Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-04T19:51:01.607Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

12 - Social Cognition and Moral Evaluation in Early Human Childhood

from Subpart II.1 - Infancy: The Roots of Human Thinking

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 February 2022

By
Andreas Falck ,
Brent Strickland  and
Pierre Jacob
Edited by
Olivier Houdé  and
Grégoire Borst
Olivier Houdé
Affiliation:
Université de Paris V
Grégoire Borst
Affiliation:
Université de Paris V
Get access

Summary

Human social cognition is the human capacity to process social stimuli, to intentionally convey socially relevant information to others, and to make use of socially transmitted information. Several human social cognitive capacities are special and set humans apart from non-human animals. Thanks to these capacities, humans are unique in their ability to create, maintain, and alter large social groups within which they coordinate, cooperate, and also compete. Moreover, there are few (if any) other biological species in which groups or crowds of individuals spend as much collective effort in attacking other groups or in defending their own group from the attacks of others (Boyer, 2018; Tooby & Cosmides, 2010). Humans also appear to be unique in their capacity for stable cultural transmission over many generations and for the pervasiveness of their moral cognitive concerns.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Cognitive Development , pp. 269 - 298
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anisfeld, M. (1996). Neonatal imitation. Developmental Review, 11, 60–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Apperly, I. A., & Butterfill, S. A. (2009). Do humans have two systems to track beliefs and belief-like states? Psychological Review, 116, 953–970.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Atran, S. (1995). Causal constraints on categories and categorical constraints on biological reasoning across cultures. In Sperber, D., Premack, D., & Premack, A. (eds.), Causal Cognition, a Multidisciplinary Debate (pp. 205–233). Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Baumard, N., André, J.-B., & Sperber, D. (2013). A mutualistic approach to morality: The evolution of fairness by partner choice. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 36, 59–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Begus, K., Gliga, T., & Southgate, V. (2016). Infants’ preferences for native speakers are associated with an expectation of information. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113, 12397–12402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bian, L., Sloane, S., & Baillargeon, R. (2018). Infants expect ingroup support to override fairness when resources are limited. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115, 2705–2710.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biro, S., & Leslie, A. (2007). Infants’ perception of goal-directed action: Development through cue-based bootstrapping. Developmental Science, 10, 379–398.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyer, P. (2018). Minds Make Societies, How Cognition Explains the World Humans Create. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Brandone, A. C., Leslie, S. J., Cimpian, A., & Gelman, S. A. (2012). Do lions have manes? For children, generics are about kinds rather than quantities. Child Development, 83, 423–433.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brewer, M. B. (1979). In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation: Cognitive–motivational analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 307–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buon, M., Habib, M., & Frey, D. (2016). Moral development: Conflicts and compromises. In Somerville, J. A., & Decety, J. (eds.), Social Cognition: Development Across the Life Span (pp. 129–150). New York: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Buon, M, Jacob, P., Loissel, E., & Dupoux, E. (2013). A non-mentalistic cause-based heuristic in human social evaluations. Cognition, 126, 149–155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butler, L. P., & Markman, E. M. (2012). Preschoolers use intentional and pedagogical cues to guide inductive inferences and exploration. Child Development, 83, 1416–1428.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buyukozer Dawkins, M., Sloane, S., & Baillargeon, R. (2019). Do Infants in the first year of life expect equal resource allocations? Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Byrne, R. W., & Whiten, A. (eds.) (1988). Machiavellian Intelligence: Social Expertise and the Evolution of Intellect in Monkeys, Apes and Humans. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Carey, S. (1995) On the origin of causal understanding. In Sperber, D., Premack, D., & Premack, A. (eds.), (1995). Causal Cognition, a Multidisciplinary Debate (pp. 205–233). Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Clément, F., Koenig, M. A., & Harris, P. L. (2004). The ontogenesis of trust. Mind and Language, 19, 360–379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, R. P., & Aslin, R. N. (1990). Preference for infant‐directed speech in the first month after birth. Child Development, 61, 1584–1595.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cosmides, L., Tooby, J., & Kurzban, R. (2003). Perceptions of race. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 173–179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Csibra, G. (2010). Recognizing communicative intentions in infancy. Mind and Language, 25, 141–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Csibra, G., Bíró, S., Koós, O., & Gergely, G. (2003). One-year-old infants use teleological representations of actions productively. Cognitive Science, 27, 111–133.Google Scholar
Csibra, G., & Gergely, G. (2009). Natural pedagogy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13, 148–153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Csibra, G., Gergely, G., Bíró, S., Koós, O., & Brockbank, M. (1999). Goal attribution without agency cues: The perception of “pure reason” in infancy. Cognition, 72, 237–267.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Csibra, G., & Volein, Á. (2008). Infants can infer the presence of hidden objects from referential gaze information. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 26, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cushman, F. A., Sheketoff, R., Wharton, S., & Carey, S. (2013). The development of intent-based moral judgment. Cognition, 127, 6–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cushman, F. A., Young, L., & Hauser, M. D. (2006). The role of conscious reasoning and intuition in moral judgment: Testing three principles of harm. Psychological Science, 17, 1082–1089.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Darwin, C. (1871). The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (1st ed.). London: John Murray.Google Scholar
Dörrenberg, S., Rakoczy, H., & Liszkowski, U. (2018). How (not) to measure infant Theory of Mind: Testing the replicability and validity of four non-verbal measures. Cognitive Development, 46, 12–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunbar, R. I. M. (1992). Neocortex size as a constraint on group size in primates. Journal of Human Evolution, 22, 469–493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunbar, R. I. M. (2003). The social brain: Mind, language, and society in evolutionary perspective. Annual Review of Anthropology, 32, 163–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egyed, K., Király, I., & Gergely, G. (2013). Communicating shared knowledge in infancy. Psychological Science, 24, 1348–1353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Falck-Ytter, T., Gredebäck, G., & von Hofsten, C. (2006). Infants predict other people’s action goals. Nature Neuroscience, 9, 878–879.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farroni, T., Johnson, M. H., Menon, E., Zulian, L., Faraguna, D., & Csibra, G. (2005). Newborns’ preference for face-relevant stimuli: Effects of contrast polarity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102, 17245–17250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farroni, T., Mansfield, E. M., Lai, C., & Johnson, M. H. (2003). Infants perceiving and acting on the eyes: Tests of an evolutionary hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 85, 199–212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Futó, J., Téglás, E., Csibra, G., & Gergely, G. (2010). Communicative function demonstration induces kind-based artifact representation in preverbal infants. Cognition, 117, 1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallese, V., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., & Rizzolatti, G. (1996). Action recognition in the premotor cortex. Brain, 119, 593–609.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gao, T., Newman, G. E., & Scholl, B. J. (2009). The psychophysics of chasing: A case study in the perception of animacy. Cognitive Psychology, 59, 154–179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gelman, S., & Hirschfeld, L. (1999). How biological is essentialism? In Atran, S., & Medin, D. (eds.), Folk Biology (pp. 403–446). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Gergely, G., Bekkering, H., & Kiraly, I. (2002). Rational imitation in preverbal infants. Nature, 415, 755.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gergely, G., Nádasdy, Z., Csibra, G., & Bíró, S. (1995) Taking the intentional stance at 12 months of age. Cognition, 56, 165–193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gervain, J., & Mehler, J. (2010). Speech perception and language acquisition in the first year of life. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 191–218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greene, J. D., Nystrom, L. E., Engell, A. D., Darley, J. M., & Cohen, J. D. (2004). The neural bases of cognitive conflict and control in moral judgment. Neuron, 44, 389–400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108, 814–834.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haidt, J. (2012). The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
Hamlin, J. K. (2013). Moral judgment and action in preverbal infants and toddlers: Evidence for an innate moral core. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22, 186–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamlin, J. K., Hallinan, E. V., & Woodward, A. L. (2008). Do as I do: 7-month-old infants selectively reproduce others’ goals. Developmental Science, 11, 487–494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamlin, J. K., Ullman, T., Tenenbaum, J., Goodman, N., & Baker, C. (2013). The mentalistic basis of core social cognition: Experiments in preverbal infants and a computational model. Developmental Science, 16, 209–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamlin, J. K., & Wynn, K. (2012). Who knows what’s good to eat? Infants fail to match the food preferences of antisocial others. Cognitive Development, 27, 227–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamlin, J. K., Wynn, K., & Bloom, P. (2007). Social evaluation by preverbal infants. Nature, 450, 557–559.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hauser, M. D., Chomsky, N., & Fitch, W. T. (2002). The faculty of language: What is it, who has it, and how did it evolve? Science, 298, 1569–1579.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heyes, C. (2014). False belief in infancy: A fresh look. Developmental Science, 17, 647–659.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heyes, C. (2018). Cognitive Gadgets, the Cultural Evolution of Thinking. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hirschfeld, L. (1995a). Do children have a theory of race? Cognition, 54, 209–252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirschfeld, L. (1995b). Anthropology, psychology, and the meanings of social causality. In Sperber, D., Premack, D., & Premack, A. (eds.) (1995). Causal Cognition, a Multidisciplinary Debate (pp. 205–233). Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Hume, D. (1738). A Treatise of Human Nature: Being an Attempt to Introduce the Experimental Method of Reasoning into Moral Subjects. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Humphrey, N. (1976). The social function of the intellect. In Bateson, P. P. G., & Hinde, R. A. (eds.), Growing Points on Ethology (pp. 303–317). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hyde, D. C., Simon, C. E., Ting, F., & Nikolaeva, J. I. (2018). Functional organization of the temporal–parietal junction for theory of mind in preverbal infants: A near-infrared spectroscopy study. Journal of Neuroscience, 38, 4264–4274.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacob, P. (2012). Sharing and ascribing goals. Mind and Language, 27, 202–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jin, K., & Baillargeon, R. (2017). Infants possess an abstract expectation of ingroup support. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 114, 8199–8204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, M. H., Dziurawiec, S., Ellis, H., & Morton, J. (1991). Newborns' preferential tracking of face-like stimuli and its subsequent decline. Cognition, 40, 1–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jovanovic, B., Király, I., Elsner, B., Gergely, G., Prinz, W., & Aschersleben, G. (2007). The role of effects for infants’ perception of action goals. Psychologia, 50, 273–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kampis, D., Somogyi, E., Itakura, S., & Király, I. (2013). Do infants bind mental states to agents? Cognition, 129, 232–240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kant, I. (1785). Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, various printings.Google Scholar
Keil, F. C. (2014). Developmental Psychology: The Growth of Mind and Behavior. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Kelly, D. J., Quinn, P. C., Slater, A. M., Lee, K., Gibson, A., Smith, M, Ge, L., & Pascalis, O. (2005). Three-month-olds, but not newborns, prefer own-race faces. Developmental Science, 8, F31–F36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinzler, K. D., & DeJesus, J. M. (2013). Children’s sociolinguistic evaluations of nice foreigners and mean Americans. Developmental Psychology, 49, 655–664.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kinzler, K. D., Dupoux, E., & Spelke, E. S. (2007). The native language of social cognition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 104, 12577–12580.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kinzler, K. D., Dupoux, E., & Spelke, E. S. (2012). “Native” objects and collaborators: Infants’ object choices and acts of giving reflect favor for native over foreign speakers. Journal of Cognitive Development, 13, 67–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kinzler, K. D., Shutts, K., DeJesus, J., & Spelke, E. S. (2009). Accent trumps race in guiding children’s social preferences. Social Cognition, 27, 623–634.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kiràly, I., Jovanovic, B., Prinz, W., Aschersleben, G., & Gergely, G. (2003). The early origins of goal attribution in infancy. Consciousness and Cognition, 12, 752–769.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knudsen, B., & Liszkowski, U. (2012). 18-month-olds predict specific action mistakes through attribution of false belief, not ignorance, and intervene accordingly. Infancy, 17, 672–691.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohlberg, L. (1976). Moral stages and moralization: The cognitive-developmental. In Lickona, T. (ed.), Moral Development and Behavior: Theory, Research and Social Issues (pp. 31–53). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Krebs, D. L., & Denton, K. (2005). Toward a more pragmatic approach to morality: A critical evaluation of Kohlberg’s model. Psychological Review, 112, 629–649.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuhlmeier, V., Wynn, K., & Bloom, P. (2003). Attribution of dispositional states by 12-month-olds. Psychological Science, 14, 402–408.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kurtines, W., & Greif, E. B. (1974). The development of moral thought: Review and evaluation of Kohlberg’s approach. Psychological Bulletin, 81, 453–470.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kurzban, R., Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (2001). Can race be erased? Coalitional computation and social categorization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 98, 15387–15392.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leslie, S. J. (2007). Generics and the structure of the mind. Philosophical Perspectives, 21, 375–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leslie, S. J. (2008). Generics: Cognition and acquisition. Philosophical Review, 117, 1–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liberman, Z., Woodward, A. L., & Kinzler, K. D. (2017). Preverbal infants infer third-party social relationships based on language. Cognitive Science, 41, 622–634.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liszkowski, U., Carpenter, M., Striano, T., & Tomasello, M. (2006). 12- and 18-month-olds point to provide information for others. Journal of Cognition and Development, 7, 173–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Locke, J. (1698). An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. London.Google Scholar
Luo, Y. (2011a). Three-month-old infants attribute goals to a non-human agent. Developmental Science, 14, 453–460.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luo, Y. (2011b). Do 10-month-old infants understand others’ false beliefs? Cognition, 121, 289–298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luo, Y., & Baillargeon, R. (2005). Can a self-propelled box have a goal?: Psychological reasoning in 5-month-old infants. Psychological Science, 16, 601–608.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, A., Onishi, K. H., & Vouloumanos, A. (2012). Understanding the abstract role of speech in communication at 12 months. Cognition, 123, 50–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mascaro, O., & Csibra, G. (2012). Representation of stable social dominance relations by human infants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 109, 6862–6867.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mascaro, O., & Sperber, D. (2009). The moral, epistemic, and mindreading components of children’s vigilance towards deception. Cognition, 112, 367–380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maynard-Smith, J., & Harper, D. (2003). Animal Signals. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meltzoff, A. N. (1988). Infant imitation after a 1-week delay: Long-term memory for novel acts and multiple stimuli. Developmental Psychology, 24, 470–476.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meltzoff, A. N. (2002). Imitation as a mechanism of social cognition: Origins of empathy, theory of mind, and the representation of action. In Goswami, U. (ed.), Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Cognitive Development (pp. 6–25). Oxford: Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meltzoff, A. N. (2005). Imitation and other minds: The “Like me” hypothesis. In Hurley, S., & Chater, N. (eds.), Perspectives on Imitation: From Neuroscience to Social Science (Vol. 2, pp. 55–77). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Meltzoff, A. N. (2007). “Like me”: A foundation for social cognition. Developmental Science, 10, 126–134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meltzoff, A. N., & Moore, M. K. (1977). Imitation of facial and manual gestures by human neonates. Science, 198, 5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meltzoff, A. N., & Moore, M. K. (1983). Newborn infants imitate adult facial gestures. Child Development, 54, 702–709.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meltzoff, A. N., & Moore, M. K. (1997). Explaining facial imitation: A theoretical model. Early Development and Parenting, 6, 179–192.3.0.CO;2-R>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meltzoff, A. N., Murray, L., Simpson, E., Heimann, M., Nagy, E., Nadel, J., Pedersen, E. J., Brooks, R., Messinger, D. S., Pascalis, L. D., Subiaul, F., Paukner, A., & Ferrari, P. F. (2018). Re-examination of Oostenbroek et al. (2016): Evidence for neonatal imitation of tongue protrusion. Developmental Science, 21, e12609.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mikhail, J. (2007). Universal moral grammar: Theory, evidence and the future. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 143–152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
New, J., Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (2007). Category-specific attention for animals reflects ancestral priorities, not expertise. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 104, 16598–16603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nyström, P. (2008). The infant mirror neuron system studied with high density EEG. Social Neuroscience, 3, 334–347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nyström, P., Ljunghammar, T., Rosander, K., & von Hofsten, C. (2010). Using mu rhythm perturbations to measure mirror neuron activity in infants. Developmental Science, 14, 327–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Onishi, K. H., & Baillargeon, R. (2005). Do 15-month-old infants understand false beliefs? Science, 308, 255–258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oostenbroek, J., Slaughter, V., Nielsen, M., & Suddendorf, T. (2013). Why the confusion around neonatal imitation? A review. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 31, 328–341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oostenbroek, J., Suddendorf, T., Nielsen, M., Redshaw, J., Kennedy-Costantini, S., Davis, J., & Slaughter, V. (2016). Comprehensive longitudinal study challenges the existence of neonatal imitation in humans. Current Biology, 26, 1334–1338.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perner, J., & Ruffman, T. (2005). Infants’ insight into the mind: How deep? Science, New Series, 308, 214–216.Google ScholarPubMed
Piaget, J. (1932). The Moral Judgment of the Child. London: Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.Google Scholar
Pietraszewski, D., & German, T. C. (2013). Coalitional psychology on the playground: Reasoning about indirect social consequences in preschoolers and adults. Cognition, 126, 352–363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plötner, M., Over, H., Carpenter, M., & Tomasello, M. (2015). The effects of collaboration and minimal-group membership on children’s prosocial behavior, liking, affiliation, and trust. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 139, 161–173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Powell, L. J., & Spelke, E. S. (2013). Preverbal infants expect members of social groups to act alike. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 23, E3965–E3972.Google Scholar
Powell, L. J., & Spelke, E. S. (2018). Human infants’ understanding of social imitation: Inferences of affiliation from third party observations. Cognition, 170, 31–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Premack, D., & Premack, A. (1997). Infants attribute value ± to the goal-directed actions of self-propelled objects. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 848–856.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1, 515–526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reid, V. M., Dunn, K., Young, R. J., Amu, J., Donovan, T., & Reissland, N. (2017). The human fetus preferentially engages with face-like visual stimuli. Current Biology, 27, 1825–1828.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rizzolatti, G., & Craighero, L. (2004). The mirror-neuron system. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 27, 169–192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rizzolatti, G., Fadiga, L., Gallese, V., & Fogassi, L. (1996). Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions. Cognitive Brain Research, 3, 131–141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rizzolatti, G., Fogassi, L., & Gallese, V. (2001). Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the understanding and imitation of action. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2, 661–670.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rizzolatti, G., & Sinigaglia, C. (2010). The functional role of the parieto-frontal mirror circuit: interpretations and misinterpretations. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11, 264–274.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosander, K., & von Hofsten, C. (2011). Predictive gaze shifts elicited during observed and performed actions in 10-month-old infants and adults. Neuropsychologia, 49, 2911–2917.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Royzman, E., Kim, K., & Leeman, R. (2015). The curious tale of Julie and Mark: Unraveling the moral dumfounding effect. Judgment and Decision Making, 10, 296–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salvadori, E., Blazsekova, T., Volein, A., Karap, Z., Tatone, D., Mascaro, O., & Csibra, G. (2015). Probing the strength of infants’ preference for helpers over hinderers: Two replication attempts of Hamlin and Wynn (2011). PLoS ONE, 10, e0140570.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scott-Phillips, T. C. (2014). Speaking Our Minds. London: Palgrave MacMillan.Google Scholar
Senju, A., & Csibra, G. (2008). Gaze following in human infants depends on communicative signals. Current Biology, 18, 668–671.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheshkin, M., Bloom, P., & Wynn, K. (2014). Anti-equality: Social comparison in young children. Cognition, 130, 152–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheshkin, M., Chevallier, C., Lambert, S., & Baumard, N. (2014). Life-history theory explains childhood moral development. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18, 613–615.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shutts, K., Kinzler, K. D., McKee, C. B., & Spelke, E. S. (2009). Social information guides infants' selection of foods. Journal of Cognition and Development, 10, 1–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simion, F., Regolin, L., & Bulf, H. (2008). A predisposition for biological motion in the newborn baby. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 105, 809–813.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skerry, A. E., Carey, S. E., & Spelke, E. S. (2013). First-person action experience reveals sensitivity to action efficiency in prereaching infants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 110, 18728–18733.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sloane, S., Baillargeon, R., & Premack, D. (2012). Do infants have a sense of fairness? Psychological Science, 23, 196–204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sommerville, J. A., Woodward, A. L., & Needham, A. (2005). Action experience alters 3-month-old infants’ perception of others’ actions. Cognition, 96, B1–B11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Southgate, V. (2020). Are infants altercentric? The other and the self in early social cognition. Psychological Review, 127, 505–523.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Southgate, V., Johnson, M. H., & Csibra, G. (2008). Infants attribute goals even to biomechanically impossible actions. Cognition, 107, 1059–1069.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Southgate, V., Johnson, M. H., Osborne, T., & Csibra, G. (2009). Predictive motor activation during action observation in human infants. Biology Letters, 5, 769–772.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Southgate, V., & Vernetti, A. (2014). Belief-based action prediction in preverbal infants. Cognition, 130, 1–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., & Flament, C. (1971). Social categorization and intergroup behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1, 149–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomasello, M. (2008). Origins of Human Communication. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomasello, M. (2014). A Natural History of Human Thinking, Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomasello, M., Carpenter, M., Call, J., Behne, T., & Moll, H. (2005). Understanding and sharing intentions: The origins of cultural cognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28, 675–691.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (2010). Groups in mind: The coalitional roots of war and morality. In Høgh-Olesen, H. (ed.), Human Morality & Sociality: Evolutionary & Comparative Perspectives (pp. 191–234). New York: Palgrave MacMillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Troje, N. F., & Westhoff, C. (2006). The inversion effect in biological motion perception: Evidence for a “life detector”? Current Biology, 16, 821–824.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turiel, E. (1983). The Development of Social Knowledge: Morality and Convention. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Turiel, E., Killen, M., & Helwig, C. C. (1987). Morality: Its structure, function, and vagaries. In Kagan, J., & Lamb, S. (eds.), The Emergence of Morality in Young Children (pp. 155–243). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Umiltà, M. A., Kohler, E., Gallese, V., Fogassi, L., Fadiga, L., Keysers, C., & Rizzolatti, G. (2001). “I know what you are doing”: A neurophysiological study. Neuron, 32, 91–101.Google Scholar
Valenza, E., Simion, F., Cassia, V. M., & Umiltà, C. (1996). Face preference at birth. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22, 892.Google ScholarPubMed
Vallortigara, G., Regolin, L., & Marconato, F. (2005). Visually inexperienced chicks exhibit spontaneous preference for biological motion. PLoS Biology, 3, e208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vouloumanos, A., & Werker, J. F. (2007). Listening to language at birth: Evidence for a bias for speech in neonates. Developmental Science, 10, 159–164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warnecken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2006). Altruistic helping in human infants and young chimpanzees. Science, 311, 1301–1302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warnecken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2007). Helping and cooperation at 14 months of age. Infancy, 11, 271–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warnecken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2009). Varieties of altruism in children and chimpanzees. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13, 397–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wellman, H. M., Cross, D., & Watson, J. (2001). Meta-analysis of theory-of-mind development: The truth about false belief. Child Development, 72, 655–684.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wimmer, H., & Perner, J. (1983). Beliefs about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children’s understanding of deception. Cognition, 13, 103–128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woodward, A. L. (1998). Infants selectively encode the goal object of an actor’s reach. Cognition, 69, 1–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woodward, A. L. (1999). Infants’ ability to distinguish between purposeful and non-purposeful behaviors. Infant Behavior and Development, 22, 145–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodward, A. L., Sommerville, J. A., Gerson, S., Henderson, A. M. E., & Buresh, J. (2009). The emergence of intention attribution in infancy. In Ross, B. (ed.), Psychology of Learning and Motivation (Vol. 51, pp. 187–222). New York: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, F., & Carey, S. (1996). Infants’ metaphysics: The case of numerical identity. Cognitive Psychology, 30, 111–153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yoon, J. M. D., Johnson, M. H., & Csibra, G. (2008). Communication-induced memory biases in preverbal infants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 105, 13690–13695.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yu, C., & Smith, L. B. (2013). Joint attention without gaze following: Human infants and their parents coordinate visual attention to objects through eye–hand coordination. PLoS ONE, 8, e79659.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×