Book contents
- The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
- The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Contributors
- Preface
- Forensic Psychology
- Part I Psychological Underpinnings
- 1.1 Cognitive Theories of Crime
- 1.2 Child and Adolescent Offending
- 1.3 Investigative Psychology
- 1.4 Neurological Theories
- 1.5 Personality
- 1.6 Theories of Sexual Offending
- 1.7 The Psychology of Violent Behavior
- 1.8 Investigative Decision-Making
- Part II Psychology and Criminal Behaviour
- Part III Assessment
- Part IV Interventions
- Part V Civil Proceedings
- Part VI Professional Practices
- Index
- References
1.7 - The Psychology of Violent Behavior
from Part I - Psychological Underpinnings
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 December 2021
By
Book contents
- The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
- The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Contributors
- Preface
- Forensic Psychology
- Part I Psychological Underpinnings
- 1.1 Cognitive Theories of Crime
- 1.2 Child and Adolescent Offending
- 1.3 Investigative Psychology
- 1.4 Neurological Theories
- 1.5 Personality
- 1.6 Theories of Sexual Offending
- 1.7 The Psychology of Violent Behavior
- 1.8 Investigative Decision-Making
- Part II Psychology and Criminal Behaviour
- Part III Assessment
- Part IV Interventions
- Part V Civil Proceedings
- Part VI Professional Practices
- Index
- References
Summary
This chapter seeks to provide an overview of several major categories of psychological theories that have been developed and studied over the years to explain violent behaviour. For the purposes of the chapter, we have adopted Christopher Webster et al al’s (1997) conception definition of violence as an intentional act of threatened, attempted, or actual physical and/or psychological harm directed against a non-consenting person. Though this definition is somewhat narrow, excluding dynamic shifts in perspectives on what constitutes violence, it corresponds with much of the existing psychological literature. As part of this review, the following subjects are discussed: (1) a definition of violent behaviour to guide our subsequent reviews, (2) neuropsychological and developmental factors, (3) social cognition and the intersecting roles of affect and cognition, and (4) personality disorders and psychopathy.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology , pp. 128 - 153Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2021
References
Adorno, T., Frenkel-Brenswik, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (2019). The authoritarian personality. Verso.Google Scholar
Alterman, A. I., & Cacciola, J. S. (1991). The antisocial personality disorder diagnosis in substance abusers: Problems and issues. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 179(7), 401–409. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199107000-00003Google Scholar
Alvarez, J. C., Cremniter, D., Lesieur, P., Gregoire, A., Gilton, A., Macquin-Mavier, I., … Spreux-Varoquaux, O. (1999). Low blood cholesterol and low platelet serotonin levels in violent suicide attempters. Biological Psychiatry, 45, 1066–1069.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Publications.Google Scholar
Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2018). Media violence and the general aggression model. Journal of Social Issues, 74(2), 386–413.Google Scholar
Ammerman, B. A., Kleiman, E. M., Uyeji, L. L., Knorr, A. C., & McCloskey, M. S. (2015). Suicidal and violent behavior: The role of anger, emotion dysregulation, and impulsivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 79, 57–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, J. R., Walsh, Z., & Kosson, D. S. (2018). Psychopathy, self-identified race/ethnicity, and nonviolent recidivism: A longitudinal study. Law and Human Behavior, 42, 531–544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Archer, J. (2013). Can evolutionary principles explain patterns of family violence? Psychological Bulletin, 139(2), 403–440.Google Scholar
Baglivio, M. T., Wolff, K. T., Piquero, A. R., DeLisi, M., & Vaughn, M. G. (2017). Multiple pathways to juvenile recidivism: Examining parental drug and mental health problems, and markers of neuropsychological deficits among serious juvenile offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 44(8), 1009–1029.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barratt, E. S., & Slaughter, L. (1998). Defining, measuring, and predicting impulsive aggression: A heuristic model. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 16(3), 285–302.Google Scholar
Bartol, C., & Bartol, A. (2017). Criminal behavior: A psychosocial approach (11th ed.). Toronto, ON: Pearson.Google Scholar
Bates, J. E., Petit, G. S., Dodge, K. A., & Ridge, B. (1998). Interaction of temperamental resistance to control and restrictive parenting in the development of externalizing behavior. Developmental Psychology, 34, 982–995.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., Smart, L., & Boden, J. M. (1996). Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem. Psychological Review, 103(1), 5.Google Scholar
Beaver, K. M. (2009). Molecular genetics and crime. In Walsh, A. & Beaver, K. M. (Eds.), Biosocial criminology: New directions in theory and research (pp. 50–72). Routledge.Google Scholar
Beaver, K. M., Nedelec, J. L., Schwartz, J. A., & Connolly, E. J. (2014). Evolutionary behavioral genetics of violent crime. In The evolution of violence (pp. 117–135). Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berkowitz, L. (1989). Frustration-aggression hypothesis: examination and reformulation. Psychological Bulletin, 106(1), 59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berkowitz, L. (1990). On the formation and regulation of anger and aggression: A cognitive neoassociationistic analysis. American Psychologist, 45, 494–503.Google Scholar
Bettencourt, B., Talley, A., Benjamin, A. J., & Valentine, J. (2006). Personality and aggressive behavior under provoking and neutral conditions: a meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 132(5), 751.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Birch, P., Ireland, J. L., & Ninaus, N. (2018). Treating stalking behaviour. In The Routledge international handbook of human aggression: Current issues and perspectives. Routledge.Google Scholar
Björkqvist, K., Österman, K., & Lagerspetz, K. M. (1994). Sex differences in covert aggression among adults. Aggressive Behavior, 20(1), 27–33.Google Scholar
Blais, J., Elliott, E., & Forth, A. E. (2014). A meta-analysis exploring the relationship between psychopathy and instrumental versus reactive violence. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 41, 797–821.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolt, D., Hare, R. D., Vitale, J. E., & Newman, J. P. (2004). A multigroup item response theory analysis of the Psychopathy Checklist–Revised. Psychological Assessment, 16, 155–168.Google Scholar
Borrani, J., Frías, M., Alemán, B., García, A., Ramírez, C., & Valdez, P. (2019). Neuropsychological disorders in juvenile delinquents. Revista Mexicana de Neurociencia, 20(5), 244–252.Google Scholar
Boydston, E. E., Morelli, T. L., & Holekamp, K. E. (2001). Sex differences in territorial behavior exhibited by the spotted hyena (Hyaenidae, Crocuta crocuta). Ethology, 107(5), 369–385. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0310.2001.00672.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunner, H. G., Nelen, M., Breakefield, O., Ropers, H. H., & van Oost, B. A. (1993). Abnormal behavior associated with a point mutation in the structural gene for monoamine oxidase A. Science, 262, 578–580.Google Scholar
Bushman, B. J., & Anderson, C. A. (2001). Is it time to pull the plug on hostile versus instrumental aggression dichotomy? Psychological Review, 108(1), 273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bushman, B. J., & Anderson, C. A. (2002). Violent video games and hostile expectations: A test of the general aggression model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(12), 1679–1686.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carnagey, N. L., & Anderson, C. A. (2004). Violent video game exposure and aggression. Minerva Psichiatrica, 45(1), 1–18.Google Scholar
Caspi, A., McClay, J., Moffitt, T. E., Mill, J., Martin, J., Craig, I. W., ... Poulton, R. (2002). Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science, 297(5582), 851–854.Google Scholar
Cassar, E., Ward, T., & Thakker, J. (2003). A descriptive model of the homicide process. Behaviour Change, 20, 76–93.Google Scholar
Cherepkova, E. V., Maksimov, V. N., Kushnarev, A. P., Shakhmatov, I. I., & Aftanas, L. I. (2019). The polymorphism of dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) and dopamine transporter (DAT) genes in the men with antisocial behaviour and mixed martial arts fighters. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 20, 402–415.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cho, W., Shin, W. S., An, I., Bang, M., Cho, D. Y., & Lee, S. H. (2019). Biological aspects of aggression and violence in schizophrenia. Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience, 17(4), 475.Google Scholar
Clair, R. P., Brown, N. E., Dougherty, D. S., Delemeester, H. K., Geist-Martin, P., Gorden, W. I., … Turner, P. K. (2019). #MeToo, sexual harassment: An article, a forum, and a dream for the future. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 47, 111–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coccaro, E. F., Bergeman, C. S., & McClearn, G. E. (1993). Heritability of irritable impulsiveness: A study of twins reared together and apart. Psychiatric Research, 48, 229–242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coccaro, E. G., & Murphy, D. L. (1991). Serotonin in major psychiatric disorders. American Psychiatric Press.Google Scholar
Cooke, D. J. (1998). Psychopathy across cultures. In Cooke, D. J., Forth, A. E., & Hare, R. D. (Eds.), Psychopathy: Theory, research and implications for society (pp. 13–45). Kluwer Academic.Google Scholar
Cormand, B., Hougaard, D. M., Neale, B. M., Franke, B., Faraone, S. V., & Børglum, A. D. (2019). Identification of risk variants and characterization of the polygenic architecture of disruptive behavior disorders in the context of ADHD.Google Scholar
Cornell, D. G., Warren, J., Hawk, G., Stafford, E., Oram, G., & Pine, D. (1996). Psychopathy in instrumental and reactive violent offenders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 783–790.Google Scholar
Corrado, R. R., Cohen, I., Hart, S., & Roesch, R. (2000). Comparative examination of the prevalence of mental disorders among jailed inmates in Canada and the United States. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 23(5–6), 633–647.Google Scholar
Courtet, P., Baud, P., Abbar, M., Boulenger, J. P., Castelnau, D., Mouthon, D., … Buresi, C. (2001). Association between violent suicidal behavior and the low activity allele of the serotonin transporter gene. Molecular Psychiatry, 6(3), 338–341.Google Scholar
Craig, I. W., & Halton, K. E. (2009). Genetics of human aggressive behavior. Human Genetics, 126, 101–113.Google Scholar
Crawford, C. (1998). The theory of evolution in the study of human behavior: An introduction and overview. In Crawford, C. & Krebs, D. L. (Eds.), Handbook of evolutionary psychology: Ideas, issues and applications (pp. 3–41). Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Crocker, A. G., Mueser, K. T., Drake, R. E., Clark, R. E., Mchugo, G. J., Ackerson, T. H., & Alterman, A. I. (2005). Antisocial personality, psychopathy, and violence in persons with dual disorders: A longitudinal analysis. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 32(4), 452–476. doi:10.1177/0093854805276407Google Scholar
Cruz, E., D’Alessio, S. J., & Stolzenberg, L. (2020). The effect of maximum daily temperature on outdoor violence. Crime & Delinquency. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128720926119Google Scholar
Cruz, A. R., de Castro-Rodrigues, A., & Barbosa, F. (2020). Executive dysfunction, violence and aggression. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 51, 101–380.Google Scholar
Daff, E. S., McEwan, T. E., & Luebbers, S. (2020). The role of cognition in youth intimate partner abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. https://doi-org.ezp.lib.cam.ac.uk/10.1177/0886260520958633Google Scholar
Dake, J. A., Price, J. H., & Telljohann, S. K. (2003). The nature and extent of bullying at school. Journal of School Health, 73(5), 173–180.Google Scholar
Daly, M., & Wilson, M. (1989). Homicide and cultural evolution. Ethology and Sociobiology, 10, 99–110.Google Scholar
Daly, M., & Wilson, M. (1998). The evolutionary social psychology of family violence. In Crawford, C. & Krebs, D. (Eds.), Handbook of evolutionary psychology: Ideas, issues and applications (pp. 431–456). Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Daly, M., & Wilson, M. (1999). An evolutionary psychological perspective on homicide. In Smith, M. D. & Zahn, M. A. (Eds.), Homicide: A sourcebook of social research (pp. 58–71). Sage.Google Scholar
Davis, K. E., & Mechanic, M. B. (2009). Stalking victimization: The management of consequences. In Mitchell, C. (Ed.), Intimate partner violence: A health-based perspective (chapter 31, pp. 473–488). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Declercq, F., Willemsen, J., Audenaert, K., & Verhaeghe, P. (2012). Psychopathy and predatory violence in homicide, violent, and sexual offences: Factor and facet relations. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 17, 59–74.Google Scholar
DeLisi, M. (2009). Psychopathy is the unified theory of crime. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 7, 256–273.Google Scholar
Depue, R. A., & Collins, P. F. (1999). Neurobiology of the structure of personality: Dopamine, facilitation of incentive motivation, and extraversion. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22(3), 491–517.Google Scholar
de Vogel, V., & Lancel, M. (2016). Gender differences in the assessment and manifestation of psychopathy: Results from a multicenter study in forensic psychiatric patients. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 15, 97–110.Google Scholar
DeWall, C. N., Baumeister, R. F., Stillman, T. F., & Gailliot, M. T. (2007). Violence restrained: Effects of self-regulation and its depletion on aggression. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(1), 62–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Douglas, J. E., Burgess, A. W., Burgess, A. G., & Ressler, R. K. (1992). Crime classification manual: A standard system for investigating and classifying violent crime. Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
D’Silva, K., & Duggan, C. (2010). Revisiting the overcontrolled–undercontrolled typology of violent offenders. Personality and Mental Health, 4, 193–205.Google Scholar
Duntley, J. D., & Buss, D. M. (2004). The evolution of evil. In Arthur, A. G. (Ed.), The social psychology of good and evil (pp. 102–123). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Duntley, J. D., & Buss, D. M. (2011). Homicide adaptations. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16(5), 399–410.Google Scholar
Duntley, J. D., & Shackelford, T. K. (2009). Evolutionary forensic psychology: Darwinian foundations of crime and law. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 11(4), 282.Google Scholar
Durand, V. M., Barlow, D. H., & Stewart, S. H. (2008). Essentials of abnormal psychology. Nelson.Google Scholar
Durrant, R. (2009). Born to kill? A critical evaluation of homicide adaptation theory. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14, 374–381.Google Scholar
Efferson, L. M., & Glenn, A. L. (2018). Examining gender differences in the correlates of psychopathy: A systematic review of emotional, cognitive, and morality-related constructs. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 41, 48–61.Google Scholar
Eley, C., Lichtenstein, P., & Steenson, J. (1999). Sex differences in the etiology of aggressive and nonaggressive antisocial behavior: Results from two twin studies. Child Development, 70, 155–168.Google Scholar
Ellis, L. (1998). Neodarwinian theories of violent criminality and antisocial behavior: Photographic evidence from nonhuman animals and a review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 3, 61–110.Google Scholar
Ellis, L., & Ames, M. A. (1989). Delinquency, sidedness, and sex. Journal of General Psychology, 116, 57–62.Google Scholar
Ellis, L., & Walsh, A. (1997). Gene-based evolutionary theories in criminology. Criminology, 35, 229–276.Google Scholar
Ellis, L., & Walsh, A. (2003). Crime, delinquency, and intelligence: A review of the worldwide literature. In Nyborg, H. (Ed.), The scientific study of general intelligence: Tribute to Arthur R. Jensen (pp. 343–365). Pergamon.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1983). Personality, conditioning, and antisocial behavior. In Laufer, W. S. & Day, J. M. (Eds.), Personality theory, moral development, and criminal behavior (pp. 51–80). Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1990). Crime and personality. In Hilton, N. Z., Jackson, M. A., & Webster, C. D. (Eds.), Clinical criminology: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 85–99). Canadian Scholar’s Press.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1991). Dimensions of personality: 16, 5 or 3? – Criteria for a taxonomic paradigm. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 773–790.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1994). Personality: Biological foundations. In Version, P. (Ed.), The neuropsychology of individual differences (pp. 151–207). Academic Press.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1996). Personality and crime: Where do we stand? Psychology, Crime, & Law, 2, 143–152.Google Scholar
Eysenck, S. B. G., & Eysenck, H. J. (1968). The measurement of psychoticism: a study of factor stability and reliability. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 7(4), 286–294.Google Scholar
Eysenck, S. B., & Eysenck, H. J. (1977). The place of impulsiveness in a dimensional system of personality description. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 16(1), 57–68.Google Scholar
Eysenck, S. B., Eysenck, H. J., & Barrett, P. (1985). A revised version of the psychoticism scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 6(1), 21–29.Google Scholar
Fals-Stewart, W., Leonard, K. E., & Birchler, G. R. (2005). The occurrence of male-to-female intimate partner violence on days of men’s drinking: the moderating effects of antisocial personality disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(2), 239.Google Scholar
Fanti, K. A., Lordos, A., Sullivan, E. A., & Kosson, D. S. (2018). Cultural and ethnic variations in psychopathy. In Patrick, C. J. (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (pp. 529–569). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Ferguson, C. J., & Beaver, K. M. (2009). Natural born killers: The genetic origins of extreme violence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14(5), 286–294.Google Scholar
Ferguson, C. J., & Dyck, D. (2012). Paradigm change in aggression research: The time has come to retire the General Aggression Model. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17, 220–228.Google Scholar
Finkel, E. J., DeWall, C. N., Slotter, E. B., Oaten, M., & Foshee, V. A. (2009). Self-regulatory failure and intimate partner violence perpetration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 483.Google Scholar
Fishbein, D. (2001). Biobehavioral perspectives in criminology. Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.Google Scholar
Fontaine, R. G. (2007). Disentangling the psychology and law of instrumental and reactive subtypes of aggression. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 13, 143.Google Scholar
Forth, A. E., Brown, S. L., Hart, S. D., & Hare, R. D. (1996). The assessment of psychopathy in male and female noncriminals: Reliability and validity. Personality and Individual Differences, 20, 531–543.Google Scholar
Fowles, D. C. (1988). Psychophysiology and psychopathology: A motivational approach. Psychophysiology, 25, 373–391.Google Scholar
Fox, B., & DeLisi, M. (2019). Psychopathic killers: a meta-analytic review of the psychopathy-homicide nexus. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 44, 67–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, F., Daffern, M., & Anderson, C. A. (2017). The General Aggression Model and its application to violent offender assessment and treatment. In The Wiley handbook of violence and aggression (pp. 1–13). Wiley.Google Scholar
Gilligan, D. G., & Lennings, C. J. (2013). Approach–avoidance goals and active–passive self-regulation styles in homicide offending: A pathways analysis. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 20(4), 590–607.Google Scholar
Gordon, P. E. (2017). The authoritarian personality revisited: Reading Adorno in the age of Trump. Boundary 2, 44(2), 31–56. doi: https://doi-org.ezp.lib.cam.ac.uk/10.1215/01903659-3826618Google Scholar
Grann, M. (2000). The PCL–R and gender. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 16, 147–149.Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1981). A critique of Eysenck’s theory of personality. In A model for personality (pp. 246–276). Springer.Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1987). The psychology of fear and stress (Vol. 5). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Grigorenko, E. L., DeYoung, C. G., Eastman, M., Getchell, M., Haeffel, G. J., Klinteberg, B. A., ... Yrigollen, C. M. (2010). Aggressive behavior, related conduct problems, and variation in genes affecting dopamine turnover. Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, 36(3), 158–176.Google Scholar
Gvion, Y., & Apter, A. (2011). Aggression, impulsivity, and suicide behavior: a review of the literature. Archives of Suicide Research, 15, 93–112.Google Scholar
Hamby, S. (2017). On defining violence, and why it matters. Psychology of Violence, 7, 167–180.Google Scholar
Hare, R. D. (1993). Without conscience: The disturbing world of the psychopaths among us. Pocket Books.Google Scholar
Hare, R. D. (1996). Psychopathy: A clinical construct whose time has come. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 23, 25–54.Google Scholar
Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E., & Lalumière, M. (2001). Criminal violence: The roles of psychopathy, neurodevelopmental insults, and antisocial parenting. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 28(4), 402–426.Google Scholar
Hartmann, E. (2017). Violence: Constructing an emerging field of Sociology. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 11, a623.Google Scholar
Hodgins, S., & Côté, G. (1990). Prevalence of mental disorders among penitentiary inmates in Quebec. Canada’s Mental Health.Google Scholar
Hoffer, T., Hargreaves-Cormany, H., Muirhead, Y., & Meloy, J. R. (2018). Meloy’s bimodal theory of affective (reactive) and predatory (instrumental) violence. In Violence in animal cruelty offenders (pp. 21–23). Springer.Google Scholar
Howard, R., & Khalifa, N. (2016). Is emotional impulsiveness (urgency) a core feature of severe personality disorder? Personality and Individual Differences, 92, 29–32.Google Scholar
Humphreys, A. (2019, September 27). “It was time that I stood up to the Chads and Stacys”: What the van-attack accused told Toronto Police. National Post. https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/toronto-van-attack-police-interviewGoogle Scholar
Hyde, L. W., Waller, R., Trentacosta, C. J., Shaw, D. S., Neiderhiser, J. M., Ganiban, J. M., Reiss, D., & Leve, L. D. (2016). Heritable and nonheritable pathways to early callous-unemotional behaviors. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173(9), 903–910. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15111381Google Scholar
Krakowski, M. (2003). Violence and serotonin: Influence of impulse control, affect regulation, and social functioning. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 15, 294–305.Google Scholar
Jackson, D. B., & Newsome, J. (2016). The link between infant neuropsychological risk and childhood antisocial behavior among males: The moderating role of neonatal health risk. Journal of Criminal Justice, 47, 32–40.Google Scholar
Jackson, D. B., Newsome, J., Vaughn, M. G., & Johnson, K. R. (2018). Considering the role of food insecurity in low self-control and early delinquency. Journal of Criminal Justice, 56, 127–139.Google Scholar
Jackson, R., & Richards, H. (2007). Psychopathy in women: A valid construct with clear implications. In Hervé, H. & Yuille, J. C. (Eds.), The psychopath: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 389–410). Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Kandel, E., & Mednick, S. A. (1991). Perinatal complications predict violent offending. Criminology, 29, 519–529.Google Scholar
Klein Tuente, S., Vogel, V. D., & Stam, J. (2014). Exploring the criminal behavior of women with psychopathy: Results from a multicenter study into psychopathy and violent offending in female forensic psychiatric patients. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 13, 311–322.Google Scholar
Kolla, N. J., Meyer, J. H., Bagby, R. M., & Brijmohan, A. (2017). Trait anger, physical aggression, and violent offending in antisocial and borderline personality disorders. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 62, 137–141.Google Scholar
Lambe, S., Hamilton-Giachritsis, C., Garner, E., & Walker, J. (2018). The role of narcissism in aggression and violence: A systematic review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 19(2), 209–230.Google Scholar
Linnoila, V. M., & Virkkunen, M. (1992). Aggression, suicidality, and serotonin. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 53 Suppl, 46–51.Google Scholar
Liu, K. S., Hao, J. H., Zeng, Y., Dai, F. C., & Gu, P. Q. (2013). Neurotoxicity and biomarkers of lead exposure: A review. Chinese Medical Sciences Journal, 28(3), 178–188.Google Scholar
Loeber, R. (1990). Development and risk factors of juvenile antisocial behavior and delinquency. Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 1–41.Google Scholar
Lull, R. B., & Bushman, B. J. (2015). Do sex and violence sell? A meta-analytic review of the effects of sexual and violent media and ad content on memory, attitudes, and buying intentions. Psychological Bulletin, 141(5), 1022.Google Scholar
Lynam, D. R., & Miller, J. D. (2004). Personality pathways to impulsive behavior and their relations to deviance: Results from three samples. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 20, 319–341.Google Scholar
Manchia, M., Booij, L., Pinna, F., Wong, J., Zepf, F., & Comai, S. (2020). Neurobiology of violence. In Violence and mental disorders (pp. 25–47). Springer.Google Scholar
Mason, D. A., & Frick, P. J. (1994). The heritability of antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 16(4), 301–323.Google Scholar
Megargee, E. I. (1966). Undercontrolled and overcontrolled personality types in extreme antisocial aggression. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 80(3), 1.Google Scholar
Meldrum, R. C., Trucco, E. M., Cope, L. M., Zucker, R. A., & Heitzeg, M. M. (2018). Brain activity, low self-control, and delinquency: An fMRI study of at-risk adolescents. Journal of Criminal Justice, 56, 107–117.Google Scholar
Miczek, K. A., DeBold, J. F., Gobrogge, K., Newman, E. L., & de Almeida, R. M. (2017). The role of neurotransmitters in violence and aggression. In The Wiley handbook of violence and aggression (pp. 1–13). Wiley.Google Scholar
Miles, D. R., & Carey, G. (1997). Genetic and environmental architecture on human aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(1), 207.Google Scholar
Moody, L., Franck, C., & Bickel, W. K. (2016). Comorbid depression, antisocial personality, and substance dependence: Relationship with delay discounting. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 160, 190–196.Google Scholar
Moss, H., Yao, J. M., & Panzak, G. (1990). Serotonergic reactivity and behavioural dimensions in antisocial personality disorder with substance abuse. Biological Psychiatry, 28, 325–338.Google Scholar
Motiuk, L. L., & Porporino, F. J. (1992). The prevalence, nature, and severity of mental health problems among federal male inmates in Canadian penitentiaries. Correctional Service of Canada.Google Scholar
Narag, R. E., Pizarro, J., & Gibbs, C. (2009). Lead exposure and its implications for criminological theory. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36(9), 954–973.Google Scholar
Oliver, M. E., & Wong, S. C. (2006). Psychopathy, sexual deviance, and recidivism among sex offenders. Sexual Abuse, 18(1), 65–82.Google Scholar
Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 556–563.Google Scholar
Peitl, V., Ivančić Ravlić, I., & Golubić Zatezalo, V. (2020). Genetic polymorphisms of the dopamine and serotonin systems in schizophrenia in relation to violence and aggression. Archives of Psychiatry Research, 56(1), 63–74.Google Scholar
Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., McClearn, G. E., & McGuffin, P. (2008). Behavioral genetics (5th ed.). Worth.Google Scholar
Porter, S., & Woodworth, M. (2007). “I’m sorry I did it … but he started it”: A comparison of the official and self-reported homicide descriptions of psychopaths and non-psychopaths. Law and Human Behavior, 31, 91–107.Google Scholar
Porter, S., Woodworth, M., Earle, J., Drugge, J., & Boer, D. (2003). Characteristics of sexual homicides committed by psychopathic and nonpsychopathic offenders. Law & Human Behaviour, 27, 459–470. https://doi-org.ezp.lib.cam.ac.uk/10.1023/A:1025461421791CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Powell, T. A., Holt, J. C., & Fondacaro, K. M. (1997). The prevalence of mental illness among inmates in a rural state. Law and Human Behavior, 21, 427–438.Google Scholar
Quinsey, V. L., Skilling, T. A., Lalumière, M. L., & Craig, W. (2003). Juvenile delinquency: Understanding the origins of individual differences. American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Raine, A., Brennan, P. A., Farrington, D. P., & Mednick, S. A. (Eds.). (1997). Biosocial bases of violence. Springer.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, K., Storsaeter, O., & Levander, S. (1999). Personality disorders, psychopathy, and crime in a Norwegian prison population. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 22, 91–97.Google Scholar
Rhee, S. H., & Waldman, I. D. (2002). Genetic and environmental influences on antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies. Psycholgical Bulletin, 128(3), 490–529.Google Scholar
Roberts, J. V., & Gabor, T. (1990). Lombrosian wine in a new bottle: Research on crime and race. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 32, 291.Google Scholar
Ross, J. M., & Babcock, J. C. (2009). Proactive and reactive violence among intimate partner violent men diagnosed with antisocial and borderline personality disorder. Journal of Family Violence, 24(8), 607–617.Google Scholar
Rubin, K. H., Burgess, K. B., Dwyer, K. M., & Hasting, P. D. (2003). Predicting preschoolers’ externalizing behaviors from toddler temperament, conflict, and maternal negativity. Developmental Psychology, 39, 164–176.Google Scholar
Ruchkin, V., Koposov, R., Oreland, L., af Klinteberg, B., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2020). Dopamine-related receptors, substance dependence, behavioral problems and personality among juvenile delinquents. Personality and Individual Differences, 169, 109849.Google Scholar
Runions, K. C., Morandini, H. A., Rao, P., Wong, J. W., Kolla, N. J., Pace, G., … Zepf, F. D. (2019). Serotonin and aggressive behaviour in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 139, 117–144.Google Scholar
Rutherford, M. J., Alterman, A. I., Cacciola, J. S., & McKay, J. R. (1997). Validity of the psychopathy checklist-revised in male methadone patients. Drug & Alcohol Dependency, 44, 143–149.Google Scholar
Shabir, S., Saleem, M., Mahmood, S., & Perveen, S. (2020). Gaming addiction and aggression in Pakistani young adults: Through the lens of excitation transfer theory. Journal of Professional & Applied Psychology, 1, 10–21.Google Scholar
Sharma, L., Markon, K. E., & Clark, L. A. (2014). Toward a theory of distinct types of “impulsive” behaviors: A meta-analysis of self-report and behavioral measures. Psychological Bulletin, 140, 374.Google Scholar
Shorey, R. C., Brasfield, H., Febres, J., & Stuart, G. L. (2011). The association between impulsivity, trait anger, and the perpetration of intimate partner and general violence among women arrested for domestic violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26, 2681–2697.Google Scholar
Shipley, S. L., & Russell, J. L. (2013). Predatory and affective aggression: Calculated and explosive pathways to violence. In Helfgott, J. B. (Ed.), Criminal psychology. Praeger.Google Scholar
Siegel, L. J., & McCormick, C. R. (2006). Criminology in Canada: Theories, patterns, and typologies. Thomson Nelson.Google Scholar
Simourd, D. J., & Hoge, R. D. (2000). Criminal psychopathy: A risk-and-need perspective. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 27(2), 256–272. doi:10.1177/0093854800027002007Google Scholar
Sullivan, E. A., & Kosson, D. S. (2006). Ethnic and cultural variations in psychopathy. In Patrick, C. J. (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (pp. 437–458). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Talevi, D., Imburgia, L., Luperini, C., Zancla, A., Collazzoni, A., Rossi, R., … Rossi, A. (2018). Interpersonal violence: Identification of associated features in a clinical sample. Child Abuse & Neglect, 86, 349–357.Google Scholar
van Hazebroek, B. C., Wermink, H., van Domburgh, L., de Keijser, J. W., Hoeve, M., & Popma, A. (2019). Biosocial studies of antisocial behavior: A systematic review of interactions between peri/prenatal complications, psychophysiological parameters, and social risk factors. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 47, 169–188.Google Scholar
Vassos, E., Collier, D. A., & Fazel, S. (2014). Systematic meta-analyses and field synopsis of genetic association studies of violence and aggression. Molecular Psychiatry, 19, 471–477.Google Scholar
Vaughn, M. G., Salas-Wright, C. P., Naeger, S., Huang, J., & Piquero, A. R. (2016). Childhood reports of food neglect and impulse control problems and violence in adulthood. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13, 389.Google Scholar
Verona, E., & Carbonell, J. L. (2000). Female violence and personality: Evidence for a pattern of overcontrolled hostility among one-time violent female offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 27, 176–195.Google Scholar
Verona, E., & Vitale, J. (2006). Psychopathy in women: Assessment, manifestations, and etiology. In Patrick, C. J. (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (pp. 415–436). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Volavka, J. A. N., Bilder, R., & Nolan, K. (2004). Catecholamines and aggression: The role of COMT and MAO polymorphisms. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1036(1), 393–398.Google Scholar
Waller, R., Trentacosta, C. J., Shaw, D. S., Neiderhiser, J. M., Ganiban, J. M., Reiss, D., … Hyde, L. W. (2016). Heritable temperament pathways to early callous–unemotional behaviour. British Journal of Psychiatry, 209, 475–482.Google Scholar
Warburton, W., & Anderson, C. A. (2018). On the clinical applications of the general aggression model to understanding domestic violence. In Understanding domestic violence: Theories, challenges, remedies (pp. 71–106). Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Ward, T., Keenan, T., & Hudson, S. M. (2000). Understanding cognitive, affective, and intimacy deficits in sexual offenders: A developmental perspective. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 5(1), 41–62.Google Scholar
Warren, J. I., Burnette, M., South, S. C., Chauhan, P., Bale, R., & Friend, R. (2002). Personality disorders and violence among female prison inmates. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, 30, 502–509.Google Scholar
Webster, C. D., Douglas, K. S., Eaves, D., & Hart, S. D. (1997). HCR-20: Assessing risk for violence, Version 2. Mental Health, Law and Policy Institute, Simon Fraser University.Google Scholar
Whiteside, S. P., & Lynam, D. R. (2001). The five factor model and impulsivity: Using a structural model of personality to understand impulsivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(4), 669–689.Google Scholar
Williamson, S. E., Hare, R. D., & Wong, S. (1987). Violence: Criminal psychopaths and their victims. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 19, 454–462.Google Scholar
Winton, S., & Tuters, S. (2015). Constructing bullying in Ontario, Canada: A critical policy analysis. Educational Studies, 41, 122–142.Google Scholar
Yu, R., Geddes, J. R., & Fazel, S. (2012). Personality disorders, violence, and antisocial behavior: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Journal of Personality Disorders, 26, 775–792.Google Scholar
Zillmann, D., Katcher, A. H., & Milavsky, B. (1972). Excitation transfer from physical exercise to subsequent aggressive behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 8(3), 247–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar