Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-03T15:58:38.436Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

37 - Hate Speech and Adolescents

from Part IV - Effects in Cyber Behavior

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 December 2024

Zheng Yan
Affiliation:
University at Albany, State University of New York
Get access

Summary

1 Introduction

2 Definition and Issues in the Current Definition

3 The Role of the Online Environment

4 Frequency of Hate Speech

 4.1 Country Differences

 4.2 Sex Differences

 4.3 Differences in Age and Minority Status

5 Examples of Hate Crimes

 5.1 Racial/Ethnic Identity

 5.2 Religious Identity

 5.3 Sexuality and Gender Identities

6 Hate Groups and Their Appeal to Adolescents

7 Correlates of Hate Speech

8 Prevention and Intervention Efforts

9 Conclusion and Future Directions

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, J., & Roscigno, V. J. (2005). White supremacists, oppositional culture and the World Wide Web. Social Forces, 84(2), 759778. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2006.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ADL. (2020). Parler: Where the mainstream mingles with the extreme. www.adl.org/onlineharassment#survey-reportGoogle Scholar
ADL. (n.d.). Online hate and harassment: The American experience. www.adl.org/onlineharassment#survey-reportGoogle Scholar
Aronson, E. (1992). The causes of prejudice. In Baird, R. M. & Rosenbaum, S. E. (Eds.), Hatred, bigotry, and prejudice – Definitions, causes & solutions (pp. 127140). Prometheus.Google Scholar
Back, L., Keith, M., & Solomos, J. (1998). Racism on the Internet: Mapping neo-fascist subcultures in cyberspace. In Kaplan, J. & Bjorgon, T. (Eds.), Nation and race: Developing Euro-American racist subculture (pp. 73101). Northeastern University Press.Google Scholar
Baldauf, J., Banaszczuk, Y., Koreng, A., Schramm, J., & Stefanowitsch, A. (2015). Geh sterben! Umgang mit Hate Speech und Kommentaren im Internet. Amadeu Antonio Stiftung. www.amadeu-antonio-stiftung.de/w/files/pdfs/hatespeech.pdfGoogle Scholar
Bauman, S., Perry, V., & Wachs, S. (2020). Online hate among children and adolescents. In Wright, M. F. & Schiamberg, L. B. (Eds.), Child and adolescent exposure to online risks: An ecological perspective to consequences, contexts, and interventions (pp. 149175). Academic Press.Google Scholar
BBC News. (2013). Al-Rahma Islamic Centre destroyed in “hate crime” fire. www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-22785074Google Scholar
Benesch, S. (2014). Defining and diminishing hate speech. In Grant, P (Ed.), State of the world’s minorities and indigenous peoples (pp. 1825). Minority Rights Group International.Google Scholar
Benesch, S., Buerger, C., Glavinic, T., & Manion, S. (2018). Dangerous speech: A practical guide. Dangerous Speech Project.Google Scholar
Blaya, C., & Audrin, C. (2019). Toward an understanding of the characteristics of secondary school cyberhate perpetrators. Frontiers in Education, 4(46). https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2019.00046Google Scholar
Brown, A. (2017). What is hate speech? Part 1: The myth of hate. Law and Philosophy, 36(4), 419468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10982-017-9297-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, J., Ghose, A., & Seamans, R. (2016). The internet and race hate crime: Offline spillovers from online access. MIS Quarterly, 40(2), 381403. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2335637CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chau, M., & Xu, J. (2007). Mining communities and their relationships in blogs: A study of online hate groups. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 65, 5770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2006.08.009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Citron, D. K. (2014). Hate crimes in cyberspace. Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clement, J. (2020). Impact of online hate and harassment in the U.S. 2020. www.statista.com/statistics/971876/societal-impact-of-online-hate-harassment-usaGoogle Scholar
Cohen, L., & Felson, M. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach. American Sociological Review, 44(4), 588608. https://doi.org/10.2307/2094589CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costello, M., Barrett-Fox, R., Bernatzky, C., Hawdon, J., & Mendes, K. (2018). Predictors of viewing online extremism among America’s youth. Youth & Society, 52(2). https://doi.org/0044118X18768115.Google Scholar
Costello, M., Rukus, J., & Hawdon, J. (2018). We don’t like your type around here: Regional and residential differences in exposure to online hate material targeting sexuality. Deviant Behavior, 40(3), 385401. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2018.1426266CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cramer, R. J., Fording, R. C., Gerstenfeld, P., Kehn, A., Marsden, J., Deitle, C., King, A., Smart, S., & Nobles, M. R. (2020). Hate-motivated behavior: Impacts, risk factors, and interventions. Health Policy Brief. www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hpb20200929.601434/full/health-affairs-brief-hate-behavior-public-health-cramer.pdfGoogle Scholar
Davey, J., & Ebner, J (2017). The Fringe Insurgency. Connectivity, Convergence and Mainstreaming of the Extreme Right. Institute for Strategic Dialogue. http://isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/The-Fringe-Insurgency-221017_2.pdfGoogle Scholar
Department of Justice. (2019). Two Dallas men plead guilty to hate crimes after using dating app to target gay men for violent crimes. www.justice.gov/opa/pr/two-dallas-men-plead-guilty-hate-crimes-after-using-dating-app-target-gay-men-violent-crimesGoogle Scholar
Department of Justice. (2020). Florida man pleads guilty to racially-motivated interference with election in Charlottesville, Virginia and cyberstalking in Florida. www.justice.gov/opa/pr/florida-man-pleads-guilty-racially-motivated-interference-election-charlottesville-virginiaGoogle Scholar
Federal Bureau of Investigation. (n.d.). About hate crime statistics, 2019. https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2019Google Scholar
Federal Bureau of Investigation. (n.d.). What we investigate. www.fbi.gov/investigate/civil-rights/hate-crimesGoogle Scholar
Fend, H. (1991). Identitätsentwicklung in der Adoleszenz. Entwicklungspsychologie der Adoleszenz in der Moderne. Huber.Google Scholar
Galop. (n.d.). What is online anti-LGBT + hate speech and hate crimes? www.galop.org.uk/what-is-online-anti-lgbt-hate-speech-and-hate-crime/Google Scholar
Gámez-Guadix, M., Wachs, S., & Wright, M. (2020). “Haters back off!” Psychometric properties of the coping with cyberhate questionnaire and relationship with well-being in Spanish adolescents. Psicothema, 32(4), 567574. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2020.219CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gerstenfeld, P. B., Grant, D. R., & Chiang, C.-P. (2003). Hate online: A content analysis of extremist internet sites. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 3(1), 2944. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-2415.2003.00013.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glaser, J., Dixit, J., & Green, D. P. (2002). Studying hate crime with the internet: What makes racist advocate racial violence? Journal of Social Issues, 58(1), 177193. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4560.00255CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grob, U. (2009). Die Entwicklung politischer Orientierungen vom Jugend- ins Erwachsenenalter. Ist die Jugend eine spezifisch sensible Phase in der politischen Sozialisation? In Fend, H., Berger, F. & Grob, U. (Eds.), Lebensverläufe, Lebensbewältigung, Lebensglück (pp. 329372). VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Guardian. (2013). UK anti-Muslim hate crime soars, police figure show. www.theguardian.com/society.2013/dec/27/uk-anti-muslim-hate-crime-soarsGoogle Scholar
Hale, C. W. (2012). Extremism on the World Wide Web: A research review. Criminal Justice Studies, 25 (4), 343356. https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2012.704723CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatemi, P. K., & Verhulst, B. (2015). Political attitudes develop independently of personality traits. PloS one, 10(3), e0118106. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118106Google ScholarPubMed
Hawdon, J., Oksanen, A., & Räsänen, P. (2017). Exposure to online hate in four nations: A cross-national consideration. Deviant Behavior, 38(3), 254266. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2016.1196985CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Health Affairs. (2020). Health-motivated behavior: Impacts, risk factors, and interventions. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hpb20200929.601434/full/health-affairs-brief-hate-behavior-public-health-cramer.pdfGoogle Scholar
Heeg, R, & Steiner, O. (2019). Always on. Wie erleben Jugendliche das ständige Online-Sein? Bern: Eidgenössische Kommission für Kinder- und Jugendfragen (EKKJ). www.ekkj.admin.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/ekkj/02pubblikationen/Berichte/d_2019_EKKJ_Always_On.pdfGoogle Scholar
Horowitz, D. L. (1985). Ethnic groups in conflict. University of California Press.Google Scholar
Jacks, W., & Adler, J. R. (2015). A proposed typology of online hate crime. Open Access Journal of Forensic Psychology, 7, 6489. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/18930/Google Scholar
Johnson, A. (2020). Long-simmering racial tensions in Burlington erupt after a teacher included Black Lives Matter in a lesson. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. www.jsonline.com/story/news/education/2020/11/30/black-lives-matter-lesson-heightens-racial-tensions-burlington-area-schools/6424763002/Google Scholar
Kaakinen, M., Keipi, T., Oksanen, A., & Räsänen, P. (2018). How does social capital associate with being a victim of online hate? Survey evidence from the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Finland. Policy & Internet, 10(3), 302323. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.173CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ken, Y. (2019). The effects of hate groups on hate crimes. Review of Law & Economics, 15(3). https://doi.org/10.1515/rle-2017-0035Google Scholar
Kim, E. M., & Yang, S. (2016). Internet literacy and digital natives’ civic engagement: Internet skill literacy or Internet information literacy? Journal of Youth Studies, 19(4), 438456. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2015.1083961CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landesanstalt für Medien Nordrhein-Westfalen. (2016). Ethik im Netz. Hate Speech. Forsa Studie im Auftrag der Landesanstalt für Medien Nordrhein-Westfalen (LfM). www.medienanstalt-nrw.de/fileadmin/user_upload/lfm-nrw/Service/Veranstaltungen_und_Preise/Medienversammlung/2016/EthikimNetz_Hate_Speech-PP.pdfGoogle Scholar
Leets, L., & Giles, H. (1997). Words as weapons – when do they wound? Investigations of harmful speech. Human Communication Research, 24(2), 260301. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1997.tb00415.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lehman, B. (2019). Stopping the hate: Applying insights on bullying victimization to understand and reduce the emergence of hate in schools. Sociological Inquiry, 89(3), 532555. https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12296CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levy, S. R., & Hughes, J. M. (2001). Development of racial and ethnic prejudice among children. In Nelson, T. D. (Ed.), Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination (pp. 2342). Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Machackova, H., Blaya, C., Bedrosova, M., Smahel, D., & Staksrud, E. (2020). Children’s experiences with cyberhate. EU Kids Online. https://doi.org/10.21953/lse.zenkg9xw6puaCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manzoni, P., Baier, D., Kamenowski, M., Isenhardt, A., Haymoz, S., & Jacot, C. (2019). Einflussfaktoren extremistischer Einstellungen unter Jugendlichen in der Schweiz. Institut für Delinquenz und Kriminalprävention. https://srv-clst-301-data66.zhaw.ch/bitstream/11475/18673/5/2019_Bericht_Einflussfaktoren_ExtremismuE.pdfGoogle Scholar
Matsuda, M. J. (1989). Public response to racist speech: Considering the victim’s story. Michigan Law Review, 87(8), 23202381. https://doi.org/10.2307/1289306CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNamee, L. G., Peterson, B. L., & Peña, J. (2010). A call to educate, participate, invoke and indict: Understanding the communication of online hate groups. Communication Monographs, 77(2), 257280. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751003758227CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Näsi, M., Räsänen, P., Hawdon, J., Holkeri, E., & Oksanen, A. (2015). Exposure to online hate material and social trust among Finnish youth. Information Technology & People, 28(3), 607622. https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-09-2014-0198CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nobata, C., Tetreault, J., Thomas, A., Mehdad, Y., & Chang, Y. (2016). Abusive language detection in online user content. In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on the World Wide Web (pp. 145153). International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pariser, E. (2012). Filter Bubble. Wie wir im Internet entmündigt werden. Hanser.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perry, B., & Olsson, P. (2009). Cyberhate: The globalisation of hate. Information & Communications Technology Law, 18, 185199. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600830902814984Google Scholar
Phadke, S., & Mitra, T. (2020). Many faced hate: A cross platform study of content framing and information sharing by online hate groups. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 113). https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376456CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Post, J. M., McGinnis, C., & Moody, K. (2014). The changing face of terrorism in the 21st century: The communications revolution and the virtual community of hatred. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 32(3), 306334. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2123CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Räsänen, P., Hawdon, J., Holkeri, E., Keipi, T., Näsi, M., & Oksanen, A. (2016). Targets of online hate: Examining determinants of victimization among young Finnish Facebook users. Violence and Victims, 31(4), 708725. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-14-00079CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rau, J. P., & Stier, S. (2019). Die Echokammer-Hypothese: Fragmentierung der Öffentlichkeit und politische Polarisierung durch digitale Medien? Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft, 13(3), 399417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12286-019-00429-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reichelmann, A., Hawdon, J., Costello, M., Ryan, J., Blaya, C., Llorent, V., Oksanen, A., Räsänen, P., & Zych, I. (2021). Hate knows no boundaries: Online hate in six nations. Deviant Behavior, 42(9), 11001111. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2020.1722337CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reyns, B. W., Henson, B., & Fisher, B. S. (2011). Being pursued online applying cyberlifestyle routine activities theory to cyberstalking victimization. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 38(11), 11491169. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854811421448CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roche, C., & Kuperminc, G. P. (2012). Acculturative stress and school belonging among Latino youth. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 34(1), 6176. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986311430084CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saul, I. (2019). This Twitter alternative was supposed to be nicer, but bigots love it already. https://forward.com/news/national/427705/parler-news-white-supremacist-islamophobia-laura-loomer/Google Scholar
Savimaki, T., Kaakinen, M., Räsänen, P., & Oksanen, A. (2020). Disquieted by online hate: Negative experiences of Finnish adolescents and young adults. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 26(2), 2337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-018-9393-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheitle, C. P., & Hansmann, M. (2016). Religion-related hate crimes: Data, trends, and limitations. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 55(4), 859873. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12299CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, J. H., Paus-Hasebrink, I., & Hasebrink, U. (2009). Entwicklungsaufgaben im Social Web. In Schmidt, J. H., Paus-Hasebrink, I. & Hasebrink, U. (Eds.), Heranwachsen mit dem Social Web. Zur Rolle von Web 2.0-Angeboten im Alltag von Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen (Schriftenreihe Medienforschung der LfM, Band 62) (pp. 265274). Vistas.Google Scholar
Schmidt, A., & Wiegand, M. (2017). A survey of hate speech detection using natural language processing. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media (pp. 110). Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/W17-1101Google Scholar
Schmitt, J. B., Ernst, J., Frischlich, L., & Rieger, D. (2017). Rechtsextreme und islamistische Propaganda im Internet: Methoden, Auswirkungen und Präventionsmöglichkeiten. In Altenhof, R., Bunk, S. & Piepenschneider, M. (Eds.), Politischer Extremismus im Vergleich (pp. 171210). LIT Verlag.Google Scholar
Schmitt, J. B., Riesmeyer, C., Ernst, J., Rieger, D., Ninierza, A., Fawzi, N., … & Roth, H. J. (2019). Jugendliche und extremistische Propaganda. Praxis der Rechtspsychologie, 1, 6790.Google Scholar
Schweiger, W. (2019). Informationsnutzung online. In Schweiger, W. & Beck, K. (Eds.), Handbuch Online-Kommunikation (Vol. II, pp. 195230). Springer VS.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schweiger, W., Weber, P., Prochazka, F., & Brückner, L. (2018). Algorithmisch personalisierte Nachrichtenkanäle. Begriffe, Nutzung, Wirkung. Springer VS.Google Scholar
Silva, L., Mondal, M., Correa, D., Benevenuto, F., & Weber, I. (2016). Analyzing the targets of hate in online social media. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Web and Social Media.Google Scholar
Sinclair, K. O., Bauman, S., Poteat, V. P., Koenig, B., & Russell, S. T. (2012). Cyber and bias based harassment: Associations with academic, substance use, and mental health problems. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50(5), 521523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.09.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sitzer, P., Marth, J., Kocik, C. & Müller, K. N. (2012). Ergebnisbericht der Online-Studie Cyberbullying bei Schülerinnen und Schülern. Institut für interdisziplinäre Konflikt und Gewaltforschung (IKG). Universität Bielefeld. https://pub.uni-bielefeld.de/publication/2515055Google Scholar
Slater, M. D. (2003). Alienation, aggression, and sensation seeking as predictors of adolescent use of violent film, computer, and website content. Journal of Communication, 53(1), 105121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2003.tb03008.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, A. (2009). Radicalization: A guide for the perplexed. Royal Canadian.Google Scholar
Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S., & Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(4), 376385.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soral, W., Bilewicz, M., & Winiewski, M. (2018). Exposure to hate speech increases prejudice through desensitization. Aggressive Behavior, 44(2), 136146. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21737CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SPL. (2020). The Year in Hate and Extremism 2019. A report from the Southern Poverty Law Center. www.splcenter.org/20200318/frequently-asked-questions-about-hate-groupsGoogle Scholar
SPL. (n.d.). Frequently asked questions about hate groups. www.splcenter.org/20200318/frequently-asked-questions-about-hate-groupsGoogle Scholar
Sponholz, L. (2018). Hate Speech in den Massenmedien. Theoretische Grundlagen und empirische Umsetzung. Springer VS.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Statistica. (n.d.). Number of victims of race-based hate crime in the United States in 2019, by race. www.statista.com/statistics/737690/number-of-racist-hate-crime-victims-in-the-us-by-race/Google Scholar
Suler, J. (2004). The online disinhibition effect. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 7(3), 321326. https://doi.org/10.1089/1094931041291295CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Titley, G., Keen, E., & Földi, L. (2014). Starting points for combating hate speech online: Three studies about online hate speech and ways to address it. Council of Europe. https://mbn.rmzk.sk/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Starting-Points-for-Combating-Hate-Speech-Online_Ed.-2014.pdf.pdfGoogle Scholar
Torres, M. (2020). Cal Poly’s Chinese Student Association a target of racial slurs and images during zoom meeting. KSBY News. www.ksby.com/news/local-news/cal-polys-chinese-student-association-a-target-of-racial-slurs-and-images-during-zoom-meetingGoogle Scholar
Tynes, B. (2006). Children, adolescents, and the culture of online hate. In Dowd, N., Singer, D., & Wilson, R. (Eds.), Handbook of children, culture, and violence (pp. 267289). Sage.Google Scholar
Tynes, B. M., Giang, M. T., Williams, D. R., & Thompson, G. N. (2008). Online racial discrimination and psychological adjustment among adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 43(6), 565569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.08.021CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
UK Safer Internet Centre. (2016). Creating a better Internet for all: Young people’s experiences of online empowerment + online hate. http://childnetsic.s3.amazonaws.com/ufiles/SID2016/Creating%20a%20Better%20Internet%20for%20All.pdfGoogle Scholar
Wachs, S., & Wright, M. (2018). Associations between bystanders and perpetrators of online hate: The moderating role of toxic online disinhibition. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(9), 2030. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15092030CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wachs, S., & Wright, M. F. (2019). The moderation of online disinhibition and sex on the relationship between online hate victimization and perpetration. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22(5), 300306. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2018.0551CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wachs, S., Costello, M., Wright, M. F., Flora, K., Daskalou, V., Maziridou, E., Kwon, Y., Na, E. Y., Sittichai, R., Biswal, R., & Singh, R. (2021). “DNT LET’EM H8 U!”: Applying the routine activity framework to understand cyberhate victimization among adolescents across eight countries. Computers & Education, 160, 104026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104026CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wachs, S., Gámez-Guadix, M., Wright, M. F., Görzig, A., & Schubarth, W. (2020). How do adolescents cope with cyberhate? Psychometric properties and socio-demographic differences of a coping with cyberhate scale. Computers in Human Behavior, 104, 106167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.106167CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wachs, S., Schubarth, W., & Bilz, L. (2020). Hate Speech als Schulproblem? Erziehungswissenschaftliche Perspektiven auf ein aktuelles Phänomen. In van Ackeren, I., Bremer, H., Kessl, F., Koller, H. C., Pfaff, N., Rotter, C., Klein, D. & Salaschek, U. (Eds.), Bewegungen – Beiträge aus dem 26. Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Erziehungswissenschaft (pp. 223236). Verlag Barbara Budrich.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wachs, S., Wright, M. F., & Vazsonyi, A. T. (2019). Understanding the overlap between cyberbullying and cyberhate perpetration: Moderating effects of toxic online disinhibition. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 29(3), 179188. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.2116CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wachs, S., Wright, M. F., Sittichai, R., Singh, R., Biswal, R., Kim, E., Yang, S., Gámez-Guadix, M., Almendros, C., Flora, K., Daskalou, V., & Maziridou, E. (2019). Associations between witnessing and perpetrating online hate in eight countries: The buffering effects of problem-focused coping. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(20), 3992. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203992CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waltman, M. S., & Haas, J. (2011). The Communication of Hate. Lang.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, M. L., Burnap, P., Liu, H., Javed, A., & Ozalp, A. (2019). Hate in the machine: Anti-black and anti-Muslim social media posts as predictors of offline racially and religiously aggravated crime. British Journal of Criminology, 60(1), 93117. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azz04Google Scholar
Wright, M. F. (2017a). Cyber victimization and depression among adolescents with intellectual disabilities and developmental disorders: The moderation of perceived social support. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 10(2), 126143. https://doi.org/10.1080/19315864.2016.1271486CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, M. F. (2017b). The buffering effect of parental mediation in the relationship between adolescents’ cyberbullying victimisation and adjustment difficulties. Child Abuse Review, 25(5), 345358. https://doi.org/10,1002/car.2448CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, M. F., Wachs, S., Gámez-Guadix, M. (2021). Youths’ coping with cyberhate: Roles of parental mediation and family support. Comunicar, 29(67), 2133. https://doi.org/10.3916/C67-2021-02CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, A. S. (1997). Attitudes toward homosexuality. Public Opinion Quarterly, 61(3), 477507. https://doi.org/10.1086/297810CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×