Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T12:57:11.061Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

16 - Emotion Regulation in Adulthood and Old Age: A Cognitive Aging Perspective on Strategy Use and Effectiveness

from Part III - Aging in a Socioemotional Context

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 May 2020

Ayanna K. Thomas
Affiliation:
Tufts University, Massachusetts
Angela Gutchess
Affiliation:
Brandeis University, Massachusetts
Get access

Summary

Although aging is associated with declines in domains such as physical health and cognitive abilities, a large body of research has provided evidence that older adults still report feeling positive. Prominent theories of emotional aging have suggested that this may be the result of increased emotion regulation abilities with age. Older adults are thought to choose and be more successful at certain strategies compared to younger adults. However, empirical evidence has not consistently supported all of the theoretical predictions. In this chapter, we discuss these predictions and how they relate specifically to aspects of cognitive aging. We will then discuss the evidence that both supports and refutes the claims made by these theories. Finally, we will attempt to reconcile the empirical findings with the theories to evaluate whether what we are seeing is actually age-related improvements, or evidence for stability and maintenance of emotional experience with age.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Cognitive Aging
A Life Course Perspective
, pp. 299 - 314
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Baltes, P. B., & Baltes, M. M. (1990). Psychological perspectives on successful aging: The model of selective optimization with compensation. Successful Aging: Perspectives from the Behavioral Sciences, 1(1), 134. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511665684.003Google Scholar
Carstensen, L. L. (1992). Social and emotional patterns in adulthood: Support for socioemotional selectivity theory. Psychology and Aging, 7(3), 331338. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.7.3.331CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carstensen, L. L., Fung, H. H., & Charles, S. T. (2003). Socioemotional selectivity theory and the regulation of emotion in the second half of life. Motivation and Emotion, 27(2), 103123. doi: 10.1023/A:1024569803230Google Scholar
Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. American Psychologist, 54(3), 165181. doi: 10.1037//0003-066X.54.3.165Google Scholar
Carstensen, L. L., Pasupathi, M., Mayr, U., & Nesselroade, J. R. (2000). Emotional experience in everyday life across the adult life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(4), 644655. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.79.4.644CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carstensen, L. L., Turan, B., Scheibe, S., et al. (2011). Emotional experience improves with age: Evidence based on over 10 years of experience sampling. Psychology and Aging, 26(1), 2133. doi: 10.1037/a0021285CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charles, S. T. (2010). Strength and vulnerability integration: A model of emotional well-being across adulthood. Psychological Bulletin, 136(6), 10681091. doi: 10.1037/a0021232CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charles, S. T., Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2003). Aging and emotional memory: The forgettable nature of negative images for older adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 32, 310324. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.132.2.310CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charles, S. T., Mogle, J., Urban, E. J., & Almeida, D. M. (2016). Daily events are important for age differences in mean and duration for negative affect but not positive affect. Psychology and Aging, 31(7), 661671. doi: 10.1037/pag0000118CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comblain, C., D’Argembeau, A., & Van der Linden, M. (2005). Phenomenal characteristics of autobiographical memories for emotional and neutral events in older and younger adults. Experimental Aging Research, 31(2), 173189. doi: 10.1080/03610730590915010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Craik, F. I., & Salthouse, T. A. (Eds.) (2011). The handbook of aging and cognition. New York: Psychology Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Luca, C. R., Wood, S. J., Anderson, V., et al. (2003). Normative data from the CANTAB. I: Development of executive function over the lifespan. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25(2), 242254. doi: 10.1076/jcen.25.2.242.13639CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foster, S. M., Kisley, M. A., Davis, H. P., et al. (2013). Cognitive function predicts neural activity associated with pre-attentive temporal processing. Neuropsychologia, 51(2), 211219. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.09.017CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gerstorf, D., Ram, N., Mayraz, G., et al. (2010). Late-life decline in well-being across adulthood in Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States: Something is seriously wrong at the end of life. Psychology and Aging, 25(2), 477485.Google Scholar
Gerstorf, D., Ram, N., Röcke, C., Lindenberger, U., & Smith, J. (2008). Decline in life satisfaction in old age: Longitudinal evidence for links to distance-to-death. Psychology and Aging, 23(1), 154168. doi: 10.1037/a0017543Google Scholar
Goldin, P. R., McRae, K., Ramel, W., & Gross, J. J. (2008). The neural bases of emotion regulation: Reappraisal and suppression of negative emotion. Biological Psychiatry, 63(6), 577586. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.05.031Google Scholar
Goldspink, D. F. (2005). Ageing and activity: Their effects on the functional reserve capacities of the heart and vascular smooth and skeletal muscles. Ergonomics, 48(11–14), 13341351. doi: doi.org/10.1080/00140130500101247Google Scholar
Graham, L., Parke, R. C., Paterson, M. C., & Stevenson, M. (2006). A study of the physical rehabilitation and psychological state of patients who sustained limb loss as a result of terrorist activity in Northern Ireland 1969–2003. Disability and Rehabilitation, 28(12), 797801. doi: 10.1080/09638280500386742CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271299. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, J. J. (2001). Emotion regulation in adulthood: Timing is everything. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(6), 214219. doi: 10.1111/1467-8721.00152Google Scholar
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348362. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hasin, D. S., Goodwin, R. D., Stinson, F. S., & Grant, B. F. (2005). Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(10), 10971106. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.10.1097CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Idler, E. L., & Benyamini, Y. (1997). Self-rated health and mortality: A review of twenty-seven community studies. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 38(1), 2137. doi: 10.2307/2955359Google Scholar
Isaacowitz, D. M. (2012). Mood regulation in real time: Age differences in the role of looking. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(4), 237242. doi: 10.1177/0963721412448651Google Scholar
Isaacowitz, D. M., Allard, E. S., Murphy, N. A., & Schlangel, M. (2009). The time course of age-related preferences toward positive and negative stimuli. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 64(2), 188192. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbn036CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Isaacowitz, D. M., & Blanchard-Fields, F. (2012). Linking process and outcome in the study of emotion and aging. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(1), 317. doi: 10.1177/1745691611424750CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isaacowitz, D. M., Livingstone, K. M., Harris, J. A., & Marcotte, S. L. (2015). Mobile eye tracking reveals little evidence for age differences in attentional selection for mood regulation. Emotion, 15(2), 151161. doi: 10.1037/emo0000037CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Isaacowitz, D. M., Toner, K., Goren, D., & Wilson, H. R. (2008). Looking while unhappy: Mood-congruent gaze in young adults, positive gaze in older adults. Psychological Science, 19(9), 848853. doi: doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02167.xGoogle Scholar
Isaacowitz, D. M., Toner, K., & Neupert, S. D. (2009). Use of gaze for real-time mood regulation: Effects of age and attentional functioning. Psychology and Aging, 24(4), 989994. doi: 10.1037/a0017706CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2004). Healthy and unhealthy emotion regulation: Personality processes, individual differences, and life span development. Journal of Personality, 72(6), 13011334. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00298.xGoogle Scholar
Keil, A., & Freund, A. M. (2009). Changes in the sensitivity to appetitive and aversive arousal across adulthood. Psychology and Aging, 24(3), 668680. doi: 10.1037/a0016969Google Scholar
Kensinger, E. A. (2008). Age differences in memory for arousing and nonarousing emotional words. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 63(1), 1318. doi: 10.1093/geronb/63.1.P13Google Scholar
Kessler, E. M., & Staudinger, U. M. (2009). Affective experience in adulthood and old age: The role of affective arousal and perceived affect regulation. Psychology and Aging, 24(2), 349362. doi: 10.1037/a0015352Google Scholar
Knight, M., Seymour, T. L., Gaunt, J. T., et al. (2007). Aging and goal-directed emotional attention: Distraction reverses emotional biases. Emotion, 7(4), 705714. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.705CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kunzmann, U., & Grühn, D. (2005). Age differences in emotional reactivity: The sample case of sadness. Psychology and Aging, 20(1), 4759. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.20.1.47Google Scholar
Kunzmann, U., Kupperbusch, C. S., & Levenson, R. W. (2005). Behavioral inhibition and amplification during emotional arousal: A comparison of two age groups. Psychology and Aging, 20(1), 144158. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.20.1.144CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kunzmann, U., Little, T. D., & Smith, J. (2000). Is age-related stability of subjective well-being a paradox? Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence from the Berlin Aging Study. Psychology and Aging, 15(3), 511526. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.15.3.511CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Labouvie-Vief, G., Diehl, M., Jain, E., & Zhang, F. (2007). Six-year change in affect optimization and affect complexity across the adult life span: A further examination. Psychology and Aging, 22(4), 738751. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.22.4.738Google Scholar
Lakens, D., McLatchie, N., Isager, P. M., Scheel, A. M., & Dienes, Z. (2018). Improving inferences about null effects with Bayes factors and equivalence tests. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 75(1), 4557. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gby065Google Scholar
Liang, Y., Huo, M., Kennison, R., & Zhou, R. (2017). The role of cognitive control in older adult cognitive reappraisal: Detached and positive reappraisal. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 11, p. 27. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00027Google Scholar
Livingstone, K. M., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2015). Situation selection and modification for emotion regulation in younger and older adults. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6(8), 904910. doi: 10.1177/1948550615593148Google Scholar
Lohani, M., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2014). Age differences in managing response to sadness elicitors using attentional deployment, positive reappraisal and suppression. Cognition and Emotion, 28(4), 678697. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2013.853648CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mather, M. (2012). The emotion paradox in the aging brain. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1251(1), 3349. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06471.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2003). Aging and attentional biases for emotional faces. Psychological Science, 14(5), 409415. doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.01455Google Scholar
Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2005). Aging and motivated cognition: The positivity effect in attention and memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(10), 496502. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2005.08.005Google Scholar
McRae, K., Jacobs, S. E., Ray, R. D., John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2012). Individual differences in reappraisal ability: Links to reappraisal frequency, well-being, and cognitive control. Journal of Research in Personality, 46(1), 27. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2011.10.003Google Scholar
Mroczek, D. K., & Kolarz, C. M. (1998). The effect of age on positive and negative affect: A developmental perspective on happiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(5), 13331349. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.75.5.1333Google Scholar
Mroczek, D. K., & SpiroIII, A. (2005). Change in life satisfaction during adulthood: Findings from the veterans affairs normative aging study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(1), 189202. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.88.1.189Google Scholar
Ochsner, K. N., & Gross, J. J. (2005). The cognitive control of emotion. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(5), 242249. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.010Google Scholar
Phillips, L. H., Henry, J. D., Hosie, J. A., & Milne, A. B. (2008). Effective regulation of the experience and expression of negative affect in old age. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 63(3), 138145. doi: 10.1093/geronb/63.3.P138Google Scholar
Reed, A. E., & Carstensen, L. L. (2012). The theory behind the age-related positivity effect. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, p. 339. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00339Google Scholar
Reed, A. E., Chan, L., & Mikels, J. A. (2014). Meta-analysis of the age-related positivity effect: Age differences in preferences for positive over negative information. Psychology and Aging, 29(1), 115. doi: 10.1037/a0035194Google Scholar
Riediger, M., Schmiedek, F., Wagner, G. G., & Lindenberger, U. (2009). Seeking pleasure and seeking pain: Differences in prohedonic and contra-hedonic motivation from adolescence to old age. Psychological Science, 20(12), 15291535. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02473.xGoogle Scholar
Rovenpor, D. R., Skogsberg, N. J., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2013). The choices we make: An examination of situation selection in younger and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 28(2), 365376. doi: 10.1037/a0030450Google Scholar
Salthouse, T. A. (2005). Relations between cognitive abilities and measures of executive functioning. Neuropsychology, 19(4), 532545. doi: 10.1037/0894-4105.19.4.532CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sands, M., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2017). Situation selection across adulthood: The role of arousal. Cognition and Emotion, 31(4), 791798. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2016.1152954Google Scholar
Sands, M., Livingstone, K. M., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2018). Characterizing age-related positivity effects in situation selection. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 42(4), 396404. doi: 10.1177/0165025417723086Google Scholar
Schilling, O. K., & Diehl, M. (2014). Reactivity to stressor pile-up in adulthood: Effects on daily negative and positive affect. Psychology and Aging, 29(1), 7283. doi: 10.1037/a0035500Google Scholar
Schmeichel, B. J., Volokhov, R. N., & Demaree, H. A. (2008). Working memory capacity and the self-regulation of emotional expression and experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(6), 15261540. doi: 10.1037/a0013345Google Scholar
Shiota, M. N., & Levenson, R. W. (2009). Effects of aging on experimentally instructed detached reappraisal, positive reappraisal, and emotional behavior suppression. Psychology and Aging, 24(4), 890900. doi: 10.1037/a0017896Google Scholar
Stone, A. A., Schwartz, J. E., Broderick, J. E., & Deaton, A. (2010). A snapshot of the age distribution of psychological well-being in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 107(22), 99859990. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1003744107Google Scholar
Uchino, B. N., Berg, C. A., Smith, T. W., Pearce, G., & Skinner, M. (2006). Age-related differences in ambulatory blood pressure during daily stress: Evidence for greater blood pressure reactivity with age. Psychology and Aging, 21(2), 231239. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.21.2.231Google Scholar
Uchino, B. N., Holt-Lunstad, J., Bloor, L. E., & Campo, R. A. (2005). Aging and cardiovascular reactivity to stress: Longitudinal evidence for changes in stress reactivity. Psychology and Aging, 20(1), 134143. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.20.1.134Google Scholar
Urry, H. L., & Gross, J. J. (2010). Emotion regulation in older age. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(6), 352357. doi: 10.1177/0963721410388395Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×