Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T16:19:08.827Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

4 - Creativity across the Lifespan

from Part I - Core Concepts of Lifespan Creativity Development

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 November 2021

Sandra W. Russ
Affiliation:
Case Western Reserve University, Ohio
Jessica D. Hoffmann
Affiliation:
Yale University, Connecticut
James C. Kaufman
Affiliation:
University of Connecticut
Get access

Summary

This chapter on “Creativity across the Lifespan” proceeds to address several overarching issues in creativity from a lifespan developmental perspective, making contact with the developmental, creativity, and development of creativity literatures. It makes no claims to be exhaustive as each of these literatures is now extensive. The chapter proceeds, in the first part, to overview definitions and history, stages, and principles of lifespan developmental science, including general developmental approaches, designs, consistency and change, and domains, as well as theories. The second part of the chapter reviews work in creativity from a lifespan developmental perspective, evaluating conceptual definitions; measurement in adults, children, and infants; and psychological associations of creativity with attention, cognition, language, and intelligence as well as personality and emotions. The third part of the chapter takes up the main moderators of creativity across the lifespan, viz. age, domain, gender, sources in nature and nurture, and culture. Before concluding, the fourth part of the chapter forecasts future directions in a lifespan development approach to creativity, asking if creativity can be promoted and looking toward new work in interdisciplinarity and neuroscience. Understanding creativity is inherently an interdisciplinary effort as is the study of the lifespan. Disciplines from anthropology to zoology have much to say about both; in all, however, this chapter adopts a psychological orientation to treating creativity across the lifespan.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abra, J. (1989). Changes in creativity with age: Data, explanations, and predictions. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 28, 105126. doi:10.2190/E0YT-K1YQ-3T2T-Y3EQCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Albaum, G. (1976). Selecting specialized creators: The independent inventor. Psychological Reports, 39(1), 175179. doi:10.2466/pr0.1976.39.1.175CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Albaum, G., & Baker, K. (1977). Cross-validation of a creativity scale for the Adjective Check List. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 37(4), 10571061. doi:10.1177/001316447703700431CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alpaugh, P., Parham, I., Cole, K., & Birren, J. E. (1982). Creativity in adulthood and old age: An exploratory study. Educational Gerontology, 8(2), 101116. doi:10.1080/0380127820080202Google Scholar
Amabile, T. M. (1982). Social psychology of creativity: A consensual assessment technique. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(5), 9971013. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.43.5.997Google Scholar
Amabile, T. M., Barsade, S. G., Mueller, J. S., & Straw, B. M. (2005). Affect and creativity at work. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50, 367403. doi:10.2189%2Fasqu.2005.50.3.367CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amabile, T. M., & Gryskiewicz, N. D. (1989). The creative environment scales: Work environment inventory. Creativity Research Journal, 2(4), 231253. doi:10.1080/10400418909534321Google Scholar
Amos, S. P. (1978). Personality differences between established and less-established male and female creative artists. Journal of Personality Assessment, 42(4), 374377. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4204_7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anastasi, A., & Schaefer, C. E. (1969). Biographical correlates of artistic and literary creativity in adolescent girls. Journal of Applied Psychology, 53(4), 267273. doi:10.1037/h0027810Google Scholar
Anastasi, A., & Schaefer, C. E. (1971). Note on the concepts of creativity and intelligence. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 5(2), 113116. doi:10.1002/j.2162-6057.1971.tb00881.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ansburg, P. I., & Hill, K. (2003). Creative and analytic thinkers differ in their use of attentional resources. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(7), 11411152. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00104-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ariès, P. (1965). [Centuries of childhood: A social history of family life] (Baldick, R., Trans.). New York: Vintage.Google Scholar
Arterberry, M. E., & Bornstein, M. H. (2002). Variability and its sources in infant categorization. Infant Behavior and Development, 25, 515528. doi:10.1016/s0163-6383(02)00148-0Google Scholar
Ashby, F. G., Isen, A. M., & Turken, A. U. (1999). A neuropsychological theory of positive affect and its influence on cognition. Psychological Review, 106(3), 529550. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.106.3.529Google Scholar
Ausubel, D. P. (1968). The psychology of meaningful learning: An introduction to school learning. New York: Grune and Stratton.Google Scholar
Baas, M., De Dreu, C. K., & Nijstad, B. A. (2008). A meta-analysis of 25 years of mood-creativity research: Hedonic tone, activation, or regulatory focus?. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 779806. doi:10.1037/a0012815CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bachtold, L. M., & Werner, E. E. (1970). Personality profiles of gifted women: Psychologists. American Psychologist, 25(3), 234243. doi:10.1037/h0029375CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bachtold, L. M., & Werner, E. E. (1972). Personality characteristics of women scientists. Psychological Reports, 31(2), 391396. doi:10.2466/pr0.1972.31.2.391CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bachtold, L. M., & Werner, E. E. (1973). Personality characteristics of creative women. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 36(1), 311319. doi:10.2466/pms.1973.36.1.311Google Scholar
Baer, J. (2003). Double dividends: Cross-cultural creativity studies teach us about both creativity and cultures. Inquiry: Critical Thinking across the Disciplines, 22(3), 3739.Google Scholar
Baer, J. (2015). The importance of domain-specific expertise in creativity. Roeper Review, 37(3), 165178. doi:10.1080/02783193.2015.1047480Google Scholar
Baer, J. (2016). Creativity doesn’t develop in a vacuum. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 151, 920. doi:10.1002/cad.20151Google Scholar
Baer, J. (2017). Content matters: Why nurturing creativity is so different in different domains. In Beghetto, R. A. & Sriraman, B. (Eds.), Creative contradictions in education (pp. 129140). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Baer, J., Kaufman, J. C., & Gentile, C. A. (2004). Extension of the consensual assessment technique to nonparallel creative products. Creativity Research Journal, 16(1), 113117. doi:10.1207/s15326934crj1601_11Google Scholar
Barron, F. (1955). The disposition towards originality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51, 478485. doi:10.1037/h0048073Google Scholar
Barron, F. (1969). Creative person and creative process. Boston, MA: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.Google Scholar
Barron, F. (1972). Artists in the making. London: Seminar Press.Google Scholar
Batey, M., Chamorro-Premuzic, T., & Furnham, A. (2009). Intelligence and personality as predictors of divergent thinking: The role of general, fluid and crystallised intelligence. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 4, 6069. doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2009.01.002Google Scholar
Becker, E. (1973). The denial of death. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Beghetto, R. A., & Kaufman, J. C. (2007). Toward a broader conception of creativity: A case for “mini-c” creativity. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 1(2), 7379. doi:10.1037/1931-3896.1.2.73CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, S. N. (1973). Divergent thinking abilities – A validation study. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 43(1), 17. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1973.tb00731.xGoogle Scholar
Bergum, B. O. (1973). Selection of specialized creators. Psychological Reports, 33(2), 635639. doi:10.2466/pr0.1973.33.2.635Google Scholar
Bergum, B. O. (1974). Self-perceptions of members of a graduate faculty whose publication rates are high or low. Psychological Reports, 35(2), 857858. doi:10.2466/pr0.1974.35.2.857CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bergum, B. O. (1975). Self-perceptions of creativity among academic inventors and non-inventors. Perceptual and Motor Skills. doi:10.2466/pms.1975.40.1.78Google Scholar
Bijvoet-van den Berg, S., & Hoicka, E. (2014). Individual differences and age-related changes in divergent thinking in toddlers and preschoolers. Developmental Psychology, 50(6), 16291639.Google Scholar
Block, J., Block, J. H., & Harrington, D. M. (1974). Some misgivings about the Matching Familiar Figures Test as a measure of reflection-impulsivity. Developmental Psychology, 10(5), 611632. doi:10.1037/h0037047Google Scholar
Bornstein, M. H. (1984). Developmental psychology and the problem of artistic change. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 43, 131145. doi:10.2307/429988CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bornstein, M. H. (2007). On the significance of social relationships in the development of children’s earliest symbolic play: An ecological perspective. In Gönçü, A. & Gaskins, S. (Eds.), Play and development: Evolutionary, sociocultural, and functional perspectives (pp. 101129). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. doi:10.4324/9780203936511Google Scholar
Bornstein, M. H. (2014). Human infancy … and the rest of the lifespan. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 121158. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100359CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bornstein, M. H. (2019). Fostering optimal development and averting detrimental development: Prescriptions, proscriptions, and specificity. Applied Developmental Science, 23, 340345. doi:10.1080/10888691.2017.1421424CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bornstein, M. H., Arterberry, M. E., & Lamb, M. E. (2014). Development in infancy: A contemporary introduction (5th ed.). New York: Psychology Press. doi:10.4324/9780203758472Google Scholar
Bornstein, M. H., Arterberry, M. E., & Mash, C. (2011). Perceptual development. In Bornstein, M. H. & Lamb, M. E. (Eds.), Developmental science: An advanced textbook (6th ed., pp. 303351). New York: Psychology Press. doi:10.4324/9780203846766Google Scholar
Bornstein, M. H., & Putnick, D. L. (2019). The architecture of the child mind: g, Fs, and their hierarchy. New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780429027307CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bornstein, M. H., Putnick, D. L., & Esposito, G. (2017). Continuity and stability in development. Child Development Perspectives, 11, 113119. doi:10.1111/cdep.12221Google Scholar
Bowden, E. M., & Jung-Beeman, M. (2003). Normative data for 144 compound remote associate problems. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 35(4), 634639. https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/BF03195543Google Scholar
Buhler, C. (1933). [The course of human life as a psychological problem.] Leipzig: S. Hirzel.Google Scholar
Buhler, C. (1973). Humanistic psychology as a personal experience. Interpersonal Development, 4(4), 197214.Google Scholar
Butcher, H. J. (1973). Intelligence and creativity. In Kline, P. (Ed.), New approaches in psychological measurement (pp. 4364). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Bygren, L. O., Konlaan, B. B., & Johansson, S. E. (1996). Attendance at cultural events, reading books or periodicals, and making music or singing in a choir as determinants for survival: Swedish interview survey of living conditions. British Medical Journal, 313, 15771580. doi:10.1136/bmj.313.7072.1577Google Scholar
Cacchione, P. Z. (2012). Sensory changes. In Boltz, M., Capezuti, E., Fulmer, T., Zwicher, D., & O’Meara, A. (Eds.), Evidence-based geriatric nursing protocols for best practice (4th ed., pp. 4873). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Carroll, J. B. (1993). Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Carson, S. H., Peterson, J. B., & Higgins, D. M. (2003). Decreased latent inhibition is associated with increased creative achievement in high-functioning individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(3), 499506.Google Scholar
Cattell, R. B. (1971). Abilities: Their structure, growth, and action. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Chambers, J. A. (1964). Relating personality and biographical factors to scientific creativity. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 78(7), 120. doi:10.1037/h0093862Google Scholar
Chambers, J. A. (1973). College teachers: Their effect on creativity of students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 65(3), 326334. doi:10.1037/h0035632CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chand, I., & Runco, M. A. (1993). Problem finding skills as components in the creative process. Personality and Individual Differences, 14(1), 155162. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(93)90185-6Google Scholar
Chen, Y. W., Chang, W. H., & Kuo, C. C. (2016). A comparative study of the divergent problem solving abilities of mathematically and scientifically talented students and nongifted students. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 22, 247255. doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2016.10.009Google Scholar
Cheung, P. C., Lau, S., Chan, D. W., & Wu, W. Y. (2004). Creative potential of school children in Hong Kong: Norms of the Wallach-Kogan Creativity Tests and their implications. Creativity Research Journal, 16(1), 6978. doi:10.1207/s15326934crj1601_7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chi, R. P., & Snyder, A. W. (2012). Brain stimulation enables the solution of an inherently difficult problem. Neuroscience Letters, 515(2), 121124. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2012.03.012Google Scholar
Cho, S. H., Nijenhuis, J. T., van Vianen, A. E., Kim, H. B., & Lee, K. H. (2010). The relationship between diverse components of intelligence and creativity. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 44(2), 125137. doi:10.1002/j.2162-6057.2010.tb01329.xGoogle Scholar
Christensen, B. T., Hartmann, P. V., & Rasmussen, T. H. (2017). Threshold theory tested in an organizational setting: The relation between perceived innovativeness and intelligence in a large sample of leaders. Creativity Research Journal, 29(2), 188193. doi:10.1080/10400419.2017.1303267Google Scholar
Cohen-Shalev, A. (1986). Artistic creativity across the adult life span: An alternative approach. Interchange, 17(4), 116. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01807013Google Scholar
Cohen-Shalev, A. (1989). Old age style: Developmental changes in creative production from a life-span perspective. Journal of Aging Studies, 3(1), 2137. doi:10.1016/0890-4065(89)90023-6Google Scholar
Conrad, R. (1998). Darwin’s baby and baby’s Darwin: Mutual recognition in observational research. Human Development, 41(1), 4764. doi:10.1159/000022568Google Scholar
Cranford, E. A., & Moss, J. (2012). Is insight always the same? A protocol analysis of insight in compound remote associate problems. The Journal of Problem Solving, 4(2), 8. doi:10.7771/1932-6246.1129Google Scholar
Cremin, T., Burnard, P., & Craft, A. (2006). Pedagogy and possibility thinking in the early years. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 1(2), 108119. doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2006.07.001Google Scholar
Cropley, A. J. (1972). A five-year longitudinal study of the validity of creativity tests. Developmental Psychology, 6(1), 119124. doi:10.1037/h0032228Google Scholar
Cross, P. G., Cattell, R. B., & Butcher, H. J. (1967). The personality pattern of creative artists. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 37(3), 292299. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1967.tb01944.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Getzels, J. W. (1973). The personality of young artists: An empirical and theoretical exploration. British Journal of Psychology, 64(1), 91104. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1973.tb01331.xGoogle Scholar
da Vinci, L. (1632/1817). Trattato della pittura [Treatise on painting] (ch. 112) (Rigaud, J. F., Trans.). London: George Bell & Sons.Google Scholar
Dewett, T. (2007). Linking intrinsic motivation, risk taking, and employee creativity in an R&D environment. R&D Management, 37(3), 197208. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9310.2007.00469Google Scholar
Domino, G. (1970). Identification of potentially creative persons from the Adjective Check List. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 35(1, p1), 4851. doi:10.1037/h0029624CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Domino, G. (1974). Assessment of cinematographic creativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30(1), 150154. doi:10.1037/h0036667Google Scholar
Dreisbach, G., & Goschke, T. (2004). How positive affect modulates cognitive control: Reduced perseveration at the cost of increased distractibility. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30(2), 343353. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.30.2.343Google Scholar
Dudek, S. Z., & Hall, W. B. (1991). Personality consistency: Eminent architects 25 years later. Creativity Research Journal, 4(3), 213231. doi:10.1080/10400419109534395CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dudek, S. Z., Strobel, M. G., & Runco, M. A. (1993). Cumulative and proximal influences on the social environment and children’s creative potential. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 154(4), 487499. doi:10.1080/00221325.1993.9914747Google Scholar
Eiduson, B. T. (1974). 10-year longitudinal Rorschachs on research scientists. Journal of Personality Assessment, 38(5), 405410. doi:10.1080/00223891.1974.10119995Google Scholar
Ellison, R. L., Abe, C., Fox, D. G., Coray, K. E., & Taylor, C. W. (1976). Using biographical information in identifying artistic talent. Gifted Child Quarterly, 20(4), 402413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elton, C. F., & Rose, H. A. (1974). Prediction of productivity from personality test scores. Journal of Educational Psychology, 66(3), 424431. doi:10.1037/h0036462Google Scholar
Emerson, R. W. (1837, Aug. 31). The American Scholar [Invited speech]. Phi Beta Kappa Society of Harvard College, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Epstein, R. (2003). Generativity theory as a theory of creativity. In Runco, M. A. & Albert, R. S. (Eds.), Theories of creativity (pp. 257293). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.Google Scholar
Erikson, E. H. (1993). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Feist, G. J., & Barron, F. X. (2003). Predicting creativity from early to late adulthood: Intellect, potential, and personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 37(2), 6288. doi:10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00536-6Google Scholar
Forisha, B. L. (1978). Mental imagery and creativity: Review and speculations. Journal of Mental Imagery, 2(2), 209238.Google Scholar
Frederiksen, N., & Ward, W. C. (1978). Measures for the study of creativity in scientific problem-solving. Applied Psychological Measurement, 2(1), 124. doi:10.1177/014662167800200101Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1928/1989). [Dostoevsky and parricide.] In Rancour-Laferriere, D. (Ed.), Russian literature and psychoanalysis (pp. 4157). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1930/1961). [Civilization and its discontents] (Strachey, J., Trans.). New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Garaigordobil, M. (2006). Intervention in creativity with children aged 10 and 11 years: Impact of a play program on verbal and graphic–figural creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 18(3), 329345. doi:10.1207/s15326934crj1803_8Google Scholar
Gardner, H. (1993). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences (10th anniversary ed.). New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Getzels, J. W., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1976). Concern for discovery in the creative process. In Rothenberg, A. & Hausman, C. R. (Eds.), The creativity question (pp. 161164). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Getzels, J. W., & Dillon, J. T. (1973). The nature of giftedness and the education of the gifted. In Travers, R. M. W. (Ed.), Second handbook of research on teaching (pp. 689731). Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.Google Scholar
Getzels, J. W., & Jackson, P. W. (1962). Creativity and intelligence: Explorations with gifted students. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Gilligan, C. (2009). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Gladwell, M. (2008). Outliers: The story of success. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Glover, J. A. (1979). Levels of questions asked in interview and reading sessions by creative and relatively noncreative college students. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 135(1), 103108. doi:10.1080/00221325.1979.10533421Google Scholar
Golomb, C. (1973). Children’s representation of the human figure: The effects of models, media, and instructions. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 87(2), 197251.Google Scholar
Gopnik, A., O’Grady, S., Lucas, C. G., Griffiths, T. L., Wente, A., Bridgers, S., … Dahl, R. E. (2017). Changes in cognitive flexibility and hypothesis search across human life history from childhood to adolescence to adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114, 78927899. doi:10.1073/pnas.1700811114Google Scholar
Götz, K. O., & Götz, K. (1973). Introversion-extraversion and neuroticism in gifted and ungifted art students. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 36(2), 675678. doi:10.2466/pms.1973.36.2.675CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Götz, K. O., & Götz, K. (1979). Personality characteristics of successful artists. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 49(3), 919924. doi:10.2466/pms.1979.49.3.919Google Scholar
Gough, H. G. (1976). Studying creativity by means of word association tests. Journal of Applied Psychology, 61(3), 348353. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.61.3.348Google Scholar
Gough, H. G. (1979). A creative personality scale for the adjective check list. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(8), 13981405. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.8.1398Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. (1977). Ontogeny and phylogeny. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Guignard, J. H., Kermarrec, S., & Tordjman, S. (2016). Relationships between intelligence and creativity in gifted and non-gifted children. Learning and Individual Differences, 52, 209215. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2015.07.006Google Scholar
Guilford, J. P. (1950). Creativity. American Psychologist, 5, 444454. doi:10.1037/h0063487Google Scholar
Guilford, J. P. (1965). Creativity in the secondary school. The High School Journal, 48(8), 451458.Google Scholar
Guilford, J. P. (1967). Creativity: Yesterday, today and tomorrow. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 1(1), 314. doi:10.1002/j.2162-6057.1967.tb00002.xGoogle Scholar
Guilford, J. P. (1968). Creativity, intelligence, and their educational implications. San Diego, CA: EDITS/Knapp.Google Scholar
Harrington, D. M. (1975). Effects of explicit instructions to “be creative” on the psychological meaning of divergent thinking test scores. Journal of Personality, 43, 434454.Google Scholar
Hayes, J. R. (1989). Cognitive processes in creativity. In Glover, J. A., Ronning, R. R., & Reynolds, C. R. (Eds.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 135145). Boston, MA: Springer.Google Scholar
Heilman, K. M. (2016). Possible brain mechanisms of creativity. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 31(4), 285296. doi:10.1093/arclin/acw009Google Scholar
Helson, R. (1967). Personality characteristics and developmental history of creative college women. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 76(2), 205256.Google Scholar
Helson, R. (1968). Generality of sex differences in creative style. Journal of Personality, 36(1), 3348. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1968.tb01458.xGoogle Scholar
Helson, R. (1970). Sex‐specific patterns in creative literary fantasy 1. Journal of Personality, 38(3), 344363. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1970.tb00014.xGoogle Scholar
Helson, R. (1971). Women mathematicians and the creative personality. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 36(2), 210. doi:10.1037/h0030728Google Scholar
Helson, R. (1973). The heroic, the comic, and the tender: Patterns of literary fantasy and their authors. Journal of Personality. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1973.tb00108.xGoogle Scholar
Helson, R. (1977). The creative spectrum of authors of fantasy. Journal of Personality, 45(2), 310326. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1977.tb00154.xGoogle Scholar
Helson, R. (1978). Creativity in women. In Sherman, J. A. & Denmark, F. L. (Eds.), The psychology of women: Future directions in research (pp. 553604). New York: Psychological Dimensions.Google Scholar
Helson, R. (1990). Creativity in women: Outer and inner views over time. In Runco, M. A. & Albert, R. S. (Eds.), Theories of creativity (pp. 4658). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Helson, R., & Crutchfield, R. S. (1970). Mathematicians: The creative researcher and the average PhD. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 34(2), 250257. doi:10.1037/h0029003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Helson, R., & Pals, J. L. (2000). Creative potential, creative achievement, and personal growth. Journal of Personality, 68(1), 127. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00089Google Scholar
Helson, R., & Srivastava, S. (2002). Creative and wise people: Similarities, differences, and how they develop. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(10), 14301440. doi:10.1177/014616702236874Google Scholar
Hennessey, B. A., & Amabile, T. M. (2010). Creativity. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 569598. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100416Google Scholar
Hennessey, B. A., Amabile, T. M., & Mueller, J. S. (1999). Consensual assessment. In Runco, M. A. & Pritzker, S. R. (Eds.). Encyclopedia of creativity (pp. 346359). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Hocevar, D. (1980). Intelligence, divergent thinking, and creativity. Intelligence, 4(1), 2540. doi:10.1016/0160-2896(80)90004-5Google Scholar
Hogg, M. A. (1993). Group cohesiveness: A critical review and some new directions. European Review of Social Psychology, 4(1), 85111. doi:10.1080/14792779343000031Google Scholar
Holland, J. L., & Baird, L. L. (1968). The Preconscious Activity Scale: The development and validation of an originality measure. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 2(3), 217225. doi:10.1002/j.2162-6057.1968.tb00106.xGoogle Scholar
Holloway, S., & Torrance, E. P. (1977). The sounds and images test as a predictor of musical talent. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 11(2), 148. doi:10.1002/j.2162-6057.1977.tb00603.xGoogle Scholar
Hui, A. N., Chow, B. W., Chan, A. Y., Chui, B. H., & Sam, C. T. (2015). Creativity in Hong Kong classrooms: Transition from a seriously formal pedagogy to informally playful learning. Education 3–13, 43(4), 393403. doi:10.1080/03004279.2015.1020652Google Scholar
Hunt, E. (2011). Human intelligence. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Isen, A. M., Daubman, K. A., & Nowicki, G. P. (1987). Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(6), 11221131. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1122Google Scholar
Jacobellis v. Ohio, 378 U.S. 184, 197, 84 S. Ct. 1676, 1683, 12 L. Ed 2d 793 (1964). (Stewart, J., concurring)Google Scholar
Jaquish, G. A., & Ripple, R. E. (1981). Cognitive creative abilities and self-esteem across the adult life-span. Human Development, 24(2), 110119. doi:10.1159/000272654Google Scholar
Jaquish, G. A., & Ripple, R. E. (1984–1985). Adolescent divergent thinking: A cross-cultural perspective. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 15(1), 95104. doi:10.1177/0022002184015001006Google Scholar
Jauk, E., Benedek, M., Dunst, B., & Neubauer, A. C. (2013). The relationship between intelligence and creativity: New support for the threshold hypothesis by means of empirical breakpoint detection. Intelligence, 41(4), 212221. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2013.03.003Google Scholar
Jay, E. S., & Perkins, D. N. (1997). Problem finding: The search for mechanism. In Runco, M. A. (Ed.), The creativity research handbook (pp. 257293). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.Google Scholar
Jiliang, S., & Baoguo, S. (2007). Effects of gender and types of materials on creativity. Psychological Science-Shanghai, 30(2), 285.Google Scholar
Jung, C. G. (1953). Four archetypes: Mother, rebirth, spirit, trickster. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Jung, C. G. (1954). The development of personality. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Kaplan, C. A., & Simon, H. A. (1990). In search of insight. Cognitive Psychology, 22(3), 374419. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(90)90008-RGoogle Scholar
Kasperson, C. J. (1978). Psychology of the scientist: XXXVII. Scientific creativity: A relationship with information channels. Psychological Reports, 42(3), 691694. doi:10.2466/pr0.1978.42.3.691Google Scholar
Katz, A. (1997). Creativity and the cerebral hemispheres. In Runco, M. A. (Ed.), The creativity research handbook (pp. 203226). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.Google Scholar
Kaufman, J. C., Lee, J., Baer, J., & Lee, S. (2007). Captions, consistency, creativity, and the consensual assessment technique: New evidence of reliability. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 2(2), 96106. doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2007.04.002Google Scholar
Kaun, D. E. (1991). Writers die young: The impact of work and leisure on longevity. Journal of Economic Psychology, 12(2), 381399. doi:10.1016/0167-4870(91)90021-KGoogle Scholar
Kay, S. 1991. The figural problem finding and problem solving of professional and semi-professional artists and nonartists. Creativity Research Journal, 4, 233352.Google Scholar
Khatena, J. (1971). Teaching disadvantaged preschool children to think creatively with pictures. Journal of Educational Psychology, 62(5), 384. doi:10.2466/pr0.1971.28.2.385Google Scholar
Kim, K. H. (2006). Can we trust creativity tests? A review of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT). Creativity Research Journal, 18(1), 314. doi:10.1207/s15326934crj1801_2Google Scholar
Kim, K. H., Cramond, B., & VanTassel-Baska, J. (2010). The relationship between creativity and intelligence. In Kaufman, J. C. & Sternberg, R. J. (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of creativity (pp. 395412). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kluckhohn, C., & Murray, H. A. (1948). Personality in nature, society, and culture. New York: Knopf. Retrieved from www.panarchy.org/kluckhohn/personality.1953.htmlGoogle Scholar
Koestler, A. (1964). The act of creation. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Koestler, A. (1968). Drinkers of infinity: Essays 1955–1967. Last Century Media.Google Scholar
Kogan, N., & Pankove, E. (1972). Creative ability over a five-year span. Child Development, 43, 427442. doi:10.2307/1127546Google Scholar
Kogan, N., & Pankove, E. (1974). Long-term predictive validity of divergent-thinking tests: Some negative evidence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 66(6), 802810. doi:10.1037/h0021521Google Scholar
Lang, R. J., & Ryba, K. A. (1976). The identification of some creative thinking parameters common to the artistic and musical personality. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 46(3), 267279. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1976.tb02324.xGoogle Scholar
Lee, S. (2008). Commentary: Reliability and validity of uniqueness scoring in creativity assessment. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 2(2), 103108. doi:10.1037/1931-3896.2.2.103Google Scholar
Lehman, H. C. (1942). Optimum ages for eminent leadership. The Scientific Monthly, 54, 162175.Google Scholar
Lehman, H. C. (1943). The longevity of the eminent. Science, 98, 270273.Google Scholar
Lehman, H. C. (1947). The age of eminent leaders: Then and now. American Journal of Sociology, 52, 342356.Google Scholar
Lerner, R. M. (2018). Character development among youth: Linking lives in time and place. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 42(2), 267277. doi:10.1177/0165025417711057Google Scholar
Leung, A. K. Y., Maddux, W. W., Galinsky, A. D., & Chiu, C. Y. (2008). Multicultural experience enhances creativity: The when and how. American Psychologist, 63(3), 169181. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.63.3.169Google Scholar
Libertus, K., Joh, A. S., & Needham, A. W. (2016). Motor training at 3 months affects object exploration 12 months later. Developmental Science, 19(6), 10581066. doi:10.1111/desc.12370Google Scholar
Lindauer, M. S. (1992). Creativity in aging artists: Contributions from the humanities to the psychology of old age. Creativity Research Journal, 5(3), 211231. doi:10.1080/10400419209534436Google Scholar
Lindauer, M. S. (1993). The span of creativity among long‐lived historical artists. Creativity Research Journal, 6(3), 221238. doi:10.1080/10400419309534480Google Scholar
Lindqvist, G. (2003). Vygotsky’s theory of creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 15(2–3), 245251. doi:10.1080/10400419.2003.9651416Google Scholar
Lynch, P. M. (1970). Creativity in Irish children. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 4(1), 5361. doi:10.1002/j.2162-6057.1970.tb00840.xGoogle Scholar
MacKinnon, D. W. (1965). Personality and the realization of creative potential. American Psychologist, 20(4), 273281. doi:10.1037/h0022403CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacKinnon, D. W. (1966). Instructional media in the nurturing of creativity. In Instructional media and creativity. The proceedings of the sixth Utah creativity research conference held at Torrey Pines Inn, La Jolla, California. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
MacKinnon, D. W. (1968). Selecting students with creative potential. In Heist, P. (Ed.), The creative college student: An unmet challenge (pp. 101116). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Macnamara, B. N., & Maitra, M. (2019). The role of deliberate practice in expert performance: Revisiting Ericsson, Krampe & Tesch-Römer (1993). Royal Society Open Science, 6, 190327. doi:10.1098/rsos.190327Google Scholar
Magnusson, D., & Backteman, G. (1978). Longitudinal stability of person characteristics: Intelligence and creativity. Applied Psychological Measurement, 2(4), 481490. doi:10.1177/014662167800200402Google Scholar
Maslow, A. B. (1974). Creativity in self-actualizing people. In Covin, T. M. (Ed.), Readings in human development: A humanistic approach (pp. 107117). New York: MSS Information.Google Scholar
McCrae, R. R. (1987). Creativity, divergent thinking, and openness to experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(6), 12581265. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1258Google Scholar
McCrae, R. R., Arenberg, D., & Costa, P. T. (1987). Declines in divergent thinking with age: Cross-sectional, longitudinal, and cross-sequential analyses. Psychology and Aging, 2(2), 130137. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.2.2.130CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDermid, C. D. (1965). Some correlates of creativity in engineering personnel. Journal of Applied Psychology, 49(1), 1419. doi:10.1037/h0021658Google Scholar
McLaren, R. B. (1993). The dark side of creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 6(1–2), 137144. doi:10.1080/10400419309534472Google Scholar
Mell, J. C., Howard, S. M., & Miller, B. L. (2003). Art and the brain: The influence of frontotemporal dementia on an accomplished artist. Neurology, 60(10), 17071710. doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000064164.02891.12Google Scholar
Milgram, R. M., & Milgram, N. A. (1976). Creative thinking and creative performance in Israeli students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 68(3), 255259. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.68.3.255Google Scholar
Milgram, R. M., Yitzhak, V., & Milgram, N. A. (1977). Creative activity and sex-role identity in elementary school children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 45(2), 371376. doi:10.2466/pms.1977.45.2.371Google Scholar
Miller, A. L. (2007). Creativity and cognitive style: The relationship between field-dependence-independence, expected evaluation, and creative performance. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 1(4), 243246. doi:10.1037/1931-3896.1.4.243Google Scholar
Mouchiroud, C., & Lubart, T. (2002). Social creativity: A cross-sectional study of 6- to 11-year-old children. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 26(1), 6069.Google Scholar
Mourgues, C. V., Tan, M., Hein, S., Al-Harbi, K., Aljughaiman, A., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2016). The relationship between analytical and creative cognitive skills from middle childhood to adolescence: Testing the threshold theory in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Learning and Individual Differences, 52, 137147. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2015.05.005Google Scholar
Mumford, M. D., Marks, M. A., Connelly, M. S., Zaccaro, S. J., & Johnson, J. F. (1998). Domain-based scoring in divergent-thinking tests: Validation evidence in an occupational sample. Creativity Research Journal, 11(2), 151163. doi:10.1207/s15326934crj1102_5Google Scholar
Mumford, M. D., Olsen, K. A., & James, L. R. (1989). Age-related changes in the likelihood of major contributions. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 29(3), 171194. doi:10.2190/415A-L0GB-K3WB-22MYGoogle Scholar
Mumford, M. D., Vessey, W. B., & Barrett, J. D. (2008). Commentary: Measuring divergent thinking: Is there really one solution to the problem? Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 2(2), 8688. doi:10.1037/1931-3896.2.2.86Google Scholar
Ng, A. K. (2003). A cultural model of creative and conforming behavior. Creativity Research Journal, 15(2–3), 223233. doi:10.1080/10400419.2003.9651414Google Scholar
Okuda, S. M., Runco, M. A., & Berger, D. E. (1991). Creativity and the finding and solving of real-world problems. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 9(1), 4553. doi:10.1177/073428299100900104Google Scholar
Owens, W. A. (1969). Cognitive, noncognitive, and environmental correlates of mechanical ingenuity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 53(3p1), 199208. doi:10.1037/h0027378Google Scholar
Paletz, S. B., & Peng, K. (2008). Implicit theories of creativity across cultures: Novelty and appropriateness in two product domains. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 39(3), 286302. doi:10.1177/0022022108315112Google Scholar
Parloff, M., Datta, L. E., Kleman, M., & Handlon, J. (1968). Personality characteristics which differentiate creative male adolescents and adults. Journal of Personality. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1968.tb01490.xGoogle Scholar
Perkins, D. N. (1981). Myth, creativity, psychoanalysis. Leonardo, 14(2), 159159.Google Scholar
Perrine, N. E., & Brodersen, R. M. (2005). Artistic and scientific creative behavior: Openness and the mediating role of interests. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 39(4), 217236. doi:10.1002/j.2162-6057.2005.tb01259.xGoogle Scholar
Piaget, J. (1970). [Genetic epistemology] (Duckworth, E., Trans.). New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Pizzingrilli, P., & Molteni, S. (2013). The what and the how of creativity: An exploratory study. In Tan, A. G. (Ed.), Creativity, talent and excellence (pp. 5973). Singapore: Springer.Google Scholar
Prentky, R. A. (2001). Mental illness and roots of genius. Creativity Research Journal, 13(1), 95104. doi:10.1207/S15326934CRJ1301_11Google Scholar
Quetelet, A. (1835). Sur l’homme et le développement de ses facultés [A treatise on man and the development of his faculties]. Paris: Bachelier.Google Scholar
Raina, M. K. (1984). Research and development in talent search: A study in the use of creativity tests. New Delhi: National Council of Educational Research and Training.Google Scholar
Raina, M. K. (1997). “Most dear to all the muses”: Mapping Tagorean networks of enterprise – A study in creative complexity. Creativity Research Journal, 10(2–3), 153173. doi:10.1080/10400419.1997.9651215Google Scholar
Rank, O. (1945). Will therapy and truth and reality. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Raychaudhuri, M. (1971). Relation of creativity and sex to Rorschach M responses. Journal of Personality Assessment, 35(1), 2731. doi:10.1080/00223891.1971.10119631Google Scholar
Richards, R. L. (1976). A comparison of selected Guilford and Wallach-Kogan creative thinking tests in conjunction with measures of intelligence. Journal of Creative Behavior, 10(3), 151164.Google Scholar
Roe, A. (1975). Painters and painting. In Taylor, I. A. & Getzels, J. W. (Eds.), Perspectives in creativity (pp. 157172). Chicago, IL: Aldine.Google Scholar
Rogers, C. R. (1954). Toward a theory of creativity. ETC: A Review of General Semantics, 11, 249260.Google Scholar
Root-Bernstein, R. S. (1988). Setting the stage for discovery. The Sciences, 28(3), 2634. doi:10.1002/j.2326-1951.1988.tb03019.xGoogle Scholar
Rossman, B. B., & Horn, J. L. (1972). Cognitive, motivational, and temperamental indicants of creativity and intelligence. 1. Journal of Educational Measurement, 9(4), 265286. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3984.1972.tb00959.xGoogle Scholar
Rotter, D. M., Langland, L., & Berger, D. (1971). The validity of tests of creative thinking in seven-year-old children. Gifted Child Quarterly, 15(4), 273296.Google Scholar
Rudowicz, E. (2003). Creativity and culture: A two way interaction. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 47(3), 273290. doi:10.1080/00313830308602Google Scholar
Runco, M. A. (Ed.). (1994). Problem finding, problem solving, and creativity. Westport, CT: Greenwood.Google Scholar
Runco, M. A. (1995). Insight for creativity, expression for impact. Creativity Research Journal, 8(4), 377390. doi:10.1207/s15326934crj0804_4Google Scholar
Runco, M. A. (1996). Personal creativity: Definition and developmental issues. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 1996(72), 330. doi:10.1002/cd.23219967203Google Scholar
Runco, M. A. (1999). A longitudinal study of exceptional giftedness and creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 12(2), 161164. doi:10.1207/s15326934crj1202_8Google Scholar
Runco, M. A. (2014). Creativity: Theories and themes: Research, development, and practice (Rev. ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Runco, M. A. (2018). Creativity. In Bornstein, M. H. (Editor-in-Chief) and Arterberry, M. E., Fingerman, K. L., & Lansford, J. E. (Eds.), The SAGE encyclopedia of lifespan human development (pp. 480482). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. doi:10.1016/B978–0-12-809324-5.03042-XGoogle Scholar
Runco, M. A., & Bahleda, M. D. (1987). Birth-order and divergent thinking. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 148(1), 119125. doi:10.1080/00221325.1987.9914542Google Scholar
Runco, M. A., & Charles, R. E. (1997). Developmental trends in creative potential and creative performance. In Runco, M. A. (Ed.), The creativity research handbook (pp. 115152). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.Google Scholar
Runco, M. A., & Jaeger, G. (2012). The standard definition of creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 24, 9296. doi:10.1080/10400419.2012.650092Google Scholar
Runco, M. A., & Johnson, D. J. (2002). Parents’ and teachers’ implicit theories of children’s creativity: A cross-cultural perspective. Creativity Research Journal, 14(3–4), 427438. doi:10.1207/S15326934CRJ1434_12Google Scholar
Runco, M. A., & Pritzker, S. R. (Eds.). (2020). Encyclopedia of creativity (3e). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Runco, M. A., & Richards, R. (Eds.). (1997). Eminent creativity, everyday creativity, and health. Westport, CT: Greenwood.Google Scholar
Russ, S. W. (2014). Pretend play in childhood: Foundation of adult creativity. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Russ, S. W. (2018). Imagination. In Bornstein, M. H. (Editor-in-Chief) and Arterberry, M. E., Fingerman, K. L., & Lansford, J. E. (Eds.), The SAGE encyclopedia of lifespan human development (pp. 480482). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.Google Scholar
Sachdev, S. S. (2014). Divergent thinking and giftedness in children. Dissertation abstracts international section a: Humanities and social sciences, 75(3–A[E]).Google Scholar
Schaefer, C. E. (1969). Imaginary companions and creative adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 1(6p1), 747749. doi:10.1037/h0028270Google Scholar
Schaefer, C. E. (1971). Creativity attitude survey. Jacksonville, IL: Psychologists and Educators.Google Scholar
Schaefer, C. E. (1972). Predictive validity of the Biographical Inventory Creativity: Five-year follow-up study. Psychological Reports, 30(2), 471476. doi:10.2466/pr0.1972.30.2.471Google Scholar
Schaefer, C. E. (1973). A five-year follow-up study of the self-concept of creative adolescents. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 123(1), 163170. doi:10.1080/00221325.1973.10533200Google Scholar
Schaefer, C. E., & Anastasi, A. (1968). A biographical inventory for identifying creativity in adolescent boys. Journal of Applied Psychology, 52(1, p1), 4248. doi:10.1037/h0025328Google Scholar
Shelton, J., & Harris, T. L. (1979). Personality characteristics of art students. Psychological Reports, 44(3), 949950. doi:10.2466/pr0.1979.44.3.949Google Scholar
Shi, B., Wang, L., Yang, J., Zhang, M., & Xu, L. (2017). Relationship between divergent thinking and intelligence: An empirical study of the threshold hypothesis with Chinese children. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 254. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00254Google Scholar
Simon, H. A., & Chase, W. G. (1973). Perception in chess. Cognitive Psychology, 4(1), 5581.Google Scholar
Simonton, D. K. (1984). Creative productivity and age: A mathematical model based on a two-step cognitive process. Developmental Review, 4(1), 77111. doi:10.1016/0273-2297(84)90020-0Google Scholar
Simonton, D. K. (1988). Scientific genius: A psychology of science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1970). Creating the creative artist. In Fry, E. F. (Ed.), On the future of art (pp. 6175). New York: Viking.Google Scholar
Smith, G. J., & Carlsson, I. M. (1990). The creative process: A functional model based on empirical studies from early childhood to middle age. Psychological Issues, 57, 1243.Google Scholar
Smith, R. W., & Kounios, J. (1996). Sudden insight: All-or-none processing revealed by speed–accuracy decomposition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22(6), 14431462. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.22.6.1443Google Scholar
Sobel, R. S. (1978). Remote associates theory of creativity: Fifteen years later. (From Journal of Supplemental Abstract Services, MS 1735)Google Scholar
Spearman, C. (1927). The abilities of man. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Squalli, J., & Wilson, K. (2014). Intelligence, creativity, and innovation. Intelligence, 46, 250257. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2014.07.005Google Scholar
Stein, M. I. (1953). Creativity and culture. Journal of Psychology, 36, 31322. doi:10.1080/00223980.1953.9712897Google Scholar
Steinbeck, J. (1952). East of Eden. New York: Viking.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.). (1988). The nature of creativity: Contemporary psychological perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stokes, P. D. (1999). Learned variability levels: Implications for creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 12(1), 3745. doi:10.1207/s15326934crj1201_5Google Scholar
Sussman, G., & Justman, J. (1975). Characteristics of preadolescent boys judged creative by their teachers. Gifted Child Quarterly, 19(3), 210216.Google Scholar
Svensson, N., Norlander, T., & Archer, T. (2002). Effects of individual performance versus group performance with and without de Bono techniques for enhancing creativity. The International Journal of Creativity & Problem Solving, 12(2), 1534.Google Scholar
Taft, R., & Gilchrist, M. B. (1970). Creative attitudes and creative productivity: A comparison of two aspects of creativity among students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 61(2), 136143. doi:10.1037/h0028907Google Scholar
Tan, A. G., & Law, L. C. (2000). Teaching creativity: Singapore’s experiences. The International Journal of Creativity & Problem Solving, 10(1), 7996.Google Scholar
Tan, A. G., & Law, L. C. (2002). Activities useful for fostering creativity: Singaporean children’s views. The International Journal of Creativity & Problem Solving, 12(2), 5974.Google Scholar
Tan, A. G., & Rasidir, R. (2006). An exploratory study on children’s views of a creative teacher. The International Journal of Creativity & Problem Solving, 16(2), 1728.Google Scholar
Tan-Willman, C. (1974). Assessment and prediction of creativity in teaching. Psychological Reports, 35(1), 393394. doi:10.2466/pr0.1974.35.1.393Google Scholar
Terman, L. M. et al. (1947). Genetic studies of genius, 4 vols. Vol. 1, Mental and physical traits of one thousand gifted children, 1925; Vol. 2, The early mental traits of three hundred geniuses, 1926; Vol. 3, The promise of youth, 1930; Vol. 4, The gifted child grows up, 1947. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Thompson, L. L., & Choi, H. S. (Eds.). (2006). Creativity and innovation in organizational teams. Hove: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Thurstone, L. L. (1938). Primary mental abilities. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Torrance, E. P. (1963). Education and the creative potential. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Torrance, E. P., (1966). The Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking: Norms–technical manual research edition: Verbal tests, forms A and B: Figural tests, forms A and B. Princeton, NJ: Personnel Press.Google Scholar
Torrance, E. P. (1967). The Minnesota studies of creative behavior: National and international extensions. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 1(2), 137154. doi:10.1002/j.2162-6057.1967.tb00021.xGoogle Scholar
Torrance, E. P. (1968). A longitudinal examination of the fourth grade slump in creativity. Gifted Child Quarterly, 12(4), 195199. doi:10.1177/001698626801200401Google Scholar
Torrance, E. P. (1972). Predictive validity of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 6(4), 236262. doi:10.1002/j.2162-6057.1972.tb00936.xGoogle Scholar
Torrance, E. P. (1973). Non-test indicators of creative talent among disadvantaged children. Gifted Child Quarterly, 17, 39. doi:10.1177%2F001698627301700101Google Scholar
Torrance, E. P. (1974). Norms technical manual: Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. Lexington, MA: Ginn & Co.Google Scholar
Torrance, E. P. (1981). Administration, scoring, and norms manual: Thinking creatively in action and movement. Bensenville, IL: Scholastic.Google Scholar
Torrance, E. P. (1988). Creativity as manifest in testing. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), The nature of creativity (pp. 4375). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Trowbridge, N., & Charles, D. C. (1966). Creativity in art students. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 109(2), 281289. doi:10.1080/00221325.1966.10533704Google Scholar
Vandervert, L. R., Schimpf, P. H., & Liu, H. (2007). How working memory and the cerebellum collaborate to produce creativity and innovation. Creativity Research Journal, 19(1), 118. doi:10.1080/10400410709336873Google Scholar
Van Hoose, W. H., & Worth, M. R. (1982). Adulthood in the life cycle. Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown.Google Scholar
Vernon, P. E. (1971). Effects of administration and scoring on divergent thinking tests. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 41(3), 245257. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1971.tb00669.xGoogle Scholar
Vernon, P. E. (1972). The validity of divergent thinking tests. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 18(4), 249258.Google Scholar
Vonèche, J. (2003). The changing structure of Piaget’s thinking: Invariance and transformations. Creativity Research Journal, 15(1), 39. doi:10.1207/S15326934CRJ1501_2Google Scholar
Vosburg, S. K. (1998). The effects of positive and negative mood on divergent-thinking performance. Creativity Research Journal, 11(2), 165172. doi:10.1207/s15326934crj1102_6Google Scholar
Vygotsky, L. S. (1967/2004). [Voobrazhenie i tvorchestvo v detskom vozraste] Imagination and creativity in childhood (M. E. Sharpe, Trans.). Journal of Russian and East European Psychology, 42, 797. doi:10.1080/10610405.2004.11059210Google Scholar
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Wakefield, J. F. (1985). Towards creativity: Problem finding in a divergent-thinking exercise. Child Study Journal, 15(4), 265270.Google Scholar
Walberg, H. J. (1969). Social environment as a mediator of classroom learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 60(6, p1), 443448. doi:10.1037/h0028499Google Scholar
Walkup, L. E. (1965). Creativity in science through visualization. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 21(1), 3541. doi:10.2466/pms.1965.21.1.35Google Scholar
Wallach, M. A., & Kogan, N. (1965). Modes of thinking in young children. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Wallach, M. A., & Kogan, N. (1973). Creativity and intelligence in children’s thinking. In Bloomberg, M. (Ed.), Creativity: Theory and research (pp. 247338). New Haven, CT: College & University Press.Google Scholar
Wallas, D. B. (1991). The genesis and microgenesis of sudden insight in the creation of literature. Creativity Research Journal, 4, 4150. doi:10.1080/10400419109534372Google Scholar
Wallbrown, F. H., & Huelsman, C. B. Jr (1975). The validity of the Wallach‐Kogan creativity operations for inner‐city children in two areas of visual art 1. Journal of Personality, 43(1), 109126. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1975.tb00575.xGoogle Scholar
Wallbrown, F. H., Wallbrown, J. D., & Wherry, R. J. (1975). The construct validity of the Wallach-Kogan creativity test for inner-city children. The Journal of General Psychology, 92(1), 8396. doi:10.1080/00221309.1975.9711330Google Scholar
Welter, M. M., Jaarsveld, S., van Leeuwen, C., & Lachmann, T. (2016). Intelligence and creativity: Over the threshold together? Creativity Research Journal, 28(2), 212218. doi:10.1080/10400419.2016.1162564Google Scholar
Wispé, L. G. (1965). Some social and psychological correlates of eminence in psychology. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 1(1), 8898. doi:10.1002/1520-6696(196501)1:1<88::AID-JHBS2300010111>3.0.CO;2-4Google Scholar
Witt, L. A., & Beorkrem, M. N. (1989). Climate for creative productivity as a predictor of research usefulness and organizational effectiveness in an R&D organization. Creativity Research Journal, 2(1–2), 3040. doi:10.1080/10400418909534298Google Scholar
Wittkower, R., & Wittkower, M. (1963). Born under Saturn. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.Google Scholar
Wollheim, R. (1968). Art and its objects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Zausner, T. (1999). Georgia O’Keeffe. In Runco, M. A. & Pritzker, S. R. (Eds.). Encyclopedia of creativity (pp. 305310). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Zeldow, P. B. (1973). Replication and extension of the personality profile of “Artists in the Making.” Psychological Reports, 33(2), 541542. doi:10.2466/pr0.1973.33.2.541Google Scholar
Zuckerman, H. (1967). Nobel laureates in science: Patterns of productivity, collaboration, and authorship. American Sociological Review, 32, 391403. doi:10.2307/2091086Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×