Book contents
- The Cambridge Handbook of Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis
- The Cambridge Handbook of Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Contributors
- Acknowledgments
- 1 Introduction to the Handbook of Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis
- Part I General Issues in Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis
- Part II Specific Clinical Assessment Methods
- 10 Clinical Interviewing
- 11 Multi-Informant Assessment of Psychopathology from Preschool through Old Age
- 12 Intellectual Assessment
- 13 Achievement Assessment
- 14 Using Vocational Assessment Tests
- 15 Neuropsychological Testing and Assessment
- 16 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF)
- 17 Personality Assessment Inventory
- 18 The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-IV (MCMI-IV)
- 19 Self-Report Scales for Common Mental Disorders
- 20 Performance-Based Techniques
- Part III Assessment and Diagnosis of Specific Mental Disorders
- Part IV Clinical Assessment in Specific Settings
- Index
- References
20 - Performance-Based Techniques
from Part II - Specific Clinical Assessment Methods
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 December 2019
Book contents
- The Cambridge Handbook of Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis
- The Cambridge Handbook of Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Contributors
- Acknowledgments
- 1 Introduction to the Handbook of Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis
- Part I General Issues in Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis
- Part II Specific Clinical Assessment Methods
- 10 Clinical Interviewing
- 11 Multi-Informant Assessment of Psychopathology from Preschool through Old Age
- 12 Intellectual Assessment
- 13 Achievement Assessment
- 14 Using Vocational Assessment Tests
- 15 Neuropsychological Testing and Assessment
- 16 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF)
- 17 Personality Assessment Inventory
- 18 The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-IV (MCMI-IV)
- 19 Self-Report Scales for Common Mental Disorders
- 20 Performance-Based Techniques
- Part III Assessment and Diagnosis of Specific Mental Disorders
- Part IV Clinical Assessment in Specific Settings
- Index
- References
Summary
This chapter reviews the performance-based techniques most commonly used by clinical psychologists. These include the Rorschach inkblot task, two picture story tasks (the Thematic Apperception Test and Adult Attachment Projective), two sentence stem tasks (the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank and Washington University Sentence Completion Test), and two types of prompted drawing tasks (variations of human figure drawings and the Wartegg Drawing Completion Test). We review how each measure is used as well as evidence for their reliability, validity, and normative standards. In order to facilitate optimal use of these measures in multimethod clinical assessment, we also contextualize them as typical performance methods that help illustrate what a person is prone to do in standardized contexts when given wide latitude to perform and differentiate them from maximum performance methods of ability that illustrate what a person can do when performing their best at a task with clear guidelines for success, or self- and informant-reported methods that indicate what a person is like based on linguistically mediated introspective recall.
Keywords
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Cambridge Handbook of Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis , pp. 278 - 290Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2019
References
Batty, G. D., Deary, I. J., Schoon, I., & Gale, C. R. (2007). Mental ability across childhood in relation to risk factors for premature mortality in adult life: The 1970 British Cohort Study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 61, 997–1003. doi:10.1136/jech.2006.054494CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beaudoin, M., & Desrichard, O. (2011). Are memory self-efficacy and memory performance related? A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 137, 211–241. doi:10.1037/a0022106Google Scholar
Bornstein, R. F. (1999). Criterion validity of objective and projective dependency tests: A meta-analytic assessment of behavioral prediction. Psychological Assessment, 11, 48–57. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.11.1.48Google Scholar
Buchheim, A., Erk, S., George, C., Kächele, H., Martius, P., Pokorny, D., … Walter, H. (2016). Neural response during the activation of the attachment system in patients with borderline personality disorder: An fMRI study. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10, 389.Google Scholar
Cohn, L. D., & Westenberg, P. M. (2004). Intelligence and maturity: Meta-analytic evidence for the incremental and discriminant validity of Loevinger’s measure of ego development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 760–772. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.5.760Google Scholar
Cramer, P. (2015). Defense mechanisms: 40 years of empirical research. Journal of Personality Assessment, 97, 114–123. doi:10.1080/00223891.2014.947997Google Scholar
Crisi, A. (2018). The Crisi Wartegg System (CWS): Manual for administration, scoring, and interpretation. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cronbach, L. J. (1990). Essentials of psychological testing (5th ed.). New York: Harper Collins.Google Scholar
Dean, K. L., Viglione, D. J., Perry, W., & Meyer, G. J. (2007). A method to optimize the response range while maintaining Rorschach Comprehensive System validity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 89, 149–161. doi:10.1080/00223890701468543.Google Scholar
Diener, M. J., Hilsenroth, M. J., Shaffer, S. A., & Sexton, J. E. (2011). A meta‐analysis of the relationship between the Rorschach Ego Impairment Index (EII) and psychiatric severity. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 18, 464–485. doi:10.1002/cpp.725Google Scholar
Exner, J. E. (1974). The Rorschach: A Comprehensive System, Vol. 1: Basic foundations. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Exner, J. E. (1996). Critical bits and the Rorschach response process. Journal of Personality Assessment, 67, 464–477.Google Scholar
Exner, J. E. (1997). Rorschach workshops and the future. 1997 Alumni Newsletter. Rorschach Workshops, Asheville, NC, July 7.Google Scholar
Exner, J. E. (2003). The Rorschach: A comprehensive system, Vol. 1: Basic foundations (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Fantini, F., Banis, A., Dell’Acqua, E., Durosini, I., & Aschieri, F. (2017) Exploring children’s induced defensiveness to the Tell Me a Story Test (TEMAS). Journal of Personality Assessment, 99, 275–285, doi:10.1080/00223891.2016.1261359CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finn, S. E., Fischer, C. T., & Handler, L. (Eds.). (2012). Collaborative/therapeutic assessment: A casebook and guide. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Garb, H. N. (1999). Call for a moratorium on the use of the Rorschach Inkblot Test in clinical and forensic settings. Assessment, 6, 313–317. doi:10.1177/107319119900600402CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
George, C., & West, M. (2012). The Adult Attachment Projective Picture System. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Graceffo, R. A., Mihura, J. L., & Meyer, G. J. (2014). A meta-analysis of an implicit measure of personality functioning: The Mutuality of Autonomy Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 96, 581–595. doi:10.1080/00223891.2014.919299CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grønnerød, C. (2003). Temporal stability in the Rorschach method: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Personality Assessment, 80, 272–293. doi:10.1207/S15327752JPA8003_06Google Scholar
Grønnerød, J. S., & Grønnerød, C. (2012). The Wartegg Zeichen Test: A literature overview and a meta-analysis of reliability and validity. Psychological Assessment, 24, 476–489. doi:10.1037/a0026100Google Scholar
Harris, D. B. (1964). Children’s drawings as measures of intellectual maturity: A revision and extension of the Goodenough Draw-A-Man test. Oxford: Harcourt, Brace & World.Google Scholar
Hathaway, S. R., & McKinley, J. C. (1942). Manual for the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Hosseininasab, A., Meyer, G. J., Viglione, D. J., Mihura, J. L., Berant, E., Resende, A. C., Reese, J., & Mohammadi, M. R. (2017). The effect of CS administration or an R-Optimized alternative on R-PAS Variables: A meta-analysis of findings from six studies. Journal of Personality Assessment, 101(2), 199–212. doi:10.1080/00223891.2017.1393430Google Scholar
Imuta, K., Scarf, D., Pharo, H., & Hayne, H. (2013). Drawing a close to the use of human figure drawings as a projective measure of intelligence. PLoS ONE, 8, e58991. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058991Google Scholar
Jenkins, S. R. (Ed.). (2008). A handbook of clinical scoring systems for thematic apperceptive techniques. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Kanazawa, S. (2012). Intelligence, birth order, and family size. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 1157–1164. doi:10.1177/0146167212445911Google Scholar
Lilienfeld, S. O., Wood, J. M., & Garb, H. N. (2000). The scientific status of projective techniques. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 1, 27–66. doi:10.1111/1529-1006.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loevinger, J. (1998). Technical foundations for measuring ego development: The Washington University sentence completion test. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
McClelland, D. C., Koestner, R., & Weinberger, J. (1989). How do self-attributed and implicit motives differ? Psychological Review, 96, 690–702. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.96.4.690Google Scholar
Meyer, G. J. (1997). On the integration of personality assessment methods: The Rorschach and MMPI. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68, 297–330. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6802_5.Google Scholar
Meyer, G. J. (Ed.). (2001). Special Section II: The utility of the Rorschach for clinical assessment [Special Section]. Psychological Assessment, 13, 419–502.Google Scholar
Meyer, G. J., & Archer, R. P. (2001). The hard science of Rorschach research: What do we know and where do we go? Psychological Assessment, 13, 486–502. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.13.4.486Google Scholar
Meyer, G. J., & Erdberg, P. (2018). Using the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS) norms with an emphasis on child and adolescent protocols. In Mihura, J. L. & Meyer, G. J. (Eds.). Using the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS) (pp. 46–61). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Meyer, G. J., Erdberg, P., & Shaffer, T. W. (2007). Towards international normative reference data for the Comprehensive System. Journal of Personality Assessment, 89, S201–S216. doi:10.1080/00223890701629342Google Scholar
Meyer, G. J., Finn, S. E., Eyde, L., Kay, G. G., Moreland, K. L., Dies, R. R. et al. (2001). Psychological testing and psychological assessment: A review of evidence and issues. American Psychologist, 56, 128–165. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.56.2.128CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyer, G. J., Giromini, L., Viglione, D. J., Reese, J. B., & Mihura, J. L. (2015). The association of gender, ethnicity, age, and education with Rorschach scores. Assessment, 22, 46–64. doi:10.1177/1073191114544358Google Scholar
Meyer, G. J., Hsiao, W., Viglione, D. J., Mihura, J. L., & Abraham, L. M. (2013). Rorschach scores in applied clinical practice: A survey of perceived validity by experienced clinicians. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95, 351–365. doi:10.1080/00223891.2013.770399Google Scholar
Meyer, G. J., Mihura, J. L., & Smith, B. L. (2005). The interclinician reliability of Rorschach interpretation in four data sets. Journal of Personality Assessment, 84, 296–314. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8403_09CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyer, G. J., Riethmiller, R. J., Brooks, R. D., Benoit, W. A., & Handler, L. (2000). A replication of Rorschach and MMPI-2 convergent validity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 74, 175–215. doi:10.1207/S15327752JPA7402_3Google Scholar
Meyer, G. J., Shaffer, T. W., Erdberg, P., & Horn, S. L. (2015). Addressing issues in the development and use of the Composite International Reference Values as Rorschach norms for adults. Journal of Personality Assessment, 97, 330–347. doi:10.1080/00223891.2014.961603CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyer, G. J., Viglione, D. J., Erdberg, P., Exner, J. E. Jr., & Shaffer, T. (2004). CS scoring differences in the Rorschach Workshop and Fresno nonpatient samples. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality Assessment, Miami, FL, March 11.Google Scholar
Meyer, G. J., Viglione, D. J., & Mihura, J. L. (2017). Psychometric foundations of the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS). In Erard, R. & Evans, B. (Eds.), The Rorschach in multimethod forensic practice (pp. 23–91). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Meyer, G. J., Viglione, D. J., Mihura, J. L., Erard, R. E., & Erdberg, P. (2011). Rorschach Performance Assessment System: Administration, coding, interpretation, and technical Manual. Toledo, OH: Rorschach Performance Assessment System.Google Scholar
Mihura, J. L., Dumitrascu, N., Roy, M., & Meyer, G. J. (2018). The centrality of the response process in construct validity: An illustration via the Rorschach Space response. Journal of Personality Assessment, 100, 233–249. doi:10.1080/00223891.2017.1306781Google Scholar
Mihura, J. L., Meyer, G. J., Bombel, G., & Dumitrascu, N. (2015). Standards, accuracy, and questions of bias in Rorschach meta-analyses: Reply to Wood, Garb, Nezworski, Lilienfeld, and Duke (2015). Psychological Bulletin, 141, 250–260. doi:10.1037/a0038445Google Scholar
Mihura, J. L., Meyer, G. J., Dumitrascu, N., & Bombel, G. (2013). The validity of individual Rorschach variables: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the comprehensive system. Psychological Bulletin, 139, 548–605. doi:10.1037/a0029406Google Scholar
Mihura, J. L., Roy, M., & Graceffo, R. A. (2017). Psychological assessment training in clinical psychology doctoral programs. Journal of Personality Assessment, 99, 153–164. doi:10.1080/00223891.2016.1201978Google Scholar
Müller, L. E., Bertsch, K., Bülau, K., Herpertz, S. C., & Buchheim, A. (2018). Emotional neglect in childhood shapes social dysfunctioning in adults by influencing the oxytocin and the attachment system: Results from a population-based study. International Journal of Psychophysiology. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.05.011Google Scholar
Murray, H. A. (1943). Thematic Apperception Test manual. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Naglieri, J. A. (1988). Draw a Person: A quantitative scoring system. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Naglieri, J. A., McNeish, T., & Bardos, A. (1991). Draw a person: Screening procedure for emotional disturbance. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.Google Scholar
Parsons, S. (2014). Childhood cognition in the 1970 British Cohort Study. London: Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Institute of Education, University of London.Google Scholar
Picano, J. J., Roland, R. R., Rollins, K. D., & Williams, T. J. (2002). Development and validation of a sentence completion test measure of defensive responding in military personnel assessed for nonroutine missions. Military Psychology, 14(4), 279–298. doi:10.1207/S15327876MP1404_4Google Scholar
Pignolo, C., Giromini, L., Ando’, A., Ghirardello, D., Di Girolamo, M., Ales, F., & Zennaro, A. (2017). An interrater reliability study of Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R–PAS) raw and complexity-adjusted scores. Journal of Personality Assessment, 99, 619–625. doi:10.1080/00223891.2017.1296844Google Scholar
Reynolds, C. R., & Hickman, J. A. (2004). Draw-A-Person Intellectual Ability Test for children, adolescents, and adults: Examiner’s manual (DAP:IQ). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.Google Scholar
Roberts, J., & Engel, A. (1974). Family background, early development, and intelligence of children 6–11 years: United States. Vital and Health Statistics Series 11(142). www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/series/series11.htmGoogle Scholar
Rorschach, H. (1942). Psychodiagnostics: A diagnostic test based on perception. Bern: Verlag Hans Huber.Google Scholar
Rotter, J. B., Lah, M. I., & Rafferty, J. E. (1992). Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank manual (2nd ed.). Orlando, FL: Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Scott, L. H. (1981). Measuring intelligence with the Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test. Psychological Bulletin, 89, 483–505. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.89.3.483Google Scholar
Searls, D. (2017). The inkblots: Hermann Rorschach, his iconic test, and the power of seeing. New York: Crown Publishers.Google Scholar
Sewell, K. W., & Helle, A. C. (2018). Dissimulation on projective measures: An updated appraisal of a very old question. In Rogers, R. & Bender, S. D. (Eds.), Clinical assessment of malingering and deception (pp. 301–313). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Shaffer, T. W., Erdberg, P., & Meyer, G. J. (Eds.). (2007). International reference samples for the Rorschach Comprehensive System [Special issue]. Journal of Personality Assessment, 89(Suppl. 1).Google Scholar
Sherry, A., Dahlen, E., & Holaday, M. (2004). The use of sentence completion tests with adults. In Hilsenroth, M. J. & Segal, D. L. (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of psychological assessment, Vol. 2: Personality assessment (pp. 372–386). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Smith, J. D., Eichler, W. C., Norman, K. R., & Smith, S. R. (2015). The effectiveness of collaborative/therapeutic assessment for psychotherapy consultation: A pragmatic replicated single-case study. Journal of Personality Assessment, 97, 261–270. doi:10.1080/00223891.2014.955917Google Scholar
Stein, M. B., & Slavin-Mulford, J. (2018). The Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale-Global Rating Method (SCORS-G): A comprehensive guide for clinicians and researchers. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Sultan, S., Andronikof, A., Réveillère, C., & Lemmel, G. (2006). A Rorschach stability study in a nonpatient adult sample. Journal of Personality Assessment, 87, 330–348. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8703_13Google Scholar
Teglasi, H. (2010). Essentials of TAT and other storytelling assessments (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Tharinger, D. J., & Roberts, G. (2014). Human figure drawings in therapeutic assessment with children: Process, product, context, and systemic impact. In Handler, L. & Thomas, A. D. (Eds.), Drawings in assessment and psychotherapy: Research and application (pp. 17–41). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Tharinger, D. J., & Stark, K. D. (1990). A qualitative versus quantitative approach to evaluating the Draw-A-Person and Kinetic Family Drawing: A study of mood- and anxiety-disorder children. Psychological Assessment, 2, 365–375. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.2.4.365Google Scholar
Thomas, C. B. (1966). An atlas of figure drawings: Studies on the psychological characteristics of medical students – III. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press.Google Scholar
Viglione, D. J., Blume-Marcovici., A. C., Miller, H. L., Giromini, L., & Meyer, G. J. (2012). An initial inter-rater reliability study for the Rorschach Performance Assessment System. Journal of Personality Assessment, 94, 607–612. doi:10.1080/00223891.2012.684118Google Scholar
Viglione, D. J., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2001). The Rorschach: Facts, fiction, and future. Psychological Assessment, 13, 452–471. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.13.4.452Google Scholar
Weiner, I. B., & Greene, R. L. (2017). Handbook of personality assessment (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Westenberg, P. M., Hauser, S. T., & Cohn, L. D. (2004). Sentence completion measurement of psychosocial maturity. In Hilsenroth, M. J. & Segal, D. L. (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of psychological assessment, Vol. 2: Personality assessment (pp. 595–616). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
White, J., & Batty, G. D. (2012). Intelligence across childhood in relation to illegal drug use in adulthood: 1970 British Cohort Study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 66, 767–774. doi:10.1136/jech-2011-200252Google Scholar
Winter, D. G., John, O. P., Stewart, A. J., Klohnen, E. C., & Duncan, L. E. (1998). Traits and motives: Toward an integration of two traditions in personality research. Psychological Review, 105, 230–250. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.105.2.230Google Scholar
Wood, J. M., Garb, H. N., Nezworski, M. T., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Duke, M. C. (2015). A second look at the validity of widely used Rorschach indices: Comment on Mihura, Meyer, Dumitrascu, and Bombel (2013). Psychological Bulletin, 141, 236–249. doi:10.1037/a0036005Google Scholar
Wood, J. M., Nezworski, M. T., Garb, H. N., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2001). The misperception of psychopathology: Problems with norms of the Comprehensive System for the Rorschach. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 8, 350–373. doi:10.1093/clipsy/8.3.350Google Scholar
Wright, C. V., Beattie, S. G., Galper, D. I., Church, A. S., Bufka, L. F., Brabender, V. M., & Smith, B. L. (2017). Assessment practices of professional psychologists: Results of a national survey. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 48, 73–78. doi:10.1037/pro0000086Google Scholar
- 2
- Cited by