Aberle, D. F., & Naegele, K. D. (1952). Middle-class fathers’ occupational role and attitudes toward children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 22, 366–378 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1952.tb01962.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ackerley, L. (1935). Information and attitudes regarding child development possessed by parents of elementary school children: Researches in parent education 3. Iowa University Studies in Child Welfare, 10, 143–144.Google Scholar

Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1967). Infancy in Uganda: Infant care and the growth of love. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar

Andrews, K. R., Silk, K. S., & Eneli, I. U. (2010). Parents as health promoters: A theory of planned behavior perspective on the prevention of childhood obesity. Journal of Health Communication, 15, 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730903460567Google Scholar

Anreiter, I., Sokolowski, H. M., & Sokolowski, M. B. (2018). Gene–environment interplay and individual differences in behavior. Mind, Brain, and Education, 12, 200–211. https://doi.org/10.1111/mbe.12158Google Scholar

Azar, S. T., Miller, E. J., Stevenson, M. T., & Johnson, D. R. (2017). Social cognition, child neglect, and child injury risk: The contribution of maternal social information processing to maladaptive injury prevention beliefs within a high-risk sample. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 42, 759–767. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsw067Google Scholar

Baldwin, A. L., Kalhorn, J., & Breese, F. (1945). Patterns of parent behavior. Psychological Monographs, 58, i–75. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0093566Google Scholar

Bandura, A. (2018). Toward a psychology of human agency: Pathways and reflections. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13, 130–136. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617699280Google Scholar

Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. A. (1963). Imitation of film-mediated aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Development, 66, 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0048687Google Scholar

Barber, B. K. (1996). Parental psychological control: Revisiting a neglected construct. Child Development, 67, 3296–3319. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01915.xGoogle Scholar

Bartz, K. W., & Levine, E. S. (1978). Childrearing by Black parents: A description and comparison to Anglo and Chicano parents. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 40, 709–719. https://doi.org/10.2307/351192Google Scholar

Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology Monographs, 4, 1–103. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030372Google Scholar

Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11, 56–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431691111004Google Scholar

Becker, W. C. (1964,). Consequences of different kinds of parental discipline. In Hoffman, M. L. & Hoffman, L. W. (Eds.), Review of child development research, Vol. 1 (pp. 169–206). Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar

Bell, R. Q. (1968). A reinterpretation of the direction of effects in studies of socialization. Psychological Review, 75, 81–95. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0025583Google Scholar

Belsky, J. (1997). Variation in susceptibility to environmental influence: An evolutionary argument. Psychological Inquiry, 8, 182–186. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0803_3Google Scholar

Belsky, J., & van IJzendoorn, M. (2017). Genetic differential susceptibility to the effects of parenting. Current Opinion in Psychology, 15, 125–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.02.021Google Scholar

Belsky, J., & Pluess, M. (2009). Beyond diathesis stress: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 885–908. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017376Google Scholar

Biller, H. B. (1974). Paternal deprivation: Family, school, sexuality, and society. D C Heath.Google Scholar

Bjorklund, D. F., & Jordan, A. C. (2013). Human parenting from an evolutionary perspective. In Wilcox, W. B. & Kline, K. K. (Eds.), Gender and parenthood: Biological and social scientific perspectives (pp. 61–90). Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Blanton, M. G. (1917). The behavior of the human infant during their first days of life. Psychological Review, 24, 456–483. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0071656CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bornstein, M. (2012). Cultural approaches to parenting. Parenting: Science and Practice, 12, 212–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2012.683359CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. Basic Books.Google Scholar

Brazelton, T. B., Koslowski, B., & Main, M. (1974). The origins of reciprocity: The early mother-infant interaction. In Lewis, M & Rosenblum, L. A., The effect of the infant on its caregiver (pp. 49–76). Wiley-Interscience.Google Scholar

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. A. (2006). The ecology of developmental processes. In Damon, W. & Lerner, R. (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (6th ed., Vol., 1 pp. 993–1028). Wiley.Google Scholar

Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. Jason Aronson.Google Scholar

Bugental, D. B., Blue, J., & Cruzcosa, M. (1989). Perceived control over caregiving outcomes: Implications for child abuse. Developmental Psychology, 25, 532–539. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.25.4.532Google Scholar

Cairns, R. B. (1998). The making of developmental psychology. In Damon, W. (Series Ed.), & Lerner, R. M (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology, Vol. 1: History and systems of developmental psychology (pp. 25–105). Wiley.Google Scholar

Caplan, P. J., & Hall-McCorquodale, I. (1985). Mother-blaming in major clinical journals. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 55, 345–353. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1985.tb03449.xGoogle Scholar

Cassidy, J., & Shaver, P. R. (2016). Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications, 3rd ed. Guilford.Google Scholar

Catron, T. F., & Masters, J. C. (1993). Mothers’ and children’s conceptualizations of corporal punishment. Child Development, 64, 1815–1828. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1993.tb04215.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Champney, H. (1941). The measurement of parent behavior. Child Development, 12, 131–166. https://doi.org/10.2307/1125346Google Scholar

Chang, L., Lu, H. J., & Zhu, X. Q. (2017). Good genes, good providers, and good fathers and mothers: The withholding of parental investment by married couples. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, 11, 199–211. https://doi.org/10.1037/ebs0000086CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chodoff, P. (1966). A critique of Freud’s theory of infantile sexuality. American Journal of Psychiatry, 123, 507–518. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.123.5.507Google Scholar

Croake, J. W., & Glover, K. E. (1977). A history and evaluation of parent education. The Family Coordinator, 26, 151–158. https://doi.org/0.2307/583363Google Scholar

Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children’s social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 74–101. https://doi.org//10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.74Google Scholar

Cui, M., Darling, C. A., Coccia, C., Fincham, F. D., & May, R. W. (2019). Indulgent parenting, helicopter parenting, and well-being of parents and emerging adults. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28, 860–871. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826–018-01314-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Daly, M., & Wilson, M. I. (1996). Violence against stepchildren. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 5, 77–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10772793CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Darwin, C. (1877). A biographical sketch of an infant. Mind, 2, 285–294.Google Scholar

Davis, A., & Havighurst, R. H. (1946). Social class and color differences in child-rearing. American Sociological Review, 11, 698–710. https://doi.org/10.2307/2087065Google Scholar

Davies, P. T., & Cummings, E. M. (1994). Marital conflict and child adjustment: An emotional security hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 387–411. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.116.3.387.Google Scholar

Davies, P. T., & Martin, M. J. (2013). The reformulation of emotional security theory: The role of children’s social defense in developmental psychopathology. Developmental Psychopathology, 25, 1435–1454. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579413000709Google Scholar

Deater-Deckard, K., & Dodge, K. A. (1997). Externalizing behavior problems and discipline revisited: Nonlinear effects and variation by culture, context, and gender. Psychological Inquiry, 8, 161–175. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0803_1CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2012). Motivation, personality, and development within embedded social contexts: An overview of self-determination theory. In Ryan, R. M. (Ed.), Oxford handbook of human motivation (pp. 85–107). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Dix, T., Ruble, D. N., Grusec, J. E., & Nixon, S. (1986). Social cognition in parents: Inferential and affective reactions to children of three age levels. Child Development, 57, 879–894. https://doi.org/0.2307/1130365Google Scholar

Dowling, C. B., Smith Slep, A. M., & O’Leary, S. G. (2009). Understanding preemptive parenting: Relations with toddlers’ misbehavior, overreactive and lax discipline, and praise. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 38, 850–857. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410903258983Google Scholar

Durrant, J. E., Plateau, D. P., Ateah, C. et al. (2014). Preventing punitive violence: Preliminary data on the Positive Discipline in Everyday Parenting (PDEP) program. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 33, 109–125. https://doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-2014-018Google Scholar

Emmerich, W. (1969). The parental role: A functional-cognitive approach. Monographs of Society for Research in Child Development, 132, 34(8), iii–71.Google Scholar

Fingerman, K. L., Cheng, Y. P., Wesselmann, E. D., Zarit, S., Furstenberg, F., & Birditt, K. S. (2012). Helicopter parents and landing pad kids: Intense parental support of grown children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 74, 880–896. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.00987.xGoogle Scholar

Geary, D. C. (2006). Evolutionary developmental psychology: Current status and future directions. Developmental Review, 26, 113–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2006.02.005Google Scholar

Gibson, C. L., Sullivan, C. J., Jones, S., & Piquero, A. R. (2010). “Does it take a village?” Assessing neighborhood influences on children’s self-control. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 47, 31–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427809348903Google Scholar

Granic, I., & Patterson, G. R. (2006). Toward a comprehensive model of antisocial development: A dynamic systems approach. Psychological Review, 113, 101–131. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.113.1.101Google Scholar

Grolnick, W. S., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1997). Internalization within the family: The self-determination theory perspective. In Grusec, J. E. & Kuczynski, L. (Eds.), Parenting and children’s internalization of values: A handbook of contemporary theory (pp. 135–161). John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar

Grusec, J. E., & Davidov, M. (2010). Integrating different perspectives on socialization theory and research: A domain specific approach. Child Development, 81, 687–709. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01426.xGoogle Scholar

Grusec, J, E. , & Lytton, H. (1988). Social development. Springer.Google Scholar

Grusec, J. E., Chaparro, M. P., Johnston, M., & Sherman, A. (2013). Social development and social relationships in middle childhood. In Lerner, R. M., Easterbrooks, M. A., & Mistry, J. (Eds.), Developmental psychology (2nd ed., Vol. 6, pp. 243–264). John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar

Harris, D. B. (1953). Child psychology. Annual Review of Psychology, 4, 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.04.020153.000245CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

HayslipJr, B., & Kaminski, P. L. (2005). Grandparents raising their grandchildren: A review of the literature and suggestions for practice. The Gerontologist, 45, 262–269. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/45.2.262Google Scholar

Herbers, J. E., Cutuli, J. J., Monn, A. R., Narayan, A. J., & Masten, A. S. (2014). Trauma, adversity, and parent-child relationships among young children experiencing homelessness. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42, 1167–1174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802–014-9868-7Google Scholar

Holden, G. W. (1988). Adults’ thinking about a child-rearing problem: Effects of experience, parental status, and gender. Child Development, 59, 1623–1632. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130676CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Holden, G. W. (2020). Why do parents hit their children? From cultural to unconscious determinants. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 73, 10–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/00797308.2020.1690858Google Scholar

Holden, G. W. (2021). Parenting: A dynamic perspective, 3rd ed. Sage.Google Scholar

Holden, G. W., & Edwards, L. A. (1989). Parental attitudes toward child rearing: Instruments, issues, and implications. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 29–58. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.106.1.29Google Scholar

Holden, G. W., & Miller, P. C. (1999). Enduring and different: A meta-analysis of the similarity in parents' child rearing. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 223–254. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Holden, G. W., & Smith, M. M. (2019). Parenting cognitions. In Bornstein, M. H. (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 3. Being and becoming a parent (3rd ed., pp. 681–721). Routledge.Google Scholar

Holden, G. W., Williamson, P. A., & Holland, G. W. (2014). Eavesdropping on the family: A pilot investigation of corporal punishment in the home. Journal of Family Psychology, 28, 401–406. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036370Google Scholar

Horn, M. (1989). Before it’s too late: The child guidance movement in the United States, 1922–1945. Temple University Press.Google Scholar

Jones, E. (1923). Essays in applied psycho-analysis, The International Psycho-Analytical Library, No. 5. International Psycho-Analytical Press.Google Scholar

Hurlock, E. B. (1924). The value of praise and reproof as incentives for children. Archives of Psychology, 11, 1–78.Google Scholar

Juffer, F., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2017). Pairing attachment theory and social learning theory in video-feedback intervention to promote positive parenting. Current Opinion in Psychology, 15, 189–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.012Google Scholar

Kahana, B., & Kahana, E. (1970). Grandparenthood from the perspective of the developing grandchild. Developmental Psychology, 3, 98–105. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0029423Google Scholar

Kelley, H. H. (1967). Attribution theory in social psychology. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 15, 192–238.Google Scholar

Klahr, A. M., & Burt, S. A. (2014). Elucidating the etiology of individual differences in parenting: A meta-analysis of behavioral genetic research. Psychological Bulletin, 140, 544–586. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034205Google Scholar

Kim, P., Mayes, L., Feldman, R., Leckman, J. F., & Swain, J. E. (2013). Infant Mental Health Journal, 34, 104–116. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21359Google Scholar

Kringelbach, M. L., Stark, E. A., Alexander, C., Bornstein, M. H., & Stein, A. (2016). On cuteness: Unlocking the parental brain and beyond. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20, 545–558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.05.003Google Scholar

Kuczynski, L., & De Mol, J. (2014). Social relational theory: Dialectical models of transaction in parent-child relationships and socialization. In Overton, W. F. & Molenaar, P. C. M. (Eds.), Theory and method (7th ed., Vol. 1). Wiley.Google Scholar

Kuczynski, L., Pitman, R., & Mitchell, M. B. (2009). Dialectics and transactional models: Conceptualizing antecedents, processes, and consequences of change in parent-child relationships. In Mancini, J. A. & Roberto, K. A. (Eds.), Pathways of human development: Explorations of change (pp. 151–170). Lexington Books.Google Scholar

Lamb, M. E. (1975). Fathers: Forgotten contributors to child development. Human Development, 18, 245–266. https://doi.org/10.1159/000271493Google Scholar

Lamb, M. E. (2000). The history of research on father involvement: An overview. Marriage & Family Review, 29, 23–42. https://doi.org/10.1300/J002v29n02_03Google Scholar

Lamborn, S., Mounts, N. S., Steinberg, L., & Dornbusch, S. (1991). Patterns of competence and adjustment among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families. Child Development, 62, 1049–1065. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01588.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lansford, J. E., Bornstein, M. H., Dodge, K. A., Skinner, A. T., Putnick, D. L., & Deater-Deckard, K. (2011). Attributions and attitudes of mothers and fathers in the United States. Parenting, 11, 199–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2011.585567Google Scholar

Larzelere, R. E., Morris, A. M., & Harrist, A. W. (2013). Authoritative parenting: Synthesizing nurturance and discipline for optimal child development. American Psychological Association.Google Scholar

Lauricella, A. R., Wartella, E., & Rideout, V. J. (2015). Young children’s screen time: The complex role of parent and child factors. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 36, 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2014.12.001Google Scholar

Lesane-Brown, C. L. (2006). A review of race socialization within Black families. Developmental Review, 26, 400–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2006.02.001Google Scholar

Levy, D. M. (1931). Maternal over-protection and rejection. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 73, 65–77.Google Scholar

Levy, D. M. (1943). Maternal overprotection. Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Lorenz, K. (1943) Die angeborenen Formen Möglicher Erfahrung. [Innate forms of potential experience]. Zeitscrhrift fur Tierpsychologie, 5, 235–519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Luthar, S. S., & Latedresse, S. J. (2006). Children of the affluent: Challenges to well‐being. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 49–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00333.xGoogle Scholar

Luppino, F. S., de Wit, L. M., Bouvy, P. F. et al. (2010). Overweight, obesity, and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 220–229. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.2Google Scholar

Ma, J., Grogan-Kaylor, A., & Klein, S. (2018). Neighborhood collective efficacy, parental spanking, and subsequent risk of household child protective services involvement. Child Abuse & Neglect, 80, 90–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.03.019Google Scholar

Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In Mussen, P. H. (series ed.) & Hetherington, E. M. (vol. ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Socialization, personality and social development (Vol. 4, pp. 1–101). Wiley.Google Scholar

McCormack, K., Newman, T. K., Higley, J. D., Maestripieri, D., & Sanchez, M. M. (2009). Serotonin transporter gene variation, infant abuse, and responsiveness to stress in rhesus macaque mothers and infants. Hormones and Behavior, 55, 538–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.01.009Google Scholar

McGuire, S., Segal, N. L., & Hershberger, S. (2012). Parenting as phenotype: A behavioral genetic approach to understanding parenting. Parenting, 12, 192–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2012.683357Google Scholar

McHale, J., & Lindahl, K. (2011). Co-parenting: Theory, research, and clinical applications. American Psychological Association.Google Scholar

McQuillan, M. E., Bates, J. E., Staples, A. D., & Deater-Deckard, K. (2019). Maternal stress, sleep, and parenting. Journal of Family Psychology, 33, 349–359. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000516Google Scholar

Mead, M. (1928). Coming of age in Samoa. Morrow.Google Scholar

Middlemiss, W. (2003). Poverty, stress, and support: Patterns of parenting behaviour among lower income black and lower income white mothers. Infant and Child Development, 12, 293–300. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.307Google Scholar

Mikolajczak, M., Raes, M.-E., Avalosse, H., & Roskam, I. (2018). Exhausted parents: Sociodemographic, child-related, parent-related, parenting and family-functioning correlates of parental burnout. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27, 602–614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826–017-0892-4Google Scholar

Milner, J. S. (2003). Social information processing in high-risk and physically abusive parents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 7–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145–2134(02)00506-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Minuchin, P. (1985). Families and individual development: Provocations from the field of family therapy. Child Development, 56, 289–302. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129720Google Scholar

Minturn, L., & Lambert, W. W. (1964). Mothers of six cultures. Wiley.Google Scholar

Moss, H. A. (1967). Sex, age, and state as determinants of mother-infant interaction. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly of Behavior and Development, 13, 19–36. www.jstor.org/stable/23082717Google Scholar

Mueller, C. M., & Dweck, C. S. (1998). Praise for intelligence can undermine children’s motivation and performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 33–52. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.33Google Scholar

Muir, N., & Bohr, Y. (2014). Contemporary practice of traditional aboriginal child rearing: A review. First People Child & Family Review, 9, 66–79. Retrieved from https://fpcfr.com/index.php/FPCFR/article/view/378Google Scholar

Narvaez, D., Gettler, L., Braungart-Rieker, J., Miller, L., & Hastings, P. (2016). The flourishing of young children: Evolutionary baselines. In Narvaez, D., Braungart-Rieker, J., Miller, L., Gettler, L., & Harris, P. (Eds.), Contexts for young child flourishing: Evolution, family and society (pp. 3–27). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Ojemann, R. H. (1935). Generalizations relating to child development involved in intelligent parental guidance. University of Iowa studies: Studies in Child Welfare, 10, 29–99.Google Scholar

O’Leary, S. G. (1995). Parental discipline mistakes. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4, 11–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770944Google Scholar

Parke, R. D. (1978). Parent–infant interaction: Progress, paradigms, and problems. In Sackett, G. P. (Ed.), Observing behavior, Vol. 1: Theory and applications in mental retardation (pp. 69–94). University Park Press.Google Scholar

Patterson, C. J. (2009). Children of lesbian and gay parents: Psychology, law, and policy. American Psychologist, 64, 727–736. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.64.8.727Google Scholar

Patterson, G. R., Reid, J. R., & Dishion, T. J. (1992). A social interaction approach, Vol. 4: Antisocial boys. Castalia Publishing.Google Scholar

Pearson, K. (1895). Vll. Note on regression and inheritance in the case of two parents. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 240–242.Google Scholar

Perreira, K.M., Chapman, M., & Stein, G.L. (2006). Becoming an American parent: Overcoming challenges and finding strengths in a new immigrant Latino community. Journal of Family Issues, 27, 1383–1414. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X06290041Google Scholar

Plomin, R., & Bergeman, C. S. (1991). The nature of nurture: Genetic influence on “environmental” measures. Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 14, 373–386. https://doi.org//10.1017/S0140525X00070278Google Scholar

Plomin, R., & Daniels, D. (1987). Why are children in the same family so different from each other? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 10, 1–60.Google Scholar

Preyer, W. T. (1882). The soul of the child: Observations on the mental development of man in the first years of life. Grieben.Google Scholar

Reczek, C. (2020). Sexual- and gender-minority families: A 2010 to 2020 decade in review. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82, 300–325. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12607Google Scholar

Rodriguez, C., Russa, M. B., & Kircher, J. C. (2015). Analog assessment of frustration tolerance: Association with self-report child abuse risk and physiological reactivity. Child Abuse & Neglect, 46, 121–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.02.017Google Scholar

Rohner, R. P. (2016). Introduction to Interpersonal Acceptance-Rejection Theory (IPARTTheory) and evidence. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1055Google Scholar

Rohner, R. P., & Khaleque, A. (2010). Testing central postulates of parental acceptance‐rejection theory (PARTheory): A meta‐analysis of cross‐cultural studies. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 2, 73–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-2589.2010.00040.xGoogle Scholar

Ribble, M. A. (1943). The rights of infants. Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Rothbaum, F., Rosen, K., Ujiie, T., & Uchida, J. (2002). Family systems theory, attachment theory, and culture. Family Process, 41, 328–350. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2002.41305.xGoogle Scholar

Rutter, M., & Silberg, J. (2002). Gene–environment interplay in relation to emotional and behavioral disturbance. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 463–490. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135223Google Scholar

Rutter, M., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2005). Gene–environment interplay and psychopathology: Multiple varieties but real effects. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 226–261. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01557.xGoogle Scholar

Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L., & Grolnick, W. S. (1995). Autonomy, relatedness, and the self: Their relation to development and psychopathology. In Cicchetti, D. & Cohen, D. J. (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology, Vol. 1. Theory and methods (pp. 618–655). John Wiley.Google Scholar

Sarkadi, A., Kristiansson, R., Oberklaid, F., & Bremberg, S. (2008). Fathers’ involvement and children’s developmental outcomes: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Acta Paediatrica, 97, 153–158. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00572.xGoogle Scholar

Scarr, S., & McCartney, K. (1983). How people make their own environments: A theory of genotype greater than environment effects. Child Development, 54, 424–435. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1983.tb03884.xGoogle Scholar

Scorza, P., Duarte, C. S., Hipwell, A. E. et al. (2019). Research review: Intergenerational transmission of disadvantage: Epigenetics and parents’ childhoods as the first exposure. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 60, 119–132. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12877Google Scholar

Sears, C. H. (1899). Home and school punishments. Pedagogic Seminary, 6, 159–187.Google Scholar

Sears, R. R., Maccoby, E. E., & Levin, H. (1957). Patterns of child rearing. Row, Peterson.Google Scholar

Sherman, S. L., DeFries, J. C., Gottesman, I. I. et al. (1997). Recent developments in human behavioral genetics: Past accomplishments and future directions. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 60, 1265–1275. https://doi.org/10.1086/515473Google Scholar

Skinner, B. F. (1976). About behaviorism. Vintage Books.Google Scholar

Smetana, J. G. (2017). Current research on parenting styles, dimensions, and beliefs. Current Opinion in Psychology, 15, 19–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.02.012CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Smith, M., & Holden, G.W. (2020). Mothers affiliated with a positive parenting program report rearing their children differently. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29, 955–963. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826–019-01653-9Google Scholar

Smuts, A. (2008). Science in the service of children, 1893-1935. Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Smyth, J. M., & Heron, K. E. (2013). Ecological momentary assessments (EMA) in family research. In McHale, S. M., Amato, P., & Booth, A. (Eds.), Emerging methods in family research (pp. 145–161). Springer.Google Scholar

Staples, R., & Smith, J. W. (1954). Attitudes of grandmothers and mothers toward child rearing practices. Child Development, 25, 91–97. https://doi.org/10.2307/1126158Google Scholar

Stewart, S. M., & Bond, M. H. (2002). A critical look at parenting research from the mainstream: Problems uncovered while adapting Western research to non-Western cultures. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 20, 379–392. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151002320620389Google Scholar

Stogdill, R. M. (1931). Parental attitudes and mental-hygiene standards. Mental Hygiene, 15, 813–827.Google Scholar

Stogdill, R. M. (1936). Experiments in the measurement of attitudes toward children: 1899–1935. Child Development, 7, 31–36. https://doi.org/10.2307/1125541Google Scholar

Stolz, L. M. (1954). Father relations of war-born children. Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Stolz, L. M. (1967). Influences on parent behavior. Tavistock Publications.Google Scholar

Sturge-Apple, M. L., Rogge, R. D., Skibo, M. A., Peltz, J. S., & Suor, J. H. (2015). A dual-process approach to the role of mother’s implicit and explicit attitudes toward their child in parenting models. Developmental Psychology, 51, 289–300. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038650CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Swain, J. E., Konrath, S., Brown, S. L. et al. (2012). Parenting and beyond: Common neurocircuits underlying parental and altruistic caregiving. Parenting: Science & Practice, 12, 115–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2012.680409.Google Scholar

Symonds, P. M. (1938). A study of parental acceptance and rejection. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 8, 679–688. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1938.tb05340.xGoogle Scholar

Trivers, R. L. (1974). Parent–offspring conflict. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 14, 249–264. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/14.1.249Google Scholar

Van Zeijl, J., Mesman, J., Stolk, M. N. (2007). Differential susceptibility to discipline: The moderating effect of child temperament on the association between maternal discipline and early childhood externalizing problems. Journal of Family Psychology, 21, 626–636. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.21.4.626Google Scholar

Watson, G. (1934). A comparison of the effects of lax versus strict home training. Journal of Social Psychology, 5, 102–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1934.9921588CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Watson, J. B. (1928). Psychological care of infant and child. Norton.Google Scholar

Watson, J. B., & Watson, R. R. (1921). Studies in infant psychology. The Scientific Monthly, 13, 493–515.Google Scholar

White, R. W. (1960). Competence and the psychosexual stages of development. In Keasey, C. B. (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation (pp. 97–138). University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar

Ahnert, L., Gunnar, M. R., Lamb, M. E., & Barthel, M. (2004). Transition to child care: Associations with infant–mother attachment, infant negative emotion, and cortisol elevations. Child Development, 75, 639–650.Google Scholar

Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1967). Infancy in Uganda: Infant Care and the Growth of Love. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.Google Scholar

Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1989). Attachments beyond infancy. American Psychologist, 44, 709–716. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.4.709Google Scholar

Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Atkinson, L., Gonzalez, A., Kashy, D. A. et al. (2013). Maternal sensitivity and infant and mother adrenocortical function across challenges. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38, 2943–2951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.08.001Google Scholar

Aviezer, O., Sagi-Schwartz, A., & Koren-Karie, N. (2003). Ecological constraints on the formation of infant–mother attachment relations: When maternal sensitivity becomes ineffective. Infant Behavior and Development, 26, 285–299.Google Scholar

Aviezer, O., Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Sagi, A., & Schuengel, C. (1994). “Children of the dream” revisited: 70 years of collective early child care in Israeli kibbutzim. Psycholical Bulletin, 116, 99–116. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.116.1.99Google Scholar

Bagot, R. C., & Meaney, M. J. (2010). Epigenetics and the biological basis of gene x environment interactions. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 752–771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.06.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baker, L., Sonnenschein, S., & Gilat, M. (1996). Mothers’ sensitivity to the competencies of their preschoolers on a concept-learning task. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 11, 405–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-2006(96)90014-9Google Scholar

Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Mesman, J., Alink, L. R., & Juffer, F. (2008a). Effects of an attachment-based intervention on daily cortisol moderated by dopamine receptor D4: A randomized control trial on 1- to 3-year-olds screened for externalizing behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 805–820. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579408000382Google Scholar

Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Pijlman, F. T., Mesman, J., & Juffer, F. (2008b). Experimental evidence for differential susceptibility: Dopamine D4 receptor polymorphism (DRD4 VNTR) moderates intervention effects on toddlers’ externalizing behavior in a randomized controlled trial. Developmental Psychology, 44, 293–300.Google Scholar

Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., & Van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2006). Gene‐environment interaction of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) and observed maternal insensitivity predicting externalizing behavior in preschoolers. Developmental Psychobiology: The Journal of the International Society for Developmental Psychobiology, 48, 406–409.Google Scholar

Belsky, J. (1997) Early day care and infant-mother attachment security. Bennett J, topic ed. In R. E. Tremblay, M. Boivin and R. Peters (Eds.), Encyclopedia on early childhood development [online]. Montreal, Quebec: Centre of Excellence for Early Childhood Development and Strategic Knowledge Cluster on Early Child Development, pp. 1–6. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.567.1008&rep=rep1&type=pdfGoogle Scholar

Belsky, J., Garduque, L., & Hrncir, E. (1984). Assessing performance, competence, and executive capacity in infant play: Relations to home environment and security of attachment. Developmental Psychology, 20, 406–417. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.20.3.406Google Scholar

Belsky, J., Steinberg, L., & Draper, P. (1991). Childhood experience, interpersonal development, and reproductive strategy: An evolutionary theory of socialization. Child Development, 62, 647–670. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131166Google Scholar

Benoit, D. (2004). Infant-parent attachment: Definition, types, antecedents, measurement and outcome. Paediatrics & Child Health, 9, 541–545.Google Scholar

Bernier, A., Dégeilh, F., Leblanc, É., Daneault, V., Bailey, H. N., & Beauchamp, M. H. (2019). Mother–infant interaction and child brain morphology: A multidimensional approach to maternal sensitivity. Infancy, 24, 120–138. https://doi.org/10.1111/infa.12270Google Scholar

Bernier, A., & Meins, E. (2008). A threshold approach to understanding the origins of attachment disorganization. Devopmental Psychology, 44, 969–982. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.4.969Google Scholar

Biro, S., Alink, L. R. A., Huffmeijer, R., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., & Ijzendoorn, M. H. V. (2015). Attachment and maternal sensitivity are related to infants’ monitoring of animated social interactions. Brain and Behavior, 5, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.410Google Scholar

Blair, C., Granger, D., Willoughby, M., & Kivlighan, K. (2006). Maternal sensitivity is related to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis stress reactivity and regulation in response to emotion challenge in 6-month-old infants. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094, 263–267. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1376.031Google Scholar

Bosmans, G., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Vervliet, B., Verhees, M., & van Ijzendoom, I. M. H. (2020). A learning theory of attachment: Unraveling the black box of attachment development. Neuroscience and Biobehavioural Reviews, 113, 287–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.03.014Google Scholar

Bosmans, G., Young, J. F., & Hankin, B. L. (2018). NR3C1 methylation as a moderator of the effects of maternal support and stress on insecure attachment development. Developmental Psychology, 54, 29–38.Google Scholar

Bowlby, J. (1958). The nature of the child’s tie to his mother. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 39, 350–373.Google ScholarPubMed

Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss (Vol. 1). Basic Books.Google Scholar

Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and Loss (Vol. 2 Separation: Anxiety & Anger). Basic Books.Google Scholar

Carlson, V., Cicchetti, D., Barnett, D., & Braunwald, K. (1989). Disorganized/disoriented attachment relationships in maltreated infants. Developmental Psychology, 25, 525.Google Scholar

Carr, Sam, and Landau, Sean. 2012. Consciously Identified Attachment Hierarchies: Cognitive Accessibility of Attachment Figure Names as a Function of Threat Primes in a Lexical Decision Task. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 53, 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2011.00916.x.Google Scholar

Cassidy, J., & Berlin, L. J. (1994). The insecure/ambivalent pattern of attachment: Theory and research. Child Development, 65, 971–981. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131298Google Scholar

Dawson, G., Ashman, S. B., Hessl, D. et al. (2001). Autonomic and brain electrical activity in securely- and insecurely-attached infants of depressed mothers. Infant Behavior & Development, 24, 135–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-6383(01)00075-3Google Scholar

Dawson, G., Klinger, L. G., Panagiotides, H., Spieker, S., & Frey, K. (1992). Infants of mothers with depressive symptoms: Electroencephalographic and behavioral findings related to attachment status. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 67–80. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400005563Google Scholar

Del Giudice, M., Ellis, B. J., & Shirtcliff, E. A. (2011). The Adaptive Calibration Model of stress responsivity. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 1562–1592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.11.007Google Scholar

Dickerson, S. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2004). Acute stressors and cortisol responses: A theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 355–391. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.355Google Scholar

Dozier, M., Peloso, E., Lewis, E., Laurenceau, J. P., & Levine, S. (2008). Effects of an attachment-based intervention on the cortisol production of infants and toddlers in foster care. Developmental Psychopathology, 20, 845–859. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579408000400Google Scholar

Dunn, E. C., Busso, D. S., Raffeld, M. R. et al. (2016). Does developmental timing of exposure to child maltreatment predict memory performance in adulthood? Results from a large, population-based sample. Child Abuse & Neglect, 51, 181–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.10.014Google Scholar

Ellis, B. J., Boyce, W. T., Belsky, J., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2011). Differential susceptibility to the environment: An evolutionary–neurodevelopmental theory. Developmental Psychopathology, 23, 7–28. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579410000611Google Scholar

Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2017). The effects of psychosocial deprivation on attachment: Lessons from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project. Psychodynamic Psychiatry, 45, 441–450. https://doi.org/10.1521/pdps.2017.45.4.441Google Scholar

Fraley, R. C., Roisman, G. I., & Haltigan, J. D. (2013). The legacy of early experiences in development: Formalizing alternative models of how early experiences are carried forward over time. Developmental Psychology, 49, 109–126. https://doi.org/10.1037/a002785210.1037/a0027852.supp (Supplemental)Google Scholar

Frodi, A., Bridges, L., & Grolnick, W. (1985). Correlates of mastery-related behavior: A short-term longitudinal study of infants in their second year. Child Development, 56, 1291–1298.Google Scholar

Garrett-Peters, P. T., & Fox, N. A. (2007). Cross-cultural differences in children’s emotional reactions to a disappointing situation. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31, 161–169.Google Scholar

Gee, D. G., Gabard-Durnam, L. J., Flannery, J. et al. (2013). Early developmental emergence of human amygdala–prefrontal connectivity after maternal deprivation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110, 15638–15643. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1307893110Google Scholar

Gogtay, N., Giedd, J. N., Lusk, L. et al. (2004). Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 8174–8179. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0402680101CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Granqvist, P., Hesse, E., Fransson, M., Main, M., Hagekull, B., & Bohlin, G. (2016). Prior participation in the strange situation and overstress jointly facilitate disorganized behaviours: Implications for theory, research and practice. Attachment & Human Development, 18, 235–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2016.1151061Google Scholar

Groh, A. M., Fearon, R. M. P., IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Roisman, G. I. (2017). Attachment in the early life course: Meta-analytic evidence for its role in socioemotional development. Child Development Perspectives, 11, 70–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12213Google Scholar

Haley, D. W., & Stansbury, K. (2003). Infant stress and parent responsiveness: Regulation of physiology and behavior during still‐face and reunion. Child Development, 74, 1534–1546.Google Scholar

Hane, A., & Fox, N. (2016). Studying the biology of human attachment. In Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 223–241). The Guildford Press.Google Scholar

Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1994). Deeper into attachment theory. Psychological Inquiry, 5, 68–79.Google Scholar

Hesse, E., & Main, M. (2000). Disorganized infant, child, and adult attachment: Collapse in behavioral and attentional strategies. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 48, 1097–1127. https://doi.org/10.1177/00030651000480041101Google Scholar

Humphreys, K. L., McGoron, L., Sheridan, M. A. et al. (2015). High-quality foster care mitigates callous-unemotional traits following early deprivation in boys: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 54, 977–983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2015.09.010Google Scholar

Jennings, K. D., Harmon, R. J., Morgan, G. A., Gaiter, J. L., & Yarrow, L. J. (1979). Exploratory play as an index of mastery motivation: Relationships to persistence, cognitive functioning, and environmental measures. Developmental Psychology, 15, 386–394. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.15.4.386Google Scholar

Jones‐Mason, K., Allen, I. E., Bush, N., Hamilton, S., (2006) Epigenetic marks as the link between environment and development: Examination of the associations between attachment, socioeconomic status, and methylation of the SLC6A4 gene. Brain and Behavior, 6, e00480. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.480Google Scholar

Kermoian, R., & Leiderman, P. H. (1986). Infant attachment to mother and child caretaker in an East African community. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 9, 455–469.Google Scholar

Kok, R., Thijssen, S., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. et al. (2015). Normal variation in early parental sensitivity predicts child structural brain development. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 54, 824–831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2015.07.009Google Scholar

Kondo-Ikemura, K., Behrens, K. Y., Umemura, T., & Nakano, S. (2018). Japanese mothers’ prebirth Adult Attachment Interview predicts their infants’ response to the Strange Situation Procedure: The strange situation in Japan revisited three decades later. Developmental Psychololgy, 54, 2007–2015. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000577Google Scholar

Kovan, N. M., Chung, A. L., & Sroufe, L. A. (2009). The intergenerational continuity of observed early parenting: A prospective, longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 45, 1205–1213. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016542Google Scholar

Kungl, M. T., Leyh, R., & Spangler, G. (2016). Attachment representations and brain asymmetry during the processing of autobiographical emotional memories in late adolescence. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10, 644. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00644Google Scholar

Lee, A., Poh, J. S., Wen, D. J. et al. (2019). Maternal Care in infancy and the course of limbic development. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 40, 100714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100714Google Scholar

Leyh, R., Heinisch, C., Kungl, M. T., & Spangler, G. (2016). Attachment representation moderates the influence of emotional context on information processing. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10, 278.Google Scholar

Luby, J. L., Belden, A., Harms, M. P., Tillman, R., & Barch, D. M. (2016). Preschool is a sensitive period for the influence of maternal support on the trajectory of hippocampal development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 113, 5742–5747. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601443113Google Scholar

Luijk, M. P., Roisman, G. I., Haltigan, J. D. et al. (2011). Dopaminergic, serotonergic, and oxytonergic candidate genes associated with infant attachment security and disorganization? In search of main and interaction effects. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52, 1295–1307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02440.xGoogle Scholar

Lupien, S. J., Ouellet-Morin, I., Hupbach, A. et al. (2006). Beyond the stress concept: Allostatic load – a developmental biological and cognitive perspective. In Developmental psychopathology: Developmental neuroscience, Vol. 2, 2nd ed. (pp. 578–628). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.Google Scholar

Lyons-Ruth, K., Pechtel, P., Yoon, S. A., Anderson, C. M., & Teicher, M. H. (2016). Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood. Behavioural Brain Research, 308, 83–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2016.03.050Google Scholar

Madigan, S., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Moran, G., Pederson, D. R., & Benoit, D. (2006). Unresolved states of mind, anomalous parental behavior, and disorganized attachment: A review and meta-analysis of a transmission gap. Attachment and Human Development, 8, 89–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730600774458Google Scholar

Main, M. (1981). Avoidance in the service of attachment. In Immelman K, B. G.., Petrinovitch, L., & Main, M. (Ed.), Behavioral development (pp. 651–693). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Main, M. (2000). The organized categories of infant, child, and adult attachment: Flexible vs inflexible attention under attachment-related stress. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 48, 1055–1096. https://doi.org/10.1177/00030651000480041801Google Scholar

Main, M., & Hesse, E. (1990). Parents’ unresolved traumatic experiences are related to infant disorganized attachment status: Is frightened and/or frightening parental behavior the linking mechanism?. In Greenberg, M. T., Cicchetti, D., & Cummings, E. M. (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention (Vol. xix 507, pp. 161–182). University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1990). Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation. In (pp. 121–160). University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Matte-Gagne, C., Bernier, A., Sirois, M. S., Lalonde, G., & Hertz, S. (2018). Attachment security and developmental patterns of growth in executive functioning during early elementary school. Child Development, 89, e167–e182. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12807Google Scholar

McEwen, B. S., Nasca, C., & Gray, J. D. (2016). Stress effects on neuronal structure: Hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology, 41, 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.171Google Scholar

McLaughlin, K. A., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2012). Attachment security as a mechanism linking foster care placement to improved mental health outcomes in previously institutionalized children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 53, 46–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02437.xGoogle Scholar

Merz, E. C., Landry, S. H., Zucker, T. A. et al. (2016). Parenting predictors of delay inhibition in socioeconomically disadvantaged preschoolers. Infant and Child Development, 25, 371–390. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.1946Google Scholar

Miller, D. J., Duka, T., Stimpson, C. D. et al. (2012). Prolonged myelination in human neocortical evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109, 16480–16485. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1117943109Google Scholar

Moss, E., & St-Laurent, D. (2001). Attachment at school age and academic performance. Developmental Psychology, 37, 863–874. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.37.6.863Google Scholar

Moutsiana, C., Fearon, P., Murray, L. et al. (2014). Making an effort to feel positive: Insecure attachment in infancy predicts the neural underpinnings of emotion regulation in adulthood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55, 999–1008. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12198Google Scholar

Perry, R. E., Finegood, E. D., Braren, S. H. et al. (2018). Developing a neurobehavioral animal model of poverty: Drawing cross-species connections between environments of scarcity-adversity, parenting quality, and infant outcome. Development and Psychopathology, 31, 399–418. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095457941800007XGoogle Scholar

Raby, K. L., Roisman, G. I., Fraley, R. C., & Simpson, J. A. (2015). The enduring predictive significance of early maternal sensitivity: Social and academic competence through age 32 years. Child Development, 86, 695–708. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12325Google Scholar

Rao, H., Betancourt, L., Giannetta, J. M. et al. (2010). Early parental care is important for hippocampal maturation: Evidence from brain morphology in humans. Neuroimage, 49, 1144–1150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.003Google Scholar

Rifkin-Graboi, A. (2008). Attachment status and salivary cortisol in a normal day and during simulated interpersonal stress in young men. Stress, 11, 210–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890701706670Google Scholar

Rifkin-Graboi, A., Borelli, J., & Bosquest, M. (2009). Neurobiology of Stress in Infancy. In Zeanah, C. (Ed.), Handbook of Infant Mental Health (pp. 59–79). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Rifkin-Graboi, A., Kong, L., Sim, L. W. et al. (2015). Maternal sensitivity, infant limbic structure volume and functional connectivity: A preliminary study. Translational Psychiatry, 5, e668. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2015.133Google Scholar

Rifkin-Graboi, A., Quan, J., Richmond, J. et al. (2018). Greater caregiving risk, better infant memory performance? Hippocampus, 28, 497–511. https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.22949Google Scholar

Rifkin-Graboi, A., Qiang, Qiu et al. (2019). Attachment Relationships Meet Working Models: The Meat of the Models. Paper presented at the International Attachment Conference, Vancouver, Canada.Google Scholar

Rifkin-Graboi, A., Tan, H. M., Shaun, G. K. Y. et al. (2019). An initial investigation of neonatal neuroanatomy, caregiving, and levels of disorganized behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116, 16787–16792. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900362116Google Scholar

Roisman, G. I., Booth-Laforce, C., Belsky, J., Burt, K. B., & Groh, A. M. (2013). Molecular-genetic correlates of infant attachment: A cautionary tale. Attachment and Human Development, 15, 384–406. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2013.768790Google Scholar

Roisman, G. I., Haltigan, J. D., Haydon, K. C., & Booth‐LaForce, C. (2014). The Adult Attachment Interview: Psychometrics, stability and change from infancy, and developmental origins: VI Earned‐security in retrospect: Depressive symptoms, family stress, and maternal and paternal sensitivity from early childhood to mid‐adolescence. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 79, 85–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/mono.12115Google Scholar

Rothbaum, F., Kakinuma, M., Nagaoka, R., & Azuma, H. (2007). Attachment and amae: Parent–child closeness in the United States and Japan. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38, 465–486.Google Scholar

Sagi, A., Koren-Karie, N., Gini, M., Ziv, Y., & Joels, T. (2002). Shedding further light on the effects of various types and quality of early child care on infant–mother attachment relationship: The Haifa Study of Early Child Care. Child Development, 73, 1166–1186. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00465Google Scholar

Schieche, M., & Spangler, G. (2005). Individual differences in biobehavioral organization during problem‐solving in toddlers: The influence of maternal behavior, infant–mother attachment, and behavioral inhibition on the attachment‐exploration balance. Developmental Psychobiology: The Journal of the International Society for Developmental Psychobiology, 46, 293–306.Google Scholar

Schnall, S., Harber, K. D., Stefanucci, J. K., & Proffitt, D. R. (2008). Social support and the perception of geographical slant. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 1246–1255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2008.04.011Google Scholar

Shields, G. S., Sazma, M. A., McCullough, A. M., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2017). The effects of acute stress on episodic memory: A meta-analysis and integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 143, 636–675. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000100Google Scholar

Shields, G. S., Sazma, M. A., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2016). The effects of acute stress on core executive functions: A meta-analysis and comparison with cortisol. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 68, 651–668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.038Google Scholar

Silvers, J. A., Lumian, D. S., Gabard-Durnam, L. et al. (2016). Previous institutionalization is followed by broader amygdala-hippocampal-pfc network connectivity during aversive learning in human development. Journal of Neuroscience, 36, 6420–6430. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0038-16.2016Google Scholar

Simpson, J., & Kelly, J. P. (2011). The impact of environmental enrichment in laboratory rats – behavioural and neurochemical aspects. Behavioural Brain Research, 222, 246–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2011.04.002Google Scholar

Solomon, J., & George, C. (1999). The development of attachment in separated and divorced families: Effects of overnight visitation, parent and couple variables. Attachment & Human Development, 1, 2–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616739900134011Google Scholar

Soltis, J. (2004) The signal functions of early infant crying. Behavioural Brain Science 27, 443–490.Google Scholar

Sroufe, A., & McIntosh, J. (2011). Divorce and attachment relationships: The longitudinal journey. Family Court Review, 49, 464–473.Google Scholar

Steele, R. D., Waters, T. E. A., Bost, K. K. et al. (2014). Caregiving antecedents of secure base script knowledge: A comparative analysis of young adult attachment representations. Developmental Psychology, 50, 2526–2538. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037992%2010.1037/a0037992.supp (Supplemental)Google Scholar

Stockhorst, U., & Antov, M. I. (2016). Modulation of fear extinction by stress, stress hormones and estradiol: A review. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 9, 359.Google Scholar

Strathearn, L., Fonagy, P., Amico, J., & Montague, P. R. (2009). Adult attachment predicts maternal brain and oxytocin response to infant cues. Neuropsychopharmacology, 34, 2655–2666. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2009.103Google Scholar

Sullivan, R. M., & Perry, R. E. (2015). Mechanisms and functional implications of social buffering in infants: Lessons from animal models. Social Neuroscience, 10, 500–511. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2015.1087425Google Scholar

Suomi, S. J. (2016). Attachment in Rhesus Monkeys. In Shaver, J. C. P. R. (Ed.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd Edition ed., pp. 133–154). New York: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Tabachnick, A. R., Raby, K. L., Goldstein, A., Zajac, L., & Dozier, M. (2019). Effects of an attachment-based intervention in infancy on children’s autonomic regulation during middle childhood. Biological Psychology, 143, 22–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.01.006Google Scholar

Thijssen, S., Muetzel, R. L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. et al. (2017). Insensitive parenting may accelerate the development of the amygdala–medial prefrontal cortex circuit. Development and Psychopathology, 29, 505–518. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579417000141Google Scholar

Tsotsi, S., Broekman, B. F. P., Sim, L. W. et al. (2019). Maternal anxiety, parenting stress, and preschoolers’ behavior problems: The role of child self-regulation. Journal of Developmental Behavioural Pediatrics, 40, 696–705. https://doi.org/10.1097/dbp.0000000000000737Google Scholar

Ulrich-Lai, Y. M., & Herman, J. P. (2009). Neural regulation of endocrine and autonomic stress responses. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10, 397–409. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2647Google Scholar

van IJzendoorn, M. H., Schuengel, C., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (1999). Disorganized attachment in early childhood: Meta-analysis of precursors, concomitants, and sequelae. Developmental Psychopatholy, 11, 225–249.Google Scholar

Verhage, M. L., Schuengel, C., Madigan, S. et al. (2016). Narrowing the transmission gap: A synthesis of three decades of research on intergenerational transmission of attachment. Psychological Bulletin, 142, 337–366. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul000003810.1037/bul0000038.supp (Supplemental)Google Scholar

Wang, Q., Zhang, H., Wee, C. Y. et al. (2019). Maternal sensitivity predicts anterior hippocampal functional networks in early childhood. Brain Structure and Function, 224, 1885–1895. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-019-01882-0Google Scholar

Watson, J. S. (1972). Smiling, cooing, and “the game.” Merrill-Palmer Quarterly of Behavior and Development, 18, 323–339.Google Scholar

Weinfield, N. S., Ogawa, J. R., & Sroufe, L. A. (1997). Early attachment as a pathway to adolescent peer competence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 7, 241–265. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327795jra0703_1Google Scholar

Williford, A., Carter, L., & Pianta, R. (2016). Attachment and school readiness. J. Cassidy, & P. Shaver, Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research and Clinical Applications, 11, 966–982.Google Scholar

Zeijlmans van Emmichoven, I. A.,van, I. M. H., de Ruiter, C., & Brosschot, J. F. (2003). Selective processing of threatening information: Effects of attachment representation and anxiety disorder on attention and memory. Developmental Psychopathology, 15, 219–237. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579403000129Google Scholar

Abercrombie, E. D., Keefe, K. A., DiFrischia, D. S., & Zigmond, M. J. (1989). Differential effect of stress on in vivo dopamine release in striatum, nucleus accumbens, and medial frontal cortex. Journal of Neurochemistry, 52, 1655–1658. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1989.tb09224.xGoogle Scholar

Amato, P. R., & Fowler, F. (2002). Parenting practices, child adjustment, and family diversity. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 703–716. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00703.xGoogle Scholar

Andersen, S. L., Tomada, A., Vincow, E. S., Valente, E., Polcari, A., & Teicher, M. H. (2008). Preliminary evidence for sensitive periods in the effect of childhood sexual abuse on regional brain development. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 20, 292–301.Google Scholar

Barbosa, C., Simmons, J. G., Vijayakumar, N. et al. (2018). Interaction between parenting styles and adrenarcheal timing associated with affective brain function in late childhood. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 57, 678–686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2018.05.016Google Scholar

Belsky, J., & de Haan, M. (2011). Annual research review: Parenting and children’s brain development: The end of the beginning. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52, 409–428. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00525.xGoogle Scholar

Belsky, J., & Pluess, M. (2009). Beyond diathesis stress: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 885–908. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017376Google Scholar

Bernier, A., Dégeilh, F., Leblanc, É., Daneault, V., Bailey, H. N., & Beauchamp, M. H. (2019). Mother–infant interaction and child brain morphology: A multidimensional approach to maternal sensitivity. Infancy, 24, 120–138. https://doi.org/10.1111/infa.12270Google Scholar

Blair, R. J. R., Veroude, K., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2018). Neuro-cognitive system dysfunction and symptom sets: A review of fMRI studies in youth with conduct problems. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 91, 69–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.022Google Scholar

Blakemore, S. J. (2012). Imaging brain development: The adolescent brain. Neuroimage, 61, 397–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.080Google Scholar

Boyce, W. T., & Ellis, B. J. (2005). Biological sensitivity to context: I. An evolutionary–developmental theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 271–301. https://doi.org/10.10170S0954579405050145Google Scholar

Busso, D. S., McLaughlin, K. A., Brueck, S., Peverill, M., Gold, A. L., & Sheridan, M. A. (2017). Child abuse, neural structure, and adolescent psychopathology: A longitudinal study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 56, 321–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2017.01.013Google Scholar

Bremner, J. D., Randall, P., Vermetten, E. et al. (1997). Magnetic resonance imaging-based measurement of hippocampal volume in posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood physical and sexual abuse – A preliminary report. Biological Psychiatry, 41, 23–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006–3223(96)00162-XGoogle Scholar

Brenhouse, H., Lukkes, J., & Andersen, S. (2013). Early life adversity alters the developmental profiles of addiction-related prefrontal cortex circuitry. Brain Sciences, 3, 143–158. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci3010143Google Scholar

Burani, K., Mulligan, E. M., Klawohn, J., Luking, K. R., Nelson, B. D., & Hajcak, G. (2019). Longitudinal increases in reward-related neural activity in early adolescence: Evidence from event-related potentials (ERPs). Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 36, e100620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100620Google Scholar

Cabib, S & Puglisi-Allegra, S. (1996). Stress, depression and the mesolimbic dopamine system. Psychopharmacology, 128, 331–342.Google Scholar

Cai, L., Dong, Q., & Niu, H. (2018). The development of functional network organization in early childhood and early adolescence: A resting-state fNIRS study. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 30, 223–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2018.03.003Google Scholar

Callaghan, B. L., & Tottenham, N. (2016). The stress acceleration hypothesis: Effects of early-life adversity on emotion circuits and behavior. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 7, 76–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.11.018Google Scholar

Casement, M. D., Guyer, A. E., Hipwell, A. E. et al. (2014). Girls’ challenging social experiences in early adolescence predict neural response to rewards and depressive symptoms. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 8, 18–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2013.12.003Google Scholar

Casey, B. J., Heller, A. S., Gee, D. G., & Cohen, A. O. (2019). Development of the emotional brain. Neuroscience Letters, 693, 29–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2017.11.055Google Scholar

Chaplin, T. M., Poon, J. A., Thompson, J. C. et al. (2019). Sex‐differentiated associations among negative parenting, emotion‐related brain function, and adolescent substance use and psychopathology symptoms. Social Development, 28, 637–656. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12364Google Scholar

Cicchetti, D., & Cohen, D. J. (1995). Perspectives on developmental psychopathology. In Cicchetti, D. & Cohen, D. J. (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology, Vol. 1. Theory and methods (pp. 3–20). John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar

Corral-Frías, N. S., Nikolova, Y. S., Michalski, L. J., Baranger, D. A., Hariri, A. R., & Bogdan, R. (2015). Stress-related anhedonia is associated with ventral striatum reactivity to reward and transdiagnostic psychiatric symptomatology. Psychological Medicine, 45, 2605–2617. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715000525Google Scholar

Colich, N. L., Rosen, M. L., Williams, E. S., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2020). Biological aging in childhood and adolescence following experiences of threat and deprivation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 146, 721–764. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000270Google Scholar

Deane, C., Vijayakumar, N., Allen, N. B. et al. (2019). Parenting x brain development interactions as predictors of adolescent depressive symptoms and well-being: Differential susceptibility or diathesis-stress?. Development and Psychopathology, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579418001475Google Scholar

Dillon, D. G., Holmes, A. J., Birk, J. L., Brooks, N., Lyons-Ruth, K., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2009). Childhood adversity is associated with left basal ganglia dysfunction during reward anticipation in adulthood. Biological Psychiatry, 66, 206–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.02.019Google Scholar

Dosenbach, N. U., Nardos, B., Cohen, A. L. et al. (2010). Prediction of individual brain maturity using fMRI. Science, 329, 1358–1361. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1194144Google Scholar

Feldman, R. (2012). Parent–infant synchrony: A biobehavioral model of mutual influences in the formation of affiliative bonds. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 77, 42–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2012.683342Google Scholar

Frye, R. E., Malmberg, B., Swank, P., Smith, K., & Landry, S. (2010). Preterm birth and maternal responsiveness during childhood are associated with brain morphology in adolescence. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 16, 784–794. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617710000585Google Scholar

Fuligni, A. J. (1998). The adjustment of children from immigrant families. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 7, 99–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10774731Google Scholar

Gard, A. M., Waller, R., Shaw, D. S., Forbes, E. E., Hariri, A. R., & Hyde, L. W. (2017). The long reach of early adversity: Parenting, stress, and neural pathways to antisocial behavior in adulthood. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 2, 582–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.06.005Google Scholar

Goff, B., Gee, D. G., Telzer, E. H., Humphreys, K. L., Gabard-Durnam, L., Flannery, J., & Tottenham, N. (2013). Reduced nucleus accumbens reactivity and adolescent depression following early-life stress. Neuroscience, 249, 129–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.12.010Google Scholar

Gold, A. L., Sheridan, M. A., Peverill, M. et al. (2016). Childhood abuse and reduced cortical thickness in brain regions involved in emotional processing. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57, 1154–1164. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12630Google Scholar

Gorka, A. X., Hanson, J. L., Radtke, S. R., & Hariri, A. R. (2014). Reduced hippocampal and medial prefrontal gray matter mediate the association between reported childhood maltreatment and trait anxiety in adulthood and predict sensitivity to future life stress. Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders, 4, e12. https://doi.org/10.1186/2045-5380-4-12Google Scholar

Guassi Moreira, J. F., & Telzer, E. H. (2018). Mother still knows best: Maternal influence uniquely modulates adolescent reward sensitivity during risk taking. Developmental Science, 21, e12484. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12484Google Scholar

Gunnar, M. R., DePasquale, C. E., Reid, B. M., & Donzella, B. (2019). Pubertal stress recalibration reverses the effects of early life stress in post-institutionalized children. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116, 23984–23988. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1909699116Google Scholar

Hanson, J. L., Nacewicz, B. M., Sutterer, M. J. et al. (2015). Behavioral problems after early life stress: Contributions of the hippocampus and amygdala. Biological Psychiatry, 77, 314–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.04.020Google Scholar

Hecht, M. L., Marsiglia, F. F., Elek, E. et al. (2003). Culturally grounded substance use prevention: An evaluation of the keepin’ it R.E.A.L. curriculum. Prevention Science, 4, 233–248. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026016131401Google Scholar

Hein, T. C., & Monk, C. S. (2017). Research review: Neural response to threat in children, adolescents, and adults after child maltreatment – A quantitative meta‐analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58, 222–230. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12651Google Scholar

Hill, N. E. (2006). Disentangling ethnicity, socioeconomic status and parenting: Interactions, influences and meaning. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 1, 114–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450120600659069Google Scholar

Kok, R., Thijssen, S., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. et al. (2015). Normal variation in early parental sensitivity predicts child structural brain development. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 54, 824–831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2015.07.009Google Scholar

Kopala-Sibley, D. C., Cyr, M., Finsaas, M. C. et al. (2018). Early childhood parenting predicts late childhood brain functional connectivity during emotion perception and reward processing. Child Development, 91, 110–128. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13126Google Scholar

Lambert, H. K., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2019). Impaired hippocampus-dependent associative learning as a mechanism underlying PTSD: A meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 107, 729–749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.024Google Scholar

Lambert, H. K., Sheridan, M. A., Sambrook, K. A., Rosen, M. L., Askren, M. K., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2017). Hippocampal contribution to context encoding across development is disrupted following early-life adversity. Journal of Neuroscience, 37, 1925–1934. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2618-16.2017Google Scholar

Lee, T. H., Miernicki, M. E., & Telzer, E. H. (2017). Families that fire together smile together: Resting state connectome similarity and daily emotional synchrony in parent–child dyads. Neuroimage, 152, 31–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.02.078Google Scholar

Liu, D., Diorio, J., Tannenbaum, B. et al. (1997). Maternal care, hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress. Science, 277, 1659–1662. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5332.1659Google Scholar

Luby, J. L., Barch, D. M., Belden, A. et al. (2012). Maternal support in early childhood predicts larger hippocampal volumes at school age. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, 2854–2859. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1118003109Google Scholar

Mangiavacchi, S., Masi, F., Scheggi, S., Leggio, B., De Montis, M. G., & Gambarana, C. (2001). Long‐term behavioral and neurochemical effects of chronic stress exposure in rats. Journal of Neurochemistry, 79, 1113–1121. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00665.xGoogle Scholar

Marusak, H. A., Thomason, M. E., Sala‐Hamrick, K., Crespo, L., & Rabinak, C. A. (2018). What’s parenting got to do with it: Emotional autonomy and brain and behavioral responses to emotional conflict in children and adolescents. Developmental Science, 21, e12605. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12605Google Scholar

Matthews, K., & Robbins, T. W. (2003). Early experience as a determinant of adult behavioural responses to reward: The effects of repeated maternal separation in the rat. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 27, 45–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149–7634(03)00008-3Google Scholar

McCormick, E. M., McElwain, N. A., & Telzer, E. H. (2019). Alterations in adolescent dopaminergic systems as a function of early mother–toddler attachment: A prospective longitudinal examination. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 78, 122–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2019.06.010Google Scholar

McCormick, E. M., Qu, Y., & Telzer, E. H. (2015). Adolescent neurodevelopment of cognitive control and risk-taking in negative family contexts. NeuroImage, 124, 989–996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.063Google Scholar

McLoyd, V. C., Dodge, K. A., & Lansford, J. E. (2005). The cultural context of physically disciplining children. In McLoyd, V. C., Hill, N. E., & Dodge, K. A. (Eds.), African A men’can family life: Ecological and cultural diversity (pp. 245–263). Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Mehta, M. A., Golembo, N. I., Nosarti, C. et al. (2009). Amygdala, hippocampal and corpus callosum size following severe early institutional deprivation: The English and Romanian Adoptees study pilot. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 943–951. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02084.xGoogle Scholar

Mehta, M. A., Gore-Langton, E., Golembo, N., Colvert, E., Williams, S. C., & Sonuga-Barke, E. (2010). Hyporesponsive reward anticipation in the basal ganglia following severe institutional deprivation early in life. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22, 2316–2325. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21394Google Scholar

Menon, V., & Uddin, L. Q. (2010). Saliency, switching, attention and control: A network model of insula function. Brain Structure and Function, 214, 655–667. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429–010-0262-0Google Scholar

Milgrom, J., Newnham, C., Anderson, P. J. et al. (2010). Early sensitivity training for parents of preterm infants: Impact on the developing brain. Pediatric Research, 67, 330–335. https://doi.org/10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181cb8e2fGoogle Scholar

Miller, J. G., Vrtička, P., Cui, X. et al. (2019). Inter-brain synchrony in mother–child dyads during cooperation: An fNIRS hyperscanning study. Neuropsychologia, 124, 117–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.12.021Google Scholar

Mills, K. L., Goddings, A. L., Herting, M. M. et al. (2016). Structural brain development between childhood and adulthood: Convergence across four longitudinal samples. Neuroimage, 141, 273–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.07.044Google Scholar

Mills, K. L., Lalonde, F., Clasen, L. S., Giedd, J. N., & Blakemore, S. J. (2014). Developmental changes in the structure of the social brain in late childhood and adolescence. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9, 123–131. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nss113Google Scholar

Morgan, J. K., Shaw, D. S., & Forbes, E. E. (2014). Maternal depression and warmth during childhood predict age 20 neural response to reward. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 53, 108–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.10.003Google Scholar

McCrory, E. J., Gerin, M. I., & Viding, E. (2017). Annual research review: Childhood maltreatment, latent vulnerability and the shift to preventative psychiatry – The contribution of functional brain imaging. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58, 338–357. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12713Google Scholar

McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., & Lambert, H. K. (2014a). Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 47, 578–591. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721416655883Google Scholar

McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., Winter, W., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Nelson, C. A. (2014b). Widespread reductions in cortical thickness following severe early-life deprivation: A neurodevelopmental pathway to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 76, 629–638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.08.016Google Scholar

Nusslock, R., & Miller, G. E. (2016). Early-life adversity and physical and emotional health across the lifespan: A neuroimmune network hypothesis. Biological Psychiatry, 80, 23–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.05.017Google Scholar

Pechtel, P., Lyons-Ruth, K., Anderson, C. M., & Teicher, M. H. (2014). Sensitive periods of amygdala development: The role of maltreatment in preadolescence. Neuroimage, 97, 236–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.04.025Google Scholar

Phelps, E. A., & LeDoux, J. E. (2005). Contributions of the amygdala to emotion processing: From animal models to human behavior. Neuron, 48, 175–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.09.025Google Scholar

Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., McClearn, G. E., & McGuffin, P. (2008) Behavioral genetics. Worth Publishers.Google Scholar

Plotsky, P. M., & Meaney, M. J. (1993). Early, postnatal experience alters hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) mRNA, median eminence CRF content and stress-induced release in adult rats. Molecular Brain Research, 18, 195–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-328X(93)90189-VGoogle Scholar

Pozzi, E., Simmons, J. G., Bousman, C. A. et al. (2019). The influence of maternal parenting style on the neural correlates of emotion processing in children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2019.01.018Google Scholar

Qu, Y., Fuligni, A. J., Galván, A., Lieberman, M. D., & Telzer, E. H. (2016). Links between parental depression and longitudinal changes in youths’ neural sensitivity to rewards. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 11, 1262–1271. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsw035Google Scholar

Qu, Y., Fuligni, A. J., Galvan, A., & Telzer, E. H. (2015). Buffering effect of positive parent–child relationships on adolescent risk taking: A longitudinal neuroimaging investigation. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 26–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2015.08.005Google Scholar

Qu, Y., Jorgensen, N.A., & Telzer, E.H. (2021). A call for greater attention to culture in the study of brain and development. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(2), 275–293. https://doi.org/10.1177/174569162093146Google Scholar

Rao, H., Betancourt, L., Giannetta, J. M. et al. (2010). Early parental care is important for hippocampal maturation: Evidence from brain morphology in humans. Neuroimage, 49, 1144–1150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.003Google Scholar

Reindl, V., Gerloff, C., Scharke, W., & Konrad, K. (2018). Brain-to-brain synchrony in parent–child dyads and the relationship with emotion regulation revealed by fNIRS-based hyperscanning. NeuroImage, 178, 493–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.05.060Google Scholar

Rifkin-Graboi, A., Kong, L., Sim, L. W. et al. (2015). Maternal sensitivity, infant limbic structure volume and functional connectivity: A preliminary study. Translational Psychiatry, 5, e668. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2015.133Google Scholar

Romund, L., Raufelder, D., Flemming, E. et al. (2016). Maternal parenting behavior and emotion processing in adolescents – An fMRI study. Biological Psychology, 120, 120–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.09.003Google Scholar

Rougé‐Pont, F., Deroche, V., Moal, M. L., & Piazza, P. V. (1998). Individual differences in stress‐induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens are influenced by corticosterone. European Journal of Neuroscience, 10, 3903–3907. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00438.xGoogle Scholar

Rudolph, K. D., Davis, M. M., Modi, H. H., Fowler, C., Kim, Y., & Telzer, E. H. (2018). Differential susceptibility to parenting in adolescent girls: Moderation by neural sensitivity to social cues. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 30, 177–191. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12458Google Scholar

Sanchez, M. M., Ladd, C. O., & Plotsky, P. M. (2001). Early adverse experience as a developmental risk factor for later psychophathology: Evidence from rodent and primate models. Development & Psychopathology, 13, 419–449. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579401003029Google Scholar

Schneider, S., Brassen, S., Bromberg, U. et al. (2012). Maternal interpersonal affiliation is associated with adolescents’ brain structure and reward processing. Translational Psychiatry, 2, e182. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2012.113Google Scholar

Schriber, R. A., Anbari, Z., Robins, R. W., Conger, R. D., Hastings, P. D., & Guyer, A. E. (2017). Hippocampal volume as an amplifier of the effect of social context on adolescent depression. Clinical Psychological Science, 5, 632–649. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702617699277Google Scholar

Schriber, R. A., & Guyer, A. E. (2016). Adolescent neurobiological susceptibility to social context. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 19, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2015.12.009Google Scholar

Sequeira, S. L., Butterfield, R. D., Silk, J. S., Forbes, E. E., & Ladouceur, C. D. (2019). Neural activation to parental praise interacts with social context to predict adolescent depressive symptoms. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 13, e222. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00222Google Scholar

Tan, P. Z., Lee, K. H., Dahl, R. E. et al. (2014). Associations between maternal negative affect and adolescent’s neural response to peer evaluation. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 8, 28–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2014.01.006Google Scholar

Tan, P. Z., Oppenheimer, C. W., Ladouceur, C. D., Butterfield, R. D., & Silk, J. S. (2020). A review of associations between parental emotion socialization behaviors and the neural substrates of emotional reactivity and regulation in youth. Developmental Psychology, 56, 516–527. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000893Google Scholar

Teicher, M. H., Anderson, C. M., & Polcari, A. (2012). Childhood maltreatment is associated with reduced volume in the hippocampal subfields CA3, dentate gyrus, and subiculum. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, 563–572. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1115396109Google Scholar

Teicher, M. H., & Samson, J. A. (2016). Annual research review: Enduring neurobiological effects of childhood abuse and neglect. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57, 241–266. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12507Google Scholar

Teicher, M. H., Samson, J. A., Anderson, C. M., & Ohashi, K. (2016). The effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, function and connectivity. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 17, 652–666. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2016.111Google Scholar

Telzer, E. H., Fuligni, A. J., Lieberman, M. D., & Gálvan, A. (2013). Ventral striatum activation to prosocial rewards predicts longitudinal declines in adolescent risk taking. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 3, 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2012.08.004Google Scholar

Telzer, E. H., Masten, C. L., Berkman, E. T., Lieberman, M. D., & Fuligni, A.J. (2010). Gaining while giving: An fMRI study of the rewards of family assistance among White and Latino youth. Social Neuroscience, 5, 508–518. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470911003687913Google Scholar

Thijssen, S., Muetzel, R. L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. et al. (2017). Insensitive parenting may accelerate the development of the amygdala–medial prefrontal cortex circuit. Development and Psychopathology, 29, 505–518. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579417000141Google Scholar

Tottenham, N., Hare, T. A., Quinn, B. T. et al. (2010). Prolonged institutional rearing is associated with atypically large amygdala volume and difficulties in emotion regulation. Developmental Science, 13, 46–61. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1323014111Google Scholar

Tottenham, N., & Sheridan, M. A. (2010). A review of adversity, the amygdala and the hippocampus: A consideration of developmental timing. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 3, 68. https://doi.org/10.3389/neuro.09.068.2009Google Scholar