Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T23:27:51.749Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

8 - The Amazon Basin: Linguistic Areas and Language Contact

from Part Two - Linguistic Areas

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 June 2022

By
Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald
Edited by
Salikoko S. Mufwene  and
Anna María Escobar
Salikoko S. Mufwene
Affiliation:
University of Chicago
Anna María Escobar
Affiliation:
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Get access

Summary

The chapter focuses on area diffusion and linguistic areas in the Amazon Basin, one of the linguistically most diverse regions in the world. The long-term history of language interaction in the linguistically highly diverse basin of the Amazon Basin has been marred by a large scale language extinction and obliteration of contact patterns. At present, the Vaupés River Basin area is the best established linguistic area. Linguistic and cultural features of neighbouring languages in the Upper Rio Negro region, and in the basin of neighbouring Caquetá and Putumayo, point towards possible areal diffusion in the past. The Upper Xingu region is a well-established cultural area; however, given its relatively shallow time depth, its status as a linguistic area is questionable. A number of other regions within Amazonia show traces of possible language contact with inconclusive evidence in favour of long-standing areal diffusion. A number of pan-Amazonian features are shared by genetically unrelated, and often geographically remote, languages. These may well reflect traces of linguistic contact that can no longer be recovered.

Keywords

linguistic areaareal diffusionlanguage contactAmazonian languagesArawak languagesTucanoan languagesmultilingualism
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Language Contact
Volume 1: Population Movement and Language Change
 , pp. 232 - 260
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adelaar, W.F.H. 2000. La diversidad lingüística y la extinción de las lenguas. In As línguas amazônicas hoje, ed. by Queixalós, F. & Renault-Lescure, O., 29–38. São Paulo: IRD.Google Scholar
Adelaar, W.F.H. 2004. The languages of the Andes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Adelaar, W.F.H. 2006. The Quechua impact on Amuesha, an Arawak language of the Peruvian Amazon. In Grammars in contact, ed. by Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. & Dixon, R.M.W., 290–312. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 1999a. The Arawak language family. In Dixon & Aikhenvald 1999, 65–105.Google Scholar
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 1999b. Areal diffusion and language contact in the Içana-Vaupés basin, North West Amazonia. In Dixon & Aikhenvald 1999, 385–415.Google Scholar
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2001. Areal diffusion, genetic inheritance and problems of subgrouping: A North Arawak case study. In Areal diffusion and genetic inheritance: Problems in comparative linguistics, ed. by Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. & Dixon, R.M.W., 167–94. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2002. Language contact in Amazonia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2003a. A grammar of Tariana, from north-west Amazonia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2003b. Mechanisms of change in areal diffusion: New morphology and language contact. Journal of Linguistics 39.1–29.Google Scholar
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2006. Semantics and pragmatics of grammatical relations in the Vaupés linguistic area. In Grammars in contact, ed. by Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. & Dixon, R.M.W., 237–66. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2011. Areal features and linguistic areas: Contact-induced change and geographical typology. In Geographical typology and linguistic areas, with special focus on Africa, ed. by Hieda, Osamu, König, Christa, & Nakagawa, Hirosi, 13–39. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2012a. The languages of the Amazon. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2012b. Invisible loans: How to borrow a bound form. In Morphology: Between copies and cognates, ed. by Johanson, Lars & Robbeets, Martine, 167–85. Leiden: Bril.Google Scholar
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2013. Amazonia: Linguistic history. In Encyclopedia of migrations, ed. by Bellwood, Peter, 1.384–91. London: Routledge-Wiley.Google Scholar
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2014. Language contact, and language blend: Kumandene Tariana of north-west Amazonia. International Journal of American Linguistics 80.323–70.Google Scholar
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2015. Oxford Bibliography Online: Arawak languages (refereed updateable resource with summaries and evaluation for each entry). General Editor: Mark Aronoff. Available at www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199772810/obo-9780199772810-0119.xml.Google Scholar
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2018. “Me”, “us” and “others”: Expressing the self in Arawak languages of South America. In Expressing the self: Cultural diversity and cognitive universals, ed. by Huang, Minyao & Jaszczolt, Kasia, 13–39. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2019a. Bridging linkage in Tariana, an Arawak language of north-west Amazonia. International Journal of American Linguistics 85.455–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2019b. A view from the North: Genders and classifiers in Arawak languages of north-west Amazonia. In Genders and classifiers: A cross-linguistic study, ed. by Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. and Mihas, Elena, 103–43. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. & Dixon, R.M.W. (eds.). 2006. Grammars in contact. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ball, Christopher. 2010. Pragmatic multilingualism in the Upper Xingu speech community. In Franchetto 2010, 87–112.Google Scholar
Barnes, Janet. 1999. Tucano. In Dixon & Aikhenvald 1999b, 207–26.Google Scholar
Barnes, Janet. 2009. Tucanoan languages. In Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world, ed. by Brown, Keith & Ogilvie, Sarah, 1091–102. Oxford: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Basso, Ellen B. 2007. The Kalapalo affinal civility register. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 17.161–83.Google Scholar
Bertinetto, Pier Marco & Ciucci, Luca. 2012. Parataxis, hypotaxis, and para-hypotaxis in the Zamucoan languages. Linguistic Discovery 10.89–111.Google Scholar
Birchall, Joshua. 2014. Verbal argument marking patterns in South American languages. In The native languages of South America, ed. by O’Connor, L. & Muysken, P., 223–49. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bolaños Quiñónes, Katherine Elizabeth. 2016. A grammar of Kakua. Amsterdam: LOT.Google Scholar
Bolaños Quiñónes, Katherine Elizabeth. 2018. Nominalization in Kakua and the Tukanoan influence. Nominalization: STUF – Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung (Language Typology and Universals) 71.47–72.Google Scholar
Brüzzi, Alcionílio Alves da Silva. 1977. A civilização indígena do Uaupés. Rome: Las.Google Scholar
Carlin, Eithne B. 2006. Feeling the need: The borrowing of Cariban functional categories into Mawayana (Arawak). In Aikhenvald & Dixon 2006, 193–266.Google Scholar
Chacon, Thiago. 2013. Kubeo: Linguistic and cultural interactions in the Upper Rio Negro. In Epps & Stenzel 2013b, 403–40.Google Scholar
Chernela, J. 1993. The Wanano Indians of the Brazilian Amazon: A sense of space. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Ciucci, Luca. 2014. Trace di contatto tra la famiglia zamuco (ayoreo, chamacoco) e altre lingue del Chaco: prime prospezioni. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa 13 n.s.Google Scholar
Comrie, Bernard, Golluscio, Lúcia, González, Hebe, & Vidal, Alejandra. 2010. El Chaco como área lingüística. In Estudios de lenguas amerindias. 2. Lenguas indígenas, ed. by Estrada, Z. & Arzapalo, R., 88–130. Hermosillo: Universidad de Sonora.Google Scholar
Cook, Dorothy M, Gralow, Frances L., & de Young, Carolyn Muller. 2001. Diccionario bilingüe Koreguaje-Español/Español-Koreguaje. Santafé de Bogotá: Editora Alberto Lleras.Google Scholar
Crevels, Mily & van der Voort, Hein. 2008. The Guaporé-Mamoré region as a linguistic area. In From linguistic areas to areal linguistics, ed. by Muysken, Pieter, 151–79. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Cruz, Aline da. 2011. Fonologia e Gramática do Nheengatú: A língua geral falada pelos povos Baré, Warekena e Baniwa. Amsterdam: LOT.Google Scholar
Dean, Bartholomew. 2009. Urarina society, cosmology, and history in Peruvian Amazonia. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derbyshire, Desmond C. 1987. Morphosyntactic areal characteristics of Amazonian languages. International Journal of American Linguistics 53.311–26.Google Scholar
Derbyshire, Desmond C. 1999. Carib. In Dixon & Aikhenvald 1999b, 33–65.Google Scholar
Derbyshire, Desmond C. & Pullum, Geoffrey K.. 1986. Introduction. In Handbook of Amazonian languages, volume 1, ed. by Derbyshire, D. C. & Pullum, G. K., 1–28. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Dixon, R.M.W. 2004a. The Jarawara language of southern Amazonia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dixon, R.M.W. 2004b. Proto-Arawá phonology. Anthropological Linguistics 46.1–83.Google Scholar
Dixon, R.M.W. & Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.. 1999a. Introduction. In Dixon & Aikhenvald 1999b, 1–22.Google Scholar
Dixon, R.M.W. & Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (eds.). 1999b. The Amazonian languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Echeverri, Juan Alvaro. 1997. The people of the center of the world. A study in culture, history and orality in the Colombian Amazon. PhD dissertation, New School for Social Research, New York.Google Scholar
Emeneau, Murray B. 1956. India as a linguistic area. Language 32.3–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epps, Patience. 2006a. Growing a numeral system. The historical development of numerals in an Amazonian language family. Diachronica 23.259–88.Google Scholar
Epps, Patience. 2006b. The Vaupés melting pot: Tucanoan influence on Hup. In Aikhenvald & Dixon 2006, 267–89.Google Scholar
Epps, Patience. 2008. A grammar of Hup. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Epps, Patience and Bolaños, Katherine. 2017. Reconsidering the “Makú” language family of northwest Amazonia. International Journal of American Linguistics 83.467–507.Google Scholar
Epps, Patience & Stenzel, Kristine. 2013a. Introduction. In Epps & Stenzel 2013b, 13–52.Google Scholar
Epps, Patience & Stenzel, Kristine (eds.). 2013b. Upper Rio Negro. Cultural and linguistic interaction in northwestern Amazonia. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional. Museu do Índio – Funai.Google Scholar
Franchetto, Bruna. 1986. Falar kuikuro: estudo etnolingüístico de um grupo karibe do Alto Xingu. PhD dissertation, Rio de Janeiro, PPGAS/MN/UFRJ, Volume 2.Google Scholar
Franchetto, Bruna. 1995. Processos fonológicos em Kuikúro: uma visão auto-segmental. In Estudos fonológicos das línguas indígenas brasileiras, ed. by Wetzels, L., 53–83. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar
Franchetto, Bruna. 2000. Línguas e história no Alto Xingu. In Franchetto & Heckenberger 2000b, 111–56.Google Scholar
Franchetto, Bruna (ed.). 2010. Alto Xingu. Uma sociedade multilíngue. Rio de Janeiro: Museu do Índio.Google Scholar
Franchetto, Bruna & Heckenberger, Michael. 2000a. Introdução: História e cultura xinguana. In Franchetto & Heckenberger 2000b, 7–20.Google Scholar
Franchetto, Bruna & Heckenberger, Michael (eds.). 2000b. Os povos do Alto Xingu. História e cultura. Rio de Janeiro: Editora UFRJ.Google Scholar
Galvão, Eduardo. 1960. Áreas culturais do Brasil: 1900–1959. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi 8.1–41.Google Scholar
Goldman, I. 1979. The Cubeo: Indians of the Northwest Amazon, 2nd ed. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Gomez-Imbert, Elsa. 1996. When animals become “rounded” and “feminine”: Conceptual categories and linguistic classification in a multilingual setting. In Rethinking linguistic relativity, ed. by Gumperz, J.J. & Levinson, S.C., 438–69. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
González, Hebé A. 2015. El Chaco como área lingüística: una evaluación de los rasgos fonológicos. In Language contact and documentation, ed. by Comrie, Bernard & Golluscio, Lucía, 193–266. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Gregor, Thomas. 1977. Mehinaku: The drama of daily life in an Upper Xingu village. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Guillaume, Antoine & Rose, Françoise. 2010. Sociative causative markers in South-American languages: A possible areal feature. In Essais de typologie et de linguistique générale. Mélanges offerts à Denis Creissels, ed. by Floricic, F., 383–402. Lyon: Ecole normale supérieure de Lyon.Google Scholar
Haynie, Hannah, Bowern, Claire, Epps, Patience, Hill, Jane, & McConvell, Patrick. 2014. Wanderwörter in languages of the Americas and Australia. Ampersand 1.1–18.Google Scholar
Heckenberger, Michael J. 1998. Manioc agriculture and sedentism in Amazonia: The Upper Xingu example. Antiquity 72.633–58.Google Scholar
Heckenberger, Michael J. 2000. Estrutura, história e transformação: a cultura xinguana na longue durée, 1000–2000 b.c. In Franchetto & Heckenberger 2000b, 21–62.Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd & Kuteva, Tania. 2005. Language contact and grammatical change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heine, Bernd & Nurse, Derek. 2008. Introduction. In A linguistic geography of Africa, ed. by Heine, Bernd & Nurse, Derek, 1–14. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hemming, John. 1987. Amazon frontier. The defeat of the Brazilian Indians. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Hill, Jonathan D. 2001. The variety of fertility cultism in Amazonia: A closer look at gender symbolism in northwestern Amazonia. In Gender in Amazonia and Melanesia. An exploration of the comparative method, ed. by Gregor, Thomas A. & Tuzin, Donald, 45–68. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hugh-Jones, Christine O. 1979. From the Milk River: Spatial and temporal processes in Northwest Amazonia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hugh-Jones, Stephen O. 1979. The Palm and the Pleiades: Initiation and cosmology in Northwest Amazon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Key, Mary Ritchie. 1993. Situación actual, tareas y problemas de la clasificación de las lenguas indígenas en Suramérica. In Estado Actual de la Clasificación de las Lenguas Indígenas de Colombia, ed. by de Montes, María Luisa Rodríguez, 25–48. Santafé de Bogotá: Insttuto Caro y Cuervo.Google Scholar
Koch-Grünberg, Theodor. 1906a. Die Sprache der Makú-Indianer. Anthropos 1.877–906.Google Scholar
Koch-Grünberg, Theodor. 1906b. Die Indianer-Stämme am oberen Rio Negro und Yapurá und ihre sprachliche Zugehörigkeit. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 38.167–205.Google Scholar
Loukotka, Chestmír. 1968. Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles, CA: Latin American Centre, University of California.Google Scholar
Martins, Silvana A. 1994. Análise da morfosintaxe da língua Dâw (Makú-Kamã) e sua classificação tipológica. MA thesis, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis.Google Scholar
Martins, Silvana A. 2004. Fonologia e gramática Dâw. Amsterdam: LOT.Google Scholar
Martins, Silvana A. & Martins, Valteir. 1999. Makú. In Dixon & Aikhenvald 1999b, 251–68.Google Scholar
Martius, Karl F.P. von. 1867. Beiträge zur Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas, zumal Brasiliens, 2 vols. Leipzig: Friedrich Fleischer.Google Scholar
Miller, Marion. 1999. Desano grammar. Arlington, VA: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.Google Scholar
Mithun, Marianne. 1999. The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mehinaku, Mutua & Franchetto, Bruna. 2015. Tetsualü: The pluralism of languages and people in the Upper Xingu. In Comrie & Golluscio (eds), 146–92.Google Scholar
Muysken, Pieter, Hammarström, Harald, Birchall, Joshua, van Gijn, Rik, Krasnoukhova, Olga, & Müller, Neele. 2015. Linguistic areas, bottom-up or top-down? The case of the Guaporé-Mamoré. In Comrie & Golluscio (eds), 233–65.Google Scholar
Nimuendajú, Curt. 1982. Textos indigenistas. São Paulo: Edições Loyola.Google Scholar
Olawsky, Knut. 2006. A grammar of Urarina. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oliveira, A. E. de. 1975. A terminologia de parentesco Baniwa. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Nova Série, Antropologia, 56.1–34.Google Scholar
Overall, Simon E. 2017. A typology of frustrative marking in Amazonian languages. In The Cambridge handbook of linguistic typology, ed. by Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. & Dixon, R.M.W., 477–512. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Overall, Simon E. 2019. Parrots, peccaries, and people: Imagery and metaphor in Aguaruna (Chicham) magic songs. International Journal of Language and Culture 6.148–74.Google Scholar
Overall, Simon E. & Wojtylak, Katarzyna I. (eds.). 2018. Nominalization: A view from northwest Amazonia. Special edition of STUF – Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung 71.1.Google Scholar
Payne, David Lawrence. 1990. Morphological characteristics of lowland South American languages. In Amazonian linguistics. Studies in lowland South American languages, ed. by Payne, D.L., 213–41. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Payne, David Lawrence. 1991. A classification of Maipuran (Arawakan) languages based on shared lexical retentions. In Handbook of Amazonian languages, vol. 3, ed. by Derbyshire, D.C. & Pullum, G.K., 355–499. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Ramirez, Henri. 1997. A fala Tukano dos Yepâ-masa. Tomo 1. Gramática. Tomo 2. Dicionário. Tomo 3. Método de aprendizagem. Manaus: Inspetoria Salesiana Missionária da Amazônia CEDEM.Google Scholar
Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gerardo. 1996. Yuruparí. Studies of an Amazonian foundation myth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Center for the Study of World Religions.Google Scholar
Reinoso Galindo, Andrés Eduardo. 2012. La lengua kawiyarí. Una Aproximación a su fonología y gramática. Saarbrücken: Editoria Académica Española.Google Scholar
Rodrigues, Aryon D. 1996. As línguas gerais sul-americanas. Papia 4.2.6–18.Google Scholar
Roe, Peter. 1982. The cosmic zygote. Cosmology in the Amazon Basin. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Sapir, E. 1921. Language. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.Google Scholar
Seifart, Frank. 2007. The prehistory of nominal classification in Witotoan languages. International Journal of American Linguistics 73.411–45.Google Scholar
Seifart, Frank. 2011. Bora loans in Resígario: Massive morphological and little lexical borrowing in a moribund Arawak language. Special edition of Cadernos de Etnolingüística: Série Monografias 2.Google Scholar
Seifart, Frank & Payne, Doris L.. 2007. Nominal classification in North West Amazon: Issues in areal diffusion and typological classification. International Journal of American Linguistics 73.381–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seki, Lucy. 1999. The Upper Xingu as an incipient linguistic area. In Dixon & Aikhenvald 1999b, 417–30.Google Scholar
Seki, Lucy. 2000. Gramática da língua Kamaiurá. Campinas: Editora da Unicamp.Google Scholar
Seki, Lucy. 2010. Alto Xingu: uma sociedade multilíngue? In Franchetto 2010, 57–86.Google Scholar
Silva, Cácio & Silva, Elisângela. 2012. A língua dos Yuhupdeh: introdução etnolíngüística, dicionário Yuhup-Português e glossário semântico-gramatical. São Gabriel da Cachoeira: Pró-Amazônia.Google Scholar
Silverwood-Cope, P.L. 1990. Os Makú. Povo caçador do Noroeste da Amazônia. Brasília: Editora da UNB.Google Scholar
Sorensen, Arthur P. Jr. 1967. Multilingualism in the Northwest Amazon. American Anthropologist 69.670–84. (Reprinted as Sociolinguistics, ed. by J.B. Pride & J. Holmes, 78–93. Harmondsworth: Penguin Modern Linguistics Readings, 1972).Google Scholar
Stenzel, Kristine. 2008. Kotiria “differential object marking” in cross-linguistic perspective. Amerindia 32.1–29.Google Scholar
Stenzel, Kristine. 2013. Contact and innovation in Vaupés possession-marking categories. In Epps & Stenzel 2013b, 353–402.Google Scholar
Stenzel, Kristine. 2014. A grammar of Kotiria (Wanano). Lincoln, NE: Nebraska University Press.Google Scholar
Stenzel, Kristine & Gomez-Imbert, Elsa. 2018. Evidentiality in Tukanoan languages. In The Oxford handbook of evidentiality, ed. by Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y., 357–87. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Stenzel, Kristine & Khoo, Velda. 2016. Linguistic hybridity in the Kotiria community. Critical Multilingualism Studies 4.2.75–110.Google Scholar
Stradelli, Ermanno. 1890. Il Vaupes e gli Vaupes. Bolletino della Società Geográfica Italiana, 3rd Ser., 3.425–53.Google Scholar
Tosco, Mauro. 2000. Is there an “Ethiopian linguistic area”? Anthropological Linguistics 42.329–65.Google Scholar
Urban, Matthias. 2018. The lexical legacy of substrate languages: A test case from the Southern Ecuadorian Highlands. Transactions of the Philological Society 116.435–59.Google Scholar
Urton, Gary. 1985. Introduction. In Animal myths and metaphors in South America, ed. by Urton, Gary, 3–12. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press.Google Scholar
Valenzuela, Pilar M. 2015. ¿Que tan “amazónicas” son las lenguas kawapana? Contacto con las lenguas centro-andinas y elementos para una área lingüística internedia. Lexus 39.5–26.Google Scholar
Waltz, Nathan & Waltz, C.. 1997. El Agua, La Roca y El Humo. Estudios sobre la cultura wanana del Vaupés. Santafé de Bogotá: Instituto Lingüístico del Verano.Google Scholar
Wheeler, Alva. 1987. Gantëya Bain. El Pueblo Siona del río Putumayo, Colombia. Tomo 1: Etnología, Gramática, Textos. Bogotá: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.Google Scholar
Wise, Mary Ruth. 1976. Apuntes sobre la influencia inca entre los amuesha, factor que oscurece la clasificación de su idioma. Revista del Museo Nacional 42.55–66.Google Scholar
Wise, Mary Ruth. 1999. Small language families and isolates in Peru. In Dixon & Aikhenvald 1999b, 307–40.Google Scholar
Wise, Mary Ruth. 2011. Rastros desconcertantes de contactos entre idiomas y culturas a lo largo de los contrafuertes orientales de los Andes del Perú. In Estudios sobre lenguas Andinas y Amazónicas: homenaje a Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino, ed. by Adelaar, Willem F., Bismarck, Pilar Valenzuela, & Biondi, Roberto Zaqiquiey, 305–16. Lima: Fondo Editorial Ponfiticia. Universidad Católica del Peru.Google Scholar
Wojtylak, Katarzyna I. 2017. A reference grammar of Murui (Bue), a Witotoan language from northwest Amazonia. PhD thesis, James Cook University.Google Scholar
Wojtylak, Katarzyna I. 2019. Traversing language barriers. Murui signal drums from Northwest Amazonia. International Journal of Language and Culture 6.195–216.Google Scholar
Wright, Robin M. 2005. História indígena e do indigenismo no Alto Rio Negro. São Paulo: Instituto Socioambiental.Google Scholar
Zúñiga, Fernando. 2015. How strong is the case for contact-induced grammatical restructuring in Quechuan. Linguistic Discovery 13.2.23–36.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×