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12 - Eliciting and Representing the Knowledge of Experts

from PART III - METHODS FOR STUDYING THE STRUCTURE OF EXPERTISE

By
Robert R. Hoffman  and
Gavan Lintern
Edited by
K. Anders Ericsson ,
Neil Charness ,
Paul J. Feltovich  and
Robert R. Hoffman
Robert R. Hoffman
Affiliation:
Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition (FIHMC)
Gavan Lintern
Affiliation:
Advanced Information Engineering Services, Inc, A General Dynamics Company
K. Anders Ericsson
Affiliation:
Florida State University
Neil Charness
Affiliation:
Florida State University
Paul J. Feltovich
Affiliation:
University of West Florida
Robert R. Hoffman
Affiliation:
University of West Florida
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Summary

Keywords: knowledge elicitation, expert systems, intelligent systems, methodology, Concept Maps, Abstraction-Decompo- sition, critical decision method

Introduction

The transgenerational transmission of the wisdom of elders via storytelling is as old as humanity itself. During the Middle Ages and Renaissance, the Craft Guilds had well-specified procedures for the transmission of knowledge, and indeed gave us the developmental scale that is still widely used: initiate, novice, apprentice, journeyman, expert, and master (Hoffman, 1998). Based on interviews and observations of the workplace, Denis Diderot (along with 140 others, including Emile Voltaire) created one of the great works of the Enlightenment, the 17 volume Encyclopedie (Diderot, 1751–1772), which explained many “secrets” – the knowledge and procedures in a number of tradecrafts. The emergent science of psychology of the 1700s and 1800s also involved research that, in hindsight, might legitimately be regarded as knowledge elicitation (KE). For instance, a number of studies of reasoning were conducted in the laboratory of Wilhelm Wundt, and some of these involved university professors as the research participants (Militello & Hoffman, forthcoming). In the decade prior to World War I, the stage was set in Europe for applied and industrial psychology; much of that work involved the systematic study of proficient domain practitioners (see Hoffman & Deffenbacher, 1992).

The focus of this chapter is on a more recent acceleration of research that involves the elicitation and representation of expert knowledge (and the subsequent use of the representations, in design).

Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance , pp. 203 - 222
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2006

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