Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T14:36:17.044Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

3 - Individual Bilingualism

from Part One - Multilingualism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 June 2022

By
Annick De Houwer
Edited by
Salikoko Mufwene  and
Anna Maria Escobar
Salikoko Mufwene
Affiliation:
University of Chicago
Anna Maria Escobar
Affiliation:
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Get access

Summary

Language contact is at its most intense within one and the same individual. This chapter discusses the dynamic and multifaceted phenomenon of individual bilingualism, which emerges when individuals learn to understand multiple language varieties. Individual bilingual language use may contribute to societal processes of language change, language maintenance, and language loss. It is as yet not fully clear how bilingual individuals affect such larger processes, but cross-linguistic influence in comprehension and production, patterns of language choice, and variable levels of proficiency across the lifespan all play a role. These in turn depend on individuals' contexts for learning and using languages throughout the lifespan. The chapter exemplifies some of these on the basis of bilinguals' language biographies (including Frederick the Great's). Language learning histories and opportunities for using each language help explain the large variability in language skills and use among bilinguals. New languages can be learned until well into adulthood. Their number is constrained only by learning opportunities and motivation. Previously learned languages, including languages learned very early in life, can be lost through lack of use and practice. Language attitudes play a large role in all of this.

Keywords

bilingualcross-linguistic influenceFrederick the Greatindividual bilingualismlanguage attitudeslanguage biographieslanguage choicelanguage learninglifespan proficiency
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Language Contact
Volume 2: Multilingualism in Population Structure
 , pp. 61 - 89
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Afshar, Karin. 1998. Zweisprachigkeit oder Zweitsprachigkeit? Zur Entwicklung einer schwachen Sprache in der deutsch-persischen Familienkommunikation. Münster: Waxmann.Google Scholar
Alonso, Rosa Alonso (ed.). 2016. Crosslinguistic influence in second language acquisition. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Baetens Beardsmore, Hugo. 1982. Bilingualism. Basic principles. Clevedon: Tieto Ltd.Google Scholar
Bardel, Camilla. 2015. Lexical cross-linguistic influence in third language development. In Transfer effects in multilingual language development, ed. by Peukert, Hagen, 111–28. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Berman, Ruth (ed.). 2004. Language development across childhood and adolescence: Psycholinguistic and crosslinguistic perspectives. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Biedroń, Adriana & Birdsong, David. 2019. Highly proficient and gifted bilinguals. In The Cambridge handbook of bilingualism, ed. by De Houwer, Annick & Ortega, Lourdes, 306–23. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Birdsong, David. 2009. Age and the end state of second language acquisition. In The new handbook of second language acquisition, ed. by Ritchie, William & Bhatia, Tej, 401–24. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing.Google Scholar
Busch, Lucijan (ed.). 2011. Neville Alexander im Gespräch: Mit der Macht der Sprachen gegen die Sprache der Macht. Klagenfurt: Drava.Google Scholar
Caldas, Stephen. 2006. Raising bilingual–biliterate children in monolingual cultures. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Chevalier, Sarah. 2015. Trilingual language acquisition. Contextual factors influencing active trilingualism in early childhood. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Chevrot, Jean-Pierre & Ghimenton, Anna. 2019. Bilingualism and bidialectalism. In The Cambridge handbook of bilingualism, ed. by De Houwer, Annick & Ortega, Lourdes, 510–23. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chumak-Horbatsch, Roma. 2008. Early bilingualism: Children of immigrants in an English-language childcare center. Psychology of Language and Communication 12.3–28.Google Scholar
Cook, Vivian & Singleton, David. 2014. Key topics in second language acquisition. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Coulmas, Florian. 1987. Why speak English? In Analyzing intercultural communication, ed. by Knapp, Karlfried, Enninger, Werner, & Knapp-Potthoff, Annelie, 95–107. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Crookes, Graham. 1990. The utterance, and other basic units for second language discourse analysis. Applied Linguistics 11.2.183–99.Google Scholar
Dąbrowska, Ewa. 2015. Individual differences in grammatical knowledge. In Handbook of cognitive linguistics, ed. by Dąbrowska, Ewa & Divjak, Dagmar, 649–67. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Houwer, Annick. 1990. The acquisition of two languages from birth: A case study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
De Houwer, Annick. 1999. Environmental factors in early bilingual development: The role of parental beliefs and attitudes. In Bilingualism and migration, ed. by Extra, Guus & Verhoeven, Ludo, 75–96. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
De Houwer, Annick. 2003. Home languages spoken in officially monolingual Flanders: A survey. Plurilingua 24.79–96.Google Scholar
De Houwer, Annick. 2007. Parental language input patterns and children’s bilingual use. Applied Psycholinguistics 28.411–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Houwer, Annick. 2009. Bilingual first language acquisition. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
De Houwer, Annick. 2011. Language input environments and language development in bilingual acquisition. Applied Linguistics Review 2.221–40.Google Scholar
De Houwer, Annick. 2015. Foreword. A personal account of foreign language learning and some additional thoughts. In Lambelet, Amelia & Berthele, Raphael, Age and foreign language learning in school, vii–xiii. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan.Google Scholar
De Houwer, Annick. 2017. Minority language parenting in Europe and children’s well-being. In Handbook on positive development of minority children and youth, ed. by Cabrera, Natasha & Leyendecker, Birgit, 231–46. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
De Houwer, Annick. 2019. Language choice in bilingual interaction. In The Cambridge handbook of bilingualism, ed. by De Houwer, Annick & Ortega, Lourdes, 324–48. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
De Houwer, Annick. 2021. Bilingual development in childhood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
De Houwer, Annick & Bornstein, Marc. 2016. Balance patterns in early bilingual acquisition: A longitudinal study of word comprehension and production. In Language dominance in bilinguals. Issues of measurement and operationalization, ed. by Silva-Corvalán, Carmen & Treffers-Daller, Jeanine, 134–55. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
De Houwer, Annick & Ortega, Lourdes. 2019. Introduction: Learning, using and unlearning more than one language. In The Cambridge handbook of bilingualism, ed. by De Houwer, Annick & Ortega, Lourdes, 1–12. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Elwert, Theodor, 1959. Das zweisprachige Individuum. Ein Selbstzeugnis. Abhandlungen der geistes- und sozialwissenschaftlichen Klasse. Jahrgang 1959, Nr. 6. Wiesbaden: Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur.Google Scholar
Erard, Michael. 2012. Babel no more. The search for the world’s most extraordinary language learners. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Erman, Jean-Pierre & Reclam, Pierre Christian Frédéric. 1784. Mémoires pour servir à l’histoire des réfugiés françois dans les États du roi. Tome III. Berlin: Jean Jasperd.Google Scholar
Franceschini, Rita. 2002. Sprachbiographien: Erzählungen über Mehrsprachigkeit und deren Erkenntnisinteresse für die Spracherwerbsforschung und die Neurobiologie der Mehrsprachigkeit. Bulletin VALS-ASLA (Vereinigung für angewandte Linguistik in der Schweiz) 76.19–33.Google Scholar
Fredsted, Elin. 2003. Language contact and bilingualism in Flensburg in the middle of the 19th century. In Aspects of multilingualism in European language history, ed. by Braunmüller, Kurt & Ferraresi, Gisella, 35–60. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Gardner-Chloros, Penelope. 2009. Code-switching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gardner-Chloros, Penelope, Sebba, Mark, & Moyer, Melissa. 2007. The LIDES Corpus. In Models and methods in the handling of unconventional digital corpora. Vol. 1: Synchronic corpora, ed. by Beal, Joan, Corrigan, Karen, & Moisl, Hermann, 91–121. London: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Garlin, Edgardis. 2008. Bilingualer Erstspracherwerb: Sprachlich handeln, Sprachprobieren, Sprachreflexion. Eine Langzeitstudie eines deutsch-spanisch aufwachsenden Geschwister-paares. Münster: Waxmann.Google Scholar
Genesee, Fred & Delcenserie, Audrey (eds.). 2016. Starting over – The language development in internationally-adopted children. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Gervain, Judith & Werker, Janet. 2013. Prosody cues word order in 7-month-old bilingual infants. Nature Communications 4.1490.Google Scholar
González Alonso, Jorge, Rothman, Jason, Berndt, Denny, Castro, Tammer, & Westergaard, Marit. 2016. Broad scope and narrow focus: On the contemporary linguistic and psycholinguistic study of third language acquisition. International Journal of Bilingualism 21.6.639–50.Google Scholar
Goral, Mira, Libben, Gary, Obler, Loraine, Jarema, Gonia, & Ohayon, Keren. 2008. Lexical attrition in younger and older bilingual adults. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics 22.509–22.Google Scholar
Grosjean, François. 1982. Life with two languages. An introduction to bilingualism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Unversity Press.Google Scholar
Grosjean, François. 2001. The bilingual’s language modes. In One mind, two languages: Bilingual language processing, ed. by Nicol, Janet, 1–22. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.Google Scholar
Grosjean, François. 2012. An attempt to isolate, and then differentiate, transfer and interference. International Journal of Bilingualism 16.1.11–21.Google Scholar
Gürel, Ayşe & Yilmaz, Gülsen. 2011. Restructuring in the L1 Turkish grammar: Effects of L2 English and L2 Dutch. Language, Interaction and Acquisition/Langage, Interaction et Acquisition 2.2.221–50.Google Scholar
Hambly, Helen, Wren, Yvonne, McLeod, Sharynne, & Roulstone, Sue. 2013. The influence of bilingualism on speech production: A systematic review. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders 48.1.1–24.Google Scholar
Hammer, Carol, Lawrence, Frank, & Miccio, Adele. 2008. Exposure to English before and after entry in to Head Start: Bilingual children’s receptive language growth in Spanish and English. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 11.30–55.Google Scholar
Hardach-Pinke, Irene. 2010. Intercultural education by governesses (seventeenth to twentieth century). Paedagogica Historica 46.6.715–28.Google Scholar
Hult, Francis. 2014. Covert bilingualism and symbolic competence: Analytical reflections on negotiating insider/outsider positionality in Swedish speech situations. Applied Linguistics 35.63–81.Google Scholar
Jourdan, Christine. 2008. Language repertoires and the middle-class in urban Solomon Islands. In Social lives in language. Sociolinguistics and multilingual speech communities. Celebrating the work of Gillian Sankoff, ed. by Meyerhoff, Miriam & Nagy, Naomi, 43–67. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Juan-Garau, Maria & Pérez-Vidal, Carmen. 2001. Mixing and pragmatic parental strategies in early bilingual acquisition. Journal of Child Language 28.59–86.Google Scholar
Kaplan, Alice. 1993. French lessons: A memoir. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kaufman, Dorit. 2001. Tales of L1 attrition: Evidence from pre-puberty children. In Sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic perspectives on maintenance and loss of minority languages, ed. by Ammerlaan, Tom, Hulsen, Madeleine, Strating, Heleen, & Yağmur, Kutlay, 185–202. Münster: Waxmann.Google Scholar
Kinginger, Celeste. 2004. Alice doesn’t live here anymore: Foreign language learning and identity reconstruction. In Negotiation of identities in multilingual contexts, ed. by Pavlenko, Aneta & Blackledge, Adrian, 219–42. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Klein, Wolfgang. 1986. Second language acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kouritzin, Sandra. 1999. Face(t)s of first language loss. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Kramsch, Claire. 2005. The multilingual subject. In Plurilingualität und Identität, ed. by De Florio-Hansen, Inez & Hu, Adelheid, 107–24. Tübingen: Stauffenburg Verlag.Google Scholar
Kugler, Franz. 1840. Geschichte Friedrichs des Großen. Leipzig: Hermann Mendelssohn.Google Scholar
Kuppens, An & De Houwer, Annick (eds.). 2006. De relatie tussen mediagebruik en Engelse taalvaardigheid [The relation between media use and English proficiency]. Antwerpen: Universiteit Antwerpen.Google Scholar
Lanza, Elizabeth. 1997. Language mixing in infant bilingualism. A sociolinguistic perspective. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Leopold, Werner. 1970 [c. 1939–49]. Speech development of a bilingual child. A linguist’s record. New York: AMS Press.Google Scholar
Lindemann, Stephanie. 2002. Listening with an attitude: A model of native-speaker comprehension of non-native speakers in the United States. Language in Society 31.419–41.Google Scholar
Lipski, John. 2005. “Me want cookie”: Foreigner talk as monster talk. Available at www.personal.psu.edu/jml34/monster.pdf, accessed December 22, 2020.Google Scholar
Long, Michael. 1996. The role of the linguistic environment in second language acquisition. In Handbook of second language acquisition, ed. by Ritchie, William & Bahtia, Tej, 413–68. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Lvovich, Natasha. 1997. The multilingual self: An inquiry into language learning. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
MacSwan, Jeff. 2016. Code-switching in adulthood. In Bilingualism across the lifespan: Factors moderating proficiency, ed. by Nicoladis, Elena & Montanari, Simona, 183–200. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
MacWhinney, Brian. 1995. The CHILDES Project: Tools for analyzing talk, 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
MacWhinney, Brian. 2005. A unified model of language acquisition. In Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches, ed. by Kroll, Judith & de Groot, Annette, 49–67. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Meisel, Jürgen. 1977. Linguistic simplification: A study of immigrant workers’ speech and foreigner talk. In The notions of simplification, interlanguages and pidgins and their relation to second language pedagogy, ed. by Corder, Stephen Pit & Roulet, Eddy, 88–113. Geneva: Librairie Drodz.Google Scholar
Morett, Laura & MacWhinney, Brian. 2013. Syntactic transfer in English-speaking Spanish learners. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 16.1.132–51.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2017. Language vitality: The weak theoretical underpinnings of what can be an exciting research area. Language. Perspectives 93.e202–e223.Google Scholar
Muysken, Pieter. 2000. Bilingual speech: A typology of code-mixing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Muysken, Pieter. 2012. Root/affix asymmetries in contact and transfer: Case studies from the Andes. International Journal of Bilingualism 16.1.22–36.Google Scholar
Myers-Scotton, Carol. 1993. Duelling languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nekvapil, Jiří. 2001. From the biographical narratives of Czech Germans: Language biographies in the family of Mr. and Mrs. S. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 11.77–99.Google Scholar
Ortega, Lourdes. 2009. Understanding second language acquisition. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Pérez Báez, Gabriela. 2013. Family language policy, transnationalism, and the diaspora community of San Lucas Quiaviní of Oaxaca, Mexico. Language Policy 12.1.27–45.Google Scholar
Petersilka, Corina. 2005a. Die Zweisprachigkeit Friedrichs des Großen: Ein linguistisches Porträt. Berlin: de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Petersilka, Corina. 2005b. Zur Zweisprachigkeit Friedrichs II. In Geist und Macht: Friedrich der Große im Kontext der europäischen Kulturgeschichte, ed. by Wehinge, Brunhilde, 51–9. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.Google Scholar
Piller, Ingrid. 2002. Bilingual couples talk. The discursive construction of hybridity. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Poplack, Shana. 1980. Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish Y TERMINO EN ESPAÑOL: Toward a typology of code-switching. Linguistics 18.581–618.Google Scholar
Portes, Alejandro & Rumbaut, Rubén. 2001. Legacies: The story of the immigrant second generation. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Poulisse, Nanda. 1999. Slips of the tongue: Speech errors in first and second language production. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pöllnitz, Charles-Louis. 1734. Mémoires de Charles-Louis Baron de Pöllnitz, contenant les observations qu’il a faites dans ses voyages, et le caractère des personnes qui composent les principales cours de l’Europe. Tome premier. Liège: Joseph Demen.Google Scholar
Proctor, Patrick C., August, Diane, Carlo, María, & Snow, Catherine. 2006. The intriguing role of Spanish language vocabulary knowledge in predicting English reading comprehension. Journal of Educational Psychology 98.1.159–69.Google Scholar
Quay, Suzanne & Montanari, Simona. 2019. Bilingualism and multilingualism. In The Cambridge handbook of bilingualism, ed. by De Houwer, Annick & Ortega, Lourdes, 544–60. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ronjat, Jules. 1913. Le développement du langage observé chez un enfa nt bilingue. Paris: Champion.Google Scholar
Saunders, George. 1988. Bilingual children: From birth to teens. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Schmid, Monika. 2002. First language attrition, use and maintenance: The case of German Jews in Anglophone countries. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Schmid, Monika, Köpke, Barbara, & de Bot, Kees. 2013. Language attrition as a complex, non-linear development. International Journal of Bilingualism 17.6.675–82.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Richard, Boraie, Deena, & Kassabgy, Omneya. 1996. Foreign language motivation: Internal structure and external connections. In Language learning motivation: Pathways to the new century, ed. by Oxford, Rebecca, 9–70. Honolulu, HI: U’iIersity of Hawai'i, National Foreign Language Resource Center.Google Scholar
Schwieter, John (ed.). 2015. The Cambridge handbook of bilingual processing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Soderstrom, Melanie. 2014. Child-directed speech (features of). In Encyclopedia of language development, ed. by Brooks, Patricia & Kempe, Vera, 82–5. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Swain, Merrill. 1972. Bilingualism as a first language. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of California.Google Scholar
Tang, Gladys & Sze, Felix. 2019. Bilingualism and sign language research. In The Cambridge handbook of bilingualism, ed. by De Houwer, Annick & Ortega, Lourdes, 483–509. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Taura, Hideyuki. 2008. Language attrition and retention in Japanese returnee students. Tokyo: Akashi-shoten.Google Scholar
Taura, Hideyuki & Taura, Amanda. 2012. Linguistic and narrative development in a Japanese–English bilingual’s first language acquisition: A 14-year longitudinal case study. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 15.4.475–508.Google Scholar
Thompson, Linda. 2000. Young bilingual children in nursery school. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Todeva, Elka & Cenoz, Jasone (eds.). 2009. The multiple realities of multilingualism: Personal narratives and researchers’ perspectives. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Treffers-Daller, Jeanine & Mougeon, Raymond. 2005. The role of transfer in language variation and change: Evidence from contact varieties of French. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 8.2.93–8.Google Scholar
Treffers-Daller, Jeanine & Sakel, Jeanette. 2012. Why transfer is a key aspect of language use and processing in bilinguals and L2-users. International Journal of Bilingualism 16.1.3–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaughan, Jill, Wigglesworth, Gillian, Loakes, Deborah, Disbrey, Samantha, & Moses, Karin. 2015. Child–caregiver interaction in two remote Indigenous Australian communities. Frontiers in Psychology 6.514.Google Scholar
Verdon, Sarah & McLeod, Sharynne. 2015. Indigenous language learning and maintenance among young Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children. International Journal of Early Childhood 47.1.153–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verdon, Sarah, McLeod, Sharynne, & Winsler, Adam. 2014. Language maintenance and loss in a population study of young Australian children. Early Childhood Research Quarterly 29.168–81.Google Scholar
Verspoor, Marjolijn, de Bot, Kees, & van Rein, Eva. 2011. English as a foreign language: The role of out-of-school language input. In English in Europe today. Sociocultural and educational perspectives, ed. by De Houwer, Annick & Wilton, Antje, 147–66. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Watson, Richard. 1995. The philosopher’s demise: Learning French. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press.Google Scholar
Weiss, Charles M. 1854. History of the French Protestant refugees, from the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes to our own days, trans. from the French by Henry William Herbert, 2 vols. New York: Stringer and Townsend.Google Scholar
Willemyns, Roger. 1996. Niederländisch-Französisch. In Contact linguistics. An international handbook of contemporary research, ed. by Goebl, Hans, Nelde, Peter, Stary, Zdenek, & Wölck, Wolfgang, 1123–9. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Winsler, Adam, Kim, Yoon, & Richard, Erin. 2014. Socio-emotional skills, behavior problems, and Spanish competence predict the acquisition of English among English language learners in poverty. Developmental Psychology 50.2242–54.Google Scholar
Wölck, Wolfgang. 1965. Phonematische Analyse der Sprache von Buchan. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.Google Scholar
Wölck, Wolfgang. 1987. Pequeño breviario Quechua. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.Google Scholar
Wölck, Wolfgang. 1987/8. Types of natural bilingual behavior: A review and revision. The Bilingual Review/La Revista bilingüe 14.3–16.Google Scholar
Wölck, Wolfgang. 2002. Peter and the Wolf (as told by the Wolf) a.k.a. Wolfgang Wölck. In Petrus sive de amicitial, ed. by Forschungszentrum für Mehrsprachigkeit, 1–14. St. Augustin: Asgard.Google Scholar
Wölck, Wolfgang. 2005a. Attitudinal contrasts between minority and majority languages in contact. In Standard variation and ideology in language cultures around the world, ed. by Muhr, Rudolf, 111–20. Vienna: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Wölck, Wolfgang. 2005b. Some notes on cause and effect of bilingual errors. In Sprachenlernen als Investition in die Zukunft, ed. by van Leewen, Eva, 117–24. Tübingen: Francke.Google Scholar
Wong Fillmore, Lily. 1991. When learning a second language means losing the first. Early Childhood Research Quarterly 6.232–346.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×