Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T12:52:12.877Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part Two - Contact, Emergence, and Language Classification

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 June 2022

Salikoko Mufwene
Affiliation:
University of Chicago
Anna Maria Escobar
Affiliation:
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Language Contact
Volume 2: Multilingualism in Population Structure
, pp. 255 - 400
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Aboh, Enoch O. 2006a. Complementation in Saramaccan and Gungbe: The case of C-type modal particles. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 24.1.155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aboh, Enoch O. 2006b. The role of the syntax-semantics interface in language transfer. In L2 acquisition and creole genesis: Dialogues, ed. by Lefebvre, Claire, White, Lydia, & Jourdan, Christine, 221–52. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Pub. Co.Google Scholar
Aboh, Enoch O. 2009. Competition and selection. That’s all! In Complex process in new languages, ed. by Aboh, Enoch O. and Smith, Norval, 317–44. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Aboh, Enoch O. 2015. The emergence of hybrid grammars. Language contact and change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Aboh, Enoch O. 2016. Creole distinctiveness: A dead end. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 31.400–18.Google Scholar
Aboh, Enoch O. & Ansaldo, Umberto. 2007. The role of typology in language creation: A descriptive take. In Deconstructing creole, ed. by Ansaldo, U., Mathew, S. M, & Lim, L., 3966. Amsterdam: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aboh, Enoch & DeGraff, Michel. 2014. Some notes on nominal phrases in Haitian Creole and in Gùngbè: A trans-Atlantic Sprachbund perspective. In Language contact and language change: Grammatical structure encounters the fluidity of language, ed. by Afarli, Tor & Mæhlum, Brit, 203–36. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Aboh, Enoch & DeGraff, Michel. 2016. A null theory of Creole formation based on Universal Grammar. In The Oxford handbook of universal grammar, ed. by Roberts, Ian, 401–58. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Alleyne, Mervyn C. 1980. Comparative Afro-American: A historical-comparative study of English-based Afro-American dialects of the N ew World. Ann Arbor, MI: Karoma Publishers.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1811. Idylles et chansons, ou essais de poësie créole par un habitant d’Hayti. Philadelphia, PA: Imprimerie de J. Edwards.Google Scholar
Bakker, Peter. 2003. Pidgin inflectional morphology and its implications for creole morphology. In Yearbook of morphology 2002, ed. by Booij, Geert & van Marle, Jaap, 333. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers.Google Scholar
Bakker, Peter. 2016. You got Gungbe, but we got the numbers. Feature pools show that creoles are still typologically distinct. Journal of Pidgin & Creole Languages 31.2.419–35.Google Scholar
Bakker, Peter, Daval-Markussen, Aymeric, Parkvall, Mikael, & Plag, Ingo. 2011. Creoles are typologically distinct from non-creoles. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 26.1.542.Google Scholar
Bakker, Peter & Parkvall, Mikael. 2005. Reduplication in pidgins and creoles. In Studies on reduplication, ed. by Hurch, Bernhard, 511–31. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Bickerton, Derek. 1973. The nature of a creole continuum. Language 49.641–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bickerton, Derek. 1981. Roots of language. Ann Arbor, MI: Karoma.Google Scholar
Bickerton, Derek. 1984. The language bioprogram hypothesis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7.2.173203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bickerton, Derek. 1988. Creole languages and the Bioprogram. In Linguistics: The Cambridge survey, vol. 2, ed. by Newmeyer, Frederic, 268–84. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bickerton, Derek. 1990. Language and species. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Bickerton, Derek. 1996. The origins of variations in Guyanese. In Towards a social science of language: Papers in honor of William Labov, ed. by In Guy, Gregory, Feagin, Crawford, Schiffrin, Deborah, & Baugh, John, 311–27. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Bickerton, Derek. 1999. How to acquire language without positive evidence: What acquisitionists can learn from Creoles. In DeGraff 1999c, 49–74.Google Scholar
Bickerton, Derek. 2008. Bastard tongues: A trail-blazing linguist finds clues to our common humanity in the world’s lowliest languages. New York: Hill and Wang.Google Scholar
Blasi, Damian, Michaelis, Susanne, & Haspelmath, Martin. 2017. Grammars are robustly transmitted even during the emergence of creole languages. Nature Human Behavior 1 10.723–29.Google Scholar
Bunsen, Christian Karl Josias. 1854. Outlines of the philosophy of universal history applied to language and religion. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.Google Scholar
Chaudenson, Robert. 2001. Creolization of language and culture. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Daval-Markussen, Aymeric & Bakker, Peter. 2012. Explorations in creole research with phylogenetic tools. In Visualization of linguistic patterns and uncovering language history from multilingual resources: Proceedings of the European Association of Computational Linguistics 2012 Joint Workshop, ed. by Butt, Miriam, Carpendale, Sheelagh, & Penn, Gerald, 8997. Stroudsburg, PA: Association for Computational Linguistics.Google Scholar
DeGraff, Michel. 1999a. Creolization, language change and language acquisition: A prolegomenon. In DeGraff 1999c, 1–46.Google Scholar
DeGraff, Michel. 1999b. Creolization, language change and language acquisition: An epilogue. In DeGraff 1999c, 473–543.Google Scholar
DeGraff, Michel (ed.). 1999c. Language creation and language change. Creolization, diachrony and development. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
DeGraff, Michel. 2001a. Morphology in Creole genesis. Linguistics and ideology. In Ken Hale: A life in language, ed. by Kenstowicz, Michael, 53121. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeGraff, Michel. 2001b. On the origins of Creole: A Cartesian critique of Neo-Darwinian linguistics. Linguistic Typology 5.2/3.213310.Google Scholar
DeGraff, Michel. 2002. Relexification: A re-evaluation. Anthropological Linguistics 44.4.321414.Google Scholar
DeGraff, Michel. 2005a. Linguists’ most dangerous myth. The fallacy of Creole Exceptionalism. Language in Society 34.4.533–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeGraff, Michel. 2005b. Word order and morphology in “creolization” and beyond. In The Oxford handbook of comparative syntax, ed. by Cinque, Guglielmo & Kayne, Richard, 293372. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
DeGraff, Michel. 2007. Kreyòl Ayisyen, or Haitian Creole. In Holm & Patrick 2007, 101–26.Google Scholar
DeGraff, Michel. 2009. Language acquisition in creolization and, thus, language change: Some Cartesian-Uniformitarian boundary conditions. Language ¾ Linguistic Compass 3/4.888971.Google Scholar
DeGraff, Michel, Berwick, Robert, & Bass, Trevor. forthcoming. Language acquisition and computational phylogenetics: Creole languages and family values. In Oxford handbook of historical and diachronic syntax, ed. by Paola Crima & Giuseppe Longobardi. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dryer, Matthew & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). 2011. The world atlas of language structures online. Munich: Max Planck Digital Library. Available at http://wals.info/, accessed February 9, 2017.Google Scholar
Ducœurjoly, S.-J. 1802. Manuel des habitans de Saint-Domingue, 2 vol. Paris: Lenoir.Google Scholar
Dunn, Michael, Levinson, Stephen C., Lindström, Eva, Reesink, Ger, & Terrill, Angela. 2008. Structural phylogeny in historical linguistics: Methodological explorations applied in Island Melanesia. Language 84.4.710–59.Google Scholar
Fattier, Dominique. 1998. Contribution à l’étude de la genèse d’un créole: l’atlas linguistique d’Haïti, cartes et commentaires, 6 vols. PhD dissertation, Université de Provence. (Distributed by Presses Universitaires du SeptentriFrancelleneuve d’Ascq, France.)Google Scholar
Fon Sing, Guillaume. 2017. Creoles are not typologically distinct from non-Creoles. Language Ecology 1.4474.Google Scholar
Fon Sing, Guillaume & Leoue, Jean. 2012. Creoles are not typologically distinct from non-creoles. Paper presented at the Ninth Creolistics Workshop: Contact languages in a global context: Past and present, Aarhus University, April 11–13, 2012.Google Scholar
Frei, Henri. 1929. La grammaire des fautes: introduction à la linguistique fonctionnelle. Geneva: Slatkine.Google Scholar
Goodman, Morris. 1964. A comparative study of Creole French dialects. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Gougenheim, Georges. 1929. Étude sur les périphrases verbales de la langue française. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.Google Scholar
Holm, John. 2000. An introduction to pidgins and creoles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Holm, John. 2007. Introduction. In Holm & Patrick 2007, v–xi.Google Scholar
Holm, John. 2008. Creolization and the fate of inflections. In Aspects of language contact. New theoretical, methodological and empirical findings with special focus on romancisation processes, ed. by Stolz, Thomas, Bakker, Dik, & Paloma, Rosa Salas, 299324. Berlin: Mouton.Google Scholar
Holm, John & Patrick, Peter. 2007. Comparative creole syntax: Parallel outlines of 18 creole grammars (Westminster Creolistics Series, 7). London: Battlebridge Publications.Google Scholar
Hulk, Aafke & Müller, Natasha. 2000. Bilingual first language acquisition at the interface between syntax and pragmatics. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 3.3.227–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kegl, Judy, Senghas, Anne, & Coppola, Marie. 1999. Creation through contact: Sign language emergence and sign language change in Nicaragua. In DeGraff 1999c, 179–237.Google Scholar
Kouwenberg, Silvia. 2010. Creole studies and linguistic typology: Part 2. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 25.2.359–80.Google Scholar
Kouwenberg, Silvia & Singler, John Victor. 2020. Are creoles a special type of language? Methodological issues in new approaches to an old question. In Advances in contact linguistics: In honour of Pieter Muysken, ed. by Smith, Norval, Veenstra, Tonjes, and Aboh, Enoch O., 107–60. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Kroch, Anthony. 1989. Reflexes of grammar in patterns of language change. Language Variation and Change 1.199244.Google Scholar
Kroch, Anthony, Taylor, Ann, & Ringe, Donald. 2000. The Middle English verb-second constraint: A case study in language contact and language change. In Textual parameters in older languages, ed. by Herring, Susan, van Reneen, Pieter, & Schøsler, Lene, 353–91. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Lalla, Barbara & D’Costa, Jean (eds.). 1989. Voices in exile: Jamaican texts of the 18th and 19th centuries. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Lang, Jürgen. 2007. Portuguais crioulo, espagnol criollo et français créole en tant que termes désignant les langues: les premiers témoignages de l’Ouest africain. Creolica. Available at www.creolica.net/article-63.html, accessed February 9, 2017.Google Scholar
Lang, Jürgen, Holm, John, Rougé, Jean-Louis, & Soares, Maria João (eds.). 2006. Cabo Verde. Origens da sua sociedade e do seu crioulo. Tübingen: Narr.Google Scholar
Lefebvre, Claire. 2006. Creole genesis and the acquisition of grammar: The case of Haitian Creole. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luís, Ana. 2008. Tense marking and inflectional morphology in Indo-Portuguese creoles. In Roots of creole structures: Weighing the contribution of substrates and superstrates, ed. by Michaelis, Susanne, 83121. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McWhorter, John H. 1998. Identifying the creole prototype: Vindicating a typological class. Language 74.4.788818.Google Scholar
McWhorter, John H. 2001. The world’s simplest grammars are creole grammars. Linguistic Typology 5.2/3.125–66.Google Scholar
McWhorter, John H. 2011. Linguistic simplicity and complexity: Why do languages undress? Boston, MA: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Meillet, Antoine. 1958. Linguistique historique et linguistique générale, vol. 1. Paris: Honoré Champion.Google Scholar
Moreau de Saint-Méry, M.L.E. 1797. Description topographique, physique, civile, politique et historique de la partie française de l’isle de Saint Domingue, 3 vols. Philadelphia, PA: Chez l’auteur.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 1989. La créolisation en bantou: les cas du kituba, du lingala urbain, et du swahili du Shaba. Etudes Créoles 12.74106.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 1997. Jargons, pidgins, creoles, and koines: What are they? In The structure and status of pidgins and creoles, ed. by Spears, Arthur & Winford, Donald, 3570. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2000. Creolization is a social, not a structural, process. In Degrees of restructuring in creole languages, ed. by Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid & Schneider, Edgar, 6584. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2001. The ecology of language evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2008. Language evolution: Contact, competition and change. London: Continuum.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2010. Second language acquisition and the emergence of creoles. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 32.142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Müller, Natasha. 1998. Transfer in bilingual first language acquisition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 1.151–71.Google Scholar
Müller, Natasha & Hulk, Aafke. 2001. Cross-linguistic influence in bilingual first language acquisition: Italian and French as recipient languages. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 4.1.121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muysken, Pieter. 1981. Half-way between Quechua and Spanish: The case for relexification. In Historicity and variation in Creole Studies, ed. by Highfield, Arnold & Valdman, Albert, 5278. Ann Arbor, MI: Karoma.Google Scholar
Muysken, Pieter & Smith, Norval (eds.). 1986. Substrata vs. universals in Creole genesis: Papers from the Amsterdam Creole Workshop, April 1985. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Newport, Elissa. 1999. Reduced input in the acquisition of signed languages: Contributions to the study of creolization. In DeGraff 1999c, 161–78.Google Scholar
Nichols, Johana. 2006. The comparative method as heuristic. In The comparative method reviewed: Regularity and irregularity in language change, ed. by Durie, Mark & Ross, Malcolm, 3971. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nichols, Johana & Warnow, Tandy. 2008. Tutorial on computational linguistic phylogeny. Language and Linguistics Compass 2.5.760820.Google Scholar
Notley, Anna, van der Linden, Elisabeth, & Hulk, Aafke. 2007. Cross-linguistic influence in bilingual children: The case of dislocation. In Romance languages and linguistic theory 2005, ed. by Baauw, S., Drijkoningen, F., & Pinto, M., 229–59. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Palmié, Stephan. 2006. Creolization and its discontents. Annual Review of Anthropology 35.433–56.Google Scholar
Parkvall, Mikael. 2008. The simplicity of creoles in a cross-linguistic perspective. In Language complexity: Typology, contact, change, ed. by Miestamo, Matti, Sinnemäki, Kaius, & Karlsson, Fred, 265–85. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Co.Google Scholar
Pelleprat, Pierre. 1665. Relation des missions des PP. de la Compagnie de Jésus dans les îles et dans la terre ferme de l’Amérique Méridionale. Paris: Cramoisy & Cramoisy.Google Scholar
Plag, Ingo. 2008a. Creoles as interlanguages: Inflectional morphology. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 23.1.114–35.Google Scholar
Plag, Ingo. 2008b. Creoles as interlanguages: Syntactic structures. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 23.2.307–28.Google Scholar
Plag, Ingo. 2009. Creoles as interlanguages: Word-formation. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 24.2.339–62.Google Scholar
Rizzi, Luigi. 1997. The fine structure of the left periphery. In Elements of grammar, ed. by Haegeman, Liliane, 281337. Dordrecht: Kluwer.Google Scholar
Roberts, Peter. 2008. Roots of Caribbean identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Roberts, Sarah Julianne. 1999. The TMA system of Hawaiian Creole and diffusion. In Creole genesis, attitudes and discourse: Studies celebrating Charlene J. Sato, ed. by Rickford, John & Romaine, Suzanne, 4570. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Siegel, Jeff. 2008. The emergence of pidgin and creole languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sylvain, Suzanne. 1936. Le créole haïtien: morphologie et syntaxe. Wetteren: De Meester.Google Scholar
Stewart, Charles. 2007. Creolization: History, ethnography, theory. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, Douglas. 1956. Language contact in the West Indies. Word 12.399414.Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah (ed.). 1997. Contact languages: A wider perspective. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Co.Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah & Kaufman, Terrence. 1988. Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Velupillai, Viveka. 2015. Pidgins, creoles and mixed languges: An introduction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Weinreich, Uriel. 1958. On the compatibility of genetic relationship and convergent development. Word 14.374–9.Google Scholar
Wichmann, Søren & Saunders, Arpiar. 2007. How to use typological databases in historical linguistic research. Diachronica 24.2.373404.Google Scholar

References

Baker, Philip & Winer, Lise. 1999. Separating the wheat from he chaff. How far can we rely on old pidgin and creole texts? In St. Kitts and the Atlantic creoles. The texts of Samuel Augustus Mathews in perspective, ed. by Baker, Philip & Bruyn, Adrienne, 103–22. London: University of Westminster Press.Google Scholar
Banks, Joseph. 1962. The Endeavor journal of Joseph Banks 1768–1771, ed. by Beaglehole, J.C., 2 vols. Sydney: Trustees of the Public Library of New South Wales in Association with Angus and Robertson.Google Scholar
Barman, Jean & Watson, Bruce McIntyre. 2006. Leaving paradise. Indigenous Hawaiians in the Pacific Northwest, 1787–1898. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Beck, Robin. 2013. Chiefdoms, collapse, and coalescence in the early American South. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Biggs, Bruce. 1981. Complete English–Maori dictionary. Auckland: Auckland University Press.Google Scholar
Bjork, Katherine. 1998. The link that kept the Philippines Spanish: Mexican merchant interests and the Manila trade, 1571–1815. Journal of World History 9.2550.Google Scholar
Botta, Paul-Émile. 1831. Observations sur les habitants des îles Sandwich. Nouvelles annals des voyages et des sciences geographiques 52.4.129–76. (For an English translation of the Hawai‘i portion, see Knowlton 1984.)Google Scholar
Bradley, Harold Whitman. 1968. The American frontier in Hawaii. The pioneers 1789–1843. Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith.Google Scholar
Buchstaller, Isabelle, Holmberg, Anders, & Almoaily, Mohammad (eds.). 2014. Pidgins and creoles beyond Africa–Europe encounters. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Buschmann, Rainer F. 2014. Iberian visions of the Pacific Ocean, 1507–1899 (Palgrave Studies in Pacific History). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Camino, Mercedes. 2009. Exploring the explorers: Spaniards in Oceania 1519–1794. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Chappell, David A. 1997. Double ghosts: Oceanian voyagers on Euroamerican ships. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Clark, Ross. 1977. In search of Beach-la-Mar: Historical relations among Pacific pidgins and creoles. Working Papers in Anthropology, Archaeology, Linguistics, Maori Studies, No. 48, Department of Anthropology, University of Auckland.Google Scholar
Clark, Ross. 1979. In search of Beach-la-Mar: Towards a history of Pacific Pidgin English. Te Reo 22.364.Google Scholar
Clark, Ross. 1990. Pidgin English and Pidgin Maori in New Zealand. In New Zealand ways of speaking English, ed. by Bell, Allan & Holms, Janet, 97114 Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Cook, James. 1955. The journals of Captain James Cook on his voyages of discovery, vol. 1: The voyage of the Endeavor 1768–1771 (Hakluyt Society Extra Series No. 34, ed. by Beaglehole, J.C. with the Assistance of Williamson, J.A., Davidson, J.W., & Skelton, R.A.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Crawford, James. 1978. The Mobilian trade language. Knoxville, TN. University of Tennessee Press.Google Scholar
Crowley, Terry. 1993. Pre-1860 European contact in the Pacific and introduced cultural vocabulary. Australian Journal of Linguistics 13.119–63.Google Scholar
Davies, William D. 1986. Choctaw verb agreement and u niversal grammar. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Dordillon, René Ildefonse. 1931–2. Grammaire et dictionnaire de la langue des îles Marquises (Travaux et mémoires de l’ins titut d’éthnologie 17–18). Paris: Institut d’éthnologie.Google Scholar
Drechsel, Emanuel J. 1983. Towards an ethnohistory of speaking: The case of Mobilian Jargon, an American Indian pidgin of the lower Mississippi valley. Ethnohistory 30.165–76.Google Scholar
Drechsel, Emanuel J. 1996. An integrated vocabulary of Mobilian Jargon, a Native American pidgin of the Mississippi valley. Anthropological Linguistics 38.2.248354.Google Scholar
Drechsel, Emanuel J. 1997. Mobilian Jargon: Linguistic and sociohistorical aspects of a Native American pidgin (Oxford Studies in Language Contact). Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Drechsel, Emanuel J. 2007. Language and cosmopolis among Native peoples of eastern North America. Invited paper at the Workshop Cosmology and Society in the Ancient Amerindian World, Santa Fe Institute, NM, October 28–31.Google Scholar
Drechsel, Emanuel J. 2008. Mobilian Jargon in historiography: An exercise in the ethnohistory of speaking. Southern Anthropologist 33.2436.Google Scholar
Drechsel, Emanuel J. 2014a. Language contact in the early colonial Pacific: Maritime Polynesian Pidgin before Pidgin English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Drechsel, Emanuel J. 2014b. Etymological vocabulary and index of Maritime Polynesian Pidgin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Forster, George. 2000 [1777]. A voyage round the world, ed. by Thomas, Nicholas & Berghof, Oliver with the assistance of Jennifer Newell, 2 vols. Ionolulu, HI: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Gowen, Herbert H. 1892. The paradise of the Pacific: Sketches of Hawaiian scenery and life. London: Skeffington & Son.Google Scholar
Hymes, Dell. 1980. Commentary. In Theoretical orientations in creole studies, ed. by Valdman, Albert & Highfield, Arnold, 389423. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Jacob, Betty, Nicklas, Dale, & Spencer, Betty Lou. 1977. Introduction to Choctaw. Durant, OK: Choctaw Bilingual Education Program, Southeastern Oklahoma State University.Google Scholar
Kamakau, Samuel Mānaiakalani. 1996 [1868]. Ke Kumu Aupuni. Ka mo‘olelo Hawai‘i no KamehameIa Ka Na‘i Aupuni a me kāna aupuni i ho‘okumu ai. Honolulu, HI: Native Books.Google Scholar
Knowlton, Edgar C. Jr. 1984. Paul-ÉmIle Botta, visitor to Hawai‘i in 1828. Hawaiian Journal of History 18.1338.Google Scholar
McWhorter, John H. 2000. The missing Spanish creoles. Recovering the birth of plantation creoles. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Melville, Herman. 1968 [1846]. Typee: A peep at Polynesian life, ed. by Hayford, Harrison, Parker, Hershel, & Thomas Tanselle, G., with a historical note by Howard, Leon. Evanston & Chicago, IL: Northwestern University Press and the Newberry Library.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2003. Contact languages in the Bantu area. In The Bantu languages, ed. by Nurse, Derek & Philippson, Gerard, 195208. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Mühlhäusler, Peter. 1997. Pidgin and creole linguistics, expanded and revised ed. (Westminster Creolistics Series 3). London: University of Westminster Press.Google Scholar
Mühlhäusler, Peter, Dutton, Tom E., Tryon, Darrell T., & Wurm, Stephen A.. 1996. Post-contact pidgins, creoles, and lingue franche, based on non-European and Indigenous languages. In Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas, vol. 2.1: Texts, ed. by Wurm, Stephen A., Mühlhäusler, Peter, & Tryon, Darrell T., 439–70. Berlin: Mouton de Guyter.Google Scholar
Newbury, Colin. 1980. Tahiti Nui: Change and survival in French Polynesia 1767–1945. Honolulu, HI: University Press of Hawai‘i.Google Scholar
Pukui, Mary Kawena & Elbert, Samuel H.. 1986. Hawaiian dictionary: Hawaiian–English, English–Hawaiian, revised and enlarged edI. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Pukui, Mary Kawena, Elbert, Samuel H., & Mookini, Esther T.. 1974. Place names of Hawaii, revised and expanded edI. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Reinecke, John E. 1969. Language and dialect in Hawaii. A sociolinguistic history to 1935, ed. by TsuzIki, Stanley M.. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai‘i Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Restall, Mathew (ed.). 2015. Colonial Mesoamerican literacy: Method, form, and consequence, special issue, published in collaboration with the John Carter Brown Library, of Ethnohistory 62.3.Google Scholar
Roberts, Sarah J.M. 1995a. Pidgin Hawaiian: A sociohistorical study. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 10.156.Google Scholar
Roberts, Sarah J.M. 1995b. A structural sketch of Pidgin Hawaiian. Amsterdam Creole Studies 12.97126.Google Scholar
Roberts, Sarah J.M. 2003. Reduplication and the formation of Pidgin Hawaiian. In Twice as meaningful. Reduplication in pidgins, creoles, and other contact languages, ed. by Kouwenberg, Silvia, 307–18. London: Battlebridge.Google Scholar
Roberts, Sarah J.M. 2005. The emergence of Hawai‘i Creole English in the early 20th century: The sociohistorical context of creole genesis. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Linguistics, Stanford University, Ann Arbor, MI, UMI Dissertation Services.Google Scholar
Roberts, Sarah J.M. 2013. Pidgin Hawaiian. In The survey of pidgin and creole languages, vol. 3: Contact languages based on languages from Africa, Australia, and the Americas, ed. by Michaelis, Susanne, Maurer, Philippe, Ha spelmath, Martin, & Huber, Magnus, 119–28. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Roux, Jean. 1985 [1773]. Journal du Voyage fait Sur le Vaisseau du Roi Le Mascarin, commandé par Mr. Marion Chevalier de l’Ordre Royal et mil itaire de St. Louis, Capitaine de Brulot: accompagné de la Flutte Le Marquis de Castries, pour faire le Voyage de l’Isle Taity ou de Cythère, en faisant la decouverte des Terres Australes, passant à la nouvelle hollande, à la nouvelle Zélande, &c. &c. In Extracts from journals relating to the visit to New Zealand in May–July 1772 of the French ships Mascarin and Marquis de Castries under the command of M.-J. Marion du Fresne, transcribed & translated by Ollivier, Isabel, with an appendix of charts and drawings compiled by Jeremy Spencer (Early Eyewitness Accounts of Maori Life 2), 118207. Wellington: Alexander Turnbull Library Endowment Trust with Indosuez New Zealand Limited.Google Scholar
Sakoda, Kent & Siegel, Jeff. 2003. Pidgin grammar: An introduction to the creole language of Hawai‘i. Honolulu, HI: Bess Press.Google Scholar
Schwaller, Robert C. (ed.). 2012. A language of empire, a quotidian tongue: The uses of Nahuatl in New Spain, special issue of Ethnohistory 59.4.Google Scholar
Shoemaker, Nancy. 2015. Native American whalemen and the world: Indigenous encounters and the contingency of race. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Silverstein, Michael. 1972. Chinook Jargon: Language contact and the problem of multi-level generative systems. Language 48.378406, 596–625.Google Scholar
Silverstein, Michael. 1996a. Dynamics of linguistic vontact. In: Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 17: Languages, ed. by Goddard, Ives, 117–36. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.Google Scholar
Silverstein, Michael. 1996b. Encountering language and languages of encounter in North American ethnohistory. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 6.126–44.Google Scholar
Spoehr, Alexander. 1986. Fur traders in Hawai‘i: The Hudson’s Bay Company in Honolulu, 1829–1861. Hawaiian Journal of History 20.2766.Google Scholar
Stocking, George W. Jr. 1965. On the limits of “presentism” and “historicism” in the historiography of the behavioral sciences. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 1.211–18.3.0.CO;2-W>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomason, Sarah G. 1980. On interpreting “The Indian Interpreter.Language in Society 9.167–93.Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah G. 1983. Chinook Jargon in areal and historic context. Language 59.820–70.Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah G. (ed.). 1997. Contact languages: A wider perspective. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Tryon, Darrell T. & Charpentier, Jean-Michel. 2004. Pacific pidgins and creoles: Origins, growth and development (Trends in Linguistics, Studies and Monographs 132). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Versteegh, Kees. 2008. Non-Indo-European pidgins and creoles. In The handbook of pidgin and creole studies, ed. by Kouwenberg, Silvia & Victor Singler, John, 158–86. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Wahlroos, Sven. 2002. English–Tahitian Tahitian–English dictionary/Fa‘atoro Parau Marite/Peritane–Tahiti Tahiti–Marite/Peretane. Honolulu, HI: Mā‘ohi Heritage Press.Google Scholar
Williams, Herbert W. 1971. Dictionary of the Maori language, 7th ed., revised & augmented by the Advisory Committee on the Teaching of the Maori Language, Department of Education. Wellington: GP Publications.Google Scholar
Wolf, Eric. 1982. Europe and the people without history. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

References

Aboh, Enoch O. & Ansaldo, Umberto. 2007. The role of typology in language creation. In Deconstructing Creole, ed. by Ansaldo, Umberto, Matthews, Stephen, & Lim, Lisa, 3966. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Ansaldo, Umberto. 2005. Typological admixture in Sri Lanka Malay: The case of Kirinda Java. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Ansaldo, Umberto. 2008. Sri Lanka Malay revisited: Genesis and classification. In Lessons from documented endangered languages, ed. by David Harrison, K., Rood, David, & Dwyer, Arienne, 1342. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Ansaldo, Umberto. 2011a. Metatypy in Sri Lanka Malay. In Annual review of South Asian languages and linguistics, ed. by Singh, Rajendra, 316. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Ansaldo, Umberto. 2011b. Sri Lanka Malay and its Lankan adstrates. In Creoles, their substrates, and language typology, ed. by Lefebvre, Claire, 367–82. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Auer, Peter. 1999. From codeswitching via language mixing to fused lects: Toward a dynamic typology of bilingual speech. Journal of Bilingualism 3.4.309–32.Google Scholar
Bakker, Peter. 1994. Michif, the Cree-French mixed language of the Metis buffalo hunters in Canada. In Bakker & Mous 1994, 13–33.Google Scholar
Bakker, Peter. 1997. A language of our own: The genesis of Michif, the mixed Cree-French language of the Canadian Métis. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bakker, Peter. 1998. Para-Romani language versus secret languages: Differences in origin, structure and use. In The Romani element in non-standard speech, ed. by Matras, Yaron, 6996. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Bakker, Peter. 2003. Mixed languages as autonomous systems. In Matras & Bakker 2003b, 107–50.Google Scholar
Bakker, Peter. 2012. Sri Lanka Malay: New findings on contacts. In Nordhoff 2012, 53–84.Google Scholar
Bakker, Peter. 2013. Mixed languages. In Oxford bibliographies online. Available at www.oxfordbibliographies.com, accessed June 23, 2017.Google Scholar
Bakker, Peter. 2015. Typology of mixed languages. In The Cambridge handbook of linguistic typology, ed. by Aikhenvald, A.Y. & Dixon, R.M.W., 217–53. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bakker, Peter & Mous, Maarten (eds.). 1994. Mixed languages: 15 case studies in language intertwining. Amsterdam: Institute for Functional Research into Language and Language Use (IFOTT).Google Scholar
Bakker, Peter & Papen, Robert. 1997. Michif: A mixed language based on Cree and French. In Thomason 1997d, 295–63.Google Scholar
Boretzky, Norbet & Igla, Birgit. 1994. Romani mixed dialects. In Bakker & Mous 1994, 35–68.Google Scholar
Brenzinger, Matthew. 1987. Die Sprachliche und Kulturelle Stellung der Mbugu (Ma’a). MA thesis, University of Cologne.Google Scholar
Buchan, Heather. 2012. Phonetic variation in Gurindji Kriol and Northern Australian English: A longitudinal study of fricatives in maternal speech. PhD thesis, University of Wollongong.Google Scholar
Butcher, Andy. 2006. Australian Aboriginal languages: Consonant-salient phonologies and the “place of articulation imperative.” In Speech production: Models, phonetic processes and techniques, ed. by Harrington, Jonathan & Tabain, Marija, 187210. New York: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Carling, Gerd, Lindell, Lenny, & Ambrazaitis, Gilbert. 2014. Scandoromani: Remnants of a mixed language. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Ceniccola, Serena. 2014. Contaminazioni anglo-americane nell’uso della lingua finlandese contemporanea. Master’s thesis, Università di Bologna.Google Scholar
Charola, Erika & Meakins, Felicity (eds.). 2016. Yijarni: True stories from Gurindji Country. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press.Google Scholar
Chen, Naixiong. 1986. Guanyu Wutun Hua (an outline of the Wutun linguistic structure). Journal of Asian and African Studies 31.3352.Google Scholar
Clements, Joseph. 2009. Linguistic legacy of Spanish and Portuguese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Clements, Joseph, Amaral, Patricia, & Luís, Ana. 2008. Cultural identity and the structure of a mixed language: The case of Barranquenho. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 34.1322Google Scholar
Deibel, Isabel. 2019. Adpositions in Media Lengua: Quichua or Spanish? – Evidence of a lexical-functional split. Journal of Language Contact 12.2.404–39.Google Scholar
Dikker, Suzanne. 2008. Spanish prepositions in Media Lengua: Redefining relexification. In Hispanisation: The impact of Spanish on the lexicon and grammar of the indigenous languages of Austronesia and the Americas, ed. by Stolz, Thomas, Bakker, Dik, & Palamo, Rosa Salas, 121–48. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Drapeau, Lynn. (1991). Michif replicated: The emergence of a mixed language in northern Quebec. Paper presented at the Tenth International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Dreyfuss, Gail & Oka, Djoehana. 1979. Chinese Indonesian: A new kind of language hybrid? Papers in Pidgin and Creole Linguistics (Pacific Linguistics) A-57.247–74.Google Scholar
Flege, James. 2007. Language contact in bilingualism: Phonetic system interactions. Laboratory Phonology 9.353–80.Google Scholar
Giesbers, Herman. 1995. Dutch Indonesian language mixing in Jakarta. In Linguistics in the Netherlands 1995, ed. by den Dikken, M. & Hengeveld, K., 89100. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Gijn, Rik van. 2009. The phonology of mixed languages. Journal of Pidgin and Creole languages 24.1.93119.Google Scholar
Gillon, Carrie & Rosen, Nicole. 2016. Critical mass in Michif. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 31.1.113–40.Google Scholar
Gillon, Carrie & Rosen, Nicole. 2018. Nominal contact in Michif. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Golovko, Evgeniy. 1994. Mednyj Aleut or Copper Island Aleut: An Aleut-Russian mixed language. In Bakker & Mous 1994, 113–21.Google Scholar
Golovko, Evgeniy. 1996. A case of nongenetic development in the Arctic area: The contribution of Aleut and Russian to the formation of Copper Island Aleut. In Language contact in the Arctic. Northern pidgins and contact languages, ed. by Jahr, Ernst & Broch, Ingrid, 6377. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Golovko, Evgeniy. 2003. Language contact and group identity: The role of “folk” linguistic engineering. In Matras & Bakker 2003b, 177–208.Google Scholar
Golovko, Evgeniy & Vakhtin, Nikolai. 1990. Aleut in contact: The CIA enigma. Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 72.97125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gómez Rendón, Jorge. 2005. La Media Lengua de Imbabura. In Encuentros y conflictos: bilingüismo y contacto de lenguas en el mundo Andino, ed. by Olbertz, Hella & Muysken, Pieter, 3958. Madrid: Iberoamericana.Google Scholar
Gómez Rendón, Jorge. 2008. Typological and social constraints on language contact. Amerindian languages in contact with Spanish. Utrecht: LOT Dissertation Series.Google Scholar
Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel. 2017. Language contact in the Philippines: The history and ecology from a Chinese Filipino perspective. Language Ecology 1.2.185212.Google Scholar
Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel. 2018. Philippine Hybrid Hokkien as a postcolonial mixed language: Evidence from nominal derivational affixation mixing. MA thesis, National University of Singapore.Google Scholar
Grant, Anthony. 1994. Shelta: The secret language of Irish travellers viewed as a mixed language. In Bakker & Mous 1994, 123–50.Google Scholar
Gruiter, Miel de. 1994. Javindo, a contact language in pre-war Semarang. In Bakker & Mous 1994, 151–9.Google Scholar
Gruiter, Victor de. 1990. Het Javindo: De verboden taal. The Hague: Moesson.Google Scholar
Hancock, Ian. 1970. Is Anglo-Romanes a creole? Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society 49.41–4.Google Scholar
Hancock, Ian. 1976. The pidginization of Angloromani. In New directions in creole studies, ed. by Cave, George, 123. Georgetown: University of Guyana.Google Scholar
Hannß, Katja & Muysken, Pieter. 2014. Reduplication in Andean languages. In Reduplication in indigenous languages of South America, ed. by Gómez, Gale Goodwin & van der Voort, Hein, 3976. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Hoff, Berend. 1994. Island Carib, an Arawakan language which incorporated a lexical register of Cariban origin, used to address men. In Bakker & Mous 1994, 161–8.Google Scholar
Hussainmiya, B.A. 1986. “Melayu Bahasa”: Some preliminary observations on the Malay creole of Sri Lanka. Sari 4.1930.Google Scholar
Jacobs, Bart. 2012. Embedding Papiamentu in the mixed language debate. Journal of Historical Linguistics 2.1.5282.Google Scholar
Janhunen, Juha, Peltomaa, Marja, Sandman, Erika, & Dongzhou, Xiawu. 2008. Wutun. Munich: Lincom Europa.Google Scholar
Jarrín Paredes, Elena. 2014. Estereotipos lingüísticos en relación al Kichwa y a la Media Lengua en las comunidades de Angla, Casco Valenzuela, El Topo y Ucsha de la parroquia San Pablo del Lago. BA thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica Del Ecuador, Quito.Google Scholar
Jarva, Vesa. (2008). Old Helsinki Slang and language mixing. Journal of Language Contact, 1.5280.Google Scholar
Johnson, Keith. 2000. Adaptive disperion in vowel perception. Phonetica 57.181–8.Google Scholar
Jones, Caroline & Meakins, Felicity. 2013. Variation in voice onset time in stops in Gurindji Kriol: Picture naming and conversational speech. Australian Journal of Linguistics 33.2.194217.Google Scholar
Jones, Caroline, Meakins, Felicity, & Buchan, Heather. 2011. Comparing vowels in Gurindji Kriol and Katherine English: Citation speech data. Australian Journal of Linguistics 31.3.305–27.Google Scholar
Jones, Caroline, Meakins, Felicity, & Muawiyath, Shujau. 2012. Learning vowel categories from maternal speech in Gurindji Kriol. Language Learning 62.4.9971260.Google Scholar
Juárez, Geraldo. 1998. Los Kallawayas: Medicina Indígena en los Andea Bolivianos. Castilla-La Mancha: Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla-la Mancha.Google Scholar
Lee, Jennifer. 1987. Tiwi today: A study of language change in a contact situation. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
Lee-Smith, Mei & Wurm, Stephen. 1996. The Wutun language. In Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia and the Americas, vol. 2 , ed. by Wurm, S., Mühlhäusler, P., & Tryon, D., 883–97). Berlin: Mouton.Google Scholar
Lefebvre, C. 2006. Creole genesis and the acquisition of grammar: The case of Haitian Creole. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lefebvre, C. 2005. Relexification: A process available to human cognition. Berkeley Linguistics Society. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting 27.125–39.Google Scholar
Lefebvre, C. 2006. Creole genesis and the acquisition of grammar: The case of Haitian Creole. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lefebvre, C. & Therrien, I.. 2007. On Papiamentu ku. In Language description, history and development: Linguistic indulgence in memory of Terry Crowley, ed. by Siegel, J., Lynch, J., & Eades, D., 169–82. PLACE: John Benjamins Publishing.Google Scholar
Liljencrants, Johan & Lindblom, Björn. 1972. Numerical simulation of vowel quality systems: The role of perceptual contrast. Language 48.839–62.Google Scholar
Lindblom, Björn. 1986. Phonetic universals in vowel systems. In Experimental phonology, ed. by Ohala, John & Jaeger, Jeri, 1344. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Lindblom, Björn. 1990. Explaining phonetic variation: A sketch of the H&H theory. In Speech production and speech modelling, ed. by Hardcastle, William & Marchal, Alain, 403–39. Dordrecht: Springer Science & Business Media.Google Scholar
Lipski, John. 2016. Language switching constraints: More than syntax? Data from Media Lengua. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 25.125.Google Scholar
Livijn, Peder. 2000. Acoustic distribution of vowels in differently sized inventories – hot spots or adaptive dispersion? PERILUS 23.93–6.Google Scholar
McConvell, Patrick. 2002. Mix-im-up speech and emergent mixed languages in Indigenous Australia. Texas Linguistic Forum (Proceedings from the 9th Annual Symposium about Language and Society) 44.2.328–49.Google Scholar
McConvell, Patrick. 2008. Mixed languages as outcomes of code-switching: Recent examples from Australia and their implications. Journal of Language Contact 2.187212.Google Scholar
McConvell, Patrick & Meakins, Felicity. 2005. Gurindji Kriol: A mixed language emerges from code-switching. Australian Journal of Linguistics 25.1.930.Google Scholar
Matras, Yaron. 1999. The state of present day Domari in Jerusalem. Mediterranean Language Review 11.159.Google Scholar
Matras, Yaron. 2000. Mixed languages: A functional-communicative approach. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 3.2.7999.Google Scholar
Matras, Yaron. 2003. Mixed languages: Re-examining the structural prototype. In Matras & Bakker 2003b, 151–76.Google Scholar
Matras, Yaron. 2007. Grammatical borrowing in Domari. In Grammatical borrowing in cross-linguistic perspective, ed. by Matras, Yaron & Sakel, Jeanette, 151–64. Berlin: Mouton.Google Scholar
Matras, Yaron. 2009. Language contact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Matras, Yaron. 2010. Romani in Britain. The afterlife of a language. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Matras, Yaron. 2012. A grammar of Domari. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Matras, Yaron & Bakker, Peter. 2003a. The study of mixed languages. In Matras & Bakker 2003b, 1–20.Google Scholar
Matras, Yaron & Bakker, Peter (eds.). 2003b. The mixed language debate: Theoretical and empirical advances. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Matras, Yaron, Gardner, Heather, Jones, Charlotte, & Schulmann, Veronica. 2007. Angloromani: A different kind of language? Anthropological Linguistics 49.2.142–84.Google Scholar
Meakins, Felicity. 2007. Case marking in contact: The development and function of case morphology in Gurindji Kriol, an Australian mixed language. PhD dissertation, University of Melbourne.Google Scholar
Meakins, Felicity. 2008a. Land, language and identity: The socio-political origins of Gurindji Kriol. In Social lives in language, ed. by Meyerhoff, Miriam & Nagy, Naomi, 6994. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Meakins, Felicity. 2008b. Unravelling languages: Multilingualism and language contact in Kalkaringi. In Children’s language and multilingualism: Indigenous language use at home and school, ed. by Simpson, Jane & Wigglesworth, Gillian, 247–64. New York: Continuum.Google Scholar
Meakins, Felicity. 2009. The case of the shifty ergative marker: A pragmatic shift in the ergative marker in one Australian mixed language. In The role of semantics and pragmatics in the development of case, ed. by Barddal, Jóhanna & Chelliah, Shobhana, 5991. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Meakins, Felicity. 2010. The development of asymmetrical serial verb constructions in an Australian mixed language. Linguistic Typology 14.1.138.Google Scholar
Meakins, Felicity. 2011a. Borrowing contextual inflection: Evidence from northern Australia. Morphology 21.1.5787.Google Scholar
Meakins, Felicity. 2011b. Case marking in contact: The development and function of case morphology in Gurindji Kriol. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Meakins, Felicity. 2011c. Spaced out: Inter-generational changes in the expression of spatial relations by Gurindji people. Australian Journal of Linguistics 31.1.4377.Google Scholar
Meakins, Felicity. 2012. Which mix? – Code-switching or a mixed language – Gurindji Kriol. Journal of Pidgin and Creole languages 27.1.105–40.Google Scholar
Meakins, Felicity. 2013a. Gurindji Kriol. In Michaelis et al. 2013, 131–9.Google Scholar
Meakins, Felicity. 2013b. Mixed languages. In Contact languages: A comprehensive guide, ed. by Matras, Yaron & Bakker, Peter, 159228. Berlin: Mouton.Google Scholar
Meakins, Felicity. 2015. From absolutely optional to only nominally ergative: The life cycle of the Gurindji Kriol ergative suffix. In Borrowed morphology, ed. by Gardani, Francesco, Arkadiev, Peter, & Amiridze, Nino, 189218. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Meakins, Felicity. 2016. No fixed address: The grammaticalisation of the Gurindji locative as a progressive suffix. In Loss and renewal: Australian languages since colonisation, ed. by Meakins, Felicity & O’Shannessy, Carmel, 367–96. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Meakins, Felicity. 2018. Mixed languages. In Oxford research encyclopedias: Literature, ed. by Aronoff, Mark, 129. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Meakins, Felicity & Algy, Cassandra. 2016. Deadly reckoning: Changes in Gurindji children’s knowledge of cardinals. Australian Journal of Linguistics 36.4.417501.Google Scholar
Meakins, Felicity, Jones, Caroline, & Algy, Cassandra. 2016. Bilingualism, language shift and the corresponding expansion of spatial cognitive systems. Language Sciences 54.113.Google Scholar
Meakins, Felicity & O’Shannessy, Carmel. 2005. Possessing variation: Age and inalienability related variables in the possessive constructions of two Australian mixed languages. Monash University Linguistics Papers 4.2.4363.Google Scholar
Meakins, Felicity & O’Shannessy, Carmel. 2010. Ordering arguments about: Word order and discourse motivations in the development and use of the ergative marker in two Australian mixed languages. Lingua 120.7.1693–713.Google Scholar
Meakins, Felicity & O’Shannessy, Carmel. 2012. Typological constraints on verb integration in two Australian mixed languages. Journal of Language Contact 5.2.216–46.Google Scholar
Michaelis, Susanne, Maurer, Philippe, Haspelmath, Martin, & Huber, Magnus (eds.). 2013. The survey of pidgin and creole languages, vol. 3: Contact languages based on languages from Africa, Australia, and the Americas. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mous, Maarten. 1994. Ma’á or Mbugu. In Bakker & Mous 1994, 175–200.Google Scholar
Mous, Maarten. 2000. Selective replacement is extreme lexical reorientation. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 3.2.115–16.Google Scholar
Mous, Maarten. 2003a. The linguistic properties of lexical manipulation and its relevance or Ma’á. In Matras & Bakker 2003b, 209–36.Google Scholar
Mous, Maarten. 2003b. The making of a mixed language: The case of Ma’á/Mbugu (Creole Language Library vol. 26). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Muysken, Pieter. 1980. Sources for the study of Amerindian contact vernaculars in Ecuador. Amsterdam Creole Studies 3.6682.Google Scholar
Muysken, Pieter. 1981. Halfway between Quechua and Spanish: The case for relexification. In Historicity and variation in creole studies, ed. by Highfield, Arnold & Valdman, Albert, 5278. Ann Arbor, MI: Karoma.Google Scholar
Muysken, Pieter. 1994a. Callahuaya. In Bakker & Mous 1994, 207–11.Google Scholar
Muysken, Pieter. 1994b. Media Lengua. In Bakker & Mous 1994, 201–5.Google Scholar
Muysken, Pieter. 1997a. Callahuaya. In Thomason 1997d, 427–47).Google Scholar
Muysken, Pieter. 1997b. Media Lengua. In Thomason 1997d, 365–426.Google Scholar
Muysken, Pieter. 2013a. Media Lengua. In Michaelis et al. 2013, 143–8.Google Scholar
Muysken, Pieter. 2013b. Two linguistic systems in contact: Grammar, phonology, and lexicon. In The handbook of bilingualism and multiculturalism, ed. by Bhatia, Tej & Ritchie, William, 147–68. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Myers-Scotton, Carol. 2003. What lies beneath: Split (mixed) languages as contact phenomena. In Matras & Bakker 2003b, 73–106.Google Scholar
Nespor, Marina & Vogel, Irene. 1986. Prosodic phonology. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.Google Scholar
Nordhoff, Sebastian. 2009. A grammar of upcountry Sri Lanka Malay. Utrecht: LOT Dissertation Series 226.Google Scholar
Nordhoff, Sebastian (ed.). 2012. The genesis of Sri Lanka Malay: A case of extreme language contact. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
O’Shannessy, Carmel. 2005. Light Warlpiri: A new language. Australian Journal of Linguistics 25.1.3157.Google Scholar
O’Shannessy, Carmel. 2006. Language contact and children’s bilingual language acquisition: Learning a mixed language and Warlpiri in northern Australia. PhD thesis, University of Sydney.Google Scholar
O’Shannessy, Carmel. 2008. Children’s production of their heritage language and a new mixed language. In Children’s language and multilingualism: Indigenous language use at home and school, ed. by Simpson, Jane & Wigglesworth, Gillian, 261–82. New York: Continuum.Google Scholar
O’Shannessy, Carmel. 2009. Language variation and change in a north Australian Indigenous community. In Variationist approaches to indigenous minority languages, ed. by Preston, Dennis & Stanford, James, 419–39. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
O’Shannessy, Carmel. 2011a. Competition between word order and case-marking in interpreting grammatical relations: A case study in multilingual acquisition. Journal of Child Language 38.4.763–92.Google Scholar
O’Shannessy, Carmel. 2011b. Young children’s social meaning making in a new mixed language. In Growing up in central Australia: New anthropological studies of Aboriginal childhood and adolescence, ed. by Eikelkamp, Ute, 131–54. New York: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar
O’Shannessy, Carmel. 2012. The role of code-switched input to children in the origin of a new mixed language. Linguistics 50.2.305–40.Google Scholar
O’Shannessy, Carmel. 2013. The role of multiple sources in the formation of an innovative auxiliary category in Light Warlpiri, a new Australian mixed language. Language 89.2.328–53.Google Scholar
O’Shannessy, Carmel. 2016. Entrenchment of Light Warlpiri morphology. In Loss and renewal: Australian languages since colonisation, ed. by Meakins, Felicity & O’Shannessy, Carmel, 217–51. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
O’Shannessy, Carmel & Meakins, Felicity. 2012. Comprehension of competing argument marking systems in two Australian mixed languages. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 15.2.378–96.Google Scholar
Papen, Robert. 1987a. Can two distinct grammars coexist in a single language? The case of Metif. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference of the APLA.Google Scholar
Papen, Robert. 1987b. Linguistic variation in the French component of Metif grammar. Paper presented at the Papers of the 18th Algonquian Conference.Google Scholar
Papen, Robert. 2003. Michif: One phonology or two? University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics 12.4758.Google Scholar
Papen, Robert. 2005. Le mitchif: Langue franco-crie des Plaines, In Le français en Amérique du Nord: État présent, ed. by Valdman, A., Auger, J., & Piston-Hatlen, D., 327–47. Saint-Nicolas, Québec: Presses de l’Université Laval.Google Scholar
Papiha, S., Mastana, S., & Jayasekara, R.. 1996. Genetic variation in Sri Lanka. Human Biology 68.707–37.Google Scholar
Paunonen, Heikki. 2006. Vähemmistökielestä varioivaksi valtakieleksi. In Helsinki Kieliyhteisönä, ed. by Juusela, Kaisu & Nisula, Katariina, 142–61. Helsinki: Helsingin yliopiston suomen kielen ja kirjallisuuden laitos.Google Scholar
Prichard, Hilary & Shwayder, Kobey. 2014. Against a split phonology of Michif. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 20.271–80.Google Scholar
Rheeden, Hadewych van. 1994. Petjo: The mixed language of the Indos in Batavia. In Bakker & Mous 1994, 223–37.Google Scholar
Rhodes, Richard. 1977. French Cree – a case of borrowing. In Actes du Huitième Congrès des Algonquinistes, ed. by Cowan, William, 625. Ottawa: Carleton University.Google Scholar
Rhodes, Richard. 1986. Métchif: A second look. In Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 16th Congress of Algonquianists, ed. by Cowan, William, 287–96. Ottawa: Carleton University.Google Scholar
Rhodes, Richard. 1987. Les contes Metif – Metif myths. In Papers of the Eighteenth Algonquian Conference, ed. by Cowan, William, 297301. Ottawa: Carleton University.Google Scholar
Rhodes, Richard. 2001. Text strategies in Métchif. In Papers of the Thirty-Second Algonquian Conference, ed. by Wolfart, H.C., 455–69. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba.Google Scholar
Rhodes, Richard. 2013. The Michif dictionary and language change in Métchif. In Papers of the Forty-First Algonquian Conference, ed. by Hele, Karol & Valentine, J. Randolph, 268278. New York: SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Rosen, Nicole. 2000. Non-stratification in Michif. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Linguistics, University of Toronto.Google Scholar
Rosen, Nicole. 2003. Demonstrative position in Michif. The Canadian Journal of Linguistics / La Revue Canadienne de Linguistique 48.1.3969.Google Scholar
Rosen, Nicole. 2006. Language contact and Michif stress assignment. Sprachtypol. Univ. Forsch (STUF) 59.170–90.Google Scholar
Rosen, Nicole. 2007. Domains in Michif phonology. PhD thesis, University of Toronto.Google Scholar
Rosen, Nicole, Stewart, Jesse, & Cox, Olivia. 2020. How “mixed” is mixed language phonology. An acoustic analysis of the Michif vowel system. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 147.4.2989–99.Google Scholar
Ross, Malcolm. 2001. Contact-induced change in Oceanic languages in north-west Melanesia. In Areal diffusion and genetic inheritance: Problems in comparative linguistics, ed. by Aikhenvald, A.Y. & Dixon, R.M.W., 134–66. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ross, Malcolm. 2006. Metatypy. In Encyclopedia of language and linguistics, ed. by Brown, Keith, 95–9. Oxford: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Sandefur, John. 1979. An Australian creole in the Northern Territory: A description of Ngukurr-Bamyili dialects (Part 1). Darwin: SIL.Google Scholar
Sandman, Erika. 2012. Bonan grammatical features in Wutun Mandarin. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia = Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 264.375–87.Google Scholar
Sandman, Erika & Simon, Camille. 2016. Tibetan as a “model language” in the Amdo Sprachbund: Evidence from Salar and Wutun. Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics 3.1.85122.Google Scholar
Saussure, Ferdinand de. 1983 [1916]. Course in general linguistics, trans. by R. Harris. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
Schaengold, Charlotte. 2003. The emergence of bilingual Navajo: English and Navajo languages in contact regardless of everyone’s best intentions. In When languages collide, ed. by Joseph, Brian, DeStefano, Johanna, Jacobs, Neil, & Lehiste, Ilse, 235–54. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press.Google Scholar
Sekerina, Irina. 1994. Copper Island (Mednyj) Aleut (CIA): A mixed language. Languages of the World 8.1431.Google Scholar
Shappeck, Marco. 2011. Quichua–Spanish language contact in Salcedo, Ecuador: Revisiting Media Lengua syncretic language practices. PhD dissertation, University of Illinois.Google Scholar
Slomanson, Peter. 2006. Sri Lankan Malay morphosyntax: Lankan or Malay. In Structure and variation in language contact, ed. by Deumert, Ana & Durrleman, Stephanie, 135–58. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Slomanson, Peter. 2007. On the areal character of Sri Lanka negation. Paper presented at the Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Smart, Bath Charles & Crofton, Henry Thomas. 1875. The dialect of English Gypsies. London: Asher.Google Scholar
Smit, Merlijn de. 2010. Modelling mixed languages: Some remarks on the case of Old Helsinki Slang. Journal of Language Contact 3.119.Google Scholar
Smith, Ian. 1977. Sri Lanka Creole Portuguese phonology. International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics 7.248406.Google Scholar
Smith, Ian. 1978. Sri Lanka Creole Portuguese phonology. Trivandrum: Kerala University Co-operative Stores Press Ltd.Google Scholar
Smith, Ian. 1979a. Convergence in South Asia: A creole example. Lingua 48.193222.Google Scholar
Smith, Ian. 1979b. Substrata versus universals in the formation of Sri Lanka Portuguese. In Papers in pidgin and creole linguistics 2, ed. by Mühlhäusler, Peter, 183200. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
Smith, Ian. 1984. The development of morphosyntax in Sri Lanka Creole Portuguese. In Papers from The Creole Conference, York University, ed. by Sebba, Mark & Todd, Loreto, 291301. York: York University.Google Scholar
Smith, Ian. 2001. Creolization and convergence in morphosyntax: Sri Lanka Portuguese and Sourashtra nominal marking typology. In The yearbook of South Asian languages and linguistics 2001: Tokyo Symposium on South Asian Languages: Contact, convergence and typology, ed. by Bhaskararao, Peri & Venkata Subbarao, Karumuri, 391409. New Delhi: Sage.Google Scholar
Smith, Ian. 2003. The provenance and timing of substrate influence in Sri Lanka Malay: Animacy and number in accusative case marking. Paper presented at the South Asian Language Analysis Roundtable 23, Austin, TX.Google Scholar
Smith, Ian. 2012. Hijacked constructions in second language acquisition: Implications for Sri Lanka Malay. In Nordhoff 2012, 195–232.Google Scholar
Smith, Ian & Paauw, Scott. 2006. Sri Lanka Malay: Creole or convert. In Structure and variation in language contact, ed. by Deumert, Ana & Durrleman, Stephanie, 159–82. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Smith, Ian, Paauw, Scott, & Hussainmiya, Bachamiya. 2004. Sri Lankan Malay: The state of the art. In Yearbook of South Asian languages 2004, ed. by Singh, R., 197215. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Smith, Norval. 2000. Symbiotic mixed languages: A question of terminology. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 3.2.122–3.Google Scholar
Stewart, Jesse. 2011. A brief descriptive grammar of Pijal Media Lengua and an acoustic vowel space analysis of Pijal Media Lengua and Imbabura Quichua. MA thesis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg.Google Scholar
Stewart, Jesse. 2013. Stories and traditions from Pijal: Told in Media Lengua. Charleston, NC: CreateSpace.Google Scholar
Stewart, Jesse. 2014. A comparative analysis of Media Lengua and Quichua vowel production. Phonetica 7.3.159–82.Google Scholar
Stewart, Jesse. 2015a. Intonation patterns in Pijal Media Lengua. Journal of Language Contact 8.2.223–62.Google Scholar
Stewart, Jesse. 2015b. Production and perception of stop consonants in Spanish, Quichua, and Media Lengua. PhD thesis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg.Google Scholar
Stewart, Jesse. 2018a. Voice onset time production in Spanish, Quichua, and Media Lengua. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 48.2.173–97.Google Scholar
Stewart, Jesse. 2018b. Vowel perception by native Media Lengua, Quichua, and Spanish speakers. Journal of Phonetics 71.177–93.Google Scholar
Stewart, Jesse, Meakins, Felicity, Algy, Cassandra, Ennever, Thomas, & Joshua, Angelina. 2020. Fickle fricatives: Obstruent perception in Gurindji Kriol and Roper Kriol. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 147.4.2766–778.Google Scholar
Stewart, Jesse, Meakins, Felicity, Algy, Cassandra, & Joshua, Angelina. 2018. The development of phonological stratification: Evidence from stop voicing perception in Gurindji Kriol and Roper Kriol. Journal of Language Contact 11.1.71112.Google Scholar
Strader, Kathleen. 2014. Michif determiner phrases. MA thesis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg.Google Scholar
Taylor, Douglas & Hoff, Berend. 1980. The linguistic repertory of the Island-Carib in the seventeenth century: The men’s language: A Carib pidgin? International Journal of American Linguistics 46.4.301–12.Google Scholar
Thomason, S.G. 1995. Ordinary processes, extraordinary results. In Spanish in four continents, ed. by Silva-Corvalan, C., 1534. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah. 1997a. Ma’a (Mbugu). In Thomason 1997d, 469–87.Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah. 1997b. Mednyj Aleut. In Thomason 1997d, 449–68.Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah. 1997c. A typology of contact languages. In Pidgins and creoles: Structure and status, ed. by Spears, Arthur & Winford, Don, 7188. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah (ed.). 1997d. Contact languages: A wider perspective. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah. 2001. Language contact: An introduction. Edinburgh & Washington, DC: Edinburgh University Press & Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah & Kaufman, Terence. 1988. Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Walworth, Mary. 2015. The language of Rapa Iti: Description of a language in Ichange. PhD thesis, University of Hawai’i at Manoa.Google Scholar
Winford, Don. 2003. An introduction to contact linguistics (Language in Society vol. 33). Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar

References

Adelaar, Willem F.H. 2006. The Quechua impact in Amuesha, an Arawak language of the Peruvian Amazon. In Grammars in contact: A cross-linguistic typology, ed. by Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. & Dixon, R.M.W., 290312. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Adelaar, Willem F.H. 2008. Relações externas do Macro-Jê. O caso do Chiquitano. In Topicalizando macro-jê, ed. by Telles, S. & Santos de Paula, A., 927. Recife: Nectar.Google Scholar
Adelaar, Willem F.H. 2012. Cajamarca Quechua and the expansion of the Huari state. In Archeology and language in the Andes. A cross-disciplinary exploration of pre-history, ed. by Heggarty, P. & Beresford-Jones, D.G. (Proceedings of the British Academy 173), 197217. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Adelaar, Willem F.H. in collaboration with Muysken, Pieter. 2004. The languages of the Andes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Adelaar, Willem F.H. & van de Kerke, Simon. 2009. Puquina. In Lenguas de Bolivia, vol. I, ed. by Crevels, Mily & Muysken, Pieter, 125–46. La Paz: Plural editores.Google Scholar
Aguirre Licht, Daniel. 2006. Choco languages. In Encyclopedia of language and linguistics, ed. by Brown, Keith, 367–81. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2001. Areal diffusion, genetic inheritance, and problems of subgrouping: A North Arawak case study. In Areal diffusion and genetic inheritance, ed. by Aikhenvald, Alexandra & Dixon, R.M.W., 167224. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2010. Language contact in Amazonia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Baker, Mark C. 1985. The Mirror Principle and morphosyntactic explanation. Linguistic Inquiry 16.373415.Google Scholar
Bakker, Peter, Daval-Markussen, Aymeric, Parkvall, Mikael, & Plag, Ingo. 2011. Creoles are typologically distinct from non-creoles. In Creoles and typology, ed. by Bhatt, Parth & Veenstra, Tonjes, special edition of Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 26.542.Google Scholar
Bickerton, Derek. 1981. Roots of language. Ann Arbor, MI: Karoma.Google Scholar
Brown, Cecil H. 2010. Lack of linguistic support for Proto-Uto-Aztecan at 8900 BP. Proceedings of National Academy of Science. USA 107.11.E34.Google Scholar
Cabral, Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara. 1995. Contact-induced language change in the Western Amazon: The non-genetic origin of the Kokama language. PhD dissertation, University of Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Cabral, Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara. 2007. New observations on the constitution of Kokáma/Omágwa: A language of the boundary Brazil, Peru, Colombia. In Language endangerment and endangered languages, ed. by Wetzels, Leo, 365–80. Leiden: CNWS.Google Scholar
Cabral, Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara. 2011. Different histories, different results: The origin and development of two Amazonian languages. Papia 21.1.922.Google Scholar
Campbell, Lyle. 1997. American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America (Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics, 4). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Campbell, Lyle, Kaufman, Terrence, & Smith-Stark, Thomas C.. 1986. Meso-America as a linguistic area. Language 62.3.530–70.Google Scholar
Carlin, Eithne B. 2006. Feeling the need: The borrowing of Cariban functional categories into Mawayana (Arawak). In Grammars in contact: A cross-linguistic perspective, ed. by Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. & Dixon, R.M.W., 313–32. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Carvalho, Fernando O. de. 2018. Arawakan–Guaicuruan language contact in the South American Chaco. International Journal of American Linguistics 84.2.243–63.Google Scholar
Craig, Colette & Hale, Kenneth. 1992. A possible Macro-Chibchan etymon. Anthropological Linguistics 34.173201.Google Scholar
Cruz, Aline da. 2011. Fonologia e gramática do Nheengatú: A língua geral falada pelos povos Baré, Warekena e Baniwa. PhD dissertation, VU Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Dakin, Karin. 1982. The characteristics of a Nahuatl Lingua Franca. Texas Linguistic Forum 18.5567.Google Scholar
Dakin, Karen. 2010. Lenguas francas y lenguas locales en la época prehispánica. In Historia sociolingüística de México, vol. 1: México prehispánico y colonial, ed. by Barriga Villanueva, Rebecca & Butragueño, Pedro Martín, 161–83. Mexico City: El Colegio de México.Google Scholar
Dakin, Karen. 2017. Western and Central Nahua dialects: Possible influences from contact with Cora and Huichol. In Dakin, Parodi, & Operstein 2017, 264–300.Google Scholar
Dakin, Karen & Operstein, Natalie. 2017. Language contact in Mesoamerica and beyond. In Dakin, Parodi, & Operstein 2017, 2–28.Google Scholar
Dakin, Karen, Parodi, Claudia, & Operstein, Natalie (eds.). 2017. Language contact and change in Mesoamerica and beyond (Studies in Language Companion Series 185). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Danielsen, Swintha. 2007. Baure: An Arawak language of Bolivia (Indigenous Languages of Latin America 6). Leiden: CNWS Publications.Google Scholar
Danielsen, Swintha, Dunn, Michael, & Muysken, Pieter. 2011. The spread of the Arawakan languages: A view from structural phylogenetics. In Ethnicity in ancient Amazonia: Reconstructing past identities from archaeology, linguistics, and ethnohistory, ed. by Hornborg, Alfred & Hill, Jonathan D., 173–96. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado.Google Scholar
Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). 2013. The world atlas of language structures online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available at http://wals.info, accessed July 17, 2017.)Google Scholar
Edmonson, Barbara Wedemeyer. 1988. A descriptive grammar of Huastec (Potosino dialect). PhD dissertation, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA.Google Scholar
Emlen, Nicholas Q. 2017. Perspectives on the Quechua–Aymara contact relationship and the lexicon and phonology of Pre-Proto-Aymara. International Journal of American Linguistics 83.2.307–40.Google Scholar
Eriksen, Love & Danielsen, Swintha. 2014. The Arawakan Matrix. In The native languages of South America: Origins, development, typology, ed. by O’Connor, Loretta & Muysken, Pieter, 152–76. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Eriksen, Love & Galucio, Ana Vilacy. 2014. The Tupian expansion. In The native languages of South America: Origins, development, typology, ed. by O’Connor, Loretta & Muysken, Pieter, 177–99. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gast, Volker & van der Auwera, Johan. 2012. What is “contact-induced grammaticalization”? Evidence from Mayan and Mixe-Zoquean languages. In Grammatical replication and borrowability in language contact, ed. by Wiemer, Björn, Wälchli, Bernhard, & Hansen, Björn, 381426. Berlin & Boston, MA: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Gibson, Michael L. 1996. El Munichi: un idioma que se extingue (Serie Lingüística Peruana, 42). Pucallpa: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.Google Scholar
Gómez Rendón, Jorge A. 2008. Mestizaje lingüístico en los Andes: génesis y estructura de una lengua mixta. Quito: Abya-Yala.Google Scholar
Haspelmath, Martin, Dryer, Matthew S., Gil, David, & Comrie, Bernard. 2005. The world atlas of language structures. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hill, Jane H. & Hill, Kenneth C.. 1986. Speaking Mexicano – dynamics of syncretic language in Central Mexico. Tempe, AZ: The University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Hoff, Berend J. 1995. Language contact, war, and Amerindian historical tradition. The special case of the Island Carib. In Wolves from the sea. Readings in the anthropology of the native Caribbean, ed. by Whitehead, N.L., 3759. Leiden: KITLV.Google Scholar
Huttar, George L. & Huttar, Mary L.. 1994. Ndyuka. London & New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Huttar, George L. & Velantie, Frank J.. 1997. Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin. In Contact languages: A wider perspective, ed. by Thomason, Sarah G., 99124. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Karttunen, Frances & Lockhart, James. 1976. Nahuatl in the middle years: Language contact phenomena in texts of the colonial period (Linguistics Volume 85). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Kaufman, Terrence & Justeson, John. 2009. Historical linguistics and Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. Ancient Mesoamerica 20.221–31.Google Scholar
Kerke, Simon van de & Muysken, Pieter. 2014. The Andean Matrix. In The native languages of South America: Origins, development, typology, ed. by O’Connor, Loretta & Muysken, Pieter, 126–51. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Law, Danny. 2013. Mayan historical linguistics in a new age. Language and Linguistics Compass 7.3.141–56.Google Scholar
Law, Danny. 2014. Language contact, inherited similarity and social difference. The story of linguistic interaction in the Maya lowlands. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Lévi-Strauss, Claude. 1952. Race et histoire. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Linguistic Typology (2001) 5(2–3). Special issue entitled Creoles – a structural type?Google Scholar
Lipski, John M. 2017. Ecuadoran Media Lengua: More than a “half”-language? International Journal of American Linguistics 83.2.3160.Google Scholar
Lüdi, Georges. 1989. Aspects de la conversation exolingue entre Suisses romands et alémaniques. Actes du XVIIIe Congrès International de Linguistique et de Philologie Romanes 7.405–24.Google Scholar
McWhorter, John H. 1998. Identifying the creole prototype: Vindicating a typological class. Language 74.4.788818.Google Scholar
Meira, Sergio & Muysken, Pieter. 2017. Cariban in contact: New perspectives on Trio-Ndyuka Pidgin. In Boundaries and bridges. Language contact in multilingual ecologies, ed. by Yakpo, Kofi & Muysken, Pieter C., 197228. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Merrill, William L., Hard, Robert J., Mabry, Jonathan B., Adams, Fritz, & MacWilliams, Roney. 2010. Reply to Hill and Brown: Maize and Uto-Aztecan cultural history. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 107.11.E35E36.Google Scholar
Michael, Lev. 2014. On the Pre-Columbian origin of Proto-Omagua-Kokama. Journal of Language Contact 7.2.309–44.Google Scholar
Michaelis, Susanne Maria, Maurer, Philippe, Haspelmath, Martin, & Huber, Magnus (eds.). 2013a. The atlas and survey of pidgin and creole languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Michaelis, Susanne Maria, Maurer, Philippe, Haspelmath, Martin, & Huber, Magnus (eds.). 2013b. Atlas of pidgin and creole language structures online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available at http://apics-online.info, accessed July 17, 2017.)Google Scholar
Moore, Denny. 2014. Historical development of Nheengatu (Língua Geral Amazônica). In Iberian imperialism and language evolution in Latin America, ed. by Mufwene, Salikoko S., 108–42. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Moore, Denny, Facundes, Sidney, & Pires, Nádia. 1994. Nheengatu (Língua Geral Amazônica), its history, and the effects of language contact. In Survey of California and other Indian languages. Report 8. Proceedings of the meeting of the Society for the Study of Indigenous Languages of the Americas, July 2–4, 1993, and the Hokan-Penutian workshop, July 3, 1993, Columbus, Ohio, ed. by Margaret Langdon, 93–118. University of California at Berkeley.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2000. Creolization is a social, not a structural, process. In Degrees of restructuring in creole languages, ed. by Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid & Schneider, Edgar, 6584. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2001. The ecology of language evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Muysken, Pieter. 1977. Syntactic developments in the verb phrase of Ecuadorian Quechua. Lisse: Peter de Ridder & Dordrecht: Foris & Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Muysken, Pieter. 1981a. Quechua causatives and logical form: A case study in markedness. In Theory of markedness in generative grammar, ed. by Belletti, Adriana, Brandi, Luciana, & Rizzi, Luigi, 445–74. Pisa: Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa.Google Scholar
Muysken, Pieter. 1981b. Halfway between Quechua and Spanish: The case for relexification. In Historicity and variation in creole studies, ed. by Highfield, Arnold & Valdman, Albert, 5778. Ann Arbor, MI: Karoma.Google Scholar
Muysken, Pieter. 1983. El quechua de Peru y de Ecuador: una vision comparativa. In Presencia de Andres Bello en Panama, 325–51. Panama City: Círculo Lingüístico Ricardo J. Alfaro.Google Scholar
Muysken, Pieter. 1997. Media Lengua. In Contact languages: A wider perspective, ed. by Thomason, Sarah G., 365426. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Muysken, Pieter. 2000. Semantic transparency in Lowland Ecuadorian Quechua morphosyntax. Linguistics 38.973–88.Google Scholar
O’Connor, Loretta. 2014. Structural features and language contact in the Isthmo-Colombian area. In The native languages of South America: Origins, development, typology, ed. by O’Connor, Loretta & Muysken, Pieter, 73101. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
O’Hagan, Zachary J. 2011. Proto-Omagua-Kokama: Grammatical sketch and prehistory. Honors BA thesis, University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Reinecke, John E. (ed.). 1975. A bibliography of pidgin and creole languages. Honolulu, HI: University Press of Hawaii.Google Scholar
Ribeiro, Eduardo Rivail & van der Voort, Hein. 2010. Nimuendajú was right: The inclusion of the Jabutí language family in the Macro-Jê stock. International Journal of American Linguistics 76.4.517–70.Google Scholar
Roberts, Sarah J. & Bresnan, Joan. 2008. Retained inflectional morphology in pidgins: A typological study. Linguistic Typology 12.269302.Google Scholar
Rodrigues, Aryon Dall’Igna & Cabral, Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara. 2012. Tupían. In The indigenous languages of South America: A comprehensive guide, ed. by Campbell, Lyle & Grondona, Verónica, 495574. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Santana, Áurea Cavalcante. 2006. Comparações preliminares entre a língua Chiquitano (Brasil/Bolívia) e o Proto-Jê. Paper presented at the symposium “Advances in Native South American Historical Linguistics” at the Fifty-Second International Congress of Americanists, Seville.Google Scholar
Schuchardt, Hugo. 1884. Kreolische Studien V. Ueber das Melaneso-englische. Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-historischen Klasse der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Wien 105.151–61.Google Scholar
Schuchardt, Hugo. 1979. The ethnography of variation: Selected writings on pidgins and creoles, ed. and trans. by Markey, T.L., introduction by Derek Bickerton. Ann Arbor, MI: Karoma.Google Scholar
Seifart, Frank. 2011. Bora loans in Resígaro: Massive morphological and little lexical borrowing in a moribund Arawakan language. Cadernos de Etnolingüística. Série Monografias, 2.Google Scholar
Shaul, David L. 2014. A prehistory of Western North America: The impact of Uto-Aztecan languages. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Sicoli, Mark A. 2005. Oto-Manguean languages. In Encyclopedia of linguistics, ed. by Strazny, Philipp, 797800. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn.Google Scholar
Stewart, J. 2014. A comparative analysis of Media Lengua and Quichua vowel production. Phonetica 7.3.159–82.Google Scholar
Taylor, Douglas M. 1951. The Black Carib of British Honduras (Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology, 17). New York: Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research.Google Scholar
Taylor, Douglas R. & Hoff, Berend J.. 1980. The linguistic repertory of the Island-Carib in the seventeenth century: The men’s language: A Carib pidgin? International Journal of American Linguistics 46.4.301–12.Google Scholar
Vallejos Yopán, Rosa. 2010. A grammar of Kokama-Kokamilla. PhD thesis, University of Oregon, Eugene.Google Scholar
Young, Phil & Givón, Talmy. 1990. The puzzle of Ngäbére auxiliaries: Grammatical reconstruction in Chibchan and Misumalpan. In Studies in typology and diachrony: Papers presented to Joseph H. Greenberg on his 75th birthday, ed. by Croft, William, Kemmer, Suzanne, & Denning, Keith (Typological Studies in Language 20), 209–43. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Zavala, Roberto. 2000. Olutec motion verbs: Grammaticalization under Mayan contact. Berkeley Linguistic Society 26.139–51.Google Scholar
Zavala, Roberto. 2002. Calcos sintácticos en algunos complejos verbales Mayas y Mixe-Zoques. Pueblos y Fronteras 4.169–87.Google Scholar
Zavala, Roberto. 2013. La construcción de posesión externa con aplicativo en zoque dentro del contexto mesoamericano. In Clases léxicas, posesión y cláusulas complejas en lenguas de Mesoamérica, ed. by Palancar, Enrique & Zavala, Roberto, 133–70. Mexico City: CIESAS.Google Scholar
Zavala, Roberto. 2014. Auxiliares en dos lenguas mixezoqueanas: un caso de difusión directa. In Lenguas, estructuras y hablantes. Estudios en homenaje a Thomas C. Smith Stark, ed. by Villanueva, Rebecca Barriga & Zendejas, Esther Herrera, 779804. Mexico City: El Colegio de Mexico, II.Google Scholar

References

Alvar, Manuel. 2010. El español en México. Estudios, mapas, textos. Santander: Fundación Comillas. Alcalá de Henares: Universidad de Alcalá.Google Scholar
Bialystok, Ellen. 2009. Bilingualism: The good, the bad, and the indifferent. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 12.311.Google Scholar
Bickerton, Derek. 2008. Bastard tongues: A trailblazing linguist finds clues to our common humanity in the world’s languages. New York: Hill & Wang Publishers.Google Scholar
Boyd-Bowman, Peter. 1976. Patterns of Spanish emigration to the Indies until 1600. Hispanic American Historical Review 56.580604.Google Scholar
Boyd-Bowman, Peter. 1988. Brotes de fonetismo andaluz en México hacia fines del siglo xvi. Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica 36.7588.Google Scholar
Bybee, Joan. 2010. Language, usage, and cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bybee, Joan. 2015. Language change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bybee, Joan & Hopper, Paul (eds.). 2001. Frequency and the emergence of linguistic structure. Amsterdam & Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Cepero Bonilla, Raúl. 1977. Azúcar y abolición. Barcelona: Editorial Crítica, Grupo Editorial Grijalbo.Google Scholar
Company, Concepción. 1993. Fonética novohispana a fines del siglo XVII. Anuario de Letras 31.557–75.Google Scholar
Erker, Daniel. 2010. A subsegmental approach to coda /s/ weakening in Dominican Spanish. International Journal of the Sociology of Language (IJSL) 203.926.Google Scholar
Erker, Daniel. 2012a. An acoustic based sociolinguistic analysis of variable coda /s/ production in the Spanish of New York City. PhD dissertation, New York University.Google Scholar
Erker, Daniel. 2012b. Of categories and continua: Relating discrete and gradient properties of sociophonetic variation. Penn Working Papers in Linguistics 18.1120.Google Scholar
Erker, Daniel. 2017. Contact, co-variation, and sociolinguistic salience: What Mr. Rogers knows about language change. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 23.6877.Google Scholar
Erker, Daniel & Otheguy, Ricardo. 2016. Contact and coherence: Dialectal leveling and structural convergence in New York City Spanish. Lingua 172.131–46.Google Scholar
File-Muriel, Richard & Brown, Earl K.. 2011. The gradient nature of s-lenition in Caleño Spanish. Language Variation and Change 23.223–43.Google Scholar
Frago Gracia, Juan Antonio. 1992. El “seseo”: orígenes y difusión americana. In Historia y presente del español de América, ed. by Hernández Alonso, César. Valladolid: Junta de Castilla y León.Google Scholar
García, Ofelia & Li, Wei. 2014. Translanguaging: Language, bilingualism and education. London & New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
García, Ofelia & Otheguy, Ricardo. 2015. Spanish and Hispanic bilingualism. In The Routledge handbook of Hispanic applied linguistics, ed. by Lacorte, Manel, 639–58. New York & London: Routledge Publishers.Google Scholar
Guy, Gregory. 2014. Variation and change in Latin American Spanish and Portuguese. In Portuguese-Spanish interfaces: Diachrony, synchrony, and contact, ed. by Amaral, Patricia & Carvalho, Ana María, 443–64. Amsterdam & Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Harari, Yuval. 2015. Sapiens: A brief history of humankind. New York: Harper.Google Scholar
Hartsuiker, Robert, Pickering, Martin, & Veltkamp, Eline. 2004. Is syntax shared or separate between languages? Cross-linguistic syntactic priming in Spanish-English bilinguals. Psychological Science 15.409–14.Google Scholar
Hidalgo, Margarita. 2001. Sociolinguistic stratification in New Spain. International Language of the Sociology of Language (IJSL) 149.5578.Google Scholar
Hidalgo, Margarita. 2016. Diversification of Mexican Spanish: A tridimensional study in New World sociolinguistics. Boston, MA & Berlin: de Gruyter/Mouton.Google Scholar
Kayne, Richard. 2000. Parameters and universals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kerswill, Paul. 2002. Koinezation and accommodation. In The handbook of language variation and change, ed. by Chambers, J.K., Trudgill, Peter, & Schilling-Estes, Natalie, 669702. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1994. Principles of linguistic change: Internal factors. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.Google Scholar
Lapesa, Rafael. 1964. El andaluz y el español de América. In Presente y futuro de la lengua Española, 173–82. Madrid: Oficina Internacional de Información y Obsevación del Español (OFINES).Google Scholar
Lapesa, Rafael. 1981. Historia de la lengua española. Madrid: Editorial Gredos.Google Scholar
Lipski, John. 1994a. Latin American Spanish. London & New York: Longman Publishers.Google Scholar
Lipski, John. 1994b. Tracing Mexican Spanish /s/: A cross-section of history. Language Problems and Language Planning 18.223–41.Google Scholar
Lloyd, Paul. 1987. From Latin to Spanish. Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society.Google Scholar
Lope Blanch, Juan. 1967. La influencia del sustrato en la fonética del español de México. Revista de Filología Española 50.145–61.Google Scholar
Lope Blanch, Juan (ed.). 1990. Atlas Lingüístico de México, vol. 1. Mexico City: El Colegio de México.Google Scholar
Makoni, Sinfree & Pennycook, Alastair. 2007. Disinventing and reconstituting languages. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, Ltd.Google Scholar
Martín Butragueño, Pedro. 2010. Construcción de modelos variables en dialectología: la distribución de (s) en la geografía fónica de México. Revista de Filología Hispánica 68.517–61.Google Scholar
Martín Butragueño, Pedro. 2014. Fonología variable del español de México, vol. 1: Procesos segmentales. Mexico City: El Colegio de México. Centro de Estudios Lingüísticos.Google Scholar
Moreno de Alba, José G. 1994. La pronunciación del español en México. Mexico City: El Colegio de México.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko. 1996. The founding principle in creole genesis. Diachronica 13.83134.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko. 2001. The ecology of language evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko. 2008. Language evolution: Contact, competition and change. London & New York: Continuum International Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko. 2014. Latin America: A linguistic curiosity from the point of view of colonization and the ensuing language contacts. In Iberian imperialism and language evolution in Latin America, ed. by Mufwene, Salikoko, 137. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Otheguy, Raquel Alicia. 2016. Education in empire, nation, and diaspora: Black Cuban’s struggle for schooling, 1850–1910. PhD Dissertation, Stony Brook University, New York.Google Scholar
Otheguy, Ricardo, García, Ofelia, & Reid, Wallis. 2015. Clarifying translanguaging and deconstructing named languages: A perspective from linguistics. Applied Linguistics Review 6.281307.Google Scholar
Otheguy, Ricardo, García, Ofelia, & Reid, Wallis. 2019. A translanguaging view of the linguistic system of bilinguals. Applied Linguistics Review 10.625–51.Google Scholar
Otheguy, Ricardo & Zentella, Ana Celia. 2012. Spanish in New York: Language contact, dialectal leveling and structural continuity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Parodi, Claudia. 2001. Contacto de dialectos y lenguas en el Nuevo Mundo: la vernacularización del español en América. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 149.3353.Google Scholar
Parodi, Claudia. 2002–3. Koinezación e historia del español americano: evidencia de las lenguas indígenas. Boletín de Filología 39.421–34.Google Scholar
Rosenblat, Angel. 1962. El castellano de España y el castellano de América: unidad y diferenciación. Caracas: Cuadernos del Instituto de Filología Andrés Bello.Google Scholar
Sánchez-Prieto, Pedro. 2004. La normalización del castellano escrito en el siglo XIII. Los caracteres de la lengua: grafías y fonemas. In Historia de la lengua española, ed. by Cano, Rafael, 423–46. Barcelona: Editorial Ariel, S.A.Google Scholar
Silva-Corvalán, Carmen. 1994. Language contact and change: Spanish in Los Angeles. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sosa Rodríguez, Enrique & Penabad Félix, Alejandrina. 2005. Historia de la educación en Cuba. Havana: Editorial Pueblo y Educación.Google Scholar
Torres-Cuevas, Eduardo. 1986. Esclavitud y sociedad: notas y documentos para la historia de la esclavitud en Cuba. Havana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 1986. Dialects in contact. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Weinreich, Uriel. 1967 [1953]. Languages in contact. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×