Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T20:07:02.576Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

17 - Employment Social Enterprises

from Part IV - Enterprise

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 April 2024

By
Kymberly L. Byrd  and
Rasheda L. Weaver
Edited by
Brian D. Christens
Brian D. Christens
Affiliation:
Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
Get access

Summary

This chapter examines employment social enterprises (ESEs), organizations that provide employment opportunities to individuals marginalized and excluded in the labor market. Employment social enterprises employ chronically unemployed and underemployed individuals, including formerly incarcerated individuals, immigrants, and opportunity youth. This chapter begins by exploring the history, evolution, and prevalence of ESEs. We then highlight two exemplar ESEs to illustrate the design and demonstrate the impact of these organizations. After examining community power and psychological empowerment within ESEs, we explore different models of ESEs and identify topics for future research.

Keywords

social enterprisemission-driven organizationshybrid organizationsemploymentsocial opportunityeconomic opportunity
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Community Empowerment , pp. 438 - 454
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Austin, J., Stevenson, H., & Wei-Skillern, J. (2006). Social and commercial entrepreneurship: Same, different, or both? Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(1), 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Battilana, J., Lee, M., Walker, J., & Dorsey, C. (2012). In search of the hybrid ideal. Stanford Social Innovation Review, 10(3), 51–55.Google Scholar
Bornstein, D., & Davis, S. (2010). Social entrepreneurship: What everyone needs to know. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brenner, N., & Theodore, N. (2002). Cities and the geographies of “actually existing neoliberalism.” Antipode, 34(3), 349–379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, D. A., & Stater, K. J. (2009). Revenue diversification in nonprofit organizations: Does it lead to financial stability? Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 19(4), 947–966.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Center for Employment Opportunities. (2019, February). Improving long-term employment outcomes: Promising findings from New York state. Center for Employment Opportunities. https://ceoworks.org/assets/images/CEO-Improving-Long-Term-Employment_042319_print.pdfGoogle Scholar
Center for Employment Opportunities. (2021a). Our approach. Center for Employment Opportunities. https://ceoworks.org/Google Scholar
Center for Employment Opportunities. (2021b). Policy & advocacy. Center for Employment Opportunities. https://ceoworks.org/policy-advocacyGoogle Scholar
Cook, J. A. (2006). Employment barriers for persons with psychiatric disabilities: Update of a report for the President’s Commission. Psychiatric Services, 57(10), 1391–1405.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cooney, K. (2011a). The business of job creation: An examination of the social enterprise approach to workforce development. Journal of Poverty, 15(1), 88–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooney, K. (2011b). An exploratory study of social purpose business models in the United States. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 40(1), 185–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooney, K. (2013). Examining the labor market presence of US WISEs. Social Enterprise Journal, 9(2), 147–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooney, K. (2015). Social enterprise in the United States: WISEs and other worker-focused models. ICSEM Working Papers, No. 09. The International Comparative Social Enterprise Models (ICSEM) Project.Google Scholar
Cooney, K. (2016). Work integration social enterprises in the United States: Operating at the nexus of public policy, markets, and community. Nonprofit Policy Forum, 7(4), 435–460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cope, S. (2018, October 5). In Camden, a hot sauce is helping young urban entrepreneurs fight poverty. Cornell Small Farms Program. https://smallfarms.cornell.edu/2018/10/in-camden-a-hot-sauce-is-helping-young-urban-entrepreneurs-fight-poverty/Google Scholar
Danziger, S., & Lehman, J. (1996). How will welfare recipients fare in the labor market? Challenge, 39(1), 30–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elmes, A. I. (2019). Health impacts of a WISE: A longitudinal study. Social Enterprise Journal, 15(4), 457–474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emerson, J., Wachowicz, J., & Chun, S. (2000). Social return on investment: Exploring aspects of value creation in the nonprofit sector. Roberts Enterprise Development Fund. https://redf.org/wp-content/uploads/REDF-Box-Set-Vol.-2-SROI-Paper-2000.pdfGoogle Scholar
Eversole, R., Barraket, J., & Luke, B. (2014). Social enterprises in rural community development. Community Development Journal, 49(2), 245–261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferguson, K. M. (2007). Implementing a social enterprise intervention with homeless, street-living youths in Los Angeles. Social Work, 52(2), 103–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferguson, K. M. (2012). Merging the fields of mental health and social enterprise: Lessons from abroad and cumulative findings from research with homeless youths. Community Mental Health Journal, 48(4), 490–502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fruchterman, J. (2011). For love or lucre. Stanford Social Innovation Review, 9(2), 42–47.Google Scholar
Garrow, E. E., & Hasenfeld, Y. (2014). Social enterprises as an embodiment of a neoliberal welfare logic. American Behavioral Scientist, 58(11), 1475–1493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greyston Bakery. (2021). Inclusive hiring services. Greystone Bakery. www.greyston.org/employers/Google Scholar
Hazenberg, R., Seddon, F., & Denny, S. (2012). Investigating the outcome performance of a WISE delivering employability programmes to the unemployed. Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics, 9(6), 40–50.Google Scholar
Ho, A. P., & Chan, K. (2010). The social impact of work-integration social enterprise in Hong Kong. International Social Work, 53(1), 33–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hung, C., & Hager, M. A. (2019). The impact of revenue diversification on nonprofit financial health: A meta-analysis. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 48(1), 5–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, L. (2021). Increasing financial empowerment among survivors of intimate partner violence: A growth curve analysis. American Journal of Community Psychology, 68(1–2), 29–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kato, S., Ashley, S. R., & Weaver, R. L. (2018). Insights for measuring social value: Classification of measures related to the capabilities approach. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 29(3), 558–573.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leung, Z. C. S., Ho, A. P. Y., Tjia, L. Y. N., Tam, R. K. Y., Chan, K. T., & Lai, M. K. W. (2019). Social impacts of work integration social enterprise in Hong Kong – Workfare and beyond. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 10(2), 159–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lysaght, R., Roy, M. J., Rendall, J. S., Krupa, T., Ball, L., & Davis, J. (2018). Unpacking the foundational dimensions of work integration social enterprise: The development of an assessment tool. Social Enterprise Journal, 14(1), 60–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macaulay, B., Mazzei, M., Roy, M. J., Teasdale, S., & Donaldson, C. (2018). Differentiating the effect of social enterprise activities on health. Social Science & Medicine, 200, 211–217.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mandiberg, J. M. (1999). The sword of reform has two sharp edges: Normalcy, normalization, and the destruction of the social group. New Directions for Mental Health Services, 1999(83), 31–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mandiberg, J. M. (2016). Social enterprise in mental health: An overview. Journal of Policy Practice, 15(1–2), 5–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mandiberg, J. M., & Warner, R. (2012). The value of mutual support through client community in the design of psychiatric treatment and rehabilitation programs. In Azzopardi, A. & Grech, S. (Eds.), Inclusive communities (pp. 149–165). Sense Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, R., & Osberg, S. (2007). Social entrepreneurship: The case for definition. Stanford Social Innovation Review, 5(2), 29–39.Google Scholar
Maxwell, N., Rotz, D., Dunn, A., Rosenberg, L., & Berman, J. (2013). The structure and operations of social enterprises in REDF’s social innovation fund portfolio: Interim report. Mathematica Policy Research.Google Scholar
Mbacke, M., Gallagher, K., & Weaver, R. L. (2020). Reflections on applied social enterprise education: Using Weaver’s Social Enterprise Directory to teach social entrepreneurship. The International Undergraduate Journal For Service-Learning, Leadership, and Social Change, 10(1), 1–9.Google Scholar
Murray, J. H. (2012). Choose your own master: Social enterprise, certifications, and benefit corporation statutes. American University Business Law Review, 2(1), 1–20.Google Scholar
O’Donnell, J., Tan, P. P., & Kirkner, S. L. (2012). Youth perceptions of a technology-focused social enterprise. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 29(5), 427–446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Redcross, C., Millenky, M., Rudd, T., & Levshin, V. (2012, January). More than a job: Final results from the evaluation of the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) Transitional Jobs Program. United States Department of Health and Human Services. www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/documents/opre/more_than_job.pdfCrossRefGoogle Scholar
REDF. (2021a). Creating opportunity at a systems level. Roberts Enterprise Development Fund. https://redf.org/what-we-do/policy/Google Scholar
REDF. (2021b). The impact. Roberts Enterprise Development Fund. https://redf.org/the-impact/Google Scholar
Riccio, J. A., & Orenstein, A. (1996). Understanding best practices for operating welfare-to-work programs. Evaluation Review, 20(1), 3–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rotz, D., Maxwell, N., & Dunn, A. (2015). Economic self-sufficiency and life stability one year after starting a social enterprise job. Mathematica Policy Research.Google Scholar
Sattar, S. (2010). Evidence scan of work experience programs. Mathematica Policy Research.Google Scholar
Sen, A. (1992). Inequality reexamined. Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Shore, B. (2003). Powering social change: Lessons on community wealth generation for nonprofit sustainability. Community Wealth Ventures.Google Scholar
Society for Human Resource Management. (2016, August 3). Average cost-per-hire for companies is $4,129, SHRM survey finds. Society for Human Resource Management. www.shrm.org/about-shrm/press-room/press-releases/pages/human-capital-benchmarking-report.aspxGoogle Scholar
Somers, M. R. (2008). Genealogies of citizenship: Markets, statelessness, and the right to have rights. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Spear, R., & Bidet, E. (2005). Social enterprise for work integration in 12 European countries: A descriptive analysis. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 76(2), 195–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stambaugh, L., Mustillo, S. A., Burns, B. J., Stephens, R. L., Baxter, B., Edwards, D., & Dekraai, M. (2007). Outcomes from wraparound and multisystemic therapy in a Center for Mental Health Services system-of-care demonstration site. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 15(3), 143–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teasdale, S. (2010). Explaining the multifaceted nature of social enterprise: Impression management as (social) entrepreneurial behaviour. Voluntary Sector Review, 1(3), 271–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tyler, K. A., & Johnson, K. A. (2006). Pathways in and out of substance use among homeless-emerging adults. Journal of Adolescent Research, 21(2), 133–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UTEC. (2021a). Mission and values. UTEC. https://utecinc.org/who-we-are/mission/Google Scholar
UTEC. (2021b). Organizing and policymaking. UTEC. https://utecinc.org/what-we-do/organizing-policy/Google Scholar
UTEC. (2021c). Our social enterprises. UTEC. https://utecinc.org/what-we-do/social-enterprises/Google Scholar
UTEC. (2021d). Our young adults. UTEC. https://utecinc.org/what-we-do/impact-young-adults/Google Scholar
UTEC. (2021e). Outcomes & impact. UTEC. https://utecinc.org/our-impact/impact/Google Scholar
Vilà, M., Pallisera, M., & Fullana, J. (2007). Work integration of people with disabilities in the regular labour market: What can we do to improve these processes? Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 32(1), 10–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warner, R., & Mandiberg, J. (2006). An update on affirmative businesses or social firms for people with mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 57(10), 1488–1492.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weaver, R. L. (2016). Social enterprise self-employment programs: A two-dimensional human capital investment strategy. Social Enterprise Journal, 12(1), 4–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weaver, R. L. (2018). Re-conceptualizing social value: Applying the capability approach in social enterprise research. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 9(2), 79–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weaver, R. L. (2019). Social enterprise and the capability approach: Exploring how social enterprises are humanizing business. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 32(5), 427–452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weaver, R. L. (2021). The utilization, benefits, and challenges of online social enterprises directories. Social Innovations Journal, 5, 1–18.Google Scholar
Weaver, R. L., Mbacke, M., & Gallagher, K. (2021). Weavers Social Enterprise Directory: A tool for teaching social enterprise and entrepreneurship. In Matthews, C. & Liguori, E. (Eds.), Annals of entrepreneurship education and pedagogy – 2021 (pp. 408–414). Edward Elgar Publishing.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×