Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T15:56:08.819Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

25 - Syntax of Heritage Languages

from Part III - Grammatical Aspects of Heritage Languages

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 November 2021

Silvina Montrul
Affiliation:
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Maria Polinsky
Affiliation:
University of Maryland, College Park
Get access

Summary

In research on heritage speakers, it is often observed that areas of core syntax tend to be resilient and resemble the relevant baseline. This chapter discusses this generalization and provides examples of areas that tend to be resilient and areas that are vulnerable. Research into the syntax of heritage speakers has tended to focus on certain areas, such as argument structure and the representation of null arguments, meaning that a lot of grammatical domains have not been sufficiently explored. This chapter nevertheless tries to summarize the main findings and outline important methodological and theoretical issues that any work on heritage syntax needs to consider carefully. Examples of the latter include the question of what the appropriate baseline for comparison is, and how to adequately separate morphology and syntax. Empirically, the chapter will consider lexical categories, passives, and verb second as examples of relatively resilient areas of syntactic representations. In terms of areas that are more vulnerable, it will look at word order, long-distance dependencies, and discontinuous dependencies.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aboh, Enoch. 2015. The Emergence of Hybrid Grammars: Language Contact and Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ackema, Peter and Neeleman, Ad. 2004. Beyond Morphology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Albirini, Abdulkafi, Benmamoun, Elabbas, and Saadah, Eman. 2011. Grammatical Features of Egyptian and Palestinian Arabic Heritage Speakers’ Oral Production. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 33, 273303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexiadou, Artemis and Lohndal, Terje. 2018. V3 in Germanic: A Comparison of Urban Vernaculars and Heritage Languages. Linguistische Berichte Sonderheft 25, 245263.Google Scholar
Arnbjörnsdóttir, Birna, Thráinsson, Höskuldur, and Nowenstein, Iris Edda. 2018. V2 and V3 Orders in North-American Icelandic. Journal of Language Contact 11, 379412.Google Scholar
Benmamoun, Elabbas, Montrul, Silvina, and Polinsky, Maria. 2013. Heritage Languages and Their Speakers: Opportunities and Challenges for Linguistics. Theoretical Linguistics 39, 129181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bley-Vroman, Robert. 1983. The Comparative Fallacy in Interlanguage Studies: The Case of Systematicity. Language Learning 33, 117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borer, Hagit. 2005a. Structuring Sense, Volume 1: In Name Only. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Borer, Hagit. 2005b. Structuring Sense, Volume 2: The Normal Course of Events. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bousquette, Joshua, Frey, Ben, Nützel, Daniel, Putnam, Michael T., and Salmons, Joseph. 2016. Parasitic Gapping in Bilingual Grammar: Evidence from Wisconsin Heritage German. Heritage Language Journal 13, 128.Google Scholar
Brown, Nicholas J. 1996. Russian Learners’ Dictionary: 10,000 Russian Words in Frequency Order. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Büring, Daniel. 2005. Binding Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bylund, Emanuel. 2009. Maturational Constraints and First Language Attrition. Language Learning 59, 687715.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caha, Pavel. 2009. The Nanosyntax of Case. Doctoral dissertation, University of Tromsø.Google Scholar
Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew. 1992. Contemporary Morphology. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam. 1972. Language and Mind. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam. 1975. Reflections on Language. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam. 1981. Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht: Foris.Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam and Lasnik, Howard. 1993. The Theory of Principles and Parameters. In Jacobs, Joachim, von Stechow, Arnim, Sternefeld, Wolfgang, and Venneman, Theo (eds.), Syntax: An International Handbook of Contemporary Research. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 506569.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, Vivian. 1997. Monolingual Bias in Second Language Acquisition Research. Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses 34, 3550.Google Scholar
Culicover, Peter and Jackendoff, Ray. 2005. Simpler Syntax. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Bot, Kees. 1990. Language Attrition, Competence Loss or Performance Loss. In Spillner, B. (ed.), Sprache und Politik: Kongressbeiträge zur 19. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Angewandte Linguistik. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 6365.Google Scholar
Eide, Kristin Melum and Hjelde, Arnstein. 2015. Verb Second and Finiteness Morphology in Norwegian Heritage Language of the American Midwest. In Richard Page, B. and Putnam, Michael T. (eds.), Moribound Germanic Heritage Languages in North America Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Findings. Leiden: Brill, 64101.Google Scholar
Eide, Kristin Melum and Hjelde, Arnstein. 2018. Om verbplassering og verbmorfologi i amerikanorsk [On verb placement and verbal morphology in American Norwegian]. Maal og Minne 1, 2569.Google Scholar
Embick, David. 2010. Localism versus Globalism in Morphology and Phonology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Embick, David. 2015. The Morpheme: A Theoretical Introduction. Berlin: De Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grimstad, Maren Berg. 2018. Language Mixing in American Norwegian Noun Phrases: An Exoskeletal Analysis of Synchronic and Diachronic Patterns. Doctoral dissertation, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology.Google Scholar
Gürel, Ayşe. 2015. First Language Attrition of Constraints on Wh-scrambling: Does the Second Language Have an Effect? International Journal of Bilingualism 19, 7591.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haugen, Einar. 1953. The Norwegian Language in America: A Study in Bilingual Behavior. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press.Google Scholar
Hippisley, Andrew and Stump, Gregory (eds.), 2014. The Cambridge Handbook of Morphology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Holmberg, Anders. 2015. Verb Second. In Kiss, Tibor and Alexiadou, Artemis (eds.), Syntax – Theory and Analysis. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 342383.Google Scholar
Holmberg, Anders and Platzack, Christer. 1995. The Role of Inflection in Scandinavian Syntax. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hopp, Holger and Putnam, Michael T.. 2015. Syntactic Restructuring in Heritage Grammars: Word Order Variation in Moundridge Schweitzer German. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 5, 180214.Google Scholar
Hopp, Holger, Putnam, Michael T., and Vosburg, Nora. 2019. Derivational Complexity vs. Transfer Effects: Long Distance Wh-movement in Heritage and L2 Grammars. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 9, 341375.Google Scholar
Håkansson, Gisela. 1995. Syntax and Morphology in Language Attrition: A Study of Five Bilingual Expatriate Swedes. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 5, 151171.Google Scholar
Isurin, Ludmila. 2000. Deserted Islands or a Child’s First Language Forgetting. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 3, 151166.Google Scholar
Iverson, Mike B. 2012. Advanced Language Attrition of Spanish in Contact with Brazilian Portuguese. Doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa.Google Scholar
Iverson, Mike B. and Miller, David. 2017. Language Attrition and Maintenance: Two Sides of the Same Coin? Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 7, 704708.Google Scholar
Jakubowicz, Celia. 2005. The Language Faculty: (Ab)Normal Development and Interface Constraints. Paper presented at Generative Approaches to Language Acquisition, University of Siena.Google Scholar
Jakubowicz, Celia and Strik, Nelleke. 2008. Scope-Marking Strategies in the Acquisition of Long-Distance Wh-questions in French and Dutch. Language and Speech 51, 101132.Google Scholar
Johannessen, Janne Bondi. 2015a. Attrition in an American Norwegian Heritage Language Speaker. In Johannessen, Janne B. and Salmons, Joseph (eds.), Germanic Heritage Languages in North America: Acquisition, Attrition and Change. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2145.Google Scholar
Johannessen, Janne Bondi. 2015b. The Corpus of American Norwegian Speech. In Megyesi, B. (ed.), NEALT Proceedings Series Vol. 23, Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics (NoDaLiDa 2015). Stockholm: ACL Anthology, 297300.Google Scholar
Johannessen, Janne Bondi and Salmons, Joseph. 2021. Germanic Languages in America. In Montrul, Silvina and Polinsky, Maria (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Heritage Languages and Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Julien, Marit. 2002. Syntactic Heads and Word Formation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Khayitova, Sofiya. 2016. V2 i amerikanorsk – ufullstendig innlæring eller språkforvitring? [V2 in American Norwegian – Incomplete Acquisition or Attrition?]. MA thesis, University of Oslo.Google Scholar
Kim, Boyoung and Goodall, Grant. 2016. Islands and Non-islands in Native and Heritage Korean. Frontiers in Psychology 7, 134. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00134Google Scholar
Köpke, Barbara. 1999. L’attrition de la première langue chez le bilingue tardif: implications pour l’étude psycholinguistique du bilinguisme. Doctoral dissertation, Université de Toulouse-Le Mirail.Google Scholar
Köpke, Barbara. 2004. Neurolinguistic Aspects of L1 Attrition. Journal of Neurolinguistics 17, 128.Google Scholar
Köpke, Barbara. 2007. Language Attrition at the Crossroads of Brain, Mind, and Society. In Köpke, Barbara, Schmid, Monika S., Keijzer, Merel, and Dostert, Susan (eds.), Language Attrition. Theoretical Perspectives. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 938.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kühl, Karoline and Petersen, Jan Heegård. 2018. Word Order in American Danish Declaratives with a Non-subject Initial Constituent. Journal of Language Contact 11, 413440.Google Scholar
Kupisch, Tanja. 2014. Adjective Placement in Simultaneous Bilinguals (German-Italian) and the Concept of Crosslinguistic Overcorrection. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 17, 222233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kupisch, Tanja and Rothman, Jason. 2018. Terminology Matters! Why Difference Is Not Incompleteness and How Early Child Bilinguals Are Heritage Speakers. International Journal of Bilingualism 22, 564582.Google Scholar
Kupisch, Tanja, Lein, Tatjana, Barton, Dagmar, and Schröder, Dawn Judith. 2014. Acquisition Outcomes across Domains in Adult Simultaneous Bilinguals with French as a Weaker and Stronger Language. French Language Studies 24, 347376.Google Scholar
Kush, Dave, Lohndal, Terje, and Sprouse, Jon. 2018. Investigating Variation in Island Effects: A Case Study of Norwegian Wh-Extraction. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 36, 743779.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kush, Dave, Lohndal, Terje, and Sprouse, Jon. 2019. On the Island Sensitivity of Topicalization in Norwegian: An Experimental Investigation. Language 95, 393420.Google Scholar
Laleko, Oksana. 2021. Discourse and Information Structure in Heritage Languages. In Montrul, Silvina and Polinsky, Maria (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Heritage Languages and Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lardiere, Donna. 2000. Mapping Features to Forms in Second Language Acquisition. In Archibald, John (ed.), Second Language Acquisition and Linguistic Theory. Malden: Blackwell, 102129.Google Scholar
Lardiere, Donna. 2009. Some Thoughts on the Contrastive Analysis of Features in Second Language Acquisition. Second Language Acquisition 25, 173227.Google Scholar
Larsson, Ida and Johannessen, Janne Bondi. 2015a. Incomplete Acquisition and Verb Placement in Heritage Scandinavian. In Richard Page, B. and Putnam, Michael T. (eds.), Moribound Germanic Heritage Languages in North America: Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Findings. Leiden: Brill, 153189.Google Scholar
Larsson, Ida and Johannessen, Janne Bondi. 2015b. Embedded Word Order in Heritage Scandinavian. In Hilpert, Martin, Östman, Jan-Ola, Mertzlufft, Christine, and Riessler, Michael (eds.), New Trends in Nordic and General Linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 239267.Google Scholar
Lohndal, Terje. 2010. Medial-wh Phenomena, Parallel Movement, and Parameters. Linguistic Analysis 34, 245270.Google Scholar
Lohndal, Terje. 2013. Generative Grammar and Language Mixing. Theoretical Linguistics 39, 215224.Google Scholar
Lohndal, Terje. 2014. Phrase Structure and Argument Structure: A Case Study of the Syntax Semantics Interface. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lohndal, Terje and Westergaard, Marit. 2016. Grammatical Gender in American Norwegian Heritage Language: Stability or Attrition? Frontiers in Psychology 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00344CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lohndal, Terje, Rothman, Jason, Kupisch, Tanja, and Westergaard, Marit. 2019. Heritage Language Acquisition: What It Reveals and Why It Is Important for Formal Linguistic Theories. Language and Linguistics Compass. https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12357CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madsen, Christen N. 2018. De-centering the Monolingual: A Psychophysiological Study of Heritage Speaker Language Processing. Doctoral dissertation, CUNY Graduate Center.Google Scholar
Matushansky, Ora and Marantz, Alec (eds.) 2013. Distributed Morphology Today. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Ming, Tao and Tao, Hongyin. 2008. Developing a Chinese Heritage Language Corpus: Issues and a Preliminary Report. In Weiyun He, Agnes and Xiao, Yun (eds.), Chinese as a Heritage Language: Fostering Rooted World Citizenry. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Mañoa, 167188.Google Scholar
Montrul, Silvina. 2002. Incomplete Acquisition and Attrition of Spanish Tense/Aspect Distinctions in Adult Bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 5, 3968.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montrul, Silvina. 2008. Incomplete Acquisition in Bilingualism: Re-examining the Age Factor. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Montrul, Silvina. 2016. The Acquisition of Heritage Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Montrul, Silvina. 2018. Heritage Language Development: Connecting the Dots. International Journal of Bilingualism 22, 530546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montrul, Silvina, Bhatia, Archna, Bhatt, Rakesh, and Puri, Vandana. 2019. Case Marking in Hindi as the Weaker Language. Frontiers in Psychology 10, 461. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00461Google Scholar
Montrul, Silvina and Sánchez-Walker, Noelia. 2013. Differential Object Marking in Child and Adult Spanish Heritage Speakers. Language Acquisition 20, 109132.Google Scholar
Montrul, Silvina, Foote, Rebecca, and Perpiñán, Sílvia. 2008. Knowledge of Wh-movement in Spanish L2 Learners and Heritage Speakers. In de Garavito, Joyce Bruhn and Valenzuela, Elena (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 2006 Hispanic Linguistics Symposium. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project, 93106.Google Scholar
Muysken, Pieter. 2019. The Case for Contact–Induced Change in Heritage Languages. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23, 37–38. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728919000373Google Scholar
O’Grady, William, Lee, Miseon, and Choo, Miho. 2001. The Acquisition of Relative Clauses by Heritage and Non-heritage Learners of Korean as a Second Language: A Comparative Study. Journal of Korean Language Education 12, 283294.Google Scholar
Otheguy, Ricardo. 2016. The Linguistic Competence of Second-Generation Bilinguals: A Critique of “Incomplete Acquisition”. In Tortora, Christina, den Dikken, Marcel, Montoya, Ignacio L., and O’Neill, Theresa (eds.), Romance Linguistics 2013: Selected Papers from the 43rd Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages (LSLR), New York, 17–19 April 2013. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 301319.Google Scholar
Pascual y Cabo, Diego and Rothman, Jason. 2012. The (Il)Logical Problem of Heritage Speaker Bilingualism and Incomplete Acquisition. Applied Linguistics 33, 17.Google Scholar
Pascual y Cabo, Diego and Soler, Inmaculada Gómez. 2015. Preposition Stranding in Spanish as a Heritage Language. Heritage Language Journal 12, 186209.Google Scholar
Pearl, Lisa and Sprouse, Jon. 2013. Syntactic Islands and Learning Biases: Combining Experimental Syntax and Computational Modeling to Investigate the Language Acquisition Problem. Language Acquisition 20, 2368.Google Scholar
Peres-Cortes, Silvia. 2016. Acquiring Obligatory and Variable Mood Selection: Spanish Heritage Speakers and L2 Learners’ Performance in Desideratives and Reported Speech Contexts. Doctoral dissertation, Rutgers University.Google Scholar
Polinsky, Maria. 1997. American Russian: Language Loss Meets Language Acquisition. In Brown, W. et al. (eds.), Formal Approaches to Slavic Linguistics. Ann Arbor: Michigan Slavic Publications, 370407.Google Scholar
Polinsky, Maria. 2005. Word Class Distinctions in an Incomplete Grammar. In Ravid, D. and Shyldkrot, Z. B. (eds.), Perspectives on Language and Language Development. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 419434.Google Scholar
Polinsky, Maria. 2006. Incomplete Acquisition: American Russian. Journal of Slavic Linguistics 14, 161219.Google Scholar
Polinsky, Maria. 2008. Gender under Incomplete Acquisition: Heritage Speakers’ Knowledge of Noun Categorization. Heritage Language Journal 6, 4071.Google Scholar
Polinsky, Maria. 2011. Reanalysis in Adult Heritage Language: A Case for Attrition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 33, 305328.Google Scholar
Polinsky, Maria. 2016. Bilingual Children and Adult Heritage Speakers: The Range of Comparison. International Journal of Bilingualism 13, 195201.Google Scholar
Polinsky, Maria. Heritage Languages and Their Speakers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Polinsky, Maria and Scontras, Gregory. 2020. Understanding Heritage Languages. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23(1), 420.Google Scholar
Polinsky, Maria and Kagan, Olga. 2007. Heritage Languages: In the “Wild” and in the Classroom. Language and Linguistics Compass 1, 368395.Google Scholar
Prévost, Philippe and White, Lydia. 2000. Missing Surface Inflection or Impairment in Second Language Acquisition? Evidence from Tense and Agreement. Second Language Research 16, 103133.Google Scholar
Putnam, Michael T. 2020. Separating vs. Shrinking. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23(1), 4142.Google Scholar
Putnam, Michael T. and Salmons, Joseph C.. 2013. Losing Their (Passive) Voice: Syntactic Neutralization in Heritage German. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 3(2), 233252.Google Scholar
Putnam, Michael T., Schwarz, Lara, and Hoffman, Andrew D.. 2021. In Montrul, Silvina and Polinsky, Maria (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Heritage Languages and Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Putnam, Michael T. and Sánchez, Liliana. 2013. What’s So Incomplete about Incomplete Acquisition? A Prolegomenon to Modeling Heritage Language Grammars. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 3, 478508.Google Scholar
Putnam, Michael T., Perez-Cortes, Silvia, and Sánchez, Liliana. 2019. Language Attrition and the Feature Reassembly Hypothesis. In Schmid, Monika S. and Köpke, Barbara (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Language Attrition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1824.Google Scholar
Riksem, Brita Ramsevik. 2017. Language Mixing and Diachronic Change: American Norwegian Noun Phrases Then and Now. Languages 2, 3. https:doi.org/10.3390/languages2020003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riksem, Brita Ramsevik. 2018. Language Mixing in American Norwegian Noun Phrases. An Exoskeletal Analysis of Synchronic and Diachronic Patterns. Doctoral dissertation, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology.Google Scholar
Rothman, Jason. 2007. Heritage Speaker Competence Differences, Language Change, and Input Type: Inflected Infinitives in Heritage Brazilian Portuguese. International Journal of Bilingualism 11, 359389.Google Scholar
Rothman, Jason. 2009. Understanding the Nature and Outcomes of Early Bilingualism: Romance Languages as Heritage Languages. International Journal of Bilingualism 13, 155163.Google Scholar
Rothman, Jason and Treffers-Daller, Jeanine. 2014. A Prolegomenon to the Construct of the Native Speaker: Heritage Speaker Bilinguals Are Natives Too! Applied Linguistics 35, 9398.Google Scholar
Rothman, Jason, Alonso, Jorge González, and Puig-Mayenco, Eloi. 2019. Third Language Acquisition and Linguistic Transfer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sánchez-Walker, Noelia. 2012. Comprehension of subject and object relative clauses in Spanish heritage speakers and L2 learners of Spanish. Poster presented at the Sixth Heritage Language Institute, UCLA.Google Scholar
Schmid, Monika S. 2002. Language Attrition, Maintenance and Use. The Case of German Jews in Anglophone Countries. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Schmid, Monika S. 2011. Language Attrition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schmid, Monika S. and Köpke, Barbara. 2007. Bilingualism and Attrition. In Köpke, Barbara, Schmid, Monika S., Keijzer, Merel, and Dostert, Susan (eds.), Language Attrition. Theoretical Perspectives. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 17.Google Scholar
Schmid, Monika S. and Köpke, Barbara. 2017. When Is a Bilingual an Attriter? Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 7, 763770.Google Scholar
Scontras, Gregory, Polinsky, Maria, Edwin Tsai, C.-Y., and Mai, Kenneth. 2017. Cross Linguistic Scope Ambiguity: When Two Systems Meet. Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics 2(36). http://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.198Google Scholar
Scontras, Gregory, Fuchs, Zuzanna, and Polinsky, Maria. 2015. Heritage Language and Linguistic Theory. Frontiers in Psychology 6, 1545. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01545Google Scholar
Seliger, H. 1991. Language Attrition, Reduced Redundancy, and Creativity. In Seliger, H. and Vago, R. (eds.), First Language Attrition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 227240.Google Scholar
Seliger, H. 1996. Primary Language Attrition in the Context of Bilingualism. In Ritchie, William C. and Bhatia, Tej K. (eds.), Handbook of Second Language Acquisition. New York: Academic Press, 605625.Google Scholar
Silva-Corvalán, Carmen. 2018. Simultaneous Bilingualism: Early Developments, Incomplete Later Outcomes? International Journal of Bilingualism 22(5), 497512.Google Scholar
Sorace, Antonella. 2000. Differential Effects of Attrition in the L1 Syntax of Near-Native L2 Speakers. In Catherine Howell, S., Fish, Sarah A., and Keith-Lucas, Thea (eds.), Proceedings of the 24th Boston University Conference on Language Development. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press, 719725.Google Scholar
Sorace, Antonella. 2011. Pinning down the Concept of “interface” in Bilingualism. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 1, 133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spencer, Andrew and Zwicky, Arnold M. (eds.) 1998. The Handbook of Morphology. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Strømsvåg, Sunniva. 2013. Syntaktisk attrisjon i amerikanorsk. [Syntactic Attrition in American Norwegian]. MA thesis, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology.Google Scholar
Tsimpli, Ianthi. 2017. Crosslinguistic Influence Is Not Necessarily Attrition. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 7, 759762.Google Scholar
Tsimpli, Ianthi, Sorace, Antonella, Heycock, Caroline, and Filiaci, Francesca. 2004. First Language Attrition and Syntactic Subjects: A Study of Greek and Italian Near-Native Speakers of English. International Journal of Bilingualism 8, 257277.Google Scholar
Turian, D. and Altenberg, E.. 1991. Compensatory Strategies of Child First Language Attrition. In Seliger, H. and Vago, R. (eds.), First Language Attrition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 207226.Google Scholar
Vikner, Sten. 1995. Verb Movement and Expletive Subjects in the Germanic Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wei, Li and Lee, Sherman. 2001. L1 Development in an L2 Environment: The Use of Cantonese Classifiers and Quantifiers by Young British-Born Chinese in Tyneside. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 4, 359383.Google Scholar
Westergaard, Marit and Lohndal, Terje. 2019. Verb Second Word Order in Norwegian Heritage Language: Syntax and Pragmatics. In Lightfoot, David and Jonathan Havenhill, (eds.), Variable Properties in Language: Their Nature and Acquisition. Georgetown: Georgetown University Press, 91102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yukawa, Emiko. 1997. L1 Japanese Attrition and Regaining: Three Case Studies of Two Early Bilingual Children. Doctoral dissertation, Stockholm University.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×