Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T19:14:30.176Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

34 - Assessment Issues within Neuropsychological Settings

from Part IV - Clinical Assessment in Specific Settings

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 December 2019

By
F. Taylor Agate  and
Mauricio A. Garcia-Barrera
Edited by
Martin Sellbom  and
Julie A. Suhr
Martin Sellbom
Affiliation:
University of Otago, New Zealand
Julie A. Suhr
Affiliation:
Ohio University
Get access

Summary

The practice of neuropsychology offers a unique yet multidimensional approach to clinical assessment, with its emphasis on the Bio-Psycho-Social Model. This chapter addresses a variety of issues that are relevant in our field, beginning with a discussion of the recommended model of training in neuropsychology and purposes of neuropsychological assessment. To give the reader a sense of the current context of neuropsychological assessment, we also describe the most typical work settings and specific issues in each, as well as populations seen and instruments used in our field. We then discuss some aspects of the assessment process that neuropsychologists consider, in addition to common challenges of our clinical and research practice, such as the assessment of practice effects, effort, individuals from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds, and general validity issues. We end this chapter with a brief discussion of the future of neuropsychological assessment and how technology may play a key role in shaping the activities and settings of our practice.

Keywords

neuropsychologyclinical neuropsychologyneuropsychological assessmentpsychologyclinicaltrainingsettingspopulationsneuropsychological teststechnology
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis , pp. 472 - 484
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

AACN (American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology). (1999). American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology policy on the use of nondoctoral personnel in conducting clinical neuropsychological evaluations. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 13(4), 385. https://doi.org/10.1076/1385–4046(199911)13:04;1-Y;FT385.Google Scholar
Allain, P., Foloppe, D. A., Besnard, J., Yamaguchi, T., Etcharry-Bouyx, F., Le Gall, D., … & Richard, P. (2014). Detecting everyday action deficits in Alzheimer’s disease using a nonimmersive virtual reality kitchen. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 20(5), 468–477.Google Scholar
Au, R., Piers, R. J., & Devine, S. (2017). How technology is reshaping cognitive assessment: Lessons from the Framingham Heart Study. Neuropsychology, 31(8), 846–861. doi:10.1037/neu0000411.Google Scholar
Aubin, G., Béliveau, M. F., & Klinger, E. (2018). An exploration of the ecological validity of the Virtual Action Planning–Supermarket (VAP-S) with people with schizophrenia. Neuropsychological rehabilitation, 28(5), 689–708.Google Scholar
Ardila, A. (2007). The impact of culture on neuropsychological test performance. In Uzzell, B. P., Ponton, M., & Ardila, A. (Eds.), International handbook of cross-cultural neuropsychology (pp. 23–44). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Baum, K.T., von Thomsen, C., Elam, M., Murphy, C., Gerstle, M., Austin, C.A., & Beebe, D. W. (2018). Communication is key: The utility of a revised neuropsychological report format. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 32(3), 345–367. doi:10.1080/13854046.2017.1413208Google Scholar
Besnard, J., Richard, P., Banville, F., Nolin, P., Aubin, G., Le Gall, D., … & Allain, P. (2016). Virtual reality and neuropsychological assessment: The reliability of a virtual kitchen to assess daily-life activities in victims of traumatic brain injury. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 23(3), 223–235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blair, J. R., & Spreen, O. (1989). Predicting premorbid IQ: A revision of the National Adult Reading Test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 3, 129–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boone, K. B. (2007). Assessment of feigned cognitive impairment: A neuropsychological perspective. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Brouillette, R. M., Foil, H., Fontenot, S., Correro, A., Allen, R., Martin, C. K., … & Keller, J. N. (2013). Feasibility, reliability, and validity of a smartphone based application for the assessment of cognitive function in the elderly. PloS ONE, 8(6), e65925.Google Scholar
Brown, E. L., Ruggiano, N., Li, J., Clarke, P. J., Kay, E. S., & Hristidis, V. (2017). Smartphone-based health technologies for dementia care: Opportunities, challenges, and current practices. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 38(1), 73–91. doi:10.1177/0733464817723088Google Scholar
Bush, S. S., Ruff, R. M., Tröster, A. I., Barth, J. T., Koffler, S. P., Pliskin, N. H., … & Silver, C. H. (2005). Symptom validity assessment: Practice issues and medical necessity NAN Policy & Planning Committee. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20(4), 419–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2005.02.002Google Scholar
Bush, S. S., Sweet, J. J., Bianchini, K. J., Johnson-Greene, D., Dean, P. M., & Schoenberg, M. R. (2018). Deciding to adopt revised and new psychological and neuropsychological tests: An inter-organizational position paper. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 32(3), 319–325. doi:10.1080/13854046.2017.1422277Google Scholar
Butcher, J. N., Dahlstrom, W. G., Graham, J. R., Tellegen, A., & Kaemmer, B. (1989). MMPI-2:Manual for administration and scoring. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Canini, M., Battista, P., Della Rosa, P. A., Catricalà, E., Salvatore, C., Gilardi, M. C., & Castiglioni, I. (2014). Computerized neuropsychological assessment in aging: testing efficacy and clinical ecology of different interfaces. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine. doi:10.1155/2014/804723CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collie, A., Darby, D., & Maruff, P. (2001). Computerised cognitive assessment of athletes with sports related head injury. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 35(5), 297–302. doi:10.1136/bjsm.35.5.297.Google Scholar
Cullum, C. M., Hynan, L. S., Grosch, M., Parikh, M., & Weiner, M. F. (2014). Teleneuropsychology: Evidence for video teleconference-based neuropsychological assessment. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 20(10), 1028–1033. doi:10.1017/S1355617714000873Google Scholar
Davis, R., & Penney, D. L. (2014). U.S. Patent No. 8,740,819. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.Google Scholar
de Frias, C. M., Dixon, R. A., Fisher, N., & Camicioli, R. (2007). Intraindividual variability in neurocognitive speed: A comparison of Parkinson’s disease and normal older adults. Neuropsychologia, 45(11), 2499–2507. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.03.022Google Scholar
Delaney, R. C. (2003). The practice of clinical neuropsychology in a VA setting. In Lamberty, G. J., Courtney, J. C., & Heilbronner, R. L. (Eds.), The practice of clinical neuropsychology (pp. 267–279). Leiden: Swets & Zeitlinger.Google Scholar
Delis, D. C., Kramer, J. H., Kaplan, E., & Ober, B. A. (2000). The California Verbal Learning Test – Second Edition: Adult version manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Division 40 Task Force on Education Accreditation Credentialing. (1991). Recommendations for the education and training of nondoctoral personnel in clinical neuropsychology. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 3(1), 23–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854049108401838Google Scholar
Duggan, E. C., Awakon, L. M., Loaiza, C. C., & Garcia-Barrera, M. A. (2018). Contributing towards a cultural neuropsychology assessment decision-making framework: comparison of WAIS-IV norms from Colombia, Chile, Mexico, Spain, United States, and Canada. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 34(5), 657–681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acy074Google Scholar
Dykiert, D., Der, G., Starr, J. M., & Deary, I. J. (2012). Age differences in intra-individual variability in simple and choice reaction time: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 7(10). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045759.Google Scholar
Elbulok-Charcape, M. M., Rabin, L. A., Spadaccini, A. T., & Barr, W. B. (2014). Trends in the neuropsychological assessment of ethnic/racial minorities: A survey of clinical neuropsychologists in the United States and Canada. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 20(3), 353–361. doi:10.1037/a0035023.Google Scholar
Evans, J. J. (2010). Basic concepts and principles of neuropsychological assessment. In Gurd, J. M., Kischka, U., & Marshall, J. C. (Eds.), Handbook of clinical neuropsychology (pp. 15–27). New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fellows, R. P., Dahmen, J., Cook, D., & Schmitter-Edgecombe, M. (2017). Multicomponent analysis of a digital Trail Making Test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 31(1), 154–167.Google Scholar
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). “Mini-mental state”: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of psychiatric research, 12(3), 189–198.Google Scholar
Geurts, H. M., Grasman, R. P., Verté, S., Oosterlaan, J., Roeyers, H., van Kammen, S. M., & Sergeant, J. A. (2008). Intra-individual variability in ADHD, autism spectrum disorders and Tourette’s syndrome. Neuropsychologia, 46(13), 3030–3041. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.06.013.Google Scholar
Gioia, G. A., Isquith, P. K., Guy, S. C., & Kenworthy, L. (2015). BRIEF-2: Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar
Gorus, E., De Raedt, R., Lambert, M., Lemper, J. C., & Mets, T. (2008). Reaction times and performance variability in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 21(3), 204–218. doi:10.1177/0891988708320973.Google Scholar
Grosch, M. C., Gottlieb, M. C., & Cullum, C. M. (2011). Initial practice recommendations for teleneuropsychology. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 25(7), 1119–1133. doi:10.1080/13854046.2011.609840.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Groth-Marnat, G. E. (2000). Neuropsychological assessment in clinical practice: A guide to test interpretation and integration. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Halliday, D. W. R., Mulligan, B. P., Garrett, D. D., Schmidt, S., Hundza, S. R., Garcia-Barrera, M. A., Stawski, R. S., & MacDonald, S. W. S. (2018). Mean and variability in functional brain activations differentially predict executive function in older adults: An investigation employing functional near-infrared spectroscopy, Neurophotonics 5(1), 011013. doi:10.1117/1.NPh.5.1.011013.Google Scholar
Hannay, J., Bieliauskas, L., Crosson, B., Hammeke, T., Hamsher, K., & Koffler, S. (1998). Proceedings of the Houston Conference on Specialty Education and Training in Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 13, 157–250.Google Scholar
Harris, J. G. (2002). Ethical decision making with individuals of diverse ethnic, cultural, and linguistic backgrounds. In Bush, S. S. & Drexler, M. L. (Eds.), Ethical issues in clinical neuropsychology (pp. 223–241). Leiden: Swets & Zeitlinger.Google Scholar
Heaton, R. K., Chelune, G. J., Talley, J. L., Kay, C. G., & Curtiss, G. (1993). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar
Hebben, N & Milberg, W. (2002). Essentials of neuropsychological assessment. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Hilborn, J. V., Strauss, E., Hultsch, D. F., & Hunter, M. A. (2009). Intraindividual variability across cognitive domains: Investigation of dispersion levels and performance profiles in older adults. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 31(4), 412–424.Google Scholar
Hill, B. D., & Rohling, M. L. (2011). Diagnostic utility of measures of variability in patients suffering from traumatic brain injury: Intra-individual variability as an indicator of validity and pathology. In Baker, K. S. & Edwards, N. C. (Eds.), Brain injuries: New research (pp. 159–174). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science.Google Scholar
Kamphaus, R. W., & Reynolds, C. R. (2015). Behavior Assessment System for Children – Third Edition (BASC-3): Behavioral and emotional screening system (BESS). Bloomington, MN: Pearson.Google Scholar
Kaplan, E.F., Goodglass, H., & Weintraub, S. (1983). The Boston Naming Test – Second Edition. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.Google Scholar
Karr, J. E., Garcia-Barrera, M. A., Holdnack, J. A., & Iverson, G. L. (2016). Using multivariate base rates to interpret low scores on an abbreviated battery of the Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 32(3), 297–305. doi:10.1093/arclin/acw105.Google Scholar
Karr, J. E., Garcia-Barrera, M. A., Holdnack, J. A., & Iverson, G. L. (2017). Advanced clinical interpretation of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System: Multivariate base rates of low scores. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 32(1), 1–12. doi:10.1080/13854046.2017.1334828.Google Scholar
Kløve, H. (1963). Grooved pegboard. Lafayette, IN: Lafayette Instruments.Google Scholar
Kubu, C. S., Ready, R. E., Festa, J. R., Roper, B. L., & Pliskin, N. H. (2016). The times they are a changin’: Neuropsychology and integrated care teams. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 30(1), 51–65.Google Scholar
Larrabee, G. J. (2007). Assessment of malingered neuropsychological deficits. New York: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar
Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., Bigler, E. D., & Tranel, D. (2012). Neuropsychological assessment (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
MacDonald, S. W., Nyberg, L., & Bäckman, L. (2006). Intra-individual variability in behavior: Links to brain structure, neurotransmission and neuronal activity. Trends in Neurosciences, 29(8), 474–480.Google Scholar
Malek-Ahmadi, M., Erickson, T., Puente, A. E., Pliskin, N., & Rock, R. (2012). The use of psychometrists in clinical neuropsychology: History, current status, and future directions. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 19(1), 26–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKinlay, W. W., McGowan, M., & Russell, J. V. (2010). Forensic issues in neuropsychology. In Gurd, J. M., Kischka, U., & Marshall, J. C. (Eds.), Handbook of clinical neuropsychology (pp. 741–761). New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyers, J. E., & Meyers, K. R. (1995). Rey Complex Figure Test and recognition trial: Professional manual. Odessa, TX: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar
Miller, J. B., & Barr, W. B. (2017). The technology crisis in neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 32(5), 541–554.Google Scholar
Moore, R. C., Swendsen, J., & Depp, C. A. (2017). Applications for self‐administered mobile cognitive assessments in clinical research: A systematic review. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 26(4), e1562.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neguț, A., Matu, S. A., Sava, F. A., & David, D. (2016). Virtual reality measures in neuropsychological assessment: A meta-analytic review. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 30(2), 165–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2016.1144793.Google Scholar
Nelson, H. E. (1982). National Adult reading test (NART): Test manual. Windsor, UK: NFER-Nelson.Google Scholar
Nolin, P., Stipanicic, A., Henry, M., Lachapelle, Y., Lussier-Desrochers, D., & Allain, P. (2016). ClinicaVR: Classroom-CPT: A virtual reality tool for assessing attention and inhibition in children and adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 59, 327–333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ponsford, J. (2017). International growth of neuropsychology. Neuropsychology, 31(8), 921–933. doi:10.1037/neu0000415.Google Scholar
Poreh, A. (2002). Neuropsychological and psychological issues associated with cross-cultural and minority assessment. In Ferraro, F. R. (Ed.), Minority and cross-cultural aspects of neuropsychological assessment (pp. 329–343). Leiden: Swets & Zeitlinger.Google Scholar
Psychological Corporation. (2001). The Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Puente, A. E., Adams, R., Barr, W., Bush, S. S., & NAN Policy and Planning Committee. (2006). The use, education, training, and supervision of neuropsychological test technicians (psychometrists) in clinical practice: Official statement of the National Academy of Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21(8), 837–839. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2006.08.011.Google Scholar
Puente, A. E., Ojeda, C., Zink, D., Portillo Reyes, V. (2015). Neuropsychological testing of Spanish speakers. In Geisinger, K. F. (Ed.), Psychological testing of Hispanics (pp. 135–152). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Rabin, L. A., Barr, W. B., & Burton, L. A. (2005). Assessment practices of clinical neuropsychologists in the United States and Canada: A survey of INS, NAN, and APA Division 40 members. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20(1), 33–65. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2004.02.005.Google Scholar
Rabin, L. A., Paolillo, E., & Barr, W. B. (2016). Stability in test-usage practices of clinical neuropsychologists in the United States and Canada over a 10-year period: A follow-up survey of INS and NAN members. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 31(3), 206–230. doi:10.1093/arclin/acw007.Google Scholar
Rabin, L. A., Spadaccini, A. T., Brodale, D. L., Grant, K. S., Elbulok-Charcape, M. M., & Barr, W. B. (2014). Utilization rates of computerized tests and test batteries among clinical neuropsychologists in the United States and Canada. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 45(5), 368–377. doi:10.1037/a0037987.Google Scholar
Rabinowitz, A. R., & Arnett, P. A. (2013). Intraindividual cognitive variability before and after sports-related concussion. Neuropsychology, 27(4), 481–490. doi:10.1037/a0033023.Google Scholar
Randolph, C. (2012). RBANS update: Repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status. Bloomington, MN: NCS Pearson.Google Scholar
Reitan, R. M. (1958). Validity of the Trail Making test as an indicator of organic brain damage. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 8, 271–276.Google Scholar
Resnick, H. E., & Lathan, C. E. (2016). From battlefield to home: A mobile platform for assessing brain health. Mhealth, 2(30), 1–6.Google Scholar
Reynolds, C. R., & Kamphaus, R. W. (2015). Behavior assessment system for children—third edition (BASC-3). Bloomington, MN: Pearson.Google Scholar
Ricker, J. H. (2003). Neuropsychological practice in medical rehabilitation. In Lamberty, G. J., Courtney, J. C., and Heilbronner, R. L. (Eds.), The practice of clinical neuropsychology (pp. 305–317). Leiden: Swets & Zeitlinger.Google Scholar
Rizzo, A., & Koenig, S. T. (2017). Is clinical virtual reality ready for primetime?. Neuropsychology, 31(8), 877–899. doi:10.1037/neu0000405.Google Scholar
Schinka, J. A., & Vanderploeg, R. D (2000). Estimating premorbid level of functioning. In: Vanderploeg, R. D. (Ed.), Clinician’s guide to neuropsychological assessment (2nd ed., pp. 39–67). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Schopp, L., Johnstone, B., & Merrell, D. (2000). Telehealth and neuropsychological assessment: New opportunities for psychologists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 31(2), 179–183. doi:10.1037//0735-7028.31.2.179,Google Scholar
Schultheis, M. T., & Rizzo, A. A. (2001). The application of virtual reality technology in rehabilitation. Rehabilitation psychology, 46(3), 296–311. doi:10.1037/0090–5550.46.3.296.Google Scholar
Schweitzer, P., Husky, M., Allard, M., Amieva, H., Pérès, K., Foubert‐Samier, A., … & Swendsen, J. (2017). Feasibility and validity of mobile cognitive testing in the investigation of age‐related cognitive decline. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 26(3), e1521.Google Scholar
Souillard-Mandar, W., Davis, R., Rudin, C., Au, R., Libon, D. J., Swenson, R., … & Penney, D. L. (2016). Learning classification models of cognitive conditions from subtle behaviors in the digital clock drawing test. Machine learning, 102(3), 393–441. doi:10.1007/s10994-015-5529-5.Google Scholar
Stedman, J. M. (2006). What we know about predoctoral internship training: A review. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, S(2), 80–95.Google Scholar
Strauss, E., Slick, D. J., Levy-Bencheton, J., Hunter, M., MacDonald, S. W., & Hultsch, D. F. (2002). Intraindividual variability as an indicator of malingering in head injury. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 17(5), 423–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887–6177(01)00126–3.Google Scholar
Stringer, A. Y., & Nadolne, M. J. (2000). Neuropsychological assessment: Contexts for contemporary clinical practice. In Groth-Marnat, G. (Ed.), Neuropsychological assessment in clinical practice (pp. 26–47). John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Stuss, D. T., Murphy, K. J., Binns, M. A., & Alexander, M. P. (2003). Staying on the job: The frontal lobes control individual performance variability. Brain, 126 (11), 2363–2380.Google Scholar
Stuss, D. T., Pogue, J., Buckle, L., & Bondar, J. (1994). Characterization of stability of performance in patients with traumatic brain injury: variability and consistency on reaction time tests. Neuropsychology, 8(3), 316. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894–4105.8.3.316.Google Scholar
Suzuki, L. A., & Ponterotto, J. G. (Eds.). (2007). Handbook of multicultural assessment: Clinical, psychological, and educational applications. John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Sweet, J. J. (1999). Malingering: differential diagnosis. In J. J. Sweet, Forensic Neuropsychology: Fundamentals and practice (pp. 255–285). Leiden: Sets & Zeitlinger.Google Scholar
Sweet, J. J., Benson, L. M., Nelson, N. W., & Moberg, P. J. (2015). The American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology, National Academy of Neuropsychology, and Society for Clinical Neuropsychology (APA Division 40) 2015 TCN professional practice and ‘salary survey’: Professional practices, beliefs, and incomes of US neuropsychologists. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 29(8), 1069–1162.Google Scholar
Sweet, J. J., Ecklund-Johnson, E., & Malina, A. (2008). Forensic neuropsychology: An overview of issues and directions. In Morgan, J. E. and Ricker, J. H. (Eds.), Textbook of clinical neuropsychology (pp. 869–890). New York: Taylor & Francis Group.Google Scholar
Sweet, J. J., Lee, C., Guidotti Breting, L. M., & Benson, L. M. (2018). Gender in clinical neuropsychology: Practice survey trends and comparisons outside the specialty. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 32(2), 186–216. doi:10.1080/13854046.2017.1365932Google Scholar
Sweet, J. J., Moberg, P. J., & Suchy, Y. (2000). Ten-year follow-up survey of clinical neuropsychologists: Part I. Practices and beliefs. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 14(1), 18–37.Google Scholar
Torres, I. J., & Pliskin, N. H. (2003). Adult practice in a university-affiliated medical center. In Lamberty, G. J., Courtney, J. C., and Heilbronner, R. L. (Eds.), The practice of clinical neuropsychology (pp. 213–225). Leiden: Swets & Zeitlinger.Google Scholar
Vanderploeg, R. D., & Schinka, J. A. (2004). Estimation of premorbid cognitive abilities: Issues and approaches. In Ricker, J. H. (Ed.), Differential diagnosis in adult neuropsychological assessment (pp. 27–65). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (2003). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fourth Edition (WISC-IV). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (2008). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Fourth Edition (WAIS–IV). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (2009). Wechsler Memory Scale – Fourth Edition (WMS-IV). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (2011). Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence – Second Edition (WASI-II). San Antonio, TX: NCS Pearson.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (2014). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fifth Edition (WISC-V). San Antonio, TX: NCS Pearson.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×