook of Data Analysis. SAGE Publications.Google Scholar

Potter, J. (1996). Discourse analysis and constructionist approaches: Theoretical background. In: Richardson, J. T. E. (ed.), Handbook of Qualitative Research Methods. BPS Books.Google Scholar

Potter, W. J. & Levine-Donnerstein, D. (1999). Rethinking validity and reliability in content analysis. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 27, 258–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909889909365539 Google Scholar

Ritchie, J. & Spencer, L. (1994). Qualitative data analysis for applied policy research. In Bryman, A. and Burgess, R. G. (eds.), Analyzing Qualitative Data. Routledge.Google Scholar

Ritchie, J. and Spencer, L. (2002). Qualitative data analysis for applied policy research. In Huberman, M. A. & Miles, M. B. (eds.), The Qualitative Research Companion. SAGE Publications.Google Scholar

Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., McNaughton-Nicholls, C. & Ormston, R. (2013). Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers. SAGE Publications.Google Scholar

Ryan, G. W. & Bernard, H. R. (2000). Data management and analysis methods. In Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S. (eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research, 2nd ed. (pp. 769–802. SAGE Publications.Google Scholar

Ryan, G. W. & Bernard, H. R. (2003). Techniques to identify themes. Field Methods, 15(1), 85–109. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X02239569 Google Scholar

Sherrard, C. (1997). Repertoires in discourse: Social identification and aesthetic taste. In Hayes, N. (ed.), Doing Qualitative Analysis in Psychology (pp. 69–92). Psychology Press.Google Scholar

Singh, S. & Estefan, A. (2018). Selecting a grounded theory approach for nursing research. Global Qualitative Nursing Research, 5(2). https://doi.org/333393618799571 Google Scholar

Smith, T. (2020). The Root and Uses of Marketing Knowledge. deGruyter.Google Scholar

Squire, C. (2013). From experience-centred to socially-oriented approaches to narrative. In Andrews, M., Squire, S., & Tamboukou, M. (eds.), Doing Narrative Research. SAGE Publications.Google Scholar

Srivastava, A. & Thomson, S. B. (2009). Framework analysis: A qualitative methodology for applied policy research. Journal of Administration and Governance, 4(2), 72–79.Google Scholar

Stenner, P. (1993). Discoursing jealousy. In E. Burnam & A. Parker (eds.), Discourse Analytic Research: Repertoires and Readings of Texts in Action. Routledge.Google Scholar

Strauss, A. & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. SAGE Publications.Google Scholar

Suddaby, R. (2006). What grounded theory is not. Academy of Management Journal, 49, 633–642. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2006.22083020 Google Scholar

Ten Have, P. (2007). Doing Conversation Analysis: A Practical Guide, 2nd ed. SAGE Publications.Google Scholar

Thornberg, R. (2012). Informed grounded theory. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 56(3), 243–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2011.581686 Google Scholar

Thornberg, R. Perhamus, L. M., & Charmaz, K. (2015). Grounded theory. In Saracho, O. (ed.), Handbook of Research Methods in Early Childhood Education. Volume 1 (pp. 405–439). Information Age Publishing.Google Scholar

Urquhart, C., Lehmann, H., & Myers, M.D. (2010). Putting the ‘theory’ back into grounded theory: Guidelines for grounded theory studies in information systems. Information Systems Journal, 20, 357–381. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2575.2009.00328.x Google Scholar

Ussher, J. M. & Mooney-Somers, J. (2000). Negotiating desire and sexual subjectivity: Narratives of young Lesbian Avengers. Sexualities. 3, 183–200. https://doi.org/10.1177/136346000003002005 Google Scholar

Vaismoradi, M., Jones, J., Turunen, H., & Snelgrove, S. (2016). Theme development in qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 6(5), 100–110. https://doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v6n5p100 Google Scholar

Van Dijk, T. (2006). Discourse and manipulation. Discourse and Society, 17, 359–383. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926506060250 Google Scholar

Weber, R. P. (1990) Basic Content Analysis. SAGE Publications. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412983488 Google Scholar

Wodak, R. (2001). What CDA is about: A summary of its history, important concepts, and its development. In Wodak, R. and Meyers, M. (eds.), Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. SAGE Publications. https://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230288423_3 Google Scholar

Book contents

28 - Qualitative Analysis

Summary

Keywords

Access options

References

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive