Book contents
- The Cambridge Handbook of Parental Monitoring and Information Management during Adolescence
- Cambridge Handbooks in Psychology
- The Cambridge Handbook of Parental Monitoring and Information Management during Adolescence
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Figures and Tables
- Contributors
- Acknowledgments
- Part I History of the Field and Theoretical Frameworks
- Part II Reconsidering Parenting and Parental Knowledge
- 6 Sources and Predictors of Parental Knowledge about Adolescents’ Activities
- 7 Intrusive Parenting and Adolescent Information Management
- 8 Parental Guilt Induction, Shaming, and Adolescent Information Management
- 9 Parent–Adolescent Emotion Dynamics and Adolescent Disclosure
- 10 Parental Monitoring in the Digital Age
- Part III Informant and Contextual Differences in Disclosure and Secrecy
- Part IV Applications
- Index
- References
6 - Sources and Predictors of Parental Knowledge about Adolescents’ Activities
from Part II - Reconsidering Parenting and Parental Knowledge
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 December 2024
Book contents
- The Cambridge Handbook of Parental Monitoring and Information Management during Adolescence
- Cambridge Handbooks in Psychology
- The Cambridge Handbook of Parental Monitoring and Information Management during Adolescence
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Figures and Tables
- Contributors
- Acknowledgments
- Part I History of the Field and Theoretical Frameworks
- Part II Reconsidering Parenting and Parental Knowledge
- 6 Sources and Predictors of Parental Knowledge about Adolescents’ Activities
- 7 Intrusive Parenting and Adolescent Information Management
- 8 Parental Guilt Induction, Shaming, and Adolescent Information Management
- 9 Parent–Adolescent Emotion Dynamics and Adolescent Disclosure
- 10 Parental Monitoring in the Digital Age
- Part III Informant and Contextual Differences in Disclosure and Secrecy
- Part IV Applications
- Index
- References
Summary
In this chapter, we review theory and research regarding sources and predictors of parental knowledge. Specifically, we focus on adolescents’ information management, parenting and parent–adolescent relationships, parents’ and adolescents’ characteristics, and family context as sources and predictors of parental knowledge of adolescents’ activities, whereabouts, and associations. The findings show that disclosure and secrecy are fundamental sources of parental knowledge and that when parent–adolescent relationships are positive (e.g. warm, trusting, and autonomy supportive), parents are more likely to acquire accurate knowledge about their adolescents’ daily lives. The impact of parental solicitation and rule-setting on parental knowledge often depends on many other factors such as parenting or cultural context. Parental knowledge also differs as a function of parent gender, adolescent age and gender, adolescent well-being, family structure, ethnic background, and cultural values. We provide future directions for research and emphasize the need for theory-driven research.
Keywords
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Cambridge Handbook of Parental Monitoring and Information Management during Adolescence , pp. 117 - 137Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2024
References
Ahmad, I., Smetana, J. G., & Klimstra, T. (2015). Maternal monitoring, adolescent disclosure, and adolescent adjustment among Palestinian refugee youth in Jordan. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 25(3), 403–411. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12133CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albertos, A., Osorio, A., Lopez-del Burgo, C., Carlos, S., Beltramo, C., & Trullols, F. (2016). Parental knowledge and adolescents’ risk behaviors. Journal of Adolescence, 53(1), 231–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.10.010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, R. J., & Branstetter, S. A. (2012). Adolescents, parents, and monitoring: A review of constructs with attention to process and theory. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 4(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-2589.2011.00112.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bacikova-Sleskova, M., Benka, J., & Orosova, O. (2021). Parental behavioural control and knowledge in early adolescence. A person-oriented approach. Current Psychology, 40(6), 2735–2744. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00214-zCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baudat, S., Van Petegem, S., Antonietti, J.-P., & Zimmermann, G. (2020). Parental solicitation and adolescents’ information management: The moderating role of autonomy-supportive parenting. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29(2), 426–441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01687-zCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blodgett Salafia, E. H., Gondoli, D. M., & Grundy, A. M. (2009). The longitudinal interplay of maternal warmth and adolescents’ self-disclosure in predicting maternal knowledge. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 19(4), 654–668. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2009.00615.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bountress, K., Chassin, L., & Lemery-Chalfant, K. (2017). Parent and peer influences on emerging adult substance use disorder: A genetically informed study. Development and Psychopathology, 29(1), 121–142. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095457941500125XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bourdeau, B., Miller, B. A., Duke, M. R., & Ames, G. M. (2011). Parental strategies for knowledge of adolescents’ friends: Distinct from monitoring? Journal of Child and Family Studies, 20(6), 814–821. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-011-9449-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. A. (2006). The bioecological model of human development. In Lerner, R. M. & Damon, W. (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 1. Theoretical models of human development (6th ed., pp. 793–828). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Google Scholar
Bumpus, M. F., & Rodgers, K. B. (2009). Parental knowledge and its sources: Examining the moderating roles of family structure and race. Journal of Family Issues, 30(10), 1356–1378. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X09334154CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassinat, J. R., Whiteman, S. D., Serang, S., Dotterer, A. M., Mustillo, S. A., Maggs, J. L., & Kelly, B. C. (2021). Changes in family chaos and family relationships during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from a longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 57(10), 1597–1610. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001217CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chan, H.-Y., Brown, B. B., & Von Bank, H. (2015). Adolescent disclosure of information about peers: The mediating role of perceptions of parents’ right to know. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(5), 1048–1065. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0261-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cottrell, L., Yu, S., Liu, H., Deveaux, L., Lunn, S., Bain, R. M., & Stanton, B. (2007). Gender-based model comparisons of maternal values, monitoring, communication, and early adolescent risk behavior. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(4), 371–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.05.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cottrell, S. A., Branstetter, S., Cottrell, L., Harris, C. V., Rishel, C., & Stanton, B. F. (2007). Development and validation of a parental monitoring instrument: Measuring how parents monitor adolescents’ activities and risk behaviors. The Family Journal, 15(4), 328–335. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480707303748CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Criss, M. M., Lee, T. K., Morris, A. S., Cui, L., Bosler, C. D., Shreffler, K. M., & Silk, J. S. (2015). Link between monitoring behavior and adolescent adjustment: An analysis of direct and indirect effects. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(3), 668–678. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9877-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Darling, N., Cumsille, P., Peña-Alampay, L., & Coatsworth, D. (2009). Individual and issue-specific differences in parental knowledge and adolescent disclosure in Chile, the Philippines, and the United States. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 19(4), 715–740. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2009.00608.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113(3), 487–496. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.113.3.487CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dykstra, V. W., Willoughby, T., & Evans, A. D. (2020). A longitudinal examination of the relation between lie-telling, secrecy, parent–child relationship quality, and depressive symptoms in late-childhood and adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 49(2), 438–448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01183-zCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elam, K. K., Chassin, L., Eisenberg, N., & Spinrad, T. L. (2017). Marital stress and children’s externalizing behavior as predictors of mothers’ and fathers’ parenting. Development and Psychopathology, 29(4), 1305–1318. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579416001322CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Everri, M., Mancini, T., & Fruggeri, L. (2016). Disentangling parental monitoring: The role of family communication in achieving parental knowledge. Psicologia Sociale, 11(3), 245–262.Google Scholar
Garthe, R. C., Sullivan, T., & Kliewer, W. (2015). Longitudinal relations between adolescent and parental behaviors, parental knowledge, and internalizing behaviors among urban adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(4), 819–832. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0112-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glatz, T., & Buchanan, C. M. (2015). Over-time associations among parental self-efficacy, promotive parenting practices, and adolescents’ externalizing behaviors. Journal of Family Psychology, 29(3), 427–437. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000076CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grusec, J. E. (2011). Socialization processes in the family: Social and emotional development. Annual Review of Psychology, 62(1), 243–269. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131650CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grusec, J. E. (2019). Principles of effective parenting: How socialization works. Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Grusec, J. E., Danyliuk, T., Kil, H., & O’Neill, D. (2017). Perspectives on parent discipline and child outcomes. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 41(4), 465–471. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025416681538CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamaker, E. L., Kuiper, R. M., & Grasman, R. P. P. P. (2015). A critique of the cross-lagged panel model. Psychological Methods, 20, 102–116. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038889CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamza, C. A., & Willoughby, T. (2011). Perceived parental monitoring, adolescent disclosure, and adolescent depressive symptoms: A longitudinal examination. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40(7), 902–915. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-010-9604-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawk, S. T. (2017). Chinese adolescents’ reports of covert parental monitoring: Comparisons with overt monitoring and links with information management. Journal of Adolescence, 55, 24–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.12.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawk, S. T., Becht, A., & Branje, S. (2016). “Snooping” as a distinct parental monitoring strategy: Comparisons with overt solicitation and control. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 26(3), 443–458. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12204CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawk, S. T., Keijsers, L., Frijns, T., Hale, W. W., Branje, S., & Meeus, W. (2013). “I still haven’t found what I’m looking for”: Parental privacy invasion predicts reduced parental knowledge. Developmental Psychology, 49(7), 1286–1298. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029484CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jiménez-Iglesias, A., Moreno, C., García-Moya, I., & Ramos, P. (2013). How can parents obtain knowledge about their adolescent children? Infancia y Aprendizaje: Journal for the Study of Education and Development, 36(2), 181–197. https://doi.org/10.1174/021037013806196256CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, J. D., Ehrlich, K. B., Lejuez, C. W., & Cassidy, J. (2015). Parental knowledge of adolescent activities: Links with parental attachment style and adolescent substance use. Journal of Family Psychology, 29, 191–200. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000070CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kapetanovic, S., Skoog, T., Bohlin, M., & Gerdner, A. (2019). Aspects of the parent–adolescent relationship and associations with adolescent risk behaviors over time. Journal of Family Psychology, 33(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000436.suppCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kapetanovic, S., Skoog, T., Bohlin, M., & Gerdner, A. (2020). Does one size fit all?: Linking parenting with adolescent substance use and adolescent temperament. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 30(Suppl 2), 443–457. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12489CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keijsers, L., Branje, S. J. T., VanderValk, I. E., & Meeus, W. (2010). Reciprocal effects between parental solicitation, parental control, adolescent disclosure, and adolescent delinquency. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20(1), 88–113. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2009.00631.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keijsers, L., Voelkle, M. C., Maciejewski, D., Branje, S., Koot, H., Hiemstra, M., & Meeus, W. (2016). What drives developmental change in adolescent disclosure and maternal knowledge? Heterogeneity in within-family processes. Developmental Psychology, 52, 2057–2070. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000220CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kerr, M., & Stattin, H. (2000). What parents know, how they know it, and several forms of adolescent adjustment: Further support for a reinterpretation of monitoring. Developmental Psychology, 36(3), 366–380. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.36.3.366CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kerr, M., Stattin, H., & Burk, W. J. (2010). A reinterpretation of parental monitoring in longitudinal perspective. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20(1), 39–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2009.00623.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
LaFleur, L. K., Zhao, Y., Zeringue, M. M., & Laird, R. D. (2016). Warmth and legitimacy beliefs contextualize adolescents’ negative reactions to parental monitoring. Journal of Adolescence, 51(1), 58–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.05.013CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laird, R. D., Criss, M. M., Pettit, G. S., Dodge, K. A., & Bates, J. E. (2008). Parents’ monitoring knowledge attenuates the link between antisocial friends and adolescent delinquent behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(3), 299–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-007-9178-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laird, R. D., Marrero, M. D., Melching, J., & Kuhn, E. S. (2013). Brief report: Improving the validity of assessments of adolescents’ feelings of privacy invasion. Journal of Adolescence, 36(1), 227–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.10.011CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laird, R. D., Pettit, G. S., Dodge, K. A., & Bates, J. E. (2003). Change in parents’ monitoring knowledge: Links with parenting, relationship quality, adolescent beliefs, and antisocial behavior. Social Development, 12(3), 401–419. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00240CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lansford, J. E., Laird, R. D., Pettit, G. S., Bates, J. E., & Dodge, K. A. (2014). Mothers’ and fathers’ autonomy-relevant parenting: Longitudinal links with adolescents’ externalizing and internalizing behavior. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(11), 1877–1889. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-0079-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lin, H., Harrist, A. W., Lansford, J. E., Pettit, G. S., Bates, J. E., & Dodge, K. A. (2020). Adolescent social withdrawal, parental psychological control, and parental knowledge across seven years: A developmental cascade model. Journal of Adolescence, 81, 124–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.04.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lionetti, F., Palladino, B. E., Moses Passini, C., Casonato, M., Hamzallari, O., Ranta, M. … Keijsers, L. (2019). The development of parental monitoring during adolescence: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 16(5), 552–580. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2018.1476233CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, D., Chen, D., & Brown, B. B. (2020). Do parenting practices and child disclosure predict parental knowledge? A meta-analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 49(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964–019-01154-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mageau, G. A., Sherman, A., Grusec, J. E., Koestner, R., & Bureau, J. S. (2017). Different ways of knowing a child and their relations to mother-reported autonomy support. Social Development, 26(3), 630–644. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12212CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marciano, L., Petrocchi, S., & Camerini, A.-L. (2022). Parental knowledge of children’s screen time: The role of parent–child relationship and communication. Communication Research, 49(6), 792–815. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650220952227CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masche, J. G. (2010). Explanation of normative declines in parents’ knowledge about their adolescent children. Journal of Adolescence, 33(2), 271–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.08.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McConnell, E. D., & Yellow Horse, A. J. (2021). Vulnerable and resilient: Legal status, sources of support, maternal knowledge, and the family routines of Mexican and Central American-origin mothers in Los Angeles. International Migration Review, 55(2), 514–546. https://doi.org/10.1177/0197918320949816CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mikolajczak, M., Gross, J. J., & Roskam, I. (2021). Beyond job burnout: Parental burnout! Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 25(5), 333–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2021.01.012CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moilanen, K. L., Shaw, D. S., Criss, M. M., & Dishion, T. J. (2009). Growth and predictors of parental knowledge of youth behavior during early adolescence. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 29(6), 800–825. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431608325505CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Montano, G. T., Marshal, M. P., McCauley, H. L., Miller, E., Chung, T., & Hipwell, A. E. (2018). Group-based trajectories of parent–child communication and parental knowledge between sexual minority and heterosexual girls and their associations with substance use. Journal of Adolescence, 69, 150–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.09.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Omer, H., Satran, S., & Driter, O. (2016). Vigilant care: An integrative reformulation regarding parental monitoring. Psychological Review, 123(3), 291–304. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000024CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peng, S., Hawk, S. T., & Wang, Y. (2023). Perceptions of parental privacy invasion and information management among Chinese adolescents: Comparing between- and within-family associations. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 52(6), 1287–1300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964–023-01771-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pizarro, K. W., Surkan, P. J., & Bustamante, I. V. (2021). The social ecology of parental monitoring: Parent–child dynamics in a high-risk Peruvian neighborhood. Family Process, 60(1), 199–215. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12542CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Racz, S. J., & McMahon, R. J. (2011). The relationship between parental knowledge and monitoring and child and adolescent conduct problems: A 10-year update. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14(4), 377–398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-011-0099-yCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Romero, A. J., & Ruiz, M. (2007). Does familism lead to increased parental monitoring?: Protective factors for coping with risky behaviors. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 16(2), 143–154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-006-9074-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rote, W. M., & Smetana, J. G. (2016). Beliefs about parents’ right to know: Domain differences and associations with change in concealment. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 26(2), 334–344. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12194CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rote, W. M., & Smetana, J. G. (2018). Within-family dyadic patterns of parental monitoring and adolescent information management. Developmental Psychology, 54(12), 2302–2315. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000615CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rudy, D., Han, S., & Yu, M. (2022). South Korean adolescents’ delinquency, disclosure, parental knowledge, parent–child closeness, and delinquent peer associations. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 33(2), 514–529. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12822CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L., Vansteenkiste, M., & Soenens, B. (2021). Building a science of motivated persons: Self-determination theory’s empirical approach to human experience and the regulation of behavior. Motivation Science, 7(2), 97–110. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000194CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salari, R., & Thorell, L. B. (2015). Parental monitoring in late adolescence: Relations to ADHD symptoms and longitudinal predictors. Journal of Adolescence, 40, 24–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smetana, J. G. (2011). Adolescents, families, and social development: How teens construct their worlds. Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Son, I. B., & Choi, J. A. (2013). Parental knowledge trajectory and its relationships with parental warmth and adolescent disclosure for Korean adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review, 35(9), 1643–1649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2013.06.018CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sorkhabi, N., & Middaugh, E. (2014). How variations in parents’ use of confrontive and coercive control relate to variations in parent–adolescent conflict, adolescent disclosure, and parental knowledge: Adolescents’ perspective. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(7), 1227–1241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9783-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spaeth, M., Weichold, K., & Silbereisen, R. K. (2017). Developmental trajectories of parental knowledge during early adolescence and their psychosocial predictors. Journal of Family Issues, 38(6), 731–754. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X15576965CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stattin, H., & Kerr, M. (2000). Parental monitoring: A reinterpretation. Child Development, 71(4), 1072–1085. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00210CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taraban, L., & Shaw, D. S. (2018). Parenting in context: Revisiting Belsky’s classic process of parenting model in early childhood. Developmental Review, 48, 55–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2018.03.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tilton-Weaver, L., Kerr, M., Pakalniskeine, V., Tokic, A., Salihovic, S., & Stattin, H. (2010). Open up or close down: How do parental reactions affect youth information management? Journal of Adolescence, 33(2), 333–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.07.011CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Urry, S. A., Nelson, L. J., & Padilla-Walker, L. M. (2011). Mother knows best: Psychological control, child disclosure, and maternal knowledge in emerging adulthood. Journal of Family Studies, 17(2), 157–173. https://doi.org/10.5172/jfs.2011.17.2.157CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Petegem, S., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., & Beyers, W. (2015). Rebels with a cause? Adolescent defiance from the perspective of reactance theory and self‐determination theory. Child Development, 86(3), 903–918. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12355CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Zalk, N., & Van Zalk, M. (2020). Early adolescent disclosure and parental knowledge regarding online activities: Social anxiety and parental rule-setting as moderators. Current Psychology, 39(1), 287–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9750-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Visscher, A. H., Boele, S., & Denissen, J. J. A. (2023). Unraveling the bidirectional associations between parental knowledge and children’s externalizing behavior. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 52(4), 794–809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964–023-01743-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waizenhofer, R. N., Buchanan, C. M., & Jackson-Newsom, J. (2004). Mothers’ and fathers’ knowledge of adolescents’ daily activities: Its sources and its links with adolescent adjustment. Journal of Family Psychology, 18, 348–360. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.18.2.348CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walters, G. D., & Espelage, D. L. (2018). The significance of variable order in assessing the effect of perceived parental knowledge and peer deviance on participant delinquency: A replication and extension. Crime & Delinquency, 64(11), 1417–1436. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128717749858CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, J., Simons-Morton, B. G., Farhart, T., & Luk, J. W. (2009). Socio-demographic variability in adolescent substance use: Mediation by parents and peers. Prevention Science, 10(4), 387–396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-009-0141-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Willoughby, T., & Hamza, C. A. (2011). A longitudinal examination of the bidirectional associations among perceived parenting behaviors, adolescent disclosure and problem behavior across the high school years. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40(4), 463–478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-010-9567-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ying, L., Ma, F., Huang, H., Guo, X., Chen, C., & Xu, F. (2015). Parental monitoring, parent-adolescent communication, and adolescents’ trust in their parents in China. PLOS One, 10(8), e0134730. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134730CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yun, H.-J., Cui, M., & Blair, B. L. (2016). The mediating roles of adolescent disclosure and parental knowledge in the association between parental warmth and delinquency among Korean adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(8), 2395–2404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826–016-0425-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, C., May, E. M., Witherspoon, D. P., Boggs, S., & Bamaca-Colbert, M. (2021). A contextual exploration of parental monitoring in Latinx parent-adolescent dyads. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 30(10), 2492–2503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-02025-yCrossRefGoogle Scholar