Arnon, Inbal, and Snider, Neal. 2010. More than words: Frequency effects for multi-word phrases. Journal of Memory and Language 62(1):67–82.Google Scholar

Arppe, Antti, Hendrix, Peter, Milin, Petar, Baayen, R. Harald, Sering, Tino, and Shaoul, Cyrus. 2018. ndl: Naive discriminative learning. R package version 0.2.18. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ndl/index.html.Google Scholar

Baayen, R. Harald, Chuang, Yu-Ying, and Blevins, James P.. 2018. Inflectional morphology with linear mappings. The Mental Lexicon 13(2): 230–268.Google Scholar

Baayen, R. Harald, Hendrix, Peter, and Ramscar, Michael. 2013. Sidestepping the combinatorial explosion: An explanation of n-gram frequency effects based on naive discriminative learning. Language and Speech 56(3): 329–347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baayen, R. Harald, and Ramscar, Michael. 2015. Abstraction, storage and naive discriminative learning. In Handbook of cognitive linguistics, ed. Dabrowska, Ewa and Divjak, Dagmar, 99–120. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar

Baayen, R. Harald, and Renouf, Antoinette. 1996. Chronicling the Times: Productive lexical innovations in an English newspaper. Language 72(1):69–96.Google Scholar

Baayen, R. Harald, Shaoul, Cyrus, Willits, Jon, and Ramscar, Michael. 2015. Comprehension without segmentation: A proof of concept with naive discriminative learning. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 31(1):106–128.Google Scholar

Bai, Xuejun, Yan, Guoli, Liversedge, Simon P., Zang, Chuanli, and Rayner, Keith. 2008. Reading spaced and unspaced Chinese text: Evidence from eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 34(5):1277–1287.Google Scholar

Bauer, Laurie. 1983. English word-formation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bicknell, Klinton and Levy, Roger. 2010. A rational model of eye movement control in reading. Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Uppsala, 1168–1178.Google Scholar

Bloomfield, Leonard. 1926. A set of postulates for the science of language. Language 2(3):153–164.Google Scholar

Booij, Geert. 2012. Construction Morphology, a brief introduction. Morphology 22:343–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bruening, Benjamin. 2018. The Lexicalist Hypothesis: Both wrong and superfluous. Language 94(1):1–42.Google Scholar

Chao, Yuen Ren. 1968. A grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Chen, Zhong, Xu, Yuhang, and Xie, Zhiguo. 2020. Assessing introspective linguistic judgments quantitatively: The case of the syntax of Chinese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 29:311–336.Google Scholar

Chiu, Chenhao C. 2005. Phonological words in Mandarin speech production. Berkeley Linguistics Society: Proceedings of the 31st Annual Meeting 31(1):61–72.Google Scholar

Chomsky, Noam. 1970. Remarks on nominalization. Readings in English transformational grammar, ed. Jacobs, Roderick A. and Rosenbaum, Peter S., 11–61. Waltham, MA: Ginn and Co.Google Scholar

Daelemans, Walter, and van den Bosch, Antal. 2005. Memory-based language processing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

DeFrancis, John. 1984. The Chinese language: Fact and fantasy. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dell, François. 2004. On recent claims about stress and tone in Beijing Mandarin. Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 33(1):33–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ding, Nai Ding, Melloni, Lucia, Zhang, Hang, Tian, Xing, and Poeppel, David. 2016. Cortical tracking of hierarchical linguistic structures in connected speech. Nature Neuroscience 19(1):158–164.Google Scholar

Dong, Sicong, and Huang, Chu-Ren 董思聪, 黄居仁. 2019a. Clitic zhi (之) in Chongqing dialect and the classification of clitics 重庆方言的语缀”之”及语缀的分类问题. In Essays on Linguistics 59 语言学论丛第 59 辑. Beijing: Commercial Press.Google Scholar

Dong, Sicong and Huang, Chu-Ren 董思聪, 黄居仁. 2019b. The limits of language innovation in special linguistic zones 语言特区中创新形式的限度. TCSOL Studies 华文教学与研究 76(4):11–20.Google Scholar

Dong, Sicong, and Wong, Sam Yin. 2020. Haplology and lexical entries: A study based on cross-linguistic data from Sinitic languages. Lexicography 7(1):59–77.Google Scholar

Duanmu, San. 1998. Wordhood in Chinese. In New approaches to Chinese word formation: Morphology, phonology and the lexicon in Modern and Ancient Chinese, ed. Packard, Jerome L., 135–96. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar

Duanmu, San. 1999. Stress and the development of disyllabic words in Chinese. Diachronica 16:1–35.Google Scholar

Duanmu, San. 2012. Word-length preferences in Chinese: A corpus study. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 21(1):89–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Duanmu, San. 2017. Word and wordhood, modern. In Encyclopedia of Chinese language and linguistics, vol. IV, ed. Sybesma, Rint, 543–549. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar

Duanmu, San. 2022. Evidence for stress and metrical structure in Chinese. In The Cambridge handbook of Chinese linguistics, ed. Huang, Chu-Ren, Lin, Yen-Hwei, Chen, I-Hsuan, and Hsu, Yu-Yin, 361–382. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Evert, Stefan, and Baroni, Marco. 2007. zipfR: Word frequency distributions in R. Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Posters and Demonstrations Sessions, 29–32.Google Scholar

Feng, Shengli. 1998. Prosodic structure and compound words in Classical Chinese. In New approaches to Chinese word formation: Morphology, phonology and the lexicon in Modern and Ancient Chinese, ed. Packard, Jerome L., 197–260. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar

Garrett, Edward. 1999. Minimal words are not minimal feet. UCLA Working Papers in Linguistics 1 [Papers in Phonology 2]:68–105.Google Scholar

Geertzen, Jeroen, Blevins, James P., and Milin, Petar. 2016. The informativeness of linguistic unit boundaries. Italian Journal of Linguistics 28(1):25–48.Google Scholar

Gordon, Matthew. 2002. A factorial typology of quantity-insensitive stress. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 20(3):491–552.Google Scholar

Hagstrom, Paul. 2006. A-not-A questions. In The Blackwell companion to syntax, ed. Everaet, Martin and van Riemsdijk, Henk, 173–214. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Harris, Zellig S. 1954. Distributional structure. Word 10:146–162.Google Scholar

Haspelmath, Martin. 2011. The indeterminacy of word segmentation and the nature of morphology and syntax. Folia Linguistica 45(1):31–80.Google Scholar

Hendrix, Peter, Bolger, Patrick, and Baayen, Harald. 2017. Distinct ERP signatures of word frequency, phrase frequency, and prototypicality in speech production. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 43(1):128–149.Google Scholar

Hoosain, Rumjahn. 1992. Psychological reality of the word in Chinese. Language processing in Chinese, ed. Chen, Hsuan-Chih and Tzeng, Ovid J. L., 111–130. Amsterdam: North-Holland.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Huang, Chu-Ren, Chen, Keh-jiann, Chen, Feng-yi, and Chang, Li-Li. 1997. Segmentation standard for Chinese natural language processing. Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing 2(2):47–62.Google Scholar

Huang, Chu-Ren, Hsieh, Shu-Kai, and Chen, Keh-Jiann. 2017. Mandarin Chinese words and parts of speech: A corpus-based study. Abingdon: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Huang, Chu-Ren, Wang, Hongjun, and Chen, I-Hsuan. 2022. Characters as basic lexical units and mono-syllabicity in Chinese. In The Cambridge handbook of Chinese linguistics, ed. Huang, Chu-Ren, Lin, Yen-Hwei, Chen, I-Hsuan, and Hsu, Yu-Yin, 74–97. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Huang, Chu‐Ren, and Xue, Nianwen. 2012. Words without boundaries: Computational approaches to Chinese word segmentation. Language and Linguistics Compass 6(8):494–505.Google Scholar

Huang, James C.-T. 1984. Phrase structure, lexical integrity, and Chinese compounds. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association 19(2):53–78.Google Scholar

Huang, James C.-T. 1991. Modularity and Chinese A-not-A questions. In Interdisciplinary approaches to language: Essays in honor of Yuki Kuroda, ed. Georgopoulos, Carol and Ishihara, Roberta, 305–332. Dordrecht: Springer.Google Scholar

Huang, James C.-T., Li, Y.-H. Audrey, and Li, Yafei. 2009. The syntax of Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Inkelas, Sharon. 2008. The dual theory of reduplication. Linguistics 46:351–402.Google Scholar

Jackendoff, Ray and Audring, Jenny. 2016. Morphological schemas: Theoretical and psycholinguistic issues. The Mental Lexicon 11(3):467–493.Google Scholar

Kirby, Simon. 2001. Spontaneous evolution of linguistic structure: An iterated learning model of the emergence of regularity and irregularity. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation 5(2):102–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kochanski, Greg, Shih, Chilin, and Jing, Hongyan. 2003. Quantitative measurement of prosodic strength in Mandarin. Speech Communication 41(4):625–645.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lenzo, Kevin. 2014. The CMU pronouncing dictionary. www.speech.cs.cmu.edu/cgi-bin/cmudict.Google Scholar

Li, Meng-Feng, Gao, Xin-Yu, Chou, Tai-Li, and Wu, Jei-Tun. 2017. Neighborhood frequency effect in Chinese word recognition: Evidence from naming and lexical decision. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 46(1):227–245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Li, Xingshan, Bicknell, Klinton, Liu, Pingping, Wei, Wei, and Rayner, Keith. 2014. Reading is fundamentally similar across disparate writing systems: A systematic characterization of how words and characters influence eye movements in Chinese reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 143(2):895–913.Google Scholar

Li, Yafei. 2005. X⁰: A theory of the morphology–syntax interface. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Li, Yafei. 2022. On an integral theory of word-formation in Chinese and beyond. In The Cambridge handbook of Chinese linguistics, ed. Huang, Chu-Ren, Lin, Yen-Hwei, Chen, I-Hsuan, and Hsu, Yu-Yin, 174–197. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Lin, Tzu-Jung, Anderson, Richard C., Ku, Yu-Min, Christianson, Kiel, and Packard, Jerome L.. 2011. Chinese children’s concept of word. Writing Systems Research 3(1):41–57.Google Scholar

Liu, Fenghsi. 1998. A clitic analysis of locative particles. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 26 (1):48–70.Google Scholar

Liu, Li. 2015. Chinese quatra-syllabic schematic idioms: Description and acquisition. Dissertation, Hong Kong Institute of Education.Google Scholar

Marantz, Alec. 1997. No escape from syntax: Don’t try morphological analysis in the privacy of your own lexicon. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 4(2):201–225.Google Scholar

Marantz, Alec. 2013. No escape from morphemes in morphological processing. Language and Cognitive Processes 28(7):905–916.Google Scholar

Matthews, Peter. H. 1991. Morphology, 2nd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Mok, Leh Woon. 2009. Word-superiority effect as a function of semantic transparency of Chinese bimorphemic compound words. Language and Cognitive Processes 24(7–8):1039–1081.Google Scholar

Monsell, Stephen. 1991. The nature and locus of word frequency effects in reading. In Basic processes in reading: Visual word recognition, ed. Besner, Derek and Humphreys, Glyn W., 148–197. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Müller, Stefan. 2018. The end of lexicalism as we know it? Language 94(1):e54–e66.Google Scholar

Myers, James. 2017. Morphological processing of compounds, behavioral studies. In Encyclopedia of Chinese language and linguistics, vol. III, ed. Sybesma, Rint, 94–100. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar

Myers, James, Huang, Yu-chi, and Wang, Wenling. 2006. Frequency effects in the processing of Chinese inflection. Journal of Memory and Language 54(3):300–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Myers, James, and Tsay, Jane. 2015. Trochaic feet in spontaneous spoken Southern Min. In Proceedings of the 27th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics, vol. 2, Los Angeles, 368–387.Google Scholar

Newmeyer, Frederick J. 2009. Current challenges to the lexicalist hypothesis: An overview and a critique. In Time and again: Theoretical perspectives on formal linguistics in honor of D. Terence Langendoen, ed. Lewis, William D., Simin Karimi, Heidi Harley, and Farrar, Scott O., 91–117. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar

Packard, Jerome L. 1999. Lexical access in Chinese speech comprehension and production. Brain and Language 68(1):89–94.Google Scholar

Packard, Jerome L. 2000. The morphology of Chinese: A linguistic and cognitive approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Perry, Conrad, and Zhuang, Jie. 2005. Prosody and lemma selection. Memory and Cognition 33:862–70.Google Scholar

Pham, Hien, and Baayen, Harald. 2015. Vietnamese compounds show an anti-frequency effect in visual lexical decision. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 30(9):1077–1095.Google Scholar

Qin, Zuxuan and Duanmu, San. 2017. A judgment study of word-length preferences in Chinese NN compounds. Lingua 198:1–21.Google Scholar

Qin, Zuxuan, and Duanmu, San. 2019. An acceptability judgment study of 1 + 1 NN compounds in Chinese. Lingua 222:26–38.Google Scholar

R Core Team. 2020. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://cran.r-project.org/.Google Scholar

Ruan, Jia-Cing, Hsu, Chiung-Wen, Myers, James, and Tsay, Jane S.. 2012. Development and testing of transcription software for a Southern Min spoken corpus. International Journal of Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing 17(1):1–26.Google Scholar

Shih, Shu-hao. 2017. Major phrases are binary: Evidence from Taiwan Mandarin flat structure. In Proceedings of the 34th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, ed. Kaplan, Aaron, Kaplan, Abby, McCarvel, Miranda K., and Rubin, Edward J., 454–461. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar

Spencer, Andrew. 1988. Bracketing paradoxes and the English lexicon. Language 64(4):663–682.Google Scholar

Taft, Marcus. 1979. Recognition of affixed words and the word frequency effect. Memory & Cognition 7:263–272.Google Scholar

Tsang, Yiu-Kei, Huang, Jian, Lui, Ming, Xue, Mingfeng, Chan, Yin-Wah Fiona, Wang, Suiping, and Chen, Hsuan-Chih. 2018. MELD-SCH: A megastudy of lexical decision in simplified Chinese. Behavior Research Methods 50(5):1763–1777.Google Scholar

Tseng, Chiu-yu, Pin, Shao-huang, Lee, Yehlin, Wang, Hsin-min, and Chen, Yong-cheng. 2005. Fluent speech prosody: Framework and modeling. Speech Communication 46:284–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wang, Nan Mai, Wu, Che-Ming, and Kirk, Karen Iler. 2010. Lexical effects on spoken word recognition performance among Mandarin-speaking children with normal hearing and cochlear implants. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 74(8):883–890.Google Scholar

Wang, Shichang, Huang, Chu-Ren, Yao, Yao, and Chan, Angel. 2017. Word intuition agreement among Chinese speakers: A Mechanical Turk-based study. Lingua Sinica 3(1):13.Google Scholar

Ward, Gregory, Sproat, Richard, and McKoon, Gail. 1991. A pragmatic analysis of so-called anaphoric islands. Language 67(3):439–474.Google Scholar

Wheeldon, Linda, and Lahiri, Aditi. 1997. Prosodic units in speech production. Journal of Memory and Language 37:356–381.Google Scholar

Xu, Zheng. 2018. The word status of Chinese adjective–noun combinations. Linguistics 56(1):207–56.Google Scholar

Yip, Po-Ching. 2000. The Chinese lexicon: A comprehensive survey. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Yu, Miao, Yan, Han, and Yan, Guoli. 2018. Is the word the basic processing unit in Chinese sentence reading: An eye movement study. Lingua 205:29–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Zádrapa, Lukáš. 2017. Word and wordhood, premodern. In Encyclopedia of Chinese language and linguistics, vol. IV, ed. Sybesma, Rint, 549–554. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar

Zhou, Xiaolin, and Marslen-Wilson, William. 1994. Words, morphemes and syllables in the Chinese mental lexicon. Language and Cognitive Processes 9(3):393–422.Google Scholar

Ziemski, Michał, Junczys-Dowmunt, Marcin, and Pouliquen, Bruno. 2016. The United Nations Parallel Corpus v 1.0. Language resources and evaluation. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, May 2016, Portorož, Slovenia, 3530–3534.Google Scholar

Zipf, George Kingsley. 1935. The psychobiology of language: An introduction to dynamic philology. Boston, MA: Houghton–Mifflin.Google Scholar

Zou, Lijuan, Packard, Jerome, Xia, Zhichao, Liu, Youyi, and Shu, Hua. 2019. Morphological and whole-word semantic processing are distinct: ERP evidence from spoken word recognition in Chinese. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 13:133.Google Scholar

Zwicky, Arnold M. 1985. Clitics and particles. Language 61(2):283–305.Google Scholar

Bellassen, Joël, and Zhang, Pengpeng. 1989. Méthode d’initiation à la langue et à l’écriture chinoises. Initiation to Chinese language and writing 汉语语言文字启蒙. Paris: La Compagnie.Google Scholar

Bloomfield, Leonard. 1926. A set of postulates for the science of language. Language 2(3):153–164.Google Scholar

Chao, Yuen Ren. 1965. A grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Chao, Yuen Ren. 1968. Language and symbolic systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Chen, Keh-jiann, Huang, Chu-Ren, Chang, Li-ping, and Hsu, Hui-Li. 1996. Sinica Corpus: Design methodology for balanced corpora. In Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 167–176.Google Scholar

Chen, Qinghua, Guo, Jinzhong, and Liu, Yufan. 2012. A statistical study on Chinese word and character usage in literatures from the Tang Dynasty to the present. Journal of Quantitative Linguistics 19(3):232–248.Google Scholar

Chou, Ya-Min, and Huang, Chu-Ren. 2010. Hantology: Conceptual system discovery based on orthographic convention. In Ontology and the lexicon: A natural language processing perspective, ed. Huang, Chu-Ren, Calzolari, Nicoletta, Gangemi, Aldo, Lenci, Alessandro, Oltramari, Alessandro, and Prévot, Laurent, 122–143. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Ding, Hongwei, Zhang, Yuanyuan, Liu, Hongchao, and Huang, Chu-Ren. 2017. A preliminary phonetic investigation of alphabetic words in Mandarin Chinese. In Proceedings of Interspeech 2017, Stockholm, 3028–3032.Google Scholar

Ding, Jing. 2018. A lexical semantic study of Chinese opposites. Frontiers in Chinese linguistics 1. Singapore: Springer.Google Scholar

Dong, Sicong, and Huang, Chu-Ren 董思聪, 黄居仁. 2020. A comparative study on haplology of Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin and its standardisation 两岸同音删略现象对比研究. Chinese Linguistics 汉语学报 2020(1):14–24.Google Scholar

Dong, Sicong, and Wong, Sam Yin. 2020. Haplology and lexical entries: A study based on cross-linguistic data from Sinitic languages. Lexicography 7(1):59–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Di Sciullo, Anna Maria, and Williams, Edwin. 1987. On the definition of word (Linguistic Inquiry Monograph, Vol. 14). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Feng, Shengli. 2002. Prosodic syntax and morphology in Chinese. Munich: Lincom.Google Scholar

Francopoulo, Gil. (ed.) 2013. LMF lexical markup framework. London: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar

Hou, Renkui, Huang, Chu-Ren, Do, Hue San, and Liu, Hongchao. 2017. A study on correlation between Chinese sentence and constituting clauses based on the Menzerath–Altmann Law. Journal of Quantitative Linguistics 24(4):350–366.Google Scholar

Hou, Renkui, Huang, Chu-Ren, and Liu, Hongchao. 2019. A study on Chinese register characteristics based on regression analysis and text clustering. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 15(1):1–37. https://doi.org/10.1515/cllt-2016-0062.Google Scholar

Huang, Changning, and Zhao, Hai. 2007. Chinese word segmentation: A decade review. Journal of Chinese Information Processing 21(3):8–20.Google Scholar

Huang, Chu-Ren. 1990. A unification-based LFG analysis of lexical discontinuity. Linguistics. 28(2):263–307.Google Scholar

Huang, Chu-Ren. 2009. Semantics as an orthography-relevant level for Mandarin Chinese. Paper presented at the 17th Annual Conference of the International Association of Chinese Linguistics, July 2–4, Paris.Google Scholar

Huang, Chu-Ren, and Ahrens, Kathleen. 2003. Individuals, kinds and events: classifier coercion of nouns. Language Sciences 25(4):353–373.Google Scholar

Huang, Chu-Ren, Ahrens, Kathleen, Becker, Tania, Llamas, Regina, Tam, King-fai, and Meisterernst, Barbara. 2019. Chinese language arts: The role of language and linguistic devices in literary and artistic expressions. In The Routledge handbook of Chinese applied linguistics, ed. Huang, Chu-Ren, Jing-Schmidt, Zhuo, and Meisterernst, Barbara, 237–255. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Huang, Chu-Ren, Ahrens, Kathleen, and Chen, Keh-Jiann. 1998. A data-driven approach to the mental lexicon: Two studies on Chinese corpus linguistics. Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology 69:151–180.Google Scholar

Huang, Chu-Ren, and Chang, Ru-Yng. 2004. Categorical ambiguity and information content: A corpus-based study of Chinese. Journal of Chinese Language and Computing (Special Issue: Corpora, Language Use, and Grammar) 14(2):157–165.Google Scholar

Huang, Chu-Ren, Chen, Chao-Jan, and Shen, Claude C. C.. 2002. The nature of categorical ambiguity and its implications for language processing: A corpus-based study of Mandarin Chinese. In Sentence processing in East Asian languages, ed. Nakayama, Mineharu, 53–83. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.Google Scholar

Huang, Chu-Ren, Chen, Keh-Jiann, Lai, Ching-hsiung 黄居仁, 陈克健, 赖庆雄. 1997. Mandarin daily news dictionary of measure words 国语日报量词典. Taipei: Mandarin Daily Press.Google Scholar

Huang, Chu-Ren, and Hsieh, Shu-Kai. 2015. Chinese lexical semantics: From radicals to event structure. In The Oxford handbook on Chinese linguistics, ed. Wang, William S.-Y. and Sun, Chaofen, 290–305. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Huang, Chu-Ren, Hsieh, Shu-Kai, and Chen, Keh-Jiann. 2017. Mandarin Chinese words and parts of speech: A corpus-based study. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Huang, Chu-Ren, and Liu, Hongchao 黄居仁, 刘洪超. 2017. Corpus-based automatic extraction and analysis of Mandarin alphabetic words 基于语料库的汉语字母词自动抽取与分析. Journal of Yunnan Normal University (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition) 云南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版) 2017(3):10–21.Google Scholar

Huang, Chu-Ren, and Xue, Nianwen. 2012. Words without boundaries: Computational approaches to Chinese word segmentation. Language and Linguistics Compass 6(8):494–505.Google Scholar

Le, Quan Ha, Sicilia-Garcia, E. I., Ming, Ji, and Smith, F. J.. 2003. Extension of Zipf’s law to word and character n-grams for English and Chinese. Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing 8(1):77–102.Google Scholar

Lee, Jun-Ren, and Huang, Chu-Ren. 2022. Phonological awareness, orthography, and learning to read Chinese. In The Cambridge handbook of Chinese linguistics, ed. Huang, Chu-Ren, Lin, Yen-Hwei, Chen, I-Hsuan, and Hsu, Yu-Yin, 3–22. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Libben, Gary. 1998. Semantic transparency in the processing of compounds: Consequences for representation, processing, and impairment. Brain and Language 61(1):30–44.Google Scholar

Lu, Qin. 2019. Computer and Chinese writing system. In The Routledge handbook of Chinese applied linguistics, ed. Huang, Chu-Ren, Jing-Schmidt, Zhuo, and Meisterernst, Barbara, 461–482. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Mok, L. W. 2009. Word-superiority effect as a function of semantic transparency of Chinese bimorphemic compound words. Language and cognitive processes 24(7–8):1039–1081.Google Scholar

Myers, James. 2019. The grammar of Chinese characters: Productive knowledge of formal patterns in an orthographic system. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Shtrikman, Shmuel. 1994. Some comments on Zipf’s law for the Chinese language. Journal of Information Science 20(2):142–143.Google Scholar

Sproat, Richard William. 2000. A computational theory of writing systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Sproat, Richard, and Shih, Chilin. 1996. A corpus-based analysis of Mandarin nominal root compound. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 5(1):49–71.Google Scholar

Wang, Hungchun 王洪君. 2007. Character-based approach and teaching Chinese as a second language 字本位”与汉语二语教学. Journal of Chinese Language Teaching 汉语教学学刊 3:58–71.Google Scholar

Wang, Hungchun 王洪君. 2008. Linguistic levels and the levels of the theory of taking Zi as the Chinese basic unit 语言的层面与 “字本位” 的不同层面. Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies 语言教学与研究 2008(3):1–11.Google Scholar

Wang, Shichang, Huang, Chu-Ren, Yao, Yao, and Chan, Angel. 2019. The effect of morphological structure on semantic transparency ratings. Language and Linguistics 20(2):225–255.Google Scholar

Wong, Sam Yin, Chen, I-Hsuan, and Huang, Chu-Ren. 2018. Facilitating and blocking conditions of haplology: a comparative study of Hong Kong Cantonese and Taiwan Mandarin. In Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Hong Kong, 729–736.Google Scholar

Xiang, Rong, Wan, Mingyu, Su, Qi, Huang, Chu-Ren, and Lu, Qin. 2020. Sina Mandarin alphabetical words: A web-driven code-mixing lexical resource. In Proceedings of the 1st Conference of the Asia-Pacific Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 10th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing, Suzhou, 833–842.Google Scholar

Xu, Tongqiang 徐通锵. 2005. Zi as the basic structural unit and linguistic studies “字本位” 和语言研究. Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies 语言教学与研究 2005(6):1–11.Google Scholar

Xu, Tongqiang. 徐通锵. 2008. Introduction to “character-based” grammar of Chinese. 汉语字本位语法导论. Jinan: Shandong Education Press.Google Scholar

Yip, Moira. 1995. Identity avoidance in phonology and morphology. Rutgers Optimality Archive (82):1–29f.Google Scholar

Chao, Yuen Ren. 1968. A grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Chen, Xiaohe 陈小荷. 1999. Parts-of-speech in Chinese – From the perspective of automatic syntactic parsing 从自动句法分析角度看汉语词类问题. Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies 语言教学与研究 3:63–72.Google Scholar

Guo, Rui 郭锐. 2002. A study on the parts-of-speech in contemporary Chinese 现代汉语词类研究. Beijing: Commercial Press.Google Scholar

Guo, Rui 郭锐. 2012. Typology of adjective and the grammatical status of adjective in Mandarin Chinese 形容词的类型学和汉语形容词的语法地位. Chinese Language Learning 汉语学习 5:3–16.Google Scholar

Guo, Rui 郭锐. 2014. Chapter 4.2 in Contemporary Chinese 现代汉语第 4.2节, ed. Shen, Yang and Guo, Rui 沈阳, 郭锐. Beijing: Higher Education Press.Google Scholar

Huang, C.-T. James, Li, Y.-H. Audrey, and Li, Yafei. 2009. The syntax of Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Huang, Changning, Jiang, Zixia, and Li, Yumei 黄昌宁, 姜自霞, 李玉梅. 2009. Verb modified by adjective directly: An ambiguous construction of “a+v” 形容词直接修饰动词的 “a + v” 结构歧义. Studies of the Chinese Language 中国语文 1: 54–63.Google Scholar

Huang, Changning, and Li, Yumei 黄昌宁, 李玉梅. 2009. Evaluation of the four solutions to the problem of verb-noun overlapping words: Observations from language engineering 评动、名兼类词的四种划分策略——来自语言工程的观察. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 语言学论丛 40:74–92.Google Scholar

Huang, Chu-Ren and Shi, Dingxu. (eds.) 2016. A reference grammar of Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Li, Charles N. and Thompson, Sandra A.. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A functional reference grammar. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Li, Y. C., Cheng, Robert L., Foster, Larry, Ho, Shang H., Hou, John Y., and Yip, Moira. 1984. Mandarin Chinese: A practical reference grammar for students and teachers. Taipei: Crane Publishing.Google Scholar

Liu, Danqing 刘丹青. 2009. Ideophonic reduplication of content words and the related constructions in Mandarin Chinese 实词的拟声化重叠及其相关构式. Studies of the Chinese Language 中国语文 1:22–31.Google Scholar

Lu, Jianming 陆俭明. 1994. On the overlapping of word classes 关于词的兼类问题. Studies of the Chinese Language 中国语文 1:28–34.Google Scholar

Lu, Jianming 陆俭明. 2005. A course on the grammatical study of contemporary Chinese 现代汉语语法研究教程, third ed. Beijing: Peking University Press.Google Scholar

Shen, Jiaxuan 沈家煊. 2007. Nouns and verbs in Chinese 汉语里的名词和动词. Sino-Tibetan languages 汉藏语学报 1:27–47.Google Scholar

Shen, Jiaxuan 沈家煊. 2015. Word class typology and the Chinese nominalism 词类的类型学与汉语的词类. Contemporary Linguistics 当代语言学 2:127–145.Google Scholar

Shi, Dingxu 石定栩. 2009. Problems in the classification of words in Chinese 汉语词类划分的若干问题. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 语言学论丛 40:93–110.Google Scholar

Song, Rou 宋柔. 2009. Parts-of-speech in Chinese from the perspective of language engineering 从语言工程看汉语词类. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 语言学论丛 40:23–38.Google Scholar

Song, Rou, and Xing, Fukun 宋柔, 邢富坤. 2009. Essentials and difficulties in the classification of words in Chinese from the perspective of language engineering 从语言工程看现行汉语词类体系的本质和困境. In Symposiums on new visions for the parts-of-speech in Chinese “新视野下的汉语词类问题”系列研讨.Google Scholar

Xiong, Zhongru 熊仲儒. 2016. Study of Chinese categories from perspective of Generative Grammar 从生成语法看汉语词类研究. Journal of Anhui Normal University (Hum. & Soc. Sci.) 安徽师范大学学报（人文社会科学版） 4:428–432.Google Scholar

Xu, Shu and Tan, Jingchun 徐枢, 谭景春. 2006. Remarks on the part-of-speech tagging in the Contemporary Chinese Dictionary (5th ed.) 关于《现代汉语词典（第 5 版）》词类标注的说明. Studies of the Chinese Language 中国语文 1:74–86.Google Scholar

Yu, Shiwen, Zhu, Xuefeng, Wang, Hui, Zhang, Huarui, Zhang, Yunyun, Zhu, Dexi, Lu, Jianming, and Guo, Rui 俞士汶， 朱学锋, 王惠, 张化瑞, 张芸芸, 朱德熙, 陆俭明, 郭锐. 2003. The grammatical knowledge-base of contemporary Chinese: A complete specification 现代汉语语法信息词典详解, second ed. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press.Google Scholar

Yuan, Yulin, Ma, Hui, Zhou, Ren, and Cao, Hong 袁毓林, 马辉, 周韧, 曹宏. 2009. A handbook of word classification in Chinese 汉语词类划分手册. Beijing: Beijing Language and Culture University Press.Google Scholar

Yuan, Yulin 袁毓林. 2010. A cognitive investigation and fuzzy classification of word-class in Mandarin Chinese 汉语词类的认知研究和模糊划分. Shanghai: Shanghai Educational Publishing House.Google Scholar

Zhan, Weidong 詹卫东. 2000. A study of construction rules in contemporary Chinese for Chinese information processing 面向中文信息处理的现代汉语短语结构规则研究. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press.Google Scholar

Zhan, Weidong 詹卫东. 2009. A syntactic perspective on the classification of words in Chinese: Three basic questions 词类三问——一个汉语词类知识学习者和使用者的反思. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 语言学论丛 40:66–73.Google Scholar

Zhan, Weidong 詹卫东. 2013. A review on word classification of Chinese from the perspective of sentence parsing by computer 计算机句法结构分析需要什么样的词类知识——兼评近年来汉语词类研究的新进展. Studies of the Chinese Language 中国语文 2:178–190.Google Scholar

Zhu, Dexi 朱德熙. 1982. Lecture notes on grammar 语法讲义. Beijing: Commercial Press.Google Scholar

Abney, Steven. 1987. The English noun phrase in its sentential aspect. Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Google Scholar

Bošković, Željko. 2008. What will you have DP or NP? Proceedings of the North East Linguistic Society (NELS) 37:101–114.Google Scholar

Bošković, Željko. 2009. More on the no-DP analysis of article-less languages. Studia Linguistica 63(2):187–203.Google Scholar

Bošković, Željko, and Gajewski, Jon. 2011. Semantic correlates of the NP/DP parameter. Proceedings of NELS 39:121–134.Google Scholar

Bošković, Željko, and Hsieh, I-Ta Chris. 2013. On word order, binding relations and plurality in Chinese noun phrases. Studies in Polish Linguistics 8(4):173–204.Google Scholar

Croft, William. 2001. Radical construction grammar. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Eifring, Halvor. 1995. Clause combination in Chinese. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar

Fukui, Naoki. 1988. Deriving the differences between English and Japanese. English Linguistics 5:249–270.Google Scholar

Fukui, Naoki, and Sakai, Hiromu. 2003. The visibility guideline for functional categories: verb raising in Japanese and related issues. Lingua 113:321–375.Google Scholar

Greenberg, Joseph H. 1972. Numeral classifiers and substantival number: Problems in the genesis of a linguistic type. Working Papers on Language Universals 9:1–39.Google Scholar

Hopper, Paul, and Thompson, Sandra. 1980. Transitivity in grammar and discourse. Language 56(6):251–299.Google Scholar

Hsieh, Miao-Ling. 2008. The internal structure of noun phrases in Chinese. Taipei: Crane Publishing.Google Scholar

Huang, Chu-Ren, and Ahrens, Kathleen. 2003. Individuals, kinds and events: classifier coercion of nouns. Language Sciences 25(4):353–373.Google Scholar

Huang, C.-T. James. 1984. On the distribution and reference of empty pronouns. Linguistic Inquiry 15(4):531–574.Google Scholar

Huang, C.-T. James. 2015. On syntactic analyticity and parametric theory ? In Chinese syntax in a cross-linguistic perspective, ed. Li, Audrey, Simpson, Andrew and Tsai, Wei-Tian Dylan, 1–50. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Jiang, Yan. 2017. Presupposition triggers. In Encyclopedia of Chinese language and linguistics (vol. III), ed. Sybesma, Rint 455–460. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar

Kemmerer, David. 2014. Word classes in the brain: Implications of linguistic typology for cognitive neuroscience. Cortex 58:27–51.Google Scholar

Konietzko, Andreas, and Winkler, Susanne. 2010. Contrastive ellipsis: Mapping between syntax and information structure. Lingua 120:1436–1457.Google Scholar

Kuroda, Sige-Yuki. 1988. Whether we agree or not. Linguisticae Investigationes 12:1–47.Google Scholar

Li, Y.-H. Audrey. 2013. Case, tense and clauses. In Breaking down the barriers: Interdisciplinary studies in Chinese linguistics and beyond. A Festchrift for Professor Alain Peyraube, ed. Cao Guangshun, H. Chappell, R. Djamouri, and Wiebusch, T., 205–235. Taipei: Academia Sinica.Google Scholar

Li, Y-H. Audrey. 2014. Born empty. Lingua 151:43–68.Google Scholar

Lin, Jo-Wang. 2003. Temporal reference in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 12:259–311.Google Scholar

Lin, Jo-Wang. 2006. Time in a language without tense: the case of Chinese. Journal of Semantics 23:1–53.Google Scholar

Lin, Jo-Wang. 2010. A tenseless analysis of Mandarin revisited: A response to Sybesma 2007. Linguistic Inquiry 41:305–329.Google Scholar

Lin, Jo-Wang, and Tsai, Wei-Tien Dylan. 2015. Restricting non-restrictive relatives in Mandarin Chinese. In Chinese syntax in a cross-linguistic perspective, ed. Li, Audrey, Simpson, Andrew, and Tsai, Wei-Tien Dylan, 100–127. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà. 1997. Vietnamese. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar

Paris, Marie-Claude. 1977. Le morpheme de et la relativation en mandarin. Cahiers de linguistique Asie Orientale 2:65–76.Google Scholar

Paris, Marie-Claude. 1979. Nominalization in Mandarin Chinese. The morpheme de and the shi de constructions. Paris: D. R. L., Université Paris VII.Google Scholar

Paris, Marie-Claude. 1981. Problèmes de syntaxe et de sémantique en linguistique chinoise. Mémoires de l’Institut des hautes Etudes Chinoises XX. Paris: Collège de France.Google Scholar

Paris, Marie-Claude. 1995. Type de prédication et copie du verbe en chinois standard. In Langues et langage: problèmes et raisonnement en linguistique. Mélanges offerts à Antoine Culioli, 173–184. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar

Paris, Marie-Claude. 1998. Syntaxe et sémantique de quatre marqueurs de transitivité en chinois standard: ba, bei, jiao et rang. Colloque sur “La transitivité”. Université de Lille III, 15–17 Novembre 1995, 355–370. Lille: Presses du Septentrion.Google Scholar

Paris, Marie-Claude. 2007. Un aperçu de la réduplication nominale et verbale en mandarin. Faits de Langue 29:65–76.Google Scholar

Simpson, Andrew, Wu, Zoe, and Li, Yan. 2016. Grammatical roles, coherence relations and the interpretation of pronouns in Chinese. Lingua Sinica 2(1):1–20.Google Scholar

Tang, Sze-Wing. 2001. The (non)existence of gapping in Chinese and its implications for the theory of gapping. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 10(3):201–224.Google Scholar

Teng, Shou-hsin. 1987. Relative clause in Chinese. In Wang Li memorial volumes, ed. The Chinese Language Society of Hong Kong, 423–434. Hong Kong: Joint Publishing.Google Scholar

Tsai, Wei-tien Dylan. 1995.Visibility, complement selection and the case requirement of CP. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 4(4):281–312.Google Scholar

Wei, Ting-Chi. 2017. Ellipsis and gapping. Encyclopedia of Chinese language and linguistics (vol. II), ed. Sybesma, Rint, 159–165. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar

Zhang, Niing. 2014. Expressing number productively in Mandarin Chinese. Linguistics 52(1):1–34.Google Scholar

Bloomfield, Leonard. 1926. A set of postulates for the science of language. Language 2:153–164. Reprinted in Hockett, Charles F. (ed.) 1970. A Leonard Bloomfield anthology, 128–138. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar

Bolinger, Dwight L. 1948. On defining the morpheme. Word 4(1):18–23.Google Scholar

Chao, Yuen Ren. 1934. The non-uniqueness of phonemic solutions of phonetic systems. Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology Academia Sinica 中央研究院历史语言研究所集刊 1934:363–398.Google Scholar

Chao, Yuen Ren. 1968. A grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Chu-Ren, Huang, Wang, Hongjun, and Chen, I-Hsuan. 2022. Characters as Basic Lexical Units and Monosyllabicity in Chinese. In The Cambridge handbook of Chinese linguistics, ed. Huang, Chu-Ren, Lin, Yen-Hwei, Chen, I-Hsuan, and Hsu, Yu-Yin, 74–96. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

CKIP 中文词知识库小组 1993. An analysis of Chinese parts of speech 中文词类分析. CKIP Technical Report 93-05. Taipei, CKIP, Academia Sinica. http://godel.iis.sinica.edu.tw/CKIP/tr/9305_2013%20revision.pdfGoogle Scholar

Dong, Sicong, and Huang, Chu-Ren 董思聪, 黄居仁. 2019. Clitic zhi (之) in the Chongqing dialect and the classification of clitics. 重庆方言的语缀“之”及语缀的 分类问题. Essays on Linguistics 语言学论丛 59(1):296–314.Google Scholar

Duanmu, San. 2017. From non-uniqueness to the best solution in phonemic analysis: Evidence from Chengdu Chinese. Lingua Sinica 3(1):1–23.Google Scholar

Duanmu, San. 2011. Wordhood in Chinese. In New approaches to Chinese word formation, ed. Packard, Jerome L., 135–196. De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar

Gao, Mingkai 高名凯. 1953. On the different properties of Chinese word classes 关于汉语的词类分别. Studies of the Chinese Language 中国语文 10:16–19.Google Scholar

Hong, Jia-Fei, and Huang, Chu-Ren. 2018. A study on the near-synonyms sheng (sound) and yin (voice): The relation between lexical sense and cognitive concepts 「声」与「音」的近义辨析：词义与认知概念的关系. In Frontier Research in Sinitic and Sino-Tibetan Languages: Dedicated to Ting Pang-hsin on His Eightieth Birthday 汉语与汉藏语前沿研究—丁邦新先生八秩寿庆论文集, ed. Ho, Dah-An, Yao, Yu-min, Chen, Zhongmin, Sun, Jingtao, and Cheung, Samuel H. N. 何大安, 姚玉敏, 陈忠敏, 孙景涛, 张洪年, 244–256. Beijing: Social Science Documents.Google Scholar

Hsieh, Feng-fan. 2017. Reduplication. In Encyclopedia of Chinese language and linguistics, vol. III, ed. Sybesma, Rint, Behr, Wolfgang, Gu, Yueguo, Handel, Zev, Huang, C.-T. James, and Myers, James, 548–555. Leiden: Brill,Google Scholar

Huang, Chu-Ren. 1985. Chinese sentential particles: A study of cliticization. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, Seattle.Google Scholar

Huang, Chu-Ren. 1987. Mandarin Chinese NP de: A comparative study of current grammatical theories. Doctoral dissertation, Cornell University.Google Scholar

Huang, Chu-Ren. 1988. Towards a morphosyntactic account of Taiwanese question particle kam. Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology 59:425–447.Google Scholar

Huang, Chu-Ren 黃居仁. 2013. On the functional consistency of ‘DE’. 关于「的」的功能一致性研究. In Contemporary studies on Chinese grammar at the frontier of science 走向当代前沿科学的现代汉语语法研究, ed. Yang, Shen 沈阳, 129–135. Beijing: Commercial Press.Google Scholar

Huang, Chu-Ren, Hsieh, Shu-Kai, and Chen, Keh-Jiann. 2017. Mandarin Chinese words and parts of speech: A corpus-based study. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Huang, Chu-Ren, and Liu, Hongchao 黄居仁, 刘洪超. 2017. Corpus-based automatic extraction and analysis of Mandarin Alphabetic Words 基于语料库的汉语字母词自动抽取与分析. Journal of Yunnan Normal University (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition) 云南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版) 49(3):10–21.Google Scholar

Huang, Chu-Ren, and Shi, Dingxu (eds.) 2016. A reference grammar of Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Huang, Chu-Ren, and Xue, Nianwen. 2015. Modeling word concepts without convention: Linguistic and computational issues in Chinese word identification. In The Oxford handbook of Chinese linguistics, ed. Wang, William S.-.Y and Sun, Chaofen, 348–361. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Huang, Shi-Zhe, Jin, Jing, and Shi, Dingxu. 2016. Adjectives and adjective phrases. In A reference grammar of Chinese, ed. Huang, Chu-Ren and Shi, Dingxu, 276–296. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Jakobson, Roman, and Waugh, Linda R.. 1987. The sound shape of language. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar

Jing-Schmidt, Zhuo, and Hsieh, Shu-Kai. 2019. Chinese neologisms. In The Routledge handbook of Chinese applied linguistics, ed. Huang, Chu-Ren, Jing-Schmidt, Zhuo, and Meisterernst, Barbara, 514–534. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Karttunen, Lauri. 1986. Radical lexicalism. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.Google Scholar

Klavans, Judith L. 1985. The independence of syntax and phonology in cliticization. Language 1985:95–120.Google Scholar

Li, Yafei. 2014. Placing Chinese morphemes in a coordinate system: Reflecting on the scientific nature of linguistic theorization. Language and Linguistics 15(1):89–113.Google Scholar

Li, Yafei 李亚非. 2015. Revisiting the internal structure of Chinese noun phrases 也谈汉语名词短语的内部结构. Studies of the Chinese Language 中国语文 2015(2):99–104.Google Scholar

Li, Yen-hui Audrey. 1999. Plurality in a classifier language. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 8(1):75–99.Google Scholar

Libben, Gary, Gibson, Martha, Yoon, Yeo Bom, and Sandra, Dominiek. 2003. Compound fracture: The role of semantic transparency and morphological headedness. Brain and Language. 84(1):50–64.Google Scholar

Lü, Shuxiang 吕叔湘. 1979. Issues in Chinese grammatical analysis 汉语语法分析问题. Beijing: Commercial Press.Google Scholar

Matthews, Stephen J., and Yip, Virginia. 2016. Relative constructions. In A reference grammar of Chinese, ed. Huang, Chu-Ren and Shi, Dingxu, 256–275. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Myers, James. 2019. The grammar of Chinese characters: Productive knowledge of formal patterns in an orthographic system. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar

Packard, Jerome (ed.) 1997. New approaches to Chinese word formation. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar

Packard, Jerome. 1999. Lexical access in Chinese speech comprehension and production. Brain and Language 68:89–94.Google Scholar

Packard, Jerome. 2000. The morphology of Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Packard, Jerome. 2016. Lexical word formation. In A reference grammar of Chinese, ed. Huang, Chu-Ren and Shi, Dingxu, 67–80. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Scalise, Sergio, and Guevara, Emiliano. 2005. The lexicalist approach to word-formation and the notion of the lexicon. In Handbook of word-formation, ed. Štekauer, Pavol and Lieber, Rochelle 147–187. Dordrecht: Springer.Google Scholar

Shi, Dingxu 石定栩. 2003. Chinese modifier-modifiee V-O compounds 汉语的定中关系动-名复合词. Studies of the Chinese Language 中国语文 2003(6):483–495.Google Scholar

Shiu, Yu-Ling, and Huang, Chu-Ren. 1989. A unification-based approach to Mandarin questions. Journal of Information Science and Engineering 5:395–420.Google Scholar

Song, Zuoyan, Xiong, Jiajuan, Zhao, Qingqing, and Huang, Chu-Ren. 2022. Compounding is semantics-driven in Chinese. In The Cambridge handbook of Chinese linguistics, ed. Huang, Chu-Ren, Lin, Yen-Hwei, Chen, I-Hsuan, and Hsu, Yu-Yin, 198–219. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Sproat, Richard, and Shih, Chilin. 1996. A corpus-based analysis of Mandarin nominal root compounds. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 5:49–71.Google Scholar

Tang, Sze-wing. 2016. Aspectual system. In A reference grammar of Chinese, ed. Huang, Chu-Ren and Shi, Dingxu, 54–57. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Wang, Hongjun, and Fu, Li 王洪君, 富丽. 2005. On the semi-affixes in Modern Chinese 试论现代的汉语的类词缀. Language Science 语言科学 4(5):3–17.Google Scholar

Wang, Shichang, Huang, Chu-Ren, Yao, Yao, and Chan, Angel. 2019. The effect of morphological structure on semantic transparency ratings. Language and Linguistics. 20(2):225–255.Google Scholar

Xiang, Rong, Wan, Mingyu, Su, Qi, Huang, Chu-Ren, and Lu, Qin. 2020. Sina Mandarin Alphabetical Words: A web-driven code-mixing lexical resource. In Proceedings of the 1st Conference of the Asia-Pacific Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 10th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing, 833–842.Google Scholar

Xiao, Richard, and McEnery, Tony. 2004. Aspect in Mandarin Chinese: A corpus-based study. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar

Xie, Zhu. 2020. Two types of verb reduplications in Mandarin Chinese. Studies in Chinese Linguistics 41(1):73–108.Google Scholar

Xu, Jie 徐杰. 2012. Few affixes but many clitics: A reassessed summary of the characteristics of Chinese Grammar 词缀少但语缀多——汉语语法特点的重新概括. Journal of Central China Normal University (Humanities and Social Sciences) 华中师范大学学报 (人文社会科学版) 51(2):113–118.Google Scholar

Zhang, Bin 张斌. (ed.) 2010. A descriptive grammar of contemporary Chinese 现代汉语描写语法. Beijing: Commercial Press.Google Scholar

Zhu, Dexi 朱德熙. 1982. Lecture notes on grammar 语法讲义. Beijing: Commercial Press.Google Scholar

Zwicky, Arnold M. 1985. Clitics and particles. Language 1985:283–305.Google Scholar

Arcodia, Giorgio Francesco, and Basciano, Bianca. 2012. On the productivity of the Chinese suffixes− 兒− r,− 化− huà and− 頭− tou. Taiwan Journal of Linguistics 10(2):89–118.Google Scholar

Baayen, R. Harald. 1994. Derivational productivity and text typology. Journal of Quantitative Linguistics 1:16–34.Google Scholar

Baayen, R. Harald. 2001. Word frequency distributions. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.Google Scholar

Baayen, R. Harald. 2005. Morphological productivity. In Quantitative linguistics: An international handbook, ed. Köhler, Reinhard, Altmann, Gabriel, and Piotrowski, Rajmund, 243–256. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar

Baayen, R. Harald. 2009. Corpus linguistics in morphology: Morphological productivity. In Corpus linguistics: An international handbook (vol. 2), ed. Ludeling, Anke and Kyto, Merja, 181–208. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar

Bauer, Laurie. 2001. Morphological productivity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bianchi, Federico, Terragni, Silvia, and Hovy, Dirk. 2020. Pre-training is a hot topic: Contextualized document embeddings improve topic coherence. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.03974.Google Scholar

Chen, Keh-jiann, Huang, Chu-Ren, Chang, Li-ping, and Hsu, Hui-Li. 1996. Sinica Corpus: Design methodology for balanced corpora. In Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Seoul, 167–176.Google Scholar

Chen, Pei-yi 陳蓓怡. 2021 Modeling semantic change with word embeddings: A case study of jia1 詞向量的語意變遷計算模型：以「家」為例. Master’s thesis, National Taiwan University.Google Scholar

Chen, Pei-yi and Hsieh, Shu-Kai. 2020. Home is where the word vectors lead? A corpus-based diachronic study of Jia. In Proceedings of the 21st Chinese Lexical Semantics Workshop (CLSW2020).Google Scholar

Chiu, Chih-Ming, Lo, Ji-Chin, and Chen, Keh-Jiann 邱智銘, 駱季青, 陳克健. 2004. Compositional semantics of Mandarin affix verbs 現代漢語複合動詞之詞首詞尾研究. Proceedings of ROCLING XVI. https://ckip.iis.sinica.edu.tw/data/paper/conference/2004-ROCLING-O04–1014.pdf.Google Scholar

Dai, Xiang-Ling. 1992. Chinese morphology and its interface with the syntax. Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University.Google Scholar

Devlin, Jacob, Chang, Ming-Wei, Lee, Kenton, and Toutanova, Kristina. 2018. Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.04805.Google Scholar

Dong, Sicong 董思聪. 2014. Clitics in Chinese: Theoretical issues and case studies 汉语语缀：理论问题与个案研究. PhD dissertation, University of Macau.Google Scholar

Dong, Sicong, and Huang, Chu-Ren 董思聪, 黃居仁. 2019. Clitic zhi (之) in the Chongqing dialect and the classification of clitics 重庆方言的语缀“之”及语缀的分类问题. Essays on Linguistics 语言学论丛 59:296–314.Google Scholar

Dong, Xiufang 董秀芳. 2004. Chinese lexicon and morphology 汉语的词库与词法. Beijing: Peking University Press.Google Scholar

Fu, Ruomei. 2014. Chinese affixes and word formation. Humaniora 5(1):122–127.Google Scholar

Hu, Renfen, Li, Shen, and Liang, Shichen. 2019. Diachronic sense modeling with deep contextualized word embeddings: An ecological view. In Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 3899–3908.Google Scholar

Huang, Chu-Ren. 1985. Chinese sentential clitics and theories of cliticization. Paper presented at the 1985 Linguistic Society of America Annual Meeting, December 27–30, Seattle.Google Scholar

Huang, Chu-Ren. 1987. Mandarin Chinese NP deA comparative study of current grammatical theories. Doctoral dissertation, Cornell University.Google Scholar

Huang, Chu-Ren. 1988. Towards a morphosyntactic account of Taiwanese question particle kam. Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology 59(2):425–47.Google Scholar

Huang, Chu-Ren and Chang, Li-ping. 1994. Cliticized words in Mandarin Chinese. Paper presented at the Third International Conference on Chinese Linguistics. Hong Kong, July 14–17.Google Scholar

Huang, Chu-Ren, Hsieh, Shu-Kai, and Chen, Keh-Jiann. 2017. Mandarin Chinese words and parts of speech: A corpus-based study. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Klavans, Judith L. 1982. Some problems in a theory of clitics. Doctoral dissertation, University College London. Reproduced by the Indiana University Linguistics Club.Google Scholar

Liao, Wei‐Wen Roger. 2014. Morphology. In Handbook of Chinese linguistics, ed. James Huang, C.-T., Audrey Li, Y.-H., and Simpson, Andrew, 1–25. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Lieber, Rochelle. 2009. Introducing morphology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Liu, Yuehua, Pan, Wenyu, and Gu, Wei. 2001. Practical grammar of modern Chinese. Beijing: Commercial Press.Google Scholar

Lü, Shuxiang 呂叔湘 1978. 汉语语法分析问题. Beijing: Commercial Press.Google Scholar

Nishimoto, Eiji. 2003. Measuring and comparing the productivity of Mandarin Chinese suffixes. International Journal of Computational Linguistics & Chinese Language Processing 8(1):49–76.Google Scholar

Packard, Jerome. 2000. The morphology of Chinese: A linguistic and cognitive approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Packard, Jerome. 2016. Lexical word formation. In A reference grammar of Chinese, ed. Huang, Chu-Ren and Shi, Dingxu, 67–80. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Plag, Ingo. 2003. Word-formation in English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Rainer, Franz. 1987. Produktivitätsbegriffe in der Wortbildungstheorie. In Grammatik und Wortbildung romanischer Sprachen, ed. Dietrich, Wolf, Gauger, Hans-Martin, and Geckeler, Horst, 187–202. Tübingen: Narr.Google Scholar

Shiu, Yu-Ling, and Huang, Chu-Ren. 1989. A unification-based approach to Mandarin questions. Journal of Information Science and Engineering 5(4):395–420.Google Scholar

Sproat, Richard, and Shih, Chilin. 1996. A corpus-based analysis of Mandarin nominal root compound. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 5(1):49–71.Google Scholar

Sproat, Richard, and Shih, Chilin. 2002. Corpus-based methods in Chinese morphology. Tutorial at the 19th COLING (2002), Taipei, Taiwan.Google Scholar

Srivastava, Akash, and Sutton, Charles. 2017. Autoencoding variational inference for topic models. arXiv preprint arXiv:1703.01488.Google Scholar

Sturgeon, Donald. 2019. Chinese Text Project: A dynamic digital library of premodern Chinese. Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 36(S1):i101–i112.Google Scholar

Tiee, Henry Hung-Yeh. 1979. The productive affixes in Mandarin Chinese morphology. Word 30(3):245–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1979.11435670.Google Scholar

Tseng, Yu-Hsiang, Hsieh, Shu-Kai, and Chen, Pei-Yi, and Court, Sara. 2020. Computational modeling of affixoid behavior in Chinese morphology. Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING), Barcelona, 2879–2888. www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.coling-main.258/.Google Scholar

Wang, Yun-lu and Gou, Ying 王雲路, 郭穎. 2005. On the suffix ‘jia’ in early Mandarin Chinese 試說古漢語中的詞綴 “家”. Studies on the Ancient Chinese 古汉语研究 1:29–33.Google Scholar

Xu, Jie 徐杰. 2012. 词缀少但语缀多——汉语语法特点的重新概括 Journal of Central China Normal University(Humanities and Social Sciences) 华中师范大学学报 (人文社会科学版) 51(2):113–118.Google Scholar

Zhang, Xiao-ping. 2008. Studies on Chinese lexicon development in contemporary time 當代漢語詞彙發展變化研究. Jinan: Shangdong Qilu Press.Google Scholar

Zhou, Jun-xun 周俊勋. 2009. Outline of pre-modern Mandarin Chinese lexicon 中古汉语词汇研究纲要. Chengdu: Ba-shu Press.Google Scholar

Zwicky, Arnold M. 1985. Clitics and particles. Language 61(2):283–305.Google Scholar

Zwicky, Arnold M., and Pullum, Geoffrey K.. 1983. Cliticization vs. inflection: English n’t. Language 59(3):502–513.Google Scholar

Baker, Mark. 1988. Incorporation: A theory of grammatical function changing. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.Google Scholar

Borer, Hagit. 1991. The causative-inchoative alternation: A case study in parallel morphology. Linguistic Review 8:119–158.Google Scholar

Borer, Hagit. 2015. The category of roots. In The syntax of roots and the roots of syntax, ed. Alexiadou, Artemis, Borer, Hagit, and Schafer, Florian, 112–148. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Bowers, John. 1993. The syntax of predication. Linguistic Inquiry 24:591–656.Google Scholar

Bresnan, Joan, and Mchombo, Sam A.. 1995. The lexical integrity principle: Evidence from Bantu. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 13:181–254.Google Scholar

Bruening, Benjamin. 2018. The lexicalist hypothesis: Both wrong and superfluous. Language 94:1–42.Google Scholar

Chao, Yuen Ren. 1968. A grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Chen, Zhe, and Li, Yafei 陈哲, 李亚非. 2016. Evidence from Chinese for v 从汉语的角度看 vP. Foreign Language Teaching and Research 外语教学与研究 48:483–497.Google Scholar

Chomsky, Noam. 1970. Remarks on nominalization. In Readings in English transformational grammar, ed. Jacobs, Roderick A. and Rosenbaum, Peter S., 184–221. Waltham, MA: Ginn.Google Scholar

Chomsky, Noam. 1986. Knowledge of language: Its nature, origin and use. New York, NY: Praeger.Google Scholar

Chomsky, Noam. 1995. The minimalist program. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Chomsky, Noam. 2004. Biolinguistics and the human capacity. Lecture at MTA, Budapest.Google Scholar

Di Sciullo, Anna Maria, and Williams, Edwin. 1987. On the definition of word. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Grimshaw, Jane. 1990. Argument structure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Guo, Jimao 郭继懋. 1999. On intransitive verbs with objects like fei Shanghai 试谈“飞上海”等不及物动词带宾语现象. Studies of the Chinese Language 中国语文 5:337–346.Google Scholar

Hale, Kenneth, and Keyser, Samuel Jay. 1993. On argument structure and the lexical expression of syntactic relations. In The views from Building 20, ed. Hale, Kenneth and Keyser, Samuel J., 53–109. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Harley, Heidi. 2005. How do verbs get their names? Denominal verbs, manner incorporation and the ontology of verb roots in English. In The syntax of aspect, ed. Erteschik-Shir, Nomi and Rapoport, Tova, 4–65. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Haugen, Jason. 2015. ‘To kill’ and ‘to die’ (and other suppletive verbs) in Uto-Aztecan. Language Dynamics and Change 5:227–281.Google Scholar

Higginbotham, James. 1985. On semantics. Linguistic Inquiry 16:547–593.Google Scholar

Huang, James. 1989. Pro-drop in Chinese: A generalized control theory. In The null subject parameter, ed. Jaeggli, Osvaldo and Safir, Kenneth, 185–214. Dordrecht: Kluwer.Google Scholar

Huang, James, Li, Audrey, and Li, Yafei. 2009. The syntax of Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Kratzer, Angelika. 1996. Severing the external argument from the verb. In Phrase structure and the lexicon, ed. Rooryck, Johan and Zaring, Laurie, 109–137. Dordrecht: Kluwer.Google Scholar

Larson, Richard. 1988. On the double object construction. Linguistic Inquiry 19:335–392.Google Scholar

Li, Charles and Thompson, Sandra. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A functional reference grammar. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Li, Yafei. 1990a. X⁰-binding and verb incorporation. Linguistic Inquiry 21:399–426.Google Scholar

Li, Yafei. 1990b. On V-V compounds in Chinese. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 8:177–207.Google Scholar

Li, Yafei. 1993. Structural head and aspectuality. Language 69:480–504.Google Scholar

Li, Yafei. 1999. Cross-componential causativity. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 17:445–497.Google Scholar

Li, Yafei. 2005. X⁰: A theory of the morphology–syntax interface. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Li, Yafei 李亚非. 2014. Formal syntax, iconicity and the studies of Chinese 形式句法，象似性理论与汉语研究. Studies of the Chinese Language 中国语文 363:521–530.Google Scholar

Li, Yafei. 2022. Universal grammar and iconicity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Li, Yafei, and Ting, Jen. 2013. Is UG like a chunk of Swiss cheese? Evidence for a “third-factor principle”. Language and Linguistics 14:737–754.Google Scholar

Lin, T.-H. Jonah. 2001. Light verb syntax and the theory of phrase structure. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Irvine.Google Scholar

Marantz, Alec. 1984. On the nature of grammatical relations. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Marantz, Alec. 1997. No escape from syntax: Don’t try morphological analysis in the privacy of your own lexicon. UPenn Working Papers in Linguistics 4(2):201–225.Google Scholar

Mayr, Ernst. 1997. This is biology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Sun, Tianqi 孙天琪. 2010. A study on the licensing pattern and mechanism of non-core arguments in Mandarin Chinese 现代汉语非核心论元允准模式及机制研究. PhD dissertation, Peking University.Google Scholar

Sun, Tianqi, and Li, Yafei 孙天琪, 李亚非. 2010. Licensing non-core arguments in Chinese. Studies of the Chinese Language 中国语文 334:21–33.Google Scholar

Sybesma, Rint. 1992. Causatives and accomplishments: The case of Chinese ba. Doctoral dissertation, Leiden University.Google Scholar

Ting, Jen, and Li, Yafei. 1997. Manner de and resultative de. Paper presented at the Conference of the International Association of Chinese Linguistics, University of Leiden.Google Scholar

Vendler, Zeno. 1957. Verbs and times. Philosophical Review 66:143–160.Google Scholar

Verkuyl, Henk J. 1972. The compositional nature of the aspects. Dordrecht: Reidel.Google Scholar

Verkuyl, Henk J. 1993. A theory of aspectuality: The interaction between temporal and atemporal structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Xing, Fuyi 邢福义. 1991. On grammatical objectification in Chinese 汉语里宾语代入现象之观察. Chinese Teaching in the World 世界汉语教学 2:76–84.Google Scholar

Yang, Yongzhong 杨永忠. 2007. The pragmatic motivations of Vi+NP construction Vi+NP 句法异位的语用动机. Chinese Linguistics 汉语学报 1:58–65.Google Scholar

Ceccagno, Antonella, and Basciano, Bianca. 2009. Sino-Tibetan: Mandarin Chinese. In The Oxford handbook of compounding, ed. Lieber, Rochelle and Stekauer, Pavol, 478–490. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Ceccagno, Antonella, and Scalise, Sergio. 2006. Classification, structure and headedness of Chinese compounds. Lingue e linguaggio 2:233–260.Google Scholar

Chao, Yuen Ren. 1968. A grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Chao, Yuen Ren. 1948. Mandarin primer: An intensive course in spoken Chinese. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Ding, Jing. 2018. A lexical semantic study of Chinese opposites. Singapore: Springer.Google Scholar

Ding, Jing, and Huang, Chu-Ren. 2014. Word ordering in Chinese opposite compounds. In Workshop on Chinese lexical semantics, 12–20. Cham: Springer.Google Scholar

Dong, Xiufang 董秀芳. 2004. Chinese lexicon and word formation 汉语的词库与词法. Beijing: Peking University Press.Google Scholar

Dowty, David R. 1979. Word meaning and Montague grammar: The semantics of verbs and times in generative semantics and in Montague’s PTQ (vol. 7). Cham: Springer.Google Scholar

Fellbaum, Christiane. 1990. English verbs as a semantic net. International Journal of Lexicography 3(4):278–301.Google Scholar

Feng, Shengli 冯胜利. 2005. Light verb movement in modern and classical Chinese 轻动词移位与古今汉语的动宾关系. Linguistic Science 语言科学 1:3–16.Google Scholar

Fillmore, Charles J. 1985. Frames and the semantics of understanding. Quaderni di Semantica 6(2):222–254.Google Scholar

Gao, Mingkai 高名凯. 1948. Chinese grammar 汉语语法论. Beijing: Commercial Press.Google Scholar

Hong, Jia-Fei. 2015. Verb sense discovery in Mandarin Chinese: A corpus-based knowledge-intensive approach. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar

Hong, Jia-Fei, and Huang, Chu-Ren. 2015. Ontology-based event relation prediction: A SUMO based study of Mandarin VV compounds. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 43(1):170–195.Google Scholar

Hong, Jia-Fei and Huang, Chu-Ren. 2019. A study on the near-synonyms sheng (sound) and yin (voice): The relation between lexical sense and cognitive concepts 「声」与「音」的近义辨析：词义与认知概念的关系. In Frontier research in Sinitic and Sino-Tibetan languages: Dedicated to Ting Pang-hsin on his eightieth birthday 《汉语与汉藏语前沿研究—丁邦新先生八秩寿庆论文集, ed. Ho, Dah-An, Yao, Yu-min, Chen, Zhongmin, Sun, Jingtao 何大安, 姚玉敏, 陈忠敏, 孙景涛, and Cheung, Samuel H. N.. Beijing: Social Science Documents.Google Scholar

Huang, Chu-Ren. 1997. Morphological transparency and autonomous morphology: A comparative study of tough constructions and nominalization. In Chinese language and linguistics III: Morphology and lexicon, 369–399. Taipei: Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica.Google Scholar

Huang, Chu-Ren, and Ahrens, Kathleen. 2003. Individuals, kinds and events: Classifier coercion of nouns. Language Sciences 25(4):353–373.Google Scholar

Huang, Chu-Ren, Ahrens, Kathleen, Chang, Li-Li, Chen, Keh-Jiann, Liu, Mei-Chun, and Tsai, Mei-Chih. 2000. The module-attribute representation of verbal semantics: From semantic to argument structure. In International Journal of Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing, Volume 5, Number 1, February 2000: Special issue on Chinese verbal semantics, 19–46.Google Scholar

Huang, Chu-Ren, Chen, Keh-Jiann, and Lai, Ching-Xiong. (eds.). 1997. Mandarin Chinese classifier and noun-classifier collocation dictionary 國語日報量詞典. Taipei: Mandarin Daily Press.Google Scholar

Huang, Chu-Ren, Hsieh, Shu-Kai, and Chen, Keh-Jiann. 2017. Mandarin Chinese words and parts of speech: A corpus-based study. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Huang, Chu-Ren, and Lin, Fu-Wen. 1992. Composite event structure and complex predicates: A template-based approach to argument selection. In Proceedings of the Third Annual Meeting of the Formal Linguistics Society of Midamerica, 90–108.Google Scholar

Huang, Jie 黄洁. 2008. A cognitive study of metaphtonymic noun-noun compounds in Chinese and English 汉英隐转喻名名复合词语义的认知研究. Foreign Language Education 4:25–29.Google Scholar

Huang, Shuanfan. 1997. Chinese as a headless language in compounding morphology. In New approaches to Chinese word formation, ed. Packard, Jerome L., 261–284. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar

Johnston, Michael, and Busa, Federica. 1999. Qualia structure and the compositional interpretation of compounds. In Breadth and depth of semantic lexicons, ed. Viegas, Evelyne, 167–187. Dordrecht: Kluwer.Google Scholar

Lakoff, George. 1971. On generative semantics. In Semantics: An interdisciplinary reader in philosophy, linguistics and psychology, ed. Steinberg, Danny D. and Jakobovits, Leon A., 232–296. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Lee, Chih-yao, Chang, Chia-hao, Hsu, Wei-chieh, and Hsieh, Shu-kai. 2010. Qualia modification in noun-noun compounds: A cross-language survey. In Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing (ROCLING-2010), 379–390.Google Scholar

Levi, Judith. 1978. The syntax and semantics of complex nominals. New York, NY: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Levin, Beth.1993. English verb classes and alternations: A preliminary investigation. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Li, Liangjun 黎良军. 1995. Chinese lexical semantics 汉语词汇语义学论稿. Guilin: Guangxi Normal University Press.Google Scholar

Li, Yafei. 1990. On VV compounds in Chinese. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 8(2):177–207.Google Scholar

Libben, Gary, Gibson, Martha, Yoon, Yeo Bom, and Sandra, Dominiek. 2003. Compound fracture: The role of semantic transparency and morphological headedness. Brain and Language 84(1):50–64.Google Scholar

Liu, Hongchao, Chersoni, Emmanuele, Klyueva, Natalia, Santus, Enrico, and Huang, Chu-Ren. 2019. Semantic relata for the evaluation of distributional models in Mandarin Chinese. IEEE Access 7:145705–145713.Google Scholar

Liu, Shuxin 刘叔新. 1990a. A descriptive study of Chinese lexicon 汉语描写词汇学. Beijing: The Commercial Press.Google Scholar

Liu, Shuxin 刘叔新. 1990b. The lexical structure of compounds: The relationship of syntax, lexicology and word formation 复合词结构的词汇属性——兼论语法学、词汇学同构词法的关系. Studies of the Chinese Language 中国语文 4:241–247.Google Scholar

Lu, Zhiwei et al. 陆志韦等. 1957. Chinese word formation 汉语的构词法. Beijing: Science Press.Google Scholar

Lü, Shuxiang 吕叔湘. 1942. An outline of Chinese grammar 中国文法要略. Collection of Research Articles by Lü Shuxiang (Vol.1) 吕叔湘文集第一卷. Beijing: Commercial Press.Google Scholar

Mok, Leh Woon. 2009. Word-superiority effect as a function of semantic transparency of Chinese bimorphemic compound words. Language and Cognitive Processes 24(7–8):1039–1081.Google Scholar

Packard, Jerome. 2016. Lexical word formation. In A reference grammar of Chinese, ed. Huang, Chu-Ren and Shi, Dingxu, 67–80. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Pustejovsky, James. 1991. The generative lexicon. Computational Linguistics 17(4):409–441.Google Scholar

Pustejovsky, James. 1995.The generative lexicon. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Pustejovsky, James, Moszkowicz, Jessica, Batiukova, Olga, and Rumshisky, Anna. 2009. GLML: Annotating argument selection and coercion. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computational Semantics (IWCS-8), ed. Bunt, Harry, Petukhova, Volha and Wubben, Sander, 169–180. Tilburg.Google Scholar

Roeper, Thomas, and Siegel, Muffy E. A.. 1978. A lexical transformation for verbal compounds. Linguistic Inquiry 9(2):199–260.Google Scholar

Scalise, Sergio, and Guevara, Emiliano. 2005. The lexicalist approach to word-formation and the notion of the lexicon. In Handbook of word-formation, 147–187. Dordrecht: Springer.Google Scholar

Shen, Tian, and Baayen, R. Harald. 2021. Adjective–noun compounds in Mandarin: A study on productivity. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory. Online first.Google Scholar

Shi, Dingxu, and Chu-Ren, Huang. 2022. Derivational and inflectional affixes in Chinese and their morphosyntactic properties. In The Cambridge handbook of Chinese linguistics, ed. Huang, Chu-Ren, Lin, Yen-Hwei, Chen, I-Hsuan, and Hsu, Yu-Yin, 135–157. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Song, Zuoyan 宋作艳. 2010. On the affixoids which can trigger off event coercion 类词缀与事件强迫. Chinese Teaching in the World 世界汉语教学 4:446–458.Google Scholar

Song, Zuoyan and Huang, Chu-Ren 宋作艳 黄居仁 . (eds.) 2018. The generative lexicon: Studies on the Chinese language 生成词库理论与汉语研究. Beijing: The Commercial Press.Google Scholar

Song, Zuoyan, and Qiu, Likun. 2013. Qualia relations in Chinese nominal compounds containing verbal elements. International Journal of Knowledge and Language Processing 4(1):1–15.Google Scholar

Song, Zuoyan, Zhao, Qingqing, and Kang, Shiyong 宋作艳, 赵青青, 亢世勇. 2015. A lexicon of Chinese compound nouns with semantic annotation: Generative Lexicon Theory approach 汉语复合名词语义信息标注词库: 基于生成词库理论. Journal of Chinese Information Processing 中文信息学报 3:27–33,43.Google Scholar

Sproat, Richard, and Shih, Chilin. 1996. A corpus-based analysis of Mandarin nominal root compounds. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 5:49–71.Google Scholar

Starosta, Stanley, Kuiper, Koenraad, Ng, Siew-ai, and Zhi-qian, Wu. 1997. On defining the Chinese compound word: Headedness in Chinese compounding and Chinese VR compounds. In New approaches to Chinese word formation, ed. Packard, Jerome L, 347–370. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar

Tan, Jingchun 谭景春. 2010. Semantic relations between nouns and noun modifiers and their roles in dictionary definition 名名偏正结构的语义关系及其在词典释义中的作用. Studies of the Chinese Language 中国语文 4:342–355.Google Scholar

Wang, Hongjun 王洪君. 1998. On the structure of daquan and yangshang and the differences between compounds and phrases 从与自由短语的类比看”打拳”“养伤”的内部结构. Linguistic research 语文研究 4:1–11.Google Scholar

Wang, Hongjun 王洪君. 2010. The semantic features and semantic hierarchy viewed from the similarities and differences in the collocations of typical morphemes in two equative substantial semantic fields of cooking utensils and containers 从两个同级义场代表单字的搭配异同看语义特征和语义层级. Chinese Teaching in the World 世界汉语教学 2:147–157.Google Scholar

Wang, Meng, Huang, Chu-Ren, Yu, Shiwen, and Li, Bin 王萌, 黄居仁, 俞士汶, 李 斌. 2010. Chinese noun compound interpretation based on paraphrasing verbs 基于动词的汉语复合名词短语释义研究. Journal of Chinese Information Processing 中文信息学报 24(6):3–9.Google Scholar

Wang, Shichang, Huang, Chu-Ren, Yao, Yao, and Chan, Angel. 2019. The effect of morphological structure on semantic transparency ratings. Language and Linguistics 20(2):225–255.Google Scholar

Xu, Tongqiang 徐通锵. 1997a.The central characters and Chinese semantic word formation 核心字和汉语的语义构辞法. Linguistic Research 语文研究 3:2–16.Google Scholar

Xu, Tongqiang 徐通锵. 1997b. Language: The structure and research approach of Chinese 语言论—语义型语言的结构原理和研究方法. Changchun: Northeast Normal University Press.Google Scholar

Yang, Yike, Huang, Chu-Ren, Dong, Sicong, and Chen, Si. 2018. Semantic transparency of radicals in Chinese characters: An ontological perspective. In Proceedings of the 32nd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Hong Kong, 788–797.Google Scholar

Ye, Wenxi 叶文曦. 2015. The semantic structure of Chinese compounds 汉语字组的语义结构. Taiwan: Hua Mulan Culture Press.Google Scholar

Zeng, Liying 曾立英. 2008. A quantitative and qualitative study on the semi-affixes of modern Chinese 现代汉语类词缀的定量与定性研究. Chinese Teaching in the World 世界汉语教学 4:75–87.Google Scholar

Zhang, Jiangli 张江丽. 2011. The uniqueness of Chinese compound word–taking compound words which contain the morpheme “hua” as the example 论汉语双音复合词结构的独特性——以语素”花”所构双音复合词为例. Academic Journal of LIYUN 励耘学刊 2011(1):185–199.Google Scholar

Zhou, Jian 周荐. 1991. The semantic relations between morphemes of Compounds 复合词词素间的意义结构关系. In Collections of linguistic studies (vol. 6) 语言研究论丛 (第六卷). Tianjin: Tianjin Education Press.Google Scholar

Zhu, Dexi 朱德熙. 1982. Lecture notes of grammar 语法讲义. Beijing: Commercial Press.Google Scholar

Zhu, Yan 朱彦. 2004. The semantic word formation of Chinese compounds 汉语复合词语义构词法研究. Beijing: Peking University Press.Google Scholar

Zwicky, Arnold M. 1985. Heads. Journal of Linguistics 21(1):1–29.Google Scholar