Book contents
- The Cambridge Handbook of Parental Monitoring and Information Management during Adolescence
- Cambridge Handbooks in Psychology
- The Cambridge Handbook of Parental Monitoring and Information Management during Adolescence
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Figures and Tables
- Contributors
- Acknowledgments
- Part I History of the Field and Theoretical Frameworks
- Part II Reconsidering Parenting and Parental Knowledge
- Part III Informant and Contextual Differences in Disclosure and Secrecy
- 11 Types of Concealment and Implications for Adjustment in Adolescent–Parent Relationships
- 12 The Role of Self-Disclosure and Secrecy in Adolescent–Parent Relationships
- 13 Adolescent Lying to Parents and Resistance to Parental Authority
- 14 Adolescent Disclosure with Parents versus Siblings and Friends
- 15 Disclosure and Secrecy in Turkish Families
- 16 Familism Values and Disclosure Among Latinx Youth
- 17 Self-Disclosure and “Coming Out” to Parents among LGBTQ Youth
- Part IV Applications
- Index
- References
12 - The Role of Self-Disclosure and Secrecy in Adolescent–Parent Relationships
from Part III - Informant and Contextual Differences in Disclosure and Secrecy
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 December 2024
Book contents
- The Cambridge Handbook of Parental Monitoring and Information Management during Adolescence
- Cambridge Handbooks in Psychology
- The Cambridge Handbook of Parental Monitoring and Information Management during Adolescence
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Figures and Tables
- Contributors
- Acknowledgments
- Part I History of the Field and Theoretical Frameworks
- Part II Reconsidering Parenting and Parental Knowledge
- Part III Informant and Contextual Differences in Disclosure and Secrecy
- 11 Types of Concealment and Implications for Adjustment in Adolescent–Parent Relationships
- 12 The Role of Self-Disclosure and Secrecy in Adolescent–Parent Relationships
- 13 Adolescent Lying to Parents and Resistance to Parental Authority
- 14 Adolescent Disclosure with Parents versus Siblings and Friends
- 15 Disclosure and Secrecy in Turkish Families
- 16 Familism Values and Disclosure Among Latinx Youth
- 17 Self-Disclosure and “Coming Out” to Parents among LGBTQ Youth
- Part IV Applications
- Index
- References
Summary
This chapter examines the role of self-disclosure and secrecy in adolescent–parent relationships from a social perspective, highlighting their importance in monitoring and regulating relationship quality and closeness. Although adolescent–parent relationships share characteristics with other close relationships, they also differ. Both these similarities and differences have implications for the dynamics of self-disclosure and secrecy. A distinction is made between intimate self-disclosure and routine disclosure – the daily details of life – both of which play a critical role in these dynamics. The chapter conceptualizes the adolescent–parent relationship, examines the nature of self-disclosure and secrecy, and explores their interrelations within adolescent–parent relationships. It also considers the variability of self-disclosure as influenced by social norms and cultural background. The chapter concludes with a discussion of future research directions, particularly in the context of evolving communication technologies, and their implications for understanding the dynamics of self-disclosure and secrecy between adolescents and their parents.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Cambridge Handbook of Parental Monitoring and Information Management during Adolescence , pp. 238 - 260Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2024
References
Afifi, T. D., & Steuber, K. (2010). The cycle of concealment model. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27(8), 1019–1034. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407510378301CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Afifi, W. A., & Afifi, T. D. (2020). The relative impacts of disclosure and secrecy: The role of (perceived) target response. Current Opinion in Psychology, 31, 94–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.08.015CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Akkuş, B. (2021). The universal values of community: A social dynamical view on culture [PhD thesis]. University of Groningen. https://doi.org/10.33612/diss.170326811CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akkuş, B., Postmes, T. & Stroebe, K. E. (2017). Community collectivism: A social dynamic approach to conceptualizing culture. PLoS ONE, 12(9): e0185725. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185725CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Altman, I. & Taylor, D. A. (1973). Social penetration: The development of interpersonal relationships. Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.Google Scholar
Amato, P. R., & Afifi, T. D. (2006). Feeling caught between parents: Adult children’s relations with parents and subjective well‐being. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68(1), 222–235. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00243.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baptiste, D. A. (2005). Family therapy with East Indian immigrant parents rearing children in the United States: Parental concerns, therapeutic issues, and recommendations. Contemporary Family Therapy, 27(3), 345–366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-005-6214-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baudat, S., Mantzouranis, G., Van Petegem, S., & Zimmermann, G. (2022). How do adolescents manage information in the relationship with their parents? A latent class analysis of disclosure, keeping secrets, and lying. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 51(6), 1134–1152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-022-01599-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bennett, C., Harden, J., & Anstey, S. (2018). Fathers as sexuality educators: Aspirations and realities. An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Sex Education, 18(1), 74–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2017.1390449CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bi, S., Stevens, G., Maes, M., Boer, M., Delaruelle, K., Eriksson, C., … & Finkenauer, C. (2021). Perceived social support from different sources and adolescent life satisfaction across 42 countries/regions: the moderating role of national-level generalized trust. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 50(7), 1384–1409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-021-01441-zCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boer, M., Stevens, G. W., Finkenauer, C., de Looze, M. E., & van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M. (2021). Social media use intensity, social media use problems, and mental health among adolescents: Investigating directionality and mediating processes. Computers in Human Behavior, 116, 106645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106645CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boratav, H. B., Fişek, G. O., & Ziya, H. E. (2014). Unpacking masculinities in the context of social change: Internal complexities of the identities of married men in Turkey. Men and Masculinities, 17(3), 299–324. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X14539511CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campione-Barr, N., Lindell, A. K., Giron, S. E., Killoren, S. E., & Greer, K. B. (2015). Domain differentiated disclosure to mothers and siblings and associations with sibling relationship quality and youth emotional adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 51(9), 1278–1291. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000036CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caughlin, J. P., & Sharabi, L. L. (2013). A communicative interdependence perspective of close relationships: The connections between mediated and unmediated interactions matter. Journal of Communication, 63(5), 873–893. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12046Google Scholar
Caughlin, J. P., Afifi, W. A., Carpenter‐Theune, K. E., & Miller, L. E. (2005). Reasons for, and consequences of, revealing personal secrets in close relationships: A longitudinal study. Personal Relationships, 12(1), 43–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1350-4126.2005.00101.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cialdini, R. B., Reno, R. R., & Kallgren, C. A. (1990). A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(6), 1015–1026. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.6.1015CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, M. S., & Mills, J. (1979). Interpersonal attraction in exchange and communal relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(1), 12–24. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.37.1.12CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costigan, C. L., Hua, J. M., & Su, T. F. (2010). Living up to expectations: The strengths and challenges experienced by Chinese Canadian students. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 25(3), 223–245. https://doi.org/10.1177/0829573510368941CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crossler, R. E. (2011). Privacy in the digital age: A review of information privacy research in information systems. MIS Quarterly, 35(4), 1017–1041. https://doi.org/10.2307/41409971Google Scholar
Danielsbacka, M., Tammisalo, K., & Tanskanen, A. O. (2023). Digital and traditional communication with kin: Displacement or reinforcement? Journal of Family Studies, 29(3), 1270–1291. https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2022.2040575CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derlega, V. J., & Chaikin, A. L. (1977). Privacy and self‐disclosure in social relationships. Journal of Social Issues, 33(3), 102–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1977.tb01885.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dimitrova, R. (Ed.). (2018). Well-being of youth and emerging adults across cultures: Novel approaches and findings from Europe, Asia, Africa and America. Cross-cultural advancements in positive psychology (Vol. 12). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68363-8Google Scholar
Dindia, K., Fitzpatrick, M. A., & Kenny, D. A. (1997). Self-disclosure in spouse and stranger interaction a social relations analysis. Human Communication Research, 23(3), 388–412. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1997.tb00402.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dost-Gözkan, A. (2022). Adolescent–parent relationships and youth well‐being in Turkey. Child Development Perspectives, 16(3), 173–179. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12459CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elsharnouby, E., & Dost-Gözkan, A. (2020). Adolescents’ well-being with respect to the patterns of disclosure to and secrecy from parents and the best friend: A person-centered examination. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 49, 1687–1701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01246-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erikson, E. H. (1959). Identity and the life cycle: Selected papers. International Universities Press.Google Scholar
Feeney, B. & Collins, N. (2014). A new look at social support. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 19(2), 113–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868314544222CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finkenauer, C., & Buyukcan-Tetik, A. (2015). To know you is to feel intimate with you: Felt knowledge is rooted in disclosure, solicitation, and intimacy. Family Science, 6(1), 109–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/19424620.2015.1082012CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finkenauer, C., Engels, R. C. M. E., Meeus, W., & Oosterwegel, A. (2002). Self and identity in early adolescence: The pains and gains of growing up. In Brinthaupt, T. M., & Lipka, R. P. (Eds.), Understanding early adolescent self and identity: Applications and interventions (pp. 25–56). State University of New York Press. https://doi.org/10.1353/book4525Google Scholar
Finkenauer, C., Engels, R. C., & Meeus, W. (2002). Keeping secrets from parents: Advantages and disadvantages of secrecy in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31(2), 123–136. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014069926507CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finkenauer, C., Engels, R. C., Branje, S. J., & Meeus, W. (2004). Disclosure and relationship satisfaction in families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66(1), 195–209. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00013.x-i1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finkenauer, C., Kerkhof, P., & Pronk, T. (2018). Self-disclosure in relationships: Revealing and concealing information about oneself to others. In Vangelisti, A. L. & Perlman, D. (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of personal relationships (pp. 271–281). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316417867.022Google Scholar
Finkenauer, C., Kubacka, K. E., Engels, R. C. M. E., & Kerkhof, P. (2009). Secrecy in close relationships: Investigating its intrapersonal and interpersonal effects. In Afifi, T. D., & Afifi, W. A. (Eds.), Uncertainty, information management, and disclosure decisions: Theories and applications (pp. 300–319). Routledge.Google Scholar
Flannery, K. & Smith, R. (2021). Breaking up (with a friend) is hard to do: An examination of friendship dissolution among early adolescents. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 41(9), 1368–1393. https://doi.org/10.1177/02724316211002266CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frijns, T. (2005). Keeping secrets: Quantity, quality and consequences [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. http://hdl.handle.net/1871/9001Google Scholar
Frijns, T. & Finkenauer, C. (2009). Longitudinal associations between keeping a secret and psychosocial adjustment in adolescence. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 33(2), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025408098020CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frijns, T., Keijsers, L., Branje, S. J. T., & Meeus, W. (2010). What parents don’t know and how it may affect their children: Qualifying the disclosure-adjustment link. Journal of Adolescence, 33(2), 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.05.010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frijns, T., Finkenauer, C., & Keijsers, L. (2013). Shared secrets versus secrets kept private are linked to better adolescent adjustment. Journal of Adolescence, 36(1), 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.09.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frijns, T., Keijsers, L., & Finkenauer, C. (2020). Keeping secrets from parents: On galloping horses, prancing ponies and pink unicorns. Current Opinion in Psychology, 31, 49–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.07.041CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gelfand, M. J., Raver, J. L., Nishii, L., Leslie, L. M., Lun, J., Lim, B. C., … & Yamaguchi, S. (2011). Differences between tight and loose cultures: A 33-nation study. Science, 332(6033), 1100–1104. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1197754CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Georgas, J., Berry, J. W., Van de Vijver, F. J., Kagitçibasi, Ç., & Poortinga, Y. H. (Eds.). (2006). Families across cultures: A 30-nation psychological study. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, J. A., & Liu, D. (2022). Social media use, social displacement, and well-being. Current Opinion in Psychology, 46, Article 101339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101339CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Imami, L., Zilioli, S., Tobin, E. T., Saleh, D. J., Kane, H. S., & Slatcher, R. B. (2017). Youth secrets are associated with poorer sleep and asthma symptoms via negative affect. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 96, 15–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.02.011CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jankowski, P. J., Hooper, L. M., Sandage, S. J., & Hannah, N. J. (2013). Parentification and mental health symptoms: Mediator effects of perceived unfairness and differentiation of self. Journal of Family Therapy, 35(1), 43–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6427.2011.00574.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jourard, S. M. (1971). Self-disclosure: An experimental analysis of the transparent self. John Wiley.Google Scholar
Kagitçibasi, C. (2007). Family, self, and human development across cultures: Theory and applications (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-2589.2010.00048.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kagitcibasi, C., Ataca, B., & Diri, A. (2010). Intergenerational relationships in the family: Ethnic, socioeconomic, and country variations in Germany, Israel, Palestine, and Turkey. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 41(5–6), 652–670. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022110372193CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keijsers, L., Branje, S. J. T., Frijns, T., Finkenauer, C., & Meeus, W. (2010). Gender differences in keeping secrets from parents in adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 46(1), 293–298. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018115CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kenny, R., Dooley, B., & Fitzgerald, A. (2013). Interpersonal relationships and emotional distress in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 36(2), 351–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.12.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kerr, M., Stattin, H., & Burk, W. J. (2010). A reinterpretation of parental monitoring in longitudinal perspective. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20(1), 39–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2009.00623.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khafi, T. Y., Yates, T. M., & Luthar, S. S. (2014). Ethnic differences in the developmental significance of parentification. Family Process, 53(2), 267–287. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12072CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laird, R. D., Zeringue, M. M., & Lambert, E. S. (2018). Negative reactions to monitoring: Do they undermine the ability of monitoring to protect adolescents? Journal of Adolescence, 63(1), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.12.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ledbetter, A. M. (2010). Family communication patterns and communication competence as predictors of online communication attitude: Evaluating a dual pathway model. Journal of Family Communication, 10(2), 99–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431003595462CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Y., Smetana, J. G., & Yau, J. P. (2023). Patterns of reasons for not disclosing personal activities and feelings to mothers and fathers among ethnically diverse adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 52(1), 30–43. https://doi-org.proxy.library.uu.nl/10.1007/s10964-022-01662-wCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A., Finkenauer, C., van der Vorst, H., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2012). Being mum’s confidant, a boon or bane? Examining gender differences in the association of maternal disclosure with adolescents’ depressive feelings. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(4), 449–459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-011-9661-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Markus, H. R. & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224–253. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.224CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (2010). Cultures and selves: A cycle of mutual constitution. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5(4), 420–430. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691610375557CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miczo, N., Mariani, T., & Donahue, C. (2011). The strength of strong ties: Media multiplexity, communication motives, and the maintenance of geographically close friendships. Communication Reports, 24(1), 12–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/08934215.2011.555322CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peris, T. S., Goeke-Morey, M. C., Cummings, E. M., & Emery, R. E. (2008). Marital conflict and support seeking by parents in adolescence: Empirical support for the parentification construct. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(4), 633–642. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012792CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perrin, M. B., Ehrenberg, M. F., & Hunter, M. A. (2013). Boundary diffusion, individuation, and adjustment: Comparison of young adults raised in divorced versus intact families. Family Relations, 62(5), 768–782. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12040CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petronio, S. (1991). Communication boundary management: A theoretical model of managing disclosure of private information between marital couples. Communication Theory, 1(4), 311–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.1991.tb00023.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Postmes, T., Akkus, B., & Stroebe, K. (2015). The discovery of the other in social and cultural psychology. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46(10), 1336–1340. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022115610818CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pouwels, J. L., Valkenburg, P. M., Beyens, I., van Driel, I. I., & Keijsers, L. (2021). Social media use and friendship closeness in adolescents’ daily lives: An experience sampling study. Developmental Psychology, 57(2), 309–323. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001148CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pronin, E., Fleming, J. J., & Steffel, M. (2008). Value revelations: Disclosure is in the eye of the beholder. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(4), 795–809. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012710CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reis, H. T., & Shaver, P. (1988). Intimacy as an interpersonal process. In Duck, S., Hay, D. F., Hobfoll, S. E., Ickes, W., & Montgomery, B. M. (Eds.), Handbook of personal relationships: Theory, research and interventions (pp. 367–389). John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Reis, H. T., Lemay, E. P. Jr, & Finkenauer, C. (2017). Toward understanding understanding: The importance of feeling understood in relationships. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 11(3), e12308. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12308CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rimé, B., Finkenauer, C., Luminet, O., Zech, E., & Philippot, P. (1998). Social sharing of emotion: New evidence and new questions. European Review of Social Psychology, 9(1), 145–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/14792779843000072CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodriguez, S. R. (2014). “We’ll only see parts of each other’s lives”: The role of mundane talk in maintaining nonresidential parent–child relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 31(8), 1134–1152. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407514522898CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rueger, S. Y., Malecki, C. K., Pyun, Y., Aycock, C., & Coyle, S. (2016). A meta-analytic review of the association between perceived social support and depression in childhood and adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 142(10), 1017–1067. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000058CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rusbult, C. E., & Van Lange, P. A. M. (1996). Interdependence processes. In Higgins, E. T. & Kruglanski, A. (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 564–596). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Schrodt, P., & Ledbetter, A. M. (2007). Communication processes that mediate family communication patterns and mental well-being: A mean and covariance structures analysis of young adults from divorced and nondivorced families. Human Communication Research, 33(3), 330–356. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2007.00302.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, S. H. (2012). An overview of the Schwartz theory of basic values. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1116CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sigman, S. J. (1991). Handling the discontinuous aspects of continuous social relationships: Toward research on the persistence of social forms. Communication Theory, 1(2), 106–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.1991.tb00008.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sillars, A., Koerner, A., & Fitzpatrick, M. A. (2005). Communication and understanding in parent–adolescent relationships. Human Communication Research, 31(1), 102–128. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2005.tb00866.xGoogle Scholar
Smetana, J. G., Campione‐Barr, N., & Daddis, C. (2004). Longitudinal development of family decision making: Defining healthy behavioral autonomy for middle‐class African American adolescents. Child Development, 75(5), 1418–1434. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00749.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smetana, J. G., Metzger, A., Gettman, D. C., & Campione‐Barr, N. (2006). Disclosure and secrecy in adolescent–parent relationships. Child Development, 77(1), 201–217. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00865.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smetana, J. G., & Rote, W. M. (2019). Adolescent–parent relationships: Progress, processes, and prospects. Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, 1, 41–68. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084903CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smetana, J., Robinson, J., Bourne, S. V., & Wainryb, C. (2019). “I didn’t want to, but then I told”: Adolescents’ narratives regarding disclosure, concealment, and lying. Developmental Psychology, 55(2), 403–414. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000646CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, P. B., Fischer, R., Vignoles, V. L., & Bond, M. H. (2013). Understanding social psychology across cultures: Engaging with others in a changing world. Sage.Google Scholar
Sorensen, N., & Oyserman, D. (2009). Collectivism, effects on relationships. In Reis, H. T. & Sprecher, S. K. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of human relationships (pp. 233–236). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412958479.n80Google Scholar
Sprecher, S., Treger, S., Wondra, J. D., Hilaire, N., & Wallpe, K. (2013). Taking turns: Reciprocal self-disclosure promotes liking in initial interactions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(5), 860–866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.03.017CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tilton‐Weaver, L. C., Marshall, S. K., & Darling, N. (2014). What’s in a name? Distinguishing between routine disclosure and self‐disclosure. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 24(4), 551–563. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12090CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Triandis, H., & Gelfand, M. (2012). A theory of individualism and collectivism. In Van Lange, P. A. M, Kruglanski, A. W., & Higgins, E. T. (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology (pp. 498–520). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446249222.n51CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uhls, Y. T., Ellison, N. B., & Subrahmanyam, K. (2017). Benefits and costs of social media in adolescence. Pediatrics, 140(Suppl 2), S67–S70. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1758ECrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Utz, I. (2015). The index of cultural tightness and looseness among 68 countries. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46(3), 319–335. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022114563611Google Scholar
Vangelisti, A. L., & Banski, M. A. (1993). Couples’ debriefing conversations: The impact of gender, occupation, and demographic characteristics. Family Relations: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family Studies, 42(2), 149–157. https://doi.org/10.2307/585448CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Harmelen, A. L., Gibson, J. L., St Clair, M. C., Owens, M., Brodbeck, J., Dunn, V., … & Goodyer, I. M. (2016). Friendships and family support reduce subsequent depressive symptoms in at-risk adolescents. PloS One, 11(5), e0153715. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153715CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vieno, A., Nation, M., Pastore, M., & Santinello, M. (2009). Parenting and antisocial behavior: a model of the relationship between adolescent self-disclosure, parental closeness, parental control, and adolescent antisocial behavior. Developmental Psychology, 45(6), 1509–1519. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016929CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vignoles, V. L., Owe, E., Becker, M., Smith, P. B., Easterbrook, M. J., Brown, R., … & Bond, M. H. (2016). Beyond the “east–west” dichotomy: Global variation in cultural models of selfhood. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 145(8), 966–1000. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022117738751CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Villarreal, D. L., & Nelson, J. A. (2022). Communicating and connecting: Associations between daily adolescent disclosure and mother–adolescent responsiveness. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 32(2), 704–710. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12676CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Villalobos Solís, M., Smetana, J. G., & Comer, J. (2015). Associations among solicitation, relationship quality, and adolescents’ disclosure and secrecy with mothers and best friends. Journal of Adolescence, 43(1), 193–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.05.016CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waller, E. M. & Rose, A. J. (2013). Brief report: adolescents’ co‐rumination with mothers, co‐rumination with friends, and internalizing symptoms. Journal of Adolescence, 36(2), 429–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.12.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Willems, Y. E., Finkenauer, C., & Kerkhof, P. (2020). The role of disclosure in relationships. Current Opinion in Psychology, 31, 33–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.07.032CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yamamoto, Y., & Holloway, S. D. (2010). Parental expectations and children’s academic performance in sociocultural context. Educational Psychology Review, 22, 189–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-010-9121-zCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, Y. C., Boen, C., Gerken, K., Li, T., Schorpp, K., & Harris, K. M. (2016). Social relationships and physiological determinants of longevity across the human life span. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(3), 578–583. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1511085112CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yau, J., Tasopoulos-Chan, M., & Smetana, J. (2009). Disclosure to parents about everyday activities among American adolescents from Mexican, Chinese, and European backgrounds. Child Development, 80(5), 1481–1498. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01346.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed