Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T00:06:14.000Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

9 - Migration and Trade as Drivers of Language Spread and Contact in Indigenous Latin America

from Part Two - Linguistic Areas

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 June 2022

Salikoko S. Mufwene
Affiliation:
University of Chicago
Anna María Escobar
Affiliation:
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Get access

Summary

This chapter discusses how migration and trade as historical sociocultural processes have contributed to language spread and language contact situations in Latin America. It explores how language contact situations in Latin America have been dynamically created and changed by the movement of peoples and exchange of things and ideas through space and time, focusing on three kinds of linguistic outcomes: language spread, the emergence of multilingualism, and the development of contact languages. The discussion is framed by an interdisciplinary framework, focusing on the internal and external histories of indigenous languages of Latin America, from the initial peopling of the New World up to contemporary situations of language contact.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Language Contact
Volume 1: Population Movement and Language Change
, pp. 261 - 298
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, Richard. 2000. Introduction to a survey of the Native prehistoric cultures of Mesoamerica. In The Cambridge history of the native peoples of the Americas, vol. 2: Mesoamerica, part 1, ed. by Adams, Richard E.W. & MacLeod, Murdo J., 144. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Adelaar, W. 1989. Review of Language in the Americas, by Joseph H. Greenberg. Lingua 78.249–55.Google Scholar
Adelaar, W. & Muysken, Pieter. 2004. The languages of the Andes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 1999. The Arawak language family. In Dixon & Aikhenvald 1999, 65–106.Google Scholar
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2002. Language contact in Amazonia. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2012. The languages of the Amazon. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2013. Amazonia: linguistic history. In The encyclopedia of global human migration, ed. by Ness, Immanuel, 384–91. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Almeida, Fernando Ozorio de & Neves, Eduardo Góes. 2015. Evidências arqueológicas para a origem dos Tupi-Guarani no leste da Amazônia. Mana 21.3.499525.Google Scholar
Anawalt, Patricia. 1992. Ancient cultural contacts between Ecuador, West Mexico, and the American Southwest: Clothing similarities. Latin American Antiquity 3.2.114–29.Google Scholar
Anderson, David G. & Gillam, J. Christopher. 2000. Paleoindian colonization of the Americas: Implications from an examination of physiography, demography, and artifact distribution. American Antiquity 65.1.4366.Google Scholar
Antczak, Andrzej, Urbani, Bernardo, & Antczak, Maria Magdalena. 2017. Re-thinking the migration of Cariban-speakers from the Middle Orinoco River to North-Central Venezuela (AD 800). Journal of World Prehistory 30.2.131–75.Google Scholar
Barbieri, Chiara, Sandoval, José, Valqui, Jairo, Shimelman, Aviva, Ziemendorff, Stefan, Schröder, Roland, & Geppert, Maria. 2017. Enclaves of genetic diversity resisted Inca impacts on population history. Scientific Reports 7.1.112.Google Scholar
Bellwood, Peter & Renfrew, Colin (eds.). 2003. Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis. Cambridge, MA: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.Google Scholar
Birchall, Joshua. 2014. Argument marking patterns in South American languages. PhD thesis, LOT, Utrecht.Google Scholar
Bortolini, Maria-Catira et al. 2003. Y-chromosome evidence for differing ancient demographic histories in the Americas. The American Journal of Human Genetics 73.3.524–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, Cecil. 2011. The role of Nahuatl in the formation of Mesoamerica as a linguistic area. Language Dynamics and Change 1.2.171204.Google Scholar
Brown, Cecil et al. 2013. The paleobiolinguistics of domesticated manioc (Manihot esculenta). Ethnobiology Letters 4.61.Google Scholar
Brown, Cecil et al. 2014. The paleobiolinguistics of Maize (Zea mays L.). Ethnobiology Letters 5.52.Google Scholar
Bueno, Lucas. 2011. L’occupation Initiale du Brésil dans une perspective macro-régionale: les cas des régions de l’Amazonie, du Nordest et du Brésil. In Peuplements et Prehistoire de l’Amerique (Editions du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques, coll. Documents Préhistoriques, 28), ed. by D. Vialou, 209–20. Aubervilliers: Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques.Google Scholar
Bueno, Lucas, Dias, Adriana Schmidt, & Steele, James. 2013. The Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene archaeological record in Brazil: A geo-referenced database. Quaternary International 301.7493.Google Scholar
Cabral, Ana Suelly De Arruda Camara. 1995. Contact-induced language change in the Western Amazon: The non-genetic origin of the Kokama language. PhD thesis, University of Pittsburgh, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Campbell, Lyle. 1988. Review of Language in the Americas by Joseph H. Greenberg. Language 64.591615.Google Scholar
Campbell, Lyle. 1997. American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America (Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics 4). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Campbell, Lyle. 2003. What drives linguistic diversification and language spread? In Bellwood & Renfrew 2003, 49–64.Google Scholar
Campbell, Lyle. 2016. Comparative linguistics of Mesoamerican languages today. Veleia 33.113–34.Google Scholar
Campbell, Lyle, Kaufman, Terrence, & Smith-Stark, Thomas. 1986. Meso-America as a linguistic area. Language 62.3.530.Google Scholar
Campbell, Lyle & Kaufman, Terrence. 1976. A linguistic look at the Olmecs. American Antiquity 41.1.80–9.Google Scholar
Campbell, Lyle & Grondona, Verónica María (eds.). 2012. The indigenous languages of South America: A comprehensive guide (The World of Linguistics 2). Berlin & Boston, MA: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Campbell, Lyle & Poser, William J.. 2008. Language classification: History and method. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Carlin, Eithne B. & Boven, Karin. 2002. The native population: Migrations and identities. In Atlas of the languages of Suriname, ed. by Carlin, Eithne B. & Arends, Jacques, 1145. Leiden and Kingston: KITLV Press and Ian Randle.Google Scholar
Carvajal, Gaspar de. 1934 [1541]. Carvajal’s account. In The discovery of the Amazon according to the account of Friar Gaspar de Carvajal and other documents, ed. by Medina, J.T., 167235. New York: American Geographical Society.Google Scholar
Carvalho, Fernando. 2018. Arawakan–Guaicuruan language contact in the South American Chaco. International Journal of American Linguistics 84.2.243–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chacon, Thiago. 2017. Arawakan and Tukanoan contacts in Northwest Amazonia prehistory. PAPIA 27.2.237–65.Google Scholar
Chard, Chester. 1950. Pre-Columbian trade between North and South America. Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers 1.127.Google Scholar
Constenla-Umaña, Adolfo. 1991. Las lenguas del área intermedia: introducción a su estudio areal. San José: Universidad de Costa Rica.Google Scholar
Constenla-Umaña, Adolfo. 2012. Chibchan languages. In Campbell & Grondona 2012. 391–440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dakin, Karen. 2003. Uto-Aztecan in the linguistic stratigraphy of Mesoamerican prehistory. In Current issues in linguistic theory, ed. by Andersen, Henning, 259–88. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Danielsen, Swintha, Dunn, Michael, & Muysken, Pieter. 2011. The spread of the Arawakan languages: A view from structural phylogenetics. In Hornborg & Hill 2011b, 173–95.Google Scholar
Davis, Irvine. 1968. Some Macro-Je relationships. International Journal of American Linguistics 34.1.42–7.Google Scholar
Davletshin, Albert. 2012. Proto-Uto-Aztecans on their way to the Proto-Aztecan homeland: Linguistic evidence. Journal of Language Relationship 8.7592.Google Scholar
Denevan, W. 1992. The pristine myth: The landscape of the Americas in 1492. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82.3.369–85.Google Scholar
Dias, A.S. & Bueno, Lucas. 2014. The initial colonization of South America Eastern Lowlands: Brazilian archaeology contributions to settlement of America models. In Paleoamerican odyssey, ed. by Graf, Kelly, Ketron, Caroline, & Waters, Michael, 339–57. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University PressGoogle Scholar
Dillehay, T. 2009. Probing deeper into First American studies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106.4.971–8.Google Scholar
Dixon, R. & Aikhenvald, Alexandra (eds.). 1999. The Amazonian languages. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Eriksen, L. 2011. Nature and culture in prehistoric Amazonia: Using G.I.S. to reconstruct ancient ethnogenetic processes from archaeology, linguistics, geography, and ethnohistory. Thesis, Human Ecology Division, Lund University.Google Scholar
Ferreira, Jo-Anne S. & Alleyne, Mervyn C.. 2007. Comparative perspectives on the origins, development and structure of Amazonian (Karipúna) French Creole. In Creole language library, vol. 32 ed. by Huber, Magnus & Velupillai, Viveka, 325–57. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Fortescue, Michael. 2013. North America: Eskimo-Aleut linguistic history. In The encyclopedia of global human migration, ed. by Ness, Immanuel, xxyy. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.Google Scholar
Fowler, C. 1983. Some lexical clues to Uto-Aztecan prehistory. International Journal of American Linguistics 49.3.224–57.Google Scholar
Fowler, C. 2011. Numic migration? Ethnographic evidence revisited. In Rethinking anthropological perspectives on migration, ed. by Cabana, Graciela S. & Clark, Jeffery J., 191206. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.Google Scholar
Franco, Roberto. 2002. Los carijons de Chiribiquete. Bogotá: Panamericana.Google Scholar
Gassón, Rafael. 2002. Orinoquia: The archaeology of the Orinoco River Basin. Journal of World Prehistory 16.3.237311.Google Scholar
Gassón, Rafael. 2014. Blind men and an elephant: Exchange systems and sociopolitical organizations in the Orinoco Basin and neighboring areas in pre-Hispanic times. In Against typological tyranny in archaeology, ed. by Gnecco, Cristóbal & Langebaek, Carl, 2542. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gildea, Spike. 2012. Linguistic studies in the Cariban family. In Campbell & Grondona 2012, 441–94.Google Scholar
González, J.R., Bortolini, M.C., Santos, F.R., & Bonatto, S.L.. 2008. The peopling of America: Craniofacial shape variation on a continental scale and its interpretation from an interdisciplinary view. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 137.175–87.Google Scholar
Granberry, Julian & Vescelius, Gary S.. 2004. Languages of the pre-Columbian Antilles. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1987. Language in the Americas. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Hammarström, Harald, Forkel, Robert, & Haspelmath, Martin. 2018. Glottolog 3.3. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. (Available online at http://glottolog.org, accessed August 31, 2018.)Google Scholar
Haynes, G.A. 2002. The early settlement of North America: The Clovis era. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Haynie, Hannah, Bowern, Claire, Epps, Patience, Hill, Jane, & McConvell, Patrick. 2014. Wanderwörter in languages of the Americas and Australia. Ampersand 1.118.Google Scholar
Heckenberger, M. 2013. The Arawak diaspora. In The Oxford handbook of Caribbean archaeology, ed. by Keegan, William & Ramos, Reniel Rodríguez, 118. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Heckenberger, M. & Neves, Eduardo Góes. 2009. Amazonian archaeology. Annual Review of Anthropology 38.1.251–66.Google Scholar
Heggarty, Paul. 2008. Linguistics for archaeologists: A case-study in the Andes. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 18.1.3556.Google Scholar
Heggarty, Paul. 2014. Prehistory through language and archaeology. In Routledge handbook of historical linguistics, ed. by Bowern, Claire & Evans, Bethwyn, 598626. London & New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hill, Jane H. 2001. Proto-Uto-Aztecan: A community of cultivators in Central Mexico? American Anthropologist 103.4.913–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, Jane H. 2003. Proto-Uto-Aztecan and the northern devolution. In Bellwood & Renfrew 2003, 331–40.Google Scholar
Hill, Jane H. & Merrill, William L.. 2017. Uto-Aztecan maize agriculture: A linguistic puzzle from southern California. Anthropological Linguistics 59.1.123.Google Scholar
Hill, Jonathan & Santos-Granero, Fernando (eds.). 2002. Comparative Arawakan histories: Rethinking language family and culture area in Amazonia. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Hoff, B. 1994. Island Carib, an Arawakan language which incorporated a lexical register of Carib origin, used to address men. In Mixed Languages, ed. by Bakker, P. & Mous, M., 161–8. Amsterdam: Institute for Functional Research into Language and Language Use.Google Scholar
Hoff, B. 1995. Language contact, war, and Amerindian historical tradition. The special case of the Island Carib. In Wolves from the sea. Readings in the anthropology of the Native Caribbean, ed. by Whitehead, Neil. L., 3759. Leiden: KITLV Press.Google Scholar
Hornberger, Nancy & Coronel-Molina, Serafín. 2004. Quechua language shift, maintenance, and revitalization in the Andes: The case for language planning. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 167.968.Google Scholar
Hornborg, Alf. 2005. Ethnogenesis, regional integration, and ecology in prehistoric Amazonia: Toward a system perspective. Current Anthropology 46.4.589620.Google Scholar
Hornborg, Alf & Hill, Jonathan D.. 2011a. Introduction: ethnicity in ancient Amazonia. In Hornborg & Hill 2011b, 1–27.Google Scholar
Hornborg, Alf & Hill, Jonathan D. (eds.). 2011b. Ethnicity in ancient Amazonia. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado.Google Scholar
Hosler, Dorothy. 1988. Ancient west Mexican metallurgy: South and Central American origins and west Mexican transformations. American Anthropologist 90.4.832–55.Google Scholar
Huttar, George L. & Velantie, F.J.. 1997. Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin. In Contact languages: A wider perspective, ed. by Thomason, Sarah, 99124. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
INEGI. 2000. XII Censo General de Población y Vivienda 2000. México, INEGI. (Available at www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/Proyectos/ccpv/cpv2000/default.aspx, accessed on August 28, 2018.)Google Scholar
Johnson, John & Lorenz, Joseph. 2006. Genetics, linguistics, and prehistoric migrations: An analysis of California Indian mitochondrial DNA lineages. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 26.1.3364.Google Scholar
Kaufman, Terrence. 2017. Aspects of the lexicon of Proto-Mayan and its earliest descendants. In The Mayan languages, ed. by Aissen, Judith, England, Nora C., & Maldonado, Roberto Zavala, 62111. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kaufman, Terrence, & Justeson, John. 2009. Historical linguistics and pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. Ancient Mesoamerica 20.2.221–31.Google Scholar
Kemp, B., Gonzalez-Oliver, A., Malhi, R., Monroe, C., Schroeder, K.B., McDonough, J., & Rhett, G.. 2010. Evaluating the farming/language dispersal hypothesis with genetic variation exhibited by populations in the Southwest and Mesoamerica. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107.15.6759–64.Google Scholar
Lathrap, Donald. 1970. The Upper Amazon. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Malhi, Ripan, Mortensen, Holly, Eshleman, Jason, Kemp, Brian, Lorenz, Joseph, Kaestle, Frederika, Johnson, John, Gorodezky, Clara, & Smith, David. 2003. Native American mtDNA prehistory in the American Southwest. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 120.2.108–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Madsen, David B. 2015. A framework for the initial occupation of the Americas. PaleoAmerica 1.3.217–50.Google Scholar
Mannheim, Bruce. 2011. The language of the Inka since the European invasion. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Matson, R.G. & Magne, M.P.R.. 2013. North America: Na Dene/Athapaskan archaeology and linguistics. In The encyclopedia of global human migration, ed. by Ness, Immanuel, xxyy. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.Google Scholar
Meira, Márcio. 2017. A persistência do aviamento: colonialsimo e história indígena no noroeste Amazônico. Rio de Janeiro: Unirio.Google Scholar
Meira, Sérgio. 2006. Cariban languages. In Encyclopedia of language & linguistics, 2nd ed., vol. 2, ed. by Brown, Keith, 199203. Oxford: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Meira, Sérgio & Drude, Sebastian. 2015. A summary reconstruction of Proto-Maweti-Guarani segmental phonology. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas 10.2.275–96.Google Scholar
Meira, Sergio & Franchetto, Bruna. 2005. The southern Cariban languages and the Cariban family. International Journal of American Linguistics 71.127–92.Google Scholar
Meira, Sergio & Muysken, Pieter. 2017. Cariban in contact: New perspectives on Trio-Ndyuka Pidgin. In Boundaries and bridges: Language contact in multilingual ecologies, ed. by Yakpo, Kofi & Muysken, Pieter, 197228. Berlin: Mouton.Google Scholar
Melatti, Julio. 2017. Áreas etnográficas da américa indígena. Available at www.juliomelatti.pro.br/areas/00areas.pdf, accessed January 25, 2018.Google Scholar
Mello, Antônio & Kneip, Andreas. 2017. Novas evidências linguísticas (e algumas arqueológicas) que apontam para a origem dos povos Tupi-Guarani no leste Amazônico. Literatura y Lingüística 36.299312.Google Scholar
Merrill, W. 2012. The historical linguistics of Uto-Aztecan agriculture. Anthropological Linguistics 54.3.203–60.Google Scholar
Merrill, W. 2013. The genetic unity of Southern Uto-Aztecan. Language Dynamics and Change 3.68104.Google Scholar
Michael, Lev. 2014. On the pre-Columbian origin of Proto-Omagua-Kokama. Journal of Language Contact 7.2.309–44.Google Scholar
Michael, Lev, Chousou-Polydouri, N., Bartolomei, K., Donnelly, E., Wauters, V., Meira, S., & O’Hagan, Z.. 2015. A Bayesian phylogenetic classification of Tupí-Guaraní. LIAMES 15.2.193221.Google Scholar
Montes, María Luisa Rodríguez. 2016. Onomástica Muzocolima en Cundinarmarca y Boyacá. Lingüística y Literatura 37.69.xxyy.Google Scholar
Moreno-Estrada, Andrés, Gravel, Simon, Zakharia, Fouad, McCauley, Jacob, Byrnes, Jake, Gignoux, Christopher, & Ortiz-Tello, Patricia. 2013. Reconstructing the population genetic history of the Caribbean. PLoS Genetics 9.1.e1003925.Google Scholar
Murra, John. 1972 El “control vertical” de un máximo de pisos ecológicos en la economia de las sociedades andinas. In Visita de la Provincia de Leon de Huanuco en 1562, ed. by Murra, John, 427–76. Huanuco: Universidad Nacional Hermilio Valdizan.Google Scholar
Muysken, Pieter. 1997a. Callahuaya. In Creole language library, vol. 17, ed. by Thomason, Sarah G., 427–48. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Muysken, Pieter. 1997b. Media Lengua. In Contact languages: A wider perspective, ed. by Thomason, Sarah, 365426. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Muysken, Pieter. 2009. Kallawaya. In Lenguas de Boliva: Ambito Andino, ed. by Crevels, Mily & Muysken, Pieter, 147–67. La Paz: Plural Editores.Google Scholar
Muysken, Pieter. 2012. Contacts between indigenous languages in South America. In Campbell & Grondona 2012, 235–58.Google Scholar
Muysken, Pieter. 2013. Media Lengua. In Contact languages based on languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas, ed. by Michaelis, Susanne Maria, Maurer, Philippe, Haspelmath, Martin, & Huber, Magnus, 143–8. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nettle, D. 1999. Linguistic diversity of the Americas can be reconciled with a recent colonization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96.6.3325–9.Google Scholar
Neves, W., Araujo, A., Bernardo, D., Kipnis, R., & Feathers, J.. 2012. Rock art at the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary in eastern South America. PLoS ONE 7.2.e32228.Google Scholar
Neves, Eduardo. 2013. Was agriculture a key productive activity in pre-colonial Amazonia? The stable productive basis for social equality in the Central Amazon. In Human–environment interactions: Current and future directions, ed. by Brondízio, Eduardo S. & Moran, Emilio F., 371–88. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.Google Scholar
Nichols, Johanna. 1990. Linguistic diversity and the first settlement of the New World. Language 66.3.475.Google Scholar
Nimuendajú, Curt. 1926. Galibi do Uaça. In Die Palikur-Indianer und ihre Nachbarn, ed. by Göteborg, Elanders, 141–3. Gothenburg: Elanders.Google Scholar
Noelli, Francisco Silva. 2008. The Tupi expansion. In Silverman & Isbell 2008, 659–70.Google Scholar
Noguera-Santamaría, Maria Claudia, Anderson, Carl Edlund, Uricoechea, Daniel, Durán, Clemencia, Briceño-Balcázar, Ignacio, & Bernal-Villegas, Jaime. 2015. Mitochondrial DNA analysis suggests a Chibchan migration into Colombia. Universitas Scientiarum 20.2.261.Google Scholar
O’Connor, Loretta. 2014. Structural features and language contact in the Isthmo-Colombian area. In O’Connor & Muysken 2014, 73–101.Google Scholar
O’Connor, Loretta, & Muysken, Pieter (eds.). 2014. The native languages of South America: Origins, development, typology. Cambridge & New York Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Oka, Rahul & Kusimba, Chapurukha. 2008. The archaeology of trading systems, part 1: Towards a new trade synthesis. Journal of Archaeological Research 16.4.339–95.Google Scholar
Oliver, José R. 2008. The archaeology of agriculture in ancient Amazonia. In Silverman & Isbell 2008, 185–216.Google Scholar
Payne, Doris. 1990a. Morphological characteristics of Amazonian languages. In Doris Payne (1990b), 213–41.Google Scholar
Payne, Doris (ed.). 1990b. Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Payne, David. 1991. A classification of Maipuran (Arawakan) languages based on shared lexical retentions. In Handbook of Amazonian languages, vol. 3, ed. by Derbyshire, Desmond & Pullum, Geoffrey, 355499. Berlin & Boston, MA: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
QGIS Development Team (2018). QGIS Geographic Information System. Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project. Available at http://qgis.osgeo.org.Google Scholar
Ramirez, Henri. 2001. Línguas Arawak da Amazônia Setentrional: comparação e descrição. Manaus: EDUA.Google Scholar
Reich, David et al. 2012. Reconstructing Native American population history. Nature 488.7411.370–4.Google Scholar
Renfrew, Colin. 1992. Archaeology, genetics and linguistic diversity. Man 27.3.445–78.Google Scholar
Ribeiro, E. 2006. Macro-Jê. In Encyclopedia of language & linguistics, 2nd ed., vol. 7, ed. by Brown, Keith, 422–6. Oxford: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Ribeiro, E. & van der Voort, Hein. 2010. Nimuendajú was right: The inclusion of the Jabutí language family in the Macro-Jê stock. International Journal of American Linguistics 76.4.517–70.Google Scholar
Rodrigues, Aryon D. 1964. Classificação do tronco lingüístico Tupi. Revista de Antropologia 12.99104.Google Scholar
Rodrigues, Aryon D. 1985a. Evidence for Tupi–Carib relationships. In South American Indian languages: Retrospect and prospect, ed. by Klein, H. & Stark, L., 371404. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Rodrigues, Aryon D. 1985b. Relações internas na família Tupí-Guaraní. Revista de Antropologia 27.3353.Google Scholar
Rodrigues, Aryon D. 1996. As Línguas Gerais Sul-Americanas. PAPIA: Revista Brasileira de Estudos Crioulos E Similares 4.2.618.Google Scholar
Rodrigues, Aryon D. 1999. Macro-Jê. In Dixon & Aikhenvald 1999, 165–206.Google Scholar
Rodrigues, Aryon D. 2000. “Ge–Pano–Carib” X “Jê–Tupí–Karib”: sobre relaciones lingüísticas prehistóricas en Sudamérica. In Actas del I Congreso de Lenguas Indígenas de Sudamérica, vol. 1, ed. by Miranda, L., 95104. Lima: Universidad Ricardo Palma, Facultad de Lenguas Modernas.Google Scholar
Rodrigues, Aryon D. & Dietrich, Wolf. 1997. On the linguistic relationship between Mawé and Tupí-Guaraní. Diachronica International Journal for Historical Linguistics 14.2.265304.Google Scholar
Rose, Françoise. 2012. Borrowing of a Cariban number marker into three Tupi-Guarani languages. In Morphologies in contact, ed. by Vanhove, Martine, Stolz, Thomas, Urdze, Aina, & Otsuka, Hitomi, 3769. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.Google Scholar
Rostain, Stéphen. 2008. Agricultural earthworks on the French Guiana coast. In Silverman & Isbell 2008, 217–33.Google Scholar
Rothhammer, Francisco, Fehren-Schmitz, Lars, Puddu, Giannina, & Capriles, José. 2017. Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup variation of contemporary mixed South Americans reveals prehistoric displacements linked to archaeologically-derived culture history. American Journal of Human Biology 29.6.e23029.Google Scholar
Rouse, I. 1992. The Taínos: Rise and decline of the people who greeted Columbus. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Salanova, Andres. to appear. The Macro-Jê languages. In Handbook of Amazonian languages, ed by. Epps, Patience & Michael, Lev. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Sandoval, José R. et al. 2016. The genetic history of Peruvian Quechua-Lamistas and Chankas: Uniparental DNA patterns among autochthonous Amazonian and Andean populations. Annals of Human Genetics 80.2.88101.Google Scholar
Sandoval, Karla et al. 2012. Y-chromosome diversity in Native Mexicans reveals continental transition of genetic structure in the Americas. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 148.3.395405.Google Scholar
Santos, Eduardo José Melo dos et al. 2015. Origins and demographic dynamics of Tupí expansion: A genetic tale. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas 10.2.217–28.Google Scholar
Santos-Granero, F. 2002. The Arawakan matrix: Ethos, language, and history in native South America. In Hill & Santos-Granero 2002, 25–50.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Max. 1917. Die Aruaken: Ein Beitrag zum Problem der Kulturverbreitung (Studien zur Ethnologie und Soziologie, Heft 1). Leipzig: Veit & Comp. (Available in a Portuguese translation at: www.etnolinguistica.org/biblio:schmidt-1917-aruaques, accessed August 27, 2018.)Google Scholar
Schroeder, Hannes et al. 2018. Origins and genetic legacies of the Caribbean Taíno. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115.10.2341–6.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J., Sharer, Robert J., Balkansky, Andrew K., Burton, James H., Feinman, Gary M., Flannery, Kent V., Grove, David C., Marcus, Joyce, Moyle, Robert G., Price, T. Douglas, Redmond, Eisa M., Reynolds, Robert G., Rice, Prudence M., Spencer, Charles S., Stoltman, James B., & Yaeger, Jason. 2006. On the logic of archaeological inference: Early formative pottery and the evolution of Mesoamerican societies. Latin American Antiquity 17.1.90103.Google Scholar
Silverman, Helaine & Isbell, William (eds.). 2008. Handbook of South American archaeology. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Silverstein, Michael. 1981. The limits of awareness. Working Papers in Sociolinguistics 84.331.Google Scholar
Skoglund, Pontus et al. 2015. Genetic evidence for two founding populations of the Americas. Nature 525.104–8.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael. 2010. Trading patterns, ancient American. In The Berkshire encyclopedia of world history, ed. by McNeill, William Hardy, Bentley, Jerry H., & Christian, David, 2nd ed. Great Barrington, MA: Berkshire Pub. Group.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael. 2011. The Aztecs, 3rd ed. (The Peoples of America). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Tarazona-Santos, Eduardo et al. 2001 Genetic fifferentiation in South Amerindians is related to environmental and cultural diversity: Evidence from the Y chromosome. The American Journal of Human Genetics 68.6.1485–96.Google Scholar
Torero, Alfredo. 2002. Idiomas de los Andes: lingüística e historia. Lima: IFEA.Google Scholar
Urban, Greg. 1992. A história da cultura brasileira segundo as línguas nativas. In História dos índios no Brasil, ed. by da Cunha, Manuela Carneiro, 87102. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.Google Scholar
Van Gijn, Rik. 2014. The Andean foothills and adjacent Amazonian fringe. In O’Connor & Muysken 2014, 102–25.Google Scholar
Viegas Barros, Pedro J. 2001. Evidencias Del Parentesco de Las Lenguas Lule y Vilela. Colección Folklore y Antropología, vol. 4: Colección Folklore y Antropología. Santa Fe: Subsecretaría de Cultura, Dirección Provincial de Gestión Cultural: Santa Fe: Subsecretaría de la Provincia de Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Vieira, Padre Antônio. 1662. Sermão da Epifania. Available at www.literaturabrasileira.ufsc.br/documentos/?action=download&id=49782, accessed August 27, 2018.Google Scholar
Walker, R.S. & Ribeiro, L.A.. 2011. Bayesian phylogeography of the Arawak expansion in lowland South America. Proceedings of the Royal Society B (Biological Sciences) 278.1718.2562–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Waters, Michael R. 2019. Late Pleistocene exploration and settlement of the Americas by modern humans. Science 365.6449.19.Google Scholar
Wheeler, Ward & Whiteley, Peter. 2015. Historical linguistics as a sequence optimization problem: The evolution and biogeography of Uto-Aztecan languages. Cladistics 31.2.113–25.Google Scholar
Whitehead, Neil. 2002. Arawak linguistics and cultural identity through time: contact, colonialism, and creolization. In Hill & Santos-Granero 2002, 51–73.Google Scholar
Wichmann, Søren. 2018. Neolithic linguistics. Available at http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.800.3739&rep=rep1&type=pdf, accessed August 27, 2018.Google Scholar
Wilson, Samuel Meredith. 2007. The archaeology of the Caribbean (Cambridge World Archaeology). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Zamponi, Raoul. 2020. Some precontact widespread lexical forms in the languages of Greater Amazonia. International Journal of American Linguistics 86.4.527–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zizumbo-Villarreal, Daniel & Colunga-GarcíaMarín, Patricia. 2010. Origin of agriculture and plant domestication in West Mesoamerica. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 57.6.813–25.Google Scholar
Zucchi, Alberta. 1985. Evidencias arqueológicas sobre posibles grupos de lenguas Caribe. Antropológica 63–4.2344.Google Scholar
Zucchi, Alberta. 2002. A new model of the northern Arawakan expansion. In Hill & Santos-Granero 2002, 199–222.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×