Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Acknowledgments
- Contributors
- PART I INTRODUCTION AND PERSPECTIVE
- PART II OVERVIEW OF APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF EXPERTISE – BRIEF HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS OF THEORIES AND METHODS
- PART III METHODS FOR STUDYING THE STRUCTURE OF EXPERTISE
- PART IV METHODS FOR STUDYING THE ACQUISITION AND MAINTENANCE OF EXPERTISE
- PART V DOMAINS OF EXPERTISE
- PART VI GENERALIZABLE MECHANISMS MEDIATING EXPERTISE AND GENERAL ISSUES
- 34 A Merging Theory of Expertise and Intelligence
- 35 Tacit Knowledge, Practical Intelligence, and Expertise
- 36 Expertise and Situation Awareness
- 37 Brain Changes in the Development of Expertise: Neuroanatomical and Neurophysiological Evidence about Skill-Based Adaptations
- 38 The Influence of Experience and Deliberate Practice on the Development of Superior Expert Performance
- 39 Development and Adaptation of Expertise: The Role of Self-Regulatory Processes and Beliefs
- 40 Aging and Expertise
- 41 Social and Sociological Factors in the Development of Expertise
- 42 Modes of Expertise in Creative Thinking: Evidence from Case Studies
- Author Index
- Subject Index
- References
This chapter is part of a book that is no longer available to purchase from Cambridge Core
42 - Modes of Expertise in Creative Thinking: Evidence from Case Studies
from PART VI - GENERALIZABLE MECHANISMS MEDIATING EXPERTISE AND GENERAL ISSUES
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Acknowledgments
- Contributors
- PART I INTRODUCTION AND PERSPECTIVE
- PART II OVERVIEW OF APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF EXPERTISE – BRIEF HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS OF THEORIES AND METHODS
- PART III METHODS FOR STUDYING THE STRUCTURE OF EXPERTISE
- PART IV METHODS FOR STUDYING THE ACQUISITION AND MAINTENANCE OF EXPERTISE
- PART V DOMAINS OF EXPERTISE
- PART VI GENERALIZABLE MECHANISMS MEDIATING EXPERTISE AND GENERAL ISSUES
- 34 A Merging Theory of Expertise and Intelligence
- 35 Tacit Knowledge, Practical Intelligence, and Expertise
- 36 Expertise and Situation Awareness
- 37 Brain Changes in the Development of Expertise: Neuroanatomical and Neurophysiological Evidence about Skill-Based Adaptations
- 38 The Influence of Experience and Deliberate Practice on the Development of Superior Expert Performance
- 39 Development and Adaptation of Expertise: The Role of Self-Regulatory Processes and Beliefs
- 40 Aging and Expertise
- 41 Social and Sociological Factors in the Development of Expertise
- 42 Modes of Expertise in Creative Thinking: Evidence from Case Studies
- Author Index
- Subject Index
- References
Summary
Introduction
The study of expertise has in the last several decades become an area of interest to scholars from a broad range of disciplines. In much of the research literature, expertise is taken to mean consistent superior performance, resulting from deliberate practice (Ericsson, 1996, 1998, Chapter 38). Deliberate practice is the intentional repeated execution, usually under the instruction of a coach, of skills directly relevant to improving the performance in question. The study of expertise can be traced in psychology to de Groot's (1965) study of chess playing, although expertise has been of interest to psychologists since the beginning of scientific psychology (see Shiffrin, 1996, Feltovich, Prietula, & Ericsson, Chapter 4). Examination of the development and functioning of expertise now encompasses a wide range of domains, including medical diagnosis; problem solving in physics; radiologists' skill in reading X-rays; swimming, tennis, soccer, and other athletic domains; performance of classical music; and the perhaps unlikely domain of memory span for digits (see chapters in Ericsson, 1996, and in this volume, especially those in Section V, for representative studies and reviews).
The present chapter examines the question of whether expertise plays a role in creativity, where creativity is defined as the goal-directed production of novelty (Weisberg, 1993). A creative product (an innovation) emerges when an individual intentionally produces something new in attempting to meet some goal (Weisberg, 1993, 1999, 2003). The creative process – or creative thinking – consists of the cognitive processes that play a role in production of innovations.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance , pp. 761 - 788Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2006
References
(1986). History of modern art. Painting. Sculpture. Architecture. Photography. (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
, & (1989). Interdomain transfer between isomorphic topics in algebra and physics. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 153–166.Google Scholar
Chase, W. G., & Simon, H. A. (1973). The mind's eye in chess. In (Ed.), Visual information processing (pp. 215–281). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
(1996). Creativity. Flow and the psychology of discovery and invention.
New York: Harper Collins.Google Scholar
Ericsson, K. A. (1996). The acquisition of expert performance: An introduction to some of the issues. In (Ed.), The road to excellence. The acquisition of expert performance in the arts and sciences, sports, and games (pp. 1–50). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
(1998). The scientific study of expert levels of performance: General implications for optimal learning and creativity. High Ability Studies, 9, 75–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1999). Creative expertise as superior reproducible performance: Innovative and flexible aspects of expert performance. Psychological Inquiry, 10, 329–333.Google Scholar
(2001). The Beatles as musicians. The Quarry Men through “Rubber Soul.”
New York: Oxford.Google Scholar
Feltovich, P. J., Spiro, R. R., & Coulson, R. L. (1997). Issues of expert flexibility in contexts characterized by complexity and change. In , , & (Eds.), Expertise in context (pp 125–146). Menlo Park, CA: AAAI/MIT Press.Google Scholar
, & (2004). The use of verbal protocols as data: An analysis of insight in the candle problem. Memory & Cognition, 32, 990–1006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, & (1986). Edison's electric light. Biography of an invention. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
(1993). Creating minds. An anatomy of creativity seen through the lives of Freud, Einstein, Picasso, Stravinsky, Eliot, Graham, and Gandhi.
New York: Basic.Google Scholar
Hayes, J. R. (1989). Cognitive processes in creativity. In , , & (Eds.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 135–145). New York: Plenum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2003). First flight. The Wright brothers and the invention of the airplane. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
(1880). Great men, great thoughts, and the environment. Atlantic Monthly, 46, 441–459.Google Scholar
Kozbelt, A. (2004). Reexamining the equal odds rule in classical composers. In , , & (Eds.), Art and science. Proceedings of the XVIII Congress of the International Association of Empirical Esthetics, 540–543. Lisbon, Portugal: IAEA.Google Scholar
Newell, A. (1973). Artificial intelligence and the concept of mind. In & (Eds.), Computer models of language and thought. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.Google Scholar
(1987). The juvenile drawings of Klee, Toulouse-Lautrec, and Picasso. Visual Arts Research, 13, 53–67.Google Scholar
, & (1994). Models of analogical transfer in problem solving. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 381–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2002). Every sound there is. The Beatles' “Revolver” and the transformation of rock and roll.
Burlington, VT: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Shiffrin, R. M. (1996). Laboratory experimentation on the genesis of expertise. In (Ed.), The road to excellence. The acquisition of expert performance in the arts and sciences, sports, and games (pp. 337–346). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Sloboda, J. (1996). The acquisition of musical performance expertise: Deconstructing the “talent” account of individual differences in musical expressivity. In (Ed.), The road to excellence. The acquisition of expert performance in the arts and sciences, sports, and games (pp. 107–126). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1996). Costs of expertise. In (Ed.), The road to excellence. The acquisition of expert performance in the arts and sciences, sports, and games (pp. 347–354). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
(1968). The double helix: A personal account of the discovery of the structure of DNA. New York: New American Library.Google Scholar
Weisberg, R. W. (1999). Creativity and knowledge: A challenge to theories. In (Ed.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 226–250). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Weisberg, R. W. (2003). Case studies of innovation. In (Ed.), International handbook of innovation. New York: Elsevier Science.Google Scholar
(2004). On structure in the creative process: A quantitative case-study of the creation of Picasso's Guernica
. Empirical Studies in the Arts, 22, 23–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2006). Creativity: Understanding innovation in problem solving, science, invention, and the arts. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Weisberg, R. W., Buonanno, J. & Israel, P. (2006). Edison and the Electric Light: A Case Study in Technological Creativity. Unpublished manuscript, Temple University.
, & (2006). Career development of classical composers: An examination of the “equal-odds” rule. Unpublished manuscript, Temple University, Philadelphia PA.Google Scholar
, & (1973). An information-processing model of Duncker's candle problem. Cognitive Psychology, 4, 255–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winner, E. (1996). The rage to master: The decisive role of talent in the visual arts. In (Ed.), The road to excellence. The acquisition of expert performance in the arts and sciences, sports, and games (pp. 271–301). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
- 54
- Cited by