Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T19:16:55.919Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

15 - Disclosure and Secrecy in Turkish Families

from Part III - Informant and Contextual Differences in Disclosure and Secrecy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 December 2024

By
Ayfer Dost-Gözkan
Edited by
Judith G. Smetana ,
Nicole Campione-Barr  and
Lauree C. Tilton-Weaver
Judith G. Smetana
Affiliation:
University of Rochester, New York
Nicole Campione-Barr
Affiliation:
University of Missouri, Columbia
Lauree C. Tilton-Weaver
Affiliation:
Örebro University
Get access

Summary

This chapter reviews research on disclosure and secrecy in Turkish adolescents’ relationships with their parents in comparison with research from other cultures. Research on the topics, targets, and justifications of, and demographic differences in adolescent disclosure to and secrecy from their parents show that adolescents across cultures are more similar than different in managing their privacy with their parents. With development, adolescents construct their private and communal self, through selecting the topics to disclose, to whom to disclose, and the extent of disclosure. Disclosure and secrecy are similarly associated with parenting behaviors and well-being across cultures. Variations, however, stem from socioeconomic differences of families. Future research may consider going beyond broad categorizations of cultures (e.g. individualism and collectivism) and focus on the extent of convergence between the worldviews of adolescents and parents, which is likely to determine the scope and the frequency of sharing information with parents.

Keywords

Disclosuresecrecyadolescent privacyTurkish familiesinformation management
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Parental Monitoring and Information Management during Adolescence , pp. 303 - 325
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Afifi, W. A., & Afifi, T. D. (2020). The relative impacts of disclosure and secrecy: The role of (perceived) target response. Current Opinion in Psychology, 31, 94–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.08.015CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Almas, A. N., Grusec, J., & Tackett, J. L. (2011). Children’s disclosure and secrecy: Links to maternal parenting characteristics and children’s coping skills. Social Development, 20(3), 624–643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2010.00602.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altman, I. (1977). Privacy regulation: Culturally universal or culturally specific? Journal of Social Issues, 33(3), 66–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1977.tb01883.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayçiçeği-Dinn, A., & Caldwell-Harris, C. L. (2013). Vertical collectivism, family-consciousness and urbanization in Turkey. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 12(47), 235–251. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/esosder/issue/6161/82837Google Scholar
Ayçiçeği-Dinn, A., & Sunar, D. (2017). A cross-cultural and within-culture comparison of child-rearing practices and their correlates. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 32(79), 111–114.Google Scholar
Barasch, A. (2020). The consequences of sharing. Current Opinion in Psychology, 31, 61–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.06.027CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baudat, S., Mantzouranis, G., Van Petegem, S., & Zimmermann, G. (2022). How do adolescents manage information in the relationship with their parents? A latent class analysis of disclosure, keeping secrets, and lying. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 51(6), 1134–1152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-022-01599-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baum, S. M., & Critcher, C. R. (2020) The costs of not disclosing. Current Opinion in Psychology, 31, 72–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.08.012CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bornstein, M. H., & Bradley, R. H. (Eds.). (2014). Socioeconomic status, parenting, and child development. Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Branje, S. (2022). Adolescent identity development in context. Current Opinion in Psychology, 45, 101286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.11.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, B. B., & Bakken, J. P. (2011). Parenting and peer relationships: Reinvigorating research on family–peer linkages in adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(1), 153–165. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00720.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Çetin Gündüz, H. C., & Cok, F. (2015). Parental monitoring in adolescence: An investigation according to adolescents’, mothers’, and fathers’ reports. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 16(6), 433–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheung, C. S. S., Pomerantz, E. M., & Dong, W. (2013). Does adolescents’ disclosure to their parents matter for their academic adjustment?. Child Development, 84(2), 693–710. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01853.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crouter, A. C., Bumpus, M. F., Davis, K. D., & McHale, S. M. (2005). How do parents learn adolescents’ experiences? Implications for parental knowledge and adolescent risky behavior. Child Development, 76(4), 869–882. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00883.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Currie, C., Zanotti, C., Morgan, A., Currie, D., de Looze, M., Roberts, C., Samdal, O., Smith, O. R. F., & Barnekov, V. (2012). Social determinants of health and well-being among young people. Health behaviour in school-aged children (HBSC) study: International report from the 2009/2010 survey. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe.Google Scholar
Darling, N., Cumsille, P., Caldwell, L. L., & Dowdy, B. (2006). Predictors of adolescents’ disclosure to parents and perceived parental knowledge: Between- and within-person differences. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(4), 667–678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-006-9058-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deater-Deckard, K. & Dodge, K. A. (1997). Externalizing behavior problems and discipline revisited: Nonlinear effects and variation by culture, context, and gender, Psychological Inquiry, 8(3), 161–175. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0803_1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demir, İ., Dünya, B. A. Z., & Atarbay, S. (2017). Annelerin ergeni izleme stratejileri: Mahremiyet ve kişisel alan bağlamında fenomenolojik bir çalışma. Eğitimde Nitel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(3), 67–89. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/enad/issue/32382/359884Google Scholar
Demirhan, M. (2002). Kendini açma düzeyleri farklı genel lise ögrencilerinin bazı degişkenler açısından saldırganlık düzeylerinin incelenmesi [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Anadolu University.Google Scholar
Deniz, M., & Bakioğlu, F. (2017). Ergenlerde sır saklamanın duygusal özerklik, ahlaki olgunluk, yalnızlık, utangaçlık ve sosyal destek açısından incelenmesi. Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education, 6(3), 1118–1133. https://doi.org/10.14686/buefad.338144CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derlega, V. J., & Grzelak, J. (1979). Appropriateness of self-disclosure. In Chelune, G. J. (Ed.), Self-disclosure: Origins, patterns, and implications of openness in interpersonal relationships (pp. 151–176). Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Derlega, V. J., Metts, S., Petronio, S., & Margulis, S. T. (1993). Self-disclosure. Sage.Google Scholar
Dinizulu, S. M., Grant, K. E., Bryant, F. B., Boustani, M. M., Tyler, D., & McIntosh, J. M. (2014). Parent–adolescent relationship quality and non-disclosure as mediators of the association between exposure to community violence and psychological distress. Child & Youth Care Forum, 43(1), 44–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-013-9224-zCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dost-Gözkan, A. (2012). Adolescent–parent discrepancies in beliefs about family relationships in Turkish families: Links to conflict, cohesion, life satisfaction, and conflict management (Publication No. 3500009) [Doctoral dissertation, Clark University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses.Google Scholar
Dost-Gözkan, A. (2019). Adolescents’ conflict resolution with their parents and best friends: Links to life satisfaction. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(10), 2854–2866. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826–019-01465-xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dost-Gözkan, A. (2020). The gratification of psychological needs and well-being among Turkish adolescents: An examination of direct and indirect links. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 31(1), 52–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jora.12582CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dost-Gözkan, A. (2022). Adolescent–parent relationships and youth well-being in Turkey. Child Development Perspectives, 16(3), 173–179. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12459CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dost-Gözkan, A. & Akdoğan, N. (2023). Turkish adolescents’ disclosure and secrecy topics, and reasons for disclosure and secrecy in their relationships with their parents [Unpublished manuscript]. Ozyegin University, Department of Psychology.Google Scholar
Dykstra, V. W., Willoughby, T., & Evans, A. D. (2020). A longitudinal examination of the relation between lie-telling, secrecy, parent–child relationship quality, and depressive symptoms in late-childhood and adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 49(2), 438–448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01183-zCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elsharnouby, E. & Dost-Gözkan, A. (2020). Adolescents’ disclosure and secrecy patterns and psychological well-being in parent and best friend relationship contexts. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 49(2), 1687–1701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964–020-01246-6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erdley, C. A., & Day, H. J. (2017). Friendship in childhood and adolescence. In Hojjat, M., & Moyer, A. (Eds.) The psychology of friendship (pp. 3–19). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Eşsizoğlu, A., Yasan, A., Yildirim, E. A., Gurgen, F. & Ozkan, M. (2011). Double standard for traditional value of virginity and premarital sexuality in Turkey: A university students case. Women & Health, 51(2), 136–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2011.553157CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finkenauer, C., Engels, R., & Meeus, W. (2002). Keeping secrets from parents: Advantages and disadvantages of secrecy in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31(2), 123–136. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014069926507CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frijns, T., & Finkenauer, C. (2009). Longitudinal associations between keeping a secret and psychological adjustment during adolescence. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 33(2), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025408098020CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frijns, T., Finkenauer, C., & Keijsers, L. (2013). Shared secrets versus secrets kept private are linked to better adolescent adjustment. Journal of Adolescence, 36(1), 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.09.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Güngör, D., & Bornstein, M. (2010). Culture-general and specific associations of attachment avoidance and anxiety with perceived parental warmth and psychological control among Turk and Belgian adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 33(5), 593–602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.12.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Habermas, T., & Bluck, S. (2000). Getting a life: The emergence of the life story in adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 126(5), 748–769. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.126.5.748CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamza, C. A., & Willoughby, T. (2011). Perceived parental monitoring, adolescent disclosure, and adolescent depressive symptoms: A longitudinal examination. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40(7), 902–915.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hofstede Insights. (2024). Turkey. Retrieved January 25, 2022, from www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison-tool?countries=turkeyGoogle Scholar
Hortaçsu, N. (1989). Targets of communication during adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 12(3), 253–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-1971(89)90076-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hunter, S. B., Barber, B. K., Olsen, J. A., McNeely, C. A., & Bose, K. (2011). Adolescents’ self-disclosure to parents across cultures: Who discloses and why. Journal of Adolescent Research, 26(4), 447–478. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558411402334CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kağıtçıbaşı, C. (2017). Family, self, human development across cultures. Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kapetanovic, S., Rothenberg, W. A., Lansford, J. E., Bornstein, M. H., Chang, L., Deater-Deckard, K., Di Giunta, L., Dodge, K. A., Gurdal, S., Malone, P. S., Oburu, P., Pastorelli, C., Skinner, A. T., Sorbring, E., Steinberg, L., Tapanya, S., Uribe Tirado, L. M., Yotanyamaneewong, , S., Peña Alampay, L., Al-Hassan, S. M., … Bacchini, D. (2020). Cross-cultural examination of links between parent–adolescent communication and adolescent psychological problems in 12 cultural groups. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 49(6), 1225–1244. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s10964-020-01212-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keijsers, L., Branje, S. J. T., Frijns, T., Finkenauer, C., & Meeus, W. (2010). Gender differences keeping secrets from parents in adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 46(1), 293–298. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018115CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kerr, M., & Stattin, H. (2000). What parents know, how they know it, and several forms of adolescent adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 36(3), 366–380. https://doi.org/10.1037//0012-1649.36.3.366CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Killoren, S. E., Campione-Barr, N. M., Jones, S. K., & Giron, S. E. (2019). Adolescent girls’ disclosure about dating and sexuality. Journal of Family Issues, 40(7), 887–910. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X19829501CrossRefGoogle Scholar
La Guardia, J. G., & Ryan, R. M. (2002). What adolescents need: A self-determination theory perspective on development within families, school, and society. In Pajares, F. and Urdan, T. (Eds.), Academic motivation of adolescents (pp. 193–219). Information Book Publishing.Google Scholar
Laird, R. D., Bridges, B. J., & Marsee, M. A. (2013). Secrets from friends and parents: Longitudinal links with depression and antisocial behavior. Journal of Adolescence, 36(4), 685–693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.05.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laird, R. D., & Marrero, M. D. (2010). Information management and behavior problems: Is concealing misbehavior necessarily a sign of trouble? Journal of Adolescence, 33(2), 297–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.05.018CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lansford, J. E. (2022). Annual Research Review: Cross-cultural similarities and differences in parenting. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 63(4), 466–479. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13539CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larson, D. G., Chastain, R. L., Hoyt, W. T. & Ayzenberg, R. (2015). Self-concealment: Integrative review and working model. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 34(8), 705–729. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2015.34.8.705CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Y., Smetana, J. G., & Yau, J. (2023). Patterns of reasons for not disclosing personal activities and feelings to mothers and fathers among ethnically diverse adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 52(1), 30–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-022-01662-wCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lionetti, F., Keijsers, L., Dellagiulia, A., & Pastore, M. (2016). Evidence of factorial validity of parental knowledge, control and solicitation, and adolescent disclosure scales: When the ordered nature of Likert scales matters. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 206130. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00941CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lionetti, F., Palladino, B. E., Moses Passini, C., Casonato, M., Hamzallari, O., Ranta, M., Dellaguilia, A., & Keijsers, L. (2019). The development of parental monitoring during adolescence: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 16(5), 552–580. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2018.1476233CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, D., Chen, D., & Brown, B. B. (2020). Do parenting practices and child disclosure predict parental knowledge? A meta-analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 49(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01154-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manigault, A., Figueroa, W., Hollenbeck, C., Mendlein, A., Woody, A., Hamilton, K., Scanlin, M., Johnson, R., & Zoccola, P. (2018). When family matters most: A test of the association between sexual minority identity disclosure context and diurnal cortisol in sexual minority young adults. Psychosomatic Medicine, 80, 717–723. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000625CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224–253. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, S. K., Tilton‐Weaver, L. C., & Bosdet, L. (2005). Information management: Considering adolescents’ regulation of parental knowledge. Journal of Adolescence, 28(5), 633–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.08.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, C. G., Kim, H. K., & Freyd, J. J. (2018). In the spirit of full disclosure: Maternal distress, emotion validation, and adolescent disclosure of distressing experiences. Emotion, 18(3), 400–411. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000363CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLean, K. C., & Jennings, L. E. (2012). Teens telling tales: How maternal and peer audiences support narrative identity development. Journal of Adolescence, 35(6), 1455–1469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.12.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Metzger, A., Romm, K., Babskie, E., & Alvis, L. (2020). “It’s none of your business”: Adolescents’ reasons for keeping secrets about their engagement in problem behaviors. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(2), 586–606. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407520966391CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Omar, H., Satran, S., & Driter, O. (2016). Vigilant care: An integrative reformulation regarding parental monitoring. Psychological Review, 123(3), 291–304. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000024CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ozyegin, G. (2009). Virginal facades: Sexual freedom and guilt among young Turkish women. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 16(2), 103–123. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506808101761CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peng, S., Hawk, S. T., & Wang, Y. (2023). Perceptions of parental privacy invasion and information management among Chinese adolescents: Comparing between-and within-family associations. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 52(6), 1287–1300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-023-01771-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pennebaker, J. W. (1995). Emotion, disclosure, and health. American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petronio, S. (2010). Communication privacy management theory: What do we know about family privacy regulation? Journal of Family Theory & Review, 2(3), 175–196. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-2589.2010.00052.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petronio, S., & Child, J. T. (2020). Conceptualization and operationalization: Utility of communication privacy management theory. Current Opinion in Psychology, 31, 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.08.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pinquart, M., & Kauser, R. (2018). Do the associations of parenting styles with behavior problems and academic achievement vary by culture? Results from a meta-analysis. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 24(1), 75–100. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000149CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Racz, S. J., & McMahon, R. J. (2011). The relationship between parental knowledge and monitoring and child and adolescent conduct problems: A 10-year update. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14(4), 377–398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-011-0099-yCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rose, A. J., & Rudolph, K. D. (2006). A review of sex differences in peer relationship processes: Potential trade-offs for the emotional and behavioral development of girls and boys. Psychological Bulletin, 132(1), 98–131. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.98CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rudy, D., Han, S., & Yu, M. (2023). South Korean adolescents’ delinquency, disclosure, parental knowledge, parent–child closeness, and delinquent peer associations. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 33(2), 514–529. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12822CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. Guilford Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sayıl, M., Kındap, Y., Bayar, Y., Bayraktar, F., Kurt, D., Tığrak, A., & Yaban, H. (2012). Ergenlik döneminde ebeveynlik ve ergenin psikososyal uyumu. Hacettepe University Press.Google Scholar
Semerci-Uyan, P. & Erdoğan, E. (2014). Defining and evaluating child well-being domains and indicators through the eyes of children in Turkey. UNICEF.Google Scholar
Smetana, J. G., Metzger, A., Gettman, D. C., & Campione-Barr, N. (2006). Disclosure and secrecy in adolescent–parent relationships. Child Development, 77(1), 201–217. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00865.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smetana, J. G., & Rote, W. M. (2019). Adolescent–parent relationships: Progress, processes, and prospects. Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, 1, 41–68. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084903CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smetana, J. G., Villalobos, M., Tasopoulos-Chan, M., Gettman, D., & Campione-Barr, N. (2009). Early and middle adolescents’ disclosure to parents about activities in different domains. Journal of Adolescence, 32(3), 693–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.06.010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smetana, J., Robinson, J., Bourne, S. V., & Wainryb, C. (2019). “I didn’t want to, but then I told”: Adolescents’ narratives regarding disclosure, concealment, and lying. Developmental Psychology, 55(2), 403–414. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000646CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Luyckx, K., & Goossens, L. (2006). Parenting and adolescent problem behavior: An integrated model with adolescent self-disclosure and perceived parental knowledge as intervening variables. Developmental Psychology, 42(2), 305–318. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.2.305CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sümer, N., Bal., H. M., & Cemalcılar, Z. (2021). Differences across generations and stability of values in the turbulence of social change in Turkey. In Tosun, J., Kittel, B., & Pauknerová, D. (Eds.), Intergenerational transmission and economic self-sufficiency (pp. 263–295). Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Sunar, D. (1999). Culture and gender influences on self-concept and the bases of self-esteem: Four Turkish studies. In Lonner, W. J., (Ed.), Merging past, present and future in cross-cultural psychology: Selected papers from the 14th International Congress of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology (pp. 387–395). Swets & Zeitlinger.Google Scholar
Sunar, D., & Fişek, G. (2005). Contemporary Turkish families. In Gielen, U. & Roopnarine, J. (Eds.), Families in global perspective (pp. 169–183). Allyn & Bacon/Pearson.Google Scholar
Tilton-Weaver, L. (2014). Adolescents’ information management: Comparing ideas about why adolescents disclose to or keep secrets from their parents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(5), 803–813. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-0008-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tilton-Weaver, L., Kerr, M., Pakalniskeine, V., Tokic, A., Salihovic, S., & Stattin, H. (2010). Open up or close down: How do parental reactions affect youth information management? Journal of Adolescence, 33(2), 333–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.07.011CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Toprak, A. (2019). The relationship between perceived parental attitude and emotional autonomy and secrecy in adolescents [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Akdeniz University.Google Scholar
Turkish Republic Ministry of Family and Social Policy. (2013). Adolescent profiles in Turkiye. Turkish Republic Ministry of Family and Social Policy. www.aile.gov.tr/media/50221/tepa2013-teksf.pdfGoogle Scholar
Uygur, S. S. (2018). Yaşam doyumunun yordanmasinda kendini açma ve sosyal desteğin rolü. Ulusal Eğitim Akademisi Dergisi, 2(1), 16–33.Google Scholar
Villalobos Solis, M., Smetana, J. G., & Comer, J. (2015). Associations among solicitation, relationship quality, and adolescents’ disclosure and secrecy with mothers and best friends. Journal of Adolescence, 43(1), 193–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.05.016CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Villarreal, D. L., & Nelson, J. A. (2022). Communicating and connecting: Associations between daily adolescent disclosure and mother–adolescent responsiveness. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 32(2), 704–710. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12676CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Willems, Y. E., Finkenauer, C., & Kerkhof, P. (2020). The role of disclosure in relationships. Current Opinion in Psychology, 31, 33–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.07.032CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wissink, I. B., Deković, M., & Meijer, A. M. (2006). Parenting behavior, quality of the parent–adolescent relationship and adolescent functioning in four ethnic groups. Journal of Early Adolescence, 26(2), 133–159. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431605285718CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wuyts, D., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., & Van Petegem, S. (2018). The role of observed autonomy support, reciprocity, and need satisfaction in adolescent disclosure about friends. Journal of Adolescence, 65(1), 141–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.03.012CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yau, J. P., Tasopoulos-Chan, M., & Smetana, J. G. (2009). Disclosure to parents about everyday activities among American adolescents from Mexican, Chinese, and European backgrounds. Child Development, 80(5), 1481–1498. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01346.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yıldız, R. (2013). An examination of adolescents’ loneliness in terms of keeping secrets and locus of control [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Necmettin Erbakan University.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×