Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T03:54:44.118Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Section 4 - Etiology and Phenomenology of Specific Anxiety Disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 December 2018

Bunmi O. Olatunji
Affiliation:
Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Allen, K. B., Allen, B., Austin, K. E., Waldron, J. C., & Ollendick, T. H. (2015). Synchrony–desynchrony in the tripartite model of fear: Predicting treatment outcome in clinically phobic children. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 71, 5464.Google Scholar
Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M. C., Bernert, S., Bruffaerts, R., Brugha, T. S., Bryson, H., … Haro, J. M. (2004). 12‐month comorbidity patterns and associated factors in Europe: Results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 109(s420), 2837.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn, revised). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn, text revision). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edn). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Antony, M. M. &Barlow, D. H. (2002). Specific phobias. In Barlow, D. (ed.), Anxiety and Its Disorders (pp. 380417). New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Antony, M. M., Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (1997). Heterogeneity among specific phobia types in DSM-IV. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 10891100.Google Scholar
Arntz, A., Rauner, M., & van den Hout, M. (1995). “If I feel anxious, there must be danger”: Ex-consequentia reasoning in inferring danger in anxiety disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(8), 917925.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barlow, D. H. (2002). Anxiety and Its Disorders: The Nature and Treatment of Anxiety and Panic (2nd edn). New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Barlow, D. H., Chorpita, B. F., & Turovsky, J. (1996). Fear, panic, anxiety, and disorders of emotion. In Hope, D. A., (ed.), Perspectives on Anxiety, Panic, & Fear (pp. 251328). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Barrett, P. M., Dadds, M. R., & Rapee, R. M. (1996). Family treatment of childhood anxiety: A controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(2), 333342.Google Scholar
Beck, A. T. (2005). Simple phobias. In Beck, A. T., Emery, G., & Greenberg, R. L. (eds.), Anxiety Disorders and Phobias: A Cognitive Perspective (pp. 115132). Cambridge, MA: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Becker, E. S., Rinck, M., Margraf, J., & Roth, W. T. (2001). The emotional Stroop effect in anxiety disorders: General emotionality or disorder specificity? Anxiety Disorders, 15, 147159.Google Scholar
Becker, E. S., Rinck, M., Türke, V., Kause, P., Goodwin, R., Neumer, S., & Margraf, J. (2007). Epidemiology of specific phobia subtypes: Findings from the Dresden Mental Health Study. European Psychiatry, 22(2), 6974.Google Scholar
Biederman, J., Rosenbaum, J. F., Hirshfeld, D. R., Faraone, V., Bolduc, E., Gersten, M., Meminger, S., & Reznick, S. (1990). Psychiatric correlates of behavioral inhibition in young children of parents with and without psychiatric disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 2126.Google Scholar
Bittner, A., Goodwin, R. D., Wittchen, H., Beesdo, K., Hofler, M., & Lieb, R. (2004). What characteristics of primary anxiety disorders predict subsequent major depressive disorder? Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, 618626.Google Scholar
Botella, C., Breton-López, J., Quero, S., Baños, R. M., García-Palacios, A., Zaragoza, I., & Alcaniz, M. (2011). Treating cockroach phobia using a serious game on a mobile phone and augmented reality exposure: A single case study. Computers in Human Behavior, 27, 217227. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2010.07.043Bracha, 2006Google Scholar
Brown, D. R., Eaton, W. W., & Sussman, L. (1990). Racial differences in prevalence of phobic disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 178, 434441.Google Scholar
Brown, T. A., Campbell, L. A., Lehman, C. L., Grisham, J. R., & Mancill, R. B. (2001). Current and lifetime comorbidity of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders in a large clinical sample. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 585–500. doi: 10.1037//0021-843X.110.4.585Google Scholar
Buss, A. & Plomin, R. (1984). Temperament: Early Developing Personality Traits. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Caspi, A., Elder, G. H., & Bem, D. J. (1988). Moving away from the world: Life-course patterns of shy children. Developmental Psychology, 24(6), 824831.Google Scholar
Castagna, P., Davis III, T. E., & Lilly, M. (2017). The Behavioral Avoidance Task with anxious youth: A review of procedures, properties, and criticisms. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 20(2), 162184.Google Scholar
Chalmers, J. A., Quintana, D. S., Abbott, M. J., & Kemp, A. H. (2014). Anxiety disorders are associated with reduced heart rate variability: a meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 5, 80.Google Scholar
Chapman, L. K. & DeLapp, R. C. T. (2014). Nine session treatment of a blood-injection-injury phobia with manualized cognitive behavioral therapy: An adult case example. Clinical Case Studies, 13, 299312. doi: 10.1177/1534650113509304Google Scholar
Chapman, L. K., Kertz, S. J., Zurlage, M. M., & Woodruff-Borden, J. (2008). A confirmatory factor analysis of specific phobia domains in African American and Caucasian American young adults. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 763771. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.08.003Google Scholar
Choy, Y., Fyer, A. J., & Goodwin, R. D. (2007). Specific phobia and comorbid depression: A closer look at the National Comorbidity Survey data. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48, 132136. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.10.010Google Scholar
Choy, Y., Fyer, A. J., & Lipsitz, J. D. (2007). Treatment of specific phobia in adults. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 266286. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2006.10.002Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D. & Rogosch, F. A. (1996). Equifinality and multifinality in developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 8(4), 597600.Google Scholar
Cisler, J. M. & Koster, E. H. W. (2010). Mechanisms of attentional biases towards threat in anxiety disorders: An integrative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 203216. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.003Google Scholar
Connolly, J., Hallam, R. S., & Marks, I. M. (1976). Selective association of fainting with blood-injury-illness fear. Behavior Therapy, 7(1), 813.Google Scholar
Craske, M. G. (1997). Fear and anxiety in children and adolescents. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic.Google Scholar
Craske, M. G. & Sipsas, A. (1992). Animal phobias versus claustrophobias: Exteroceptive versus interoceptive cues. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 30(6), 569581.Google Scholar
Crozier, M., Gillihan, S. J., & Powers, M. B. (2011). Issues in differential diagnosis: Phobias and phobic conditions. In McKay, D. & Storch, E. A. (eds.), Handbook of Child and Adolescent Anxiety Disorders (pp. 722). New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Curtis, G. C., Magee, W. J., Eaton, W. W., Wittchen, H. U., & Kessler, R. C. (1998). Specific fears and phobias: Epidemiology and classification. British Journal of Psychiatry, 173(3), 212217.Google Scholar
Czajkowski, N., Kendler, K. S., Tambs, K., Røysamb, E., & Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. (2011). The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for phobias in women. Psychological Medicine, 41(9), 19871995.Google Scholar
Dadds, M. R., Barrett, P. M., Rapee, R. M., & Ryan, S. (1996). Family process and child anxiety and aggression: An observational analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24(6), 715734.Google Scholar
Davidson, J. (2005). Contesting stigma and contested emotions: Personal experience and public perception of specific phobias. Social Science & Medicine, 61, 21552164. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.04.030Google Scholar
Davis III, T. E. (2009). PTSD, anxiety, and phobias. In Matson, J., Andrasik, F., & Matson, M. (eds.), Treating Childhood Psychopathology and Developmental Disorders. New York, NY: Springer Science and Business Media, LLC.Google Scholar
Davis III, T. E., May, A. C., & Whiting, S. E. (2011). Evidence-based treatment of anxiety and phobia in children and adolescents: Current status and effects on the emotional response. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 592602.Google Scholar
Davis III, T. E. & Ollendick, T. (2005). Empirically supported treatments for specific phobia in children: Do efficacious treatments address the components of a phobic response? Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice,12, 144160. doi: 10.1093/clipsy/bpi018Google Scholar
Davis III, T. E. & Ollendick, T. H. (2011). Specific phobias. In McKay, D. & Storch, E. (eds.), Handbook of Child and Adolescent Anxiety Disorders (pp. 231244).New York, NY: Springer Science and Business Media, LLC.Google Scholar
Davis III, T. E., Ollendick, T. H., & Öst, L. G. (eds.). (2012). Intensive One-Session Treatment of Specific Phobias. New York, NY: Springer Science and Business Media, LLC.Google Scholar
Davis III, T. E., Reuther, E., May, A., Rudy, B., Munson, M., Jenkins, W., & Whiting, S. (2013). The Behavioral Avoidance Task using Imaginal Exposure (BATIE): A paper-and-pencil version of traditional in vivo behavioral avoidance tasks. Psychological Assessment, 25, 11111119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis III, T. E., Reuther, E. T., & Rudy, B. M. (2013). One-session treatment of a specific phobia of swallowing pills: A case study. Clinical Case Studies,12, 399410. doi: 10.1177/1534650113497533Google Scholar
Davis III, T. E., White, S. W., & Ollendick, T. H. (eds.). (2014). Handbook of Autism and Anxiety. New York, NY: Springer Science and Business Media, LLC.Google Scholar
Demyttenaere, K., Bruffaerts, R., Posada-Villa, J., Gasquet, I., Kovess, V., Lepine, J. P., … Chatterji, S. (2004). Prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Journal of the American Medical Association, 291(21), 25812590.Google Scholar
Depla, M. F., Margreet, L., van Balkom, A. J., & de Graaf, R. (2008). Specific fears and phobias in the general population: Results from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43(3), 200208.Google Scholar
Depla, M. F., ten Have, M. L., van Balkom, A. J., & de Graaf, R. (2008). Specific fears and phobias in the general population: Results from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43(3), 200208. doi: 10.1007/s00127-007–0291-zGoogle Scholar
Drobes, D. J. & Lang, P. J. (1995). Bioinformational theory and behavior therapy. In O’Donohue, W. & Krasner, L. (eds.), Theories of Behavior Therapy: Exploring Behavior Change (pp. 229257). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Elizabeth, J., King, N., Ollendick, T. H., Gullone, E., Tonge, B., Watson, S., & Macdermott, S. (2006). Social anxiety disorder in children and youth: A research update on etiological factors. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 19, 151163.Google Scholar
Essau, C. A., Conradt, J., & Petermann, F. (2000). Frequency, comorbidity, and psychosocial impairment of anxiety disorders in German adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 14(3), 263279.Google Scholar
Ezpeleta, L., Keeler, G., Erkanli, A., Costello, E. J., & Angold, A. (2001). Epidemiology of psychiatric disability in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(7), 901914.Google Scholar
Fisak, B. Jr. & Grills-Taquechel, A. E. (2007). Parental modeling, reinforcement, and information transfer: Risk factors in the development of child anxiety? Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 10(3), 213231.Google Scholar
Foa, E. B. & Kozak, M. J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 2035.Google Scholar
Foa, E. B. & Kozak, M. J. (1998). Clinical applications of bioinformational theory: Understanding anxiety and its treatment. Behavior Therapy, 29, 675690.Google Scholar
Fonseca, A. C. & Perrin, S. (2011). The clinical phenomenology and classification of child and adolescent anxiety. In Silverman, W. K. & Field, A. P. (eds.), Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents (pp. 2556). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fredrickson, M., Annas, P., Fischer, H., & Wik, G. (1996). Gender and age differences in the prevalence of specific fears and phobias. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 3339.Google Scholar
Fyer, A. J., Mannuzza, S., Chapman, T. F., Martin, L. Y., & Klein, D. F. (1995). Specificity in familial aggregation of phobic disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52(7), 564573.Google Scholar
Gallagher, B. & Cartwright-Hatton, S. (2008).The relationship between parenting factors and trait anxiety: Mediating role of cognitive errors and metacognition. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(4), 722733.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goisman, R. M., Allsworth, J., Rogers, M. P., Warshaw, M. G., Goldenberg, I., Vasile, R. G., … Keller, M. B. (1998). Simple phobia as a comorbid anxiety disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 7(3), 105112.3.0.CO;2-A>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenberg, P. E., Sisitsky, T., Kessler, R. C., Finkelstein, S. N., Berndt, E. R., Davidson, J. R., … Fyer, A. J. (1999). The economic burden of anxiety disorders in the 1990s. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60(7), 427435.Google Scholar
Hermann, A., Schäfer, A., Walter, B., Stark, R., Vaitl, D., & Schienle, A. (2009). Emotion regulation in spider phobia: Role of the medial prefrontal cortex. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 4(3), 257267.Google Scholar
Hettema, J. M., Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (2001). A review and meta-analysis of the genetic epidemiology of anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(10), 15681578.Google Scholar
Hirshfeld, D. R., Rosenbaum, J. F., Biederman, J., Bolduc, E. A., Faraone, S. V., Snidman, N., Reznick, J. S., & Kagan, J. (1992). Stable behavioral inhibition and its association with anxiety disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 103111.Google Scholar
Hudson, J. L. & Rapee, R. M. (2001). Parent–child interactions and anxiety disorders: An observational study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39(12), 14111427.Google Scholar
Hudson, J. L. & Rapee, R. M. (2005). Parental perceptions of overprotection: Specific to anxious children or shared between siblings? Behaviour Change, 22(03), 185194.Google Scholar
Hyman, S. E. (2010). The diagnosis of mental disorders: The problem of reification. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 155–79.Google Scholar
Iancua, I., Levin, J., Hermesh, H., Dannon, P., Poreh, A., Ben-Yehuda, Y., … Kotler, M. (2006). Social phobia symptoms: Prevalence, sociodemographic correlates, and overlap with specific phobia symptoms. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 47, 399405. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.01.008Google Scholar
Insel, T. R. & Cuthbert, B. N. (2009). Endophenotypes: Bridging genomic complexity and disorder heterogeneity. Biological Psychiatry, 66(11), 988989.Google Scholar
Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., … Wang, P. (2010). Research Domain Criteria (RDoC): Toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(7), 748751.Google Scholar
Jang, K. L. (2005). The Behavioral Genetics of Psychopathology: A Clinical Guide. Mahwah, NJ: Routledge Press.Google Scholar
de Jong, P. J. (2014). Danger-confirming reasoning and phobic beliefs. In Galbraith, N. (ed.), Aberrant Beliefs and Reasoning (pp. 132153). New York, NY: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Kagan, J. (1989). Temperamental contributions to social behavior. American Psychologist, 44, 668674.Google Scholar
Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., & Gibbons, J. (1989). Inhibited and uninhibited types of children. Child Development, 60, 838845.Google Scholar
Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., & Snidman, N. (1987). The physiology and psychology of behavioral inhibition. Child Development, 58, 14591473.Google Scholar
Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., & Snidman, N. (1988). Biological bases of childhood shyness. Science, 240, 167171.Google Scholar
Karno, M., Golding, J. M., Burnam, M. A., Hough, R. L., Escobar, J. I., Wells, K. M., & Boyer, R. (1989). Anxiety disorders among Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites in Los Angeles. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 177, 202209.Google Scholar
Kashani, J. H., Orvaschel, H., Rosenberg, T. K., & Reid, J. C. (1989). Psychopathology in a community sample of children and adolescents: A developmental perspective. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 28(5), 701706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kendler, K. S., Neale, M. C., Kessler, R. C., Heath, A. C., & Eaves, L. J. (1993). Major depression and phobias: The genetic and environmental sources of comorbidity. Psychological Medicine, 23, 361371.Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593602.Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 617627. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617.Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Wittchen, H. U. (2012). Twelve‐month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 21(3), 169184.Google Scholar
Kim, S., Kim, B., Cho, S., Kim, J., Shin, M., Yoo, H., & Kim, H. W. (2010). The prevalence of specific phobia and associated co-morbid features in children and adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 629634. doi: 10.1016/j.anxdis.2010.04.004Google Scholar
Kleinknecht, R. A. (1987). Vasovagal syncope and blood/injury fear. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 25(3), 175178.Google Scholar
Laing, S. V., Fernyhough, C., Turner, M., & Freeston, M. H. (2009). Fear, worry, and ritualistic behaviour in childhood: Developmental trends and interrelations. Infant and Child Development, 18, 351366. doi: 10.1002/icd.627Google Scholar
Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1998). Emotion, motivation, and anxiety: Brain mechanisms and psychophysiology. Biological Psychiatry, 44(12), 12481263.Google Scholar
Lang, P. J., McTeague, L. M., & Bradley, M. M. (2014). Pathological anxiety and function/dysfunction in the brain’s fear/defense circuitry. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, 32, 6377.Google Scholar
Lang, P. J., McTeague, L. M., & Bradley, M. M. (2016). RDoC, DSM, and the reflex physiology of fear: A biodimensional analysis of the anxiety disorders spectrum. Psychophysiology, 53(3), 336347.Google Scholar
Last, C. G., Hansen, C., & Franco, N. (1997). Anxious children in adulthood: A prospective study of adjustment. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(5), 645652.Google Scholar
Last, C. G., Perrin, S., Hersen, M., & Kazdin, A. E. (1992). A prospective study of childhood anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(6), 10701076.Google Scholar
LeDoux, J. E. & Brown, R. (2017). A higher-order theory of emotional consciousness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(10), E2016E2025.Google Scholar
Liddell, A. & Lyons, M. (1978). Thunderstorm phobias. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 16(4), 306308.Google Scholar
Lipsitz, J. D., Barlow, D. H., Manuzza, S., Hofmann, S. G., & Fyer, A. J. (2002). Clinical features of four DSM-IV–specific phobia subtypes. Journal of Nervous Mental Disease, 190, 471478. doi: 10.1097/01.NMD.0000022449.79274.48Google Scholar
Lipsitz, J. D., Fyer, A. J., Paterniti, A., & Klein, D. F. (2001). Emetophobia: Preliminary results of an Internet survey. Depression and Anxiety, 14(2), 149152.Google Scholar
MacLeod, C. M. (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 163203.Google Scholar
Magee, W. J., Eaton, W. W., Wittchen, H. U., McGonagle, K. A., & Kessler, R. C. (1996). Agoraphobia, simple phobia, and social phobia in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53(2), 159168.Google Scholar
Marks, I. (1988). Blood-injury phobia: A review. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145(10), 12071213.Google Scholar
Marks, I. (2002). Innate and learned fears are at opposite ends of a continuum of associability. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 165167.Google Scholar
Mash, E. & Dozois, D. (2003).Child psychopathology: A developmental-systems perspective. In Mash, E. & Barkley, R. (eds.), Child Psychopathology (2nd edn) (pp. 371). New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
McLaughlin, K. A., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., & Hilt, L. M. (2009). Emotion dysregulation as a mechanism linking peer victimization to internalizing symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(5), 894904.Google Scholar
Mednick, L. M. & Claar, R. L. (2012). Treatment of severe blood-injection-injury phobia with the applied-tension method: Two adolescent case examples. Clinical Case Studies, 11, 2434. doi: 10.1177/1534650112437405Google Scholar
Mineka, S. & Oehlberg, K. (2008). The relevance of recent developments in classical conditioning to understanding the etiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders. Acta Psychologica, 127(3), 567580.Google Scholar
Mineka, S. & Zinbarg, R. (2006). A contemporary learning theory perspective on the etiology of anxiety disorders: It’s not what you thought it was. American Psychologist, 61(1), 1027.Google Scholar
Monroe, S. M. & Simons, A. D. (1991). Diathesis-stress theories in the context of life stress research: Implications for the depressive disorders. Psychological Bulletin, 110(3), 406425.Google Scholar
Morris, R. J. & Kratochwill, T. R. (1983). Treating Children’s Fears and Phobias: A Behavioral Approach. New York, NY: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Moore, R., Brødsgaard, I., & Rosenberg, N. (2004). The contribution of embarrassment to phobic dental anxiety: A qualitative research study. BioMedCentral Psychiatry, 4, 111. doi: 10–10.1186/1471-244X-4–10Google Scholar
Muris, P. & Field, A. P. (2011). The “normal” development of fear. In Silverman, W. K. & Field, A. P. (eds.), Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents (2nd edn). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Muris, P. & Merckelbach, H. (2000). How serious are common childhood fears? II. The parents’ point of view. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 813818.Google Scholar
Muris, P. & Merckelbach, H. (2001). The etiology of childhood specific phobia: A multifactorial model. In Vasey, M. W. & Dadds, M. R. (eds.), The Developmental Psychopathology of Anxiety (pp. 355385). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., de Jong, P. J., & Ollendick, T. H. (2002). The etiology of specific fears and phobias in children: A critique of the non-associative account. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(2), 185195.Google Scholar
Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Mayer, B., & Prins, E. (2000). How serious are common childhood fears? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 217228.Google Scholar
Muris, P., Schmidt, H., & Merckelbach, H. (1999). The structure of specific phobia symptoms among children and adolescents. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37(9), 863868.Google Scholar
Öhman, A. (1993). Fear and anxiety as emotional phenomena: Clinical phenomenology, evolutionary perspectives, and information processing mechanisms. In Lewis, M. & Haviland, J. M. (eds.), Handbook of emotions. New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Öhman, A., Flykt, A., & Esteves, F. (2001). Motion drives attention: Detecting the snake in the grass. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 466478. doi: 10.1037//0096–3445.130.3.466Google Scholar
Öhman, A. & Soares, J. J. (1994). “Unconscious anxiety”: Phobic responses to masked stimuli. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(2), 231.Google Scholar
Olatunji, B. O., Smits, J. A. J., Connolly, K., Willems, J., & Lohr, J. M. (2007). Examination of the decline in fear and disgust during exposure to threat-relevant stimuli in blood-injection-injury phobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 445455. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.05.001Google Scholar
Ollendick, T. H. (1979) Fear reduction techniques with children. In Miller, P. & Eisler, R. (eds.), Progress in Behavioral Modification, Vol. 8 (pp. 127168). New York, NY: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Ollendick, T., Allen, B., Benoit, K., & Cowart, M. (2011). The tripartite model of fear in children with specific phobias: Assessing concordance and discordance using the behavioral approach test. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(8), 459465.Google Scholar
Ollendick, T. H. & Davis, T. E. (2013). One-session treatment for specific phobias: A review of Ost’s single-session exposure with children and adolescents. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 42, 275283. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2013.773062Google Scholar
Ollendick, T. H., King, N. J., & Frary, R. B. (1989). Fears in children and adolescents: Reliability and generalizability across gender, age and nationality. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 27(1), 1926.Google Scholar
Ollendick, T. H., Raishevich, N., Davis, T. E., Sirbu, C. & Öst, L. (2010). Specific phobia in youth: Phenomenology and psychological characteristics. Behavior Therapy, 41, 133141. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2009.02.002.Google Scholar
Ollendick, T. H. & Vasey, M. W. (1999). Developmental theory and the practice of clinical child psychology. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28, 457466.Google Scholar
Oosterink, F. M. D., de Jongh, A., & Aartman, I. H. A. (2009). Negative events and their potential risk of precipitating pathological forms of dental anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(4), 451457.Google Scholar
Oosterink, F., de Jongh, A., & Hoogstraten, J. (2009). Prevalence of dental fear and phobia relative to other fear and phobia subtypes. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 117(2), 135143.Google Scholar
Öst, L. G. (1987). Age of onset in different phobias. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 96(3), 223230.Google Scholar
Öst, L. G. (1991). Acquisition of blood and injection phobia and anxiety response patterns in clinical patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 29(4), 323332.Google Scholar
Öst, L. & Sterner, U. (1987). Applied tension: A specific behavioral method for treatment of blood phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 25, 2529.Google Scholar
Öst, L. G., Sterner, U., & Lindahl, I. L. (1984). Physiological responses in blood phobics. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 22(2), 109117.Google Scholar
Page, A. C. (1994). Blood-injury phobia. Clinical Psychology Review, 14(5), 443461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pine, D. S., Cohen, P., Gurley, D., Brook, J., & Ma, Y. (1998). The risk for early adulthood anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 5664.Google Scholar
Poulton, R. & Menzies, R. G. (2002). Non-associative fear acquisition: A review of the evidence from retrospective and longitudinal research. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(2), 127149.Google Scholar
Price, K., Veale, D., & Brewin, C. R. (2012). Intrusive imagery in people with a specific phobia of vomiting. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43, 672678. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.09.007Google Scholar
Rachman, S. & Hodgson, R. (1974). I. Synchrony and desynchrony in fear and avoidance. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 12(4), 311318.Google Scholar
Rapee, R. M., Schniering, C. A., & Hudson, J. L. (2009). Anxiety disorders during childhood and adolescence: Origins and treatment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 5, 311341.Google Scholar
Reijntjes, A., Kamphuis, J. H., Prinzie, P., & Telch, M. J. (2010). Peer victimization and internalizing problems in children: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34(4), 244252.Google Scholar
Roy, A. K., Vasa, R. A., Bruck, M., Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Sweeney, M., … CAMS Team. (2008). Attention bias toward threat in pediatric anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(10), 11891196.Google Scholar
Rubin, K. H. (2014). The Waterloo longitudinal project: Correlates and consequences of social withdrawal from childhood to adolescence. In Rubin, K. H. & Asendorpf, J. B. (eds.), Social Withdrawal, Inhibition, and Shyness in Childhood (pp. 291314). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Saavedra, L. M. & Silverman, W. K. (2002). Case study: Disgust and a specific phobia of buttons. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 13761379. doi: 10.1097/00004583–200211000-00020Google Scholar
Salzman, C. D. & Fusi, S. (2010). Emotion, cognition, and mental state representation in amygdala and prefrontal cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 33, 173202.Google Scholar
Sanderson, W. C., DiNardo, P. A., Rapee, R. M., & Barlow, D. H. (1990). Syndrome comorbidity in patients diagnosed with a DSM-III-R anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 308312.Google Scholar
Sarason, S. B., Davidson, K. S., Lighthall, F. F., Waite, R. R., & Ruebush, B. K. (1960). Anxiety in Elementary School Children: A Report of Research. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Sareen, J., Chartier, M., Kjernisted, K. D., & Stein, M. B. (2001). Comorbidity of phobic disorders with alcoholism in a Canadian community sample. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 46, 733740.Google Scholar
Sawchuk, C. N., Lohr, J. M., Tolin, D. F., Lee, T. C., & Kleinknecht, R. A. (2000). Disgust sensitivity and contamination fears in spider and blood-injection-injury phobias. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 753772.Google Scholar
Seeman, M. V. (1997). Psychopathology in women and men: Focus on female hormones. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(12), 16411647.Google Scholar
Seligman, M. E. (1971). Phobias and preparedness. Behavior Therapy, 2(3), 307320.Google Scholar
Siegel, P., Anderson, J. F., & Han, E. (2011). Very brief exposure II: The effects of unreportable stimuli on reducing phobic behavior. Consciousness and Cognition, 20(2), 181190.Google Scholar
Siegel, P. & Gallagher, K. A. (2015). Delaying in vivo exposure to a tarantula with very brief exposure to phobic stimuli. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 46, 182188.Google Scholar
Siegel, P. & Warren, R. (2013). The effect of very brief exposure on experienced fear after in vivo exposure. Cognition & Emotion, 27(6), 10131022.Google Scholar
Siegel, P., Warren, R., Wang, Z., Yang, J., Cohen, D., Anderson, J. F., … Peterson, B. S. (2017). Less is more: Neural activity during very brief and clearly visible exposure to phobic stimuli. Human Brain Mapping.Google Scholar
Siegel, P. & Weinberger, J. (2012). Less is more: The effects of very brief versus clearly visible exposure. Emotion, 12(2), 394402.Google Scholar
Silverman, W. K. & Moreno, J. (2005). Specific phobia. Child Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 14, 819843. doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2005.05.004Google Scholar
Silverman, W. K. & Rabian, B. (1994). Specific phobias. In Ollendick, T. H., King, N. J., & Yule, W. (eds.), International Handbook of Phobic and Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents (pp. 87110). New York, NY: Plenum.Google Scholar
Siqueland, L., Kendall, P. C., & Steinberg, L. (1996). Anxiety in children: Perceived family environments and observed family interaction. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25(2), 225237.Google Scholar
Smoller, J. W., Rosenbaum, J. F., Biederman, J., Kennedy, J., Dai, D., Racette, S. R., … Tsuang, M. T. (2003). Association of a genetic marker at the corticotropin-releasing hormone locus with behavioral inhibition. Biological Psychiatry, 54(12), 13761381.Google Scholar
Spence, S. H. & McCathie, H. (1993). The stability of fears in children: A two‐year prospective study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34(4), 579585.Google Scholar
Starcevic, V. & Bogojevic, G. (1997). Comorbidity of panic disorder with agoraphobia and specific phobia: Relationship with the subtypes of specific phobia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 38, 315320.Google Scholar
Stark, K. D., Humphrey, L. L., Crook, K., & Lewis, K. (1990). Perceived family environments of depressed and anxious children: Child’s and maternal figure’s perspectives. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18(5), 527547.Google Scholar
Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Chou, S. P., Smith, S., Goldstein, R. B., Ruan, W. J., & Grant, B. F. (2007). The epidemiology of DSM-IV specific phobia in the USA: Result of the national Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Psychological Medicine, 37, 10471059. doi: 10.1017/s0033291707000086Google Scholar
Strauss, C. C., Frame, C. L., & Forehand, R. (1987). Psychosocial impairment associated with anxiety in children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 16(3), 235239.Google Scholar
Strauss, C. C. & Last, C. G. (1993). Social and simple phobias in children. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 7(2), 141152.Google Scholar
Szyf, M., McGowan, P., & Meaney, M. (2008).The social environment and the epigenome. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis,49, 4660.Google Scholar
Teachman, B. A., Stefanucci, J. K., Clerkin, E. M., Cody, M. W., & Proffitt, D. R. (2008). New mode of fear expression: Perceptual bias in height fear. Emotion, 8, 296301. doi: 10.1037/1528–3542.8.2.296Google Scholar
Thompson-Hollands, J., Kerns, C. E., Pincus, D. B., & Comer, J. S. (2014). Parental accommodation of child anxiety and related symptoms: Range, impact, and correlates. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(8), 765773.Google Scholar
Tomarken, A. J., Mineka, S., & Cook, M. (1989). Fear-relevant selective associations and covariation bias. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98(4), 381394.Google Scholar
Tomarken, A. J., Sutton, S. K., & Mineka, S. (1995). Fear-relevant illusory correlations: What types of associations promote judgmental bias? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104(2), 312326.Google Scholar
Trumpf, J., Margraf, J., Vriends, N., Meyer, A. H., & Becker, E. S. (2010). Specific phobia predicts psychopathology in young women. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 45, 11611166. doi: 10.1007/s00127-009–015905Google Scholar
van Brakel, A. M., Muris, P., Bögels, S. M., & Thomassen, C. (2006). A multifactorial model for the etiology of anxiety in non-clinical adolescents: Main and interactive effects of behavioral inhibition, attachment and parental rearing. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 15(5), 568578.Google Scholar
van den Hout, M., Tenney, N., Huygens, K., & de Jong, P. (1997). Preconscious processing bias in specific phobia. Behavior Research and Therapy, 35, 2934.Google Scholar
van Houtem, C. M. H. H., Laine, M. L., Boomsma, D. I., Ligthart, L., van Wijk, A. J., & De Jongh, A. (2013). A review and meta-analysis of the heritability of specific phobia subtypes and corresponding fears. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(4), 379388.Google Scholar
Wells, E. J., Browne, M. A. O., Scott, K. M., McGee, M. A., Baxter, J. & Kokaual, J. (2006). Prevalence, interference with life and severity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40, 845854.Google Scholar
Whaley, S. E., Pinto, A., & Sigman, M. (1999). Characterizing interactions between anxious mothers and their children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 826836.Google Scholar
Wittchen, H. U., Nelson, C. B., & Lachner, G. (1998). Prevalence of mental disorders and psychosocial impairments in adolescents and young adults. Psychological Medicine, 28(1), 109126.Google Scholar
Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Horowitz, J. D., Powers, M. B., Telch, M. J. (2008). Psychological approaches in the treatment of specific phobias: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 10211037. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2008.02.007Google Scholar
Wood, J. J. (2006). Parental intrusiveness and children’s separation anxiety in a clinical sample. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 37(1), 7387.Google Scholar
Wood, J. J., McLeod, B. D., Sigman, M., Hwang, W. C., & Chu, B. C. (2003). Parenting and childhood anxiety: Theory, empirical findings, and future directions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44(1), 134151.Google Scholar
Woodward, L. J. & Fergusson, D. M. (2001). Life course outcomes of young people with anxiety disorders in adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(9), 10861093.Google Scholar

References

Alius, M. G., Pané-Farré, C. A., Von Leupoldt, A., & Hamm, A. O. (2013). Induction of dyspnea evokes increased anxiety and maladaptive breathing in individuals with high anxiety sensitivity and suffocation fear. Psychophysiology, 50(5), 488497. http://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12028Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edn). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Asmundson, G. J. G., Taylor, S., & Smits, J. A. J. (2014). Panic disorder and agoraphobia: An overview and commentary on DSM-5 changes. Depression and Anxiety, 31(6), 480486. doi: 10.1002/da.22277Google Scholar
Barlow, D. H. (1988, 2002). Anxiety and Its Disorders: The Nature and Treatment of Anxiety and Panic. New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Barlow, D. H., Sauer-Zavala, S., Carl, J. R., Bullis, J. R., & Ellard, K. K. (2014). The nature, diagnosis, and treatment of neuroticism: Back to the future. Clinical Psychological Science, 2(3), 344365.Google Scholar
Beck, A. T., Emery, G., & Greenberg, R. I. (1985). Anxiety Disorders and Phobias. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Bouton, M. E., Mineka, S., & Barlow, D. H. (2001). A modern learning theory perspective on the etiology of panic disorder. Psychological Review, 108(1), 432.Google Scholar
Brown, M., Smits, J. A., Powers, M. B., & Telch, M. J. (2003). Differential sensitivity of the three ASI factors in predicting panic disorder patients’ subjective and behavioral response to hyperventilation challenge. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17(5), 583591.Google Scholar
Casey, L. M., Newcombe, P. A., & Oei, T. P. (2005). Cognitive mediation of panic severity: The role of catastrophic misinterpretation of bodily sensations and panic self-efficacy. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29(2), 187200. doi: 10.1007/s10608-005–3164-3Google Scholar
Casey, L. M., Oei, T. P. S., & Newcombe, P. A. (2005). Looking beyond the negatives: A time period analysis of positive cognitions, negative cognitions, and working alliance in cognitive behavior therapy for panic disorder. Psychotherapy Research, 15(1–2), 5568.Google Scholar
Casey, L. M., Oei, T. P., Newcombe, P. A., & Kenardy, J. (2004). The role of catastrophic misinterpretation of bodily sensations and panic self-efficacy in predicting panic severity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 18(3), 325340. doi: 10.1016/s0887-6185(02)00257–8Google Scholar
Chambless, D. L. & Gracely, E. J. (1989). Fear of fear and the anxiety disorders. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 13(1), 920.Google Scholar
Choe, A. Y., Kim, B., Lee, K. S., Lee, J. E., Lee, J. Y., Choi, T. K., & Lee, S. H. (2013). Serotonergic genes (5-HTT and HTR1A) and separation life events: Gene-by-environment interaction for panic disorder. Neuropsychobiology, 67(4), 192200.Google Scholar
Clark, D. M. (1986). A cognitive approach to panic. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24(4), 461470.Google Scholar
Craske, M. G. & Barlow, D. H. (2007). Panic disorder and agoraphobia. In Barlow, D. (ed.), Clinical Handbook of Psychological Disorders (4th edn) (pp. 164). New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Cuthbert, B. N. & Insel, T. R. (2013). Toward the future of psychiatric diagnosis: The seven pillars of RDoC. BMC Medicine, 11(1), 126. http://doi.org/10.1186/1741–7015-11–126Google Scholar
Cuthbert, B. N., Lang, P. J., Strauss, C., Drobes, D., Patrick, C. J., & Bradley, M. M. (2003). The psychophysiology of anxiety disorder: Fear memory imagery. Psychophysiology, 40(3), 407422.Google Scholar
Davis, M., Walker, D. L., Miles, L., & Grillon, C. (2010). Phasic vs sustained fear in rats and humans: Role of the extended amygdala in fear vs anxiety. Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 35(1), 105135. http://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2009.109Google Scholar
de Jonge, P., Roest, A. M., Lim, C. C. W., Florescu, S. E., Bromet, E. J., Stein, D. J., … Scott, K. M. (2016). Cross-national epidemiology of panic disorder and panic attacks in the world mental health surveys. Depression and Anxiety, 33(12), 11551177. doi: 10.1002/da.22572Google Scholar
Deckert, J., Catalano, M., Syagailo, Y. V. Bosi, M., Okladnova, O., Di Bella, D., … Lesch, K. P. (1999). Excess of high activity monoamine oxidase A gene promoter alleles in female patients with panic disorder. Human Molecular Genetics, 8(4), 621624.Google Scholar
Dillon, D. G., Rosso, I. M., Pechtel, P., Killgore, W. D. S., Rauch, S. L., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2014). Peril and pleasure: An RDoC-inspired examination of threat responses and reward processing in anxiety and depression. Depression and Anxiety, 31(3), 233249. http://doi.org/10.1002/da.22202.Google Scholar
Dresler, T., Guhn, A., Tupak, S. V., Ehlis, A. C., Herrmann, M. J., Fallgatter, A. J., … Domschke, K. (2013). Revise the revised? New dimensions of the neuroanatomical hypothesis of panic disorder. Journal of Neural Transmission, 120(1), 329.Google Scholar
Ehlers, A. (1993). Somatic symptoms and panic attacks: A retrospective study of learning experiences. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31(3), 269278.Google Scholar
Ehlers, A. (1995). A 1-year prospective study of panic attacks: Clinical course and factors associated with maintenance. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104(1), 164172.Google Scholar
Fanselow, M. S. (1994). Neural organization of the defensive behavior system responsible for fear. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1(4), 429438. http://doi.org/10.3758/BF03210947Google Scholar
Fanselow, M. S. & Lester, L. S. (1988). A functional behavioristic approach to aversively motivated behavior: Predatory imminence as a determinant of the topography of defensive behavior. In Bolles, R. C. & Beecher, M. D. (eds.), Evolution and Learning (pp. 185212). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Fujiwara, A., Yoshida, T., Otsuka, T., Hayano, F., Asami, T., Narita, H., … Hirayasu, Y. (2011). Midbrain volume increase in patients with panic disorder. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 65(4), 365373. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440–1819.2011.02219.xGoogle Scholar
Gallagher, M. W., Payne, L. A., White, K. S., Shear, K. M., Woods, S. W., Gorman, J. M., & Barlow, D. H. (2013). Mechanisms of change in cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder: The unique effects of self-efficacy and anxiety sensitivity. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51(11), 767777.Google Scholar
Goldstein, A. J. & Chambless, D. L. (1978). A reanalysis of agoraphobia. Behavior Therapy, 9(1), 4759. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7894(78)80053–7Google Scholar
Gorka, S. M., Liu, H., Sarapas, C., & Shankman, S. A. (2015). Time course of threat responding in panic disorder and depression. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 98(1), 8794. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.07.005Google Scholar
Gorlin, E. I., Beadel, J. R., Roberson-Nay, R., & Teachman, B. A. (2014). The self-fulfilling panic prophecy: Anxiety-related control attributions uniquely predict reactivity to a 7.5% CO2 challenge. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 38(6), 585599.Google Scholar
Gorman, J. M., Kent, J. M., Sullivan, G. M., & Coplan, J. D. (2000). Neuroanatomical hypothesis of panic disorder, revised. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(4), 493505.Google Scholar
Gould, R. A., Otto, M. W., & Pollack, M. H. (1995). A meta-analysis of treatment outcome for panic disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 15(8), 819844.Google Scholar
Graeff, F. G. (2017). Translational approach to the pathophysiology of panic disorder: Focus on serotonin and endogenous opioids. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 76, 4855.Google Scholar
Graeff, F. G. & Del-Ben, C. M. (2008). Neurobiology of panic disorder: From animal models to brain neuroimaging. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 32(7), 13261335. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017Google Scholar
Greene, A. L. & Eaton, N. R. (2016). Panic disorder and agoraphobia: A direct comparison of their multivariate comorbidity patterns. Journal of Affective Disorders, 190, 7583. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.060Google Scholar
Grillon, C., Ameli, R., Goddard, A., Woods, S. W., & Davis, M. (1994). Baseline and fear-potentiated startle in panic disorder patients. Biological Psychiatry, 35(7), 431439.Google Scholar
Grillon, C., Lissek, S., Rabin, S., Mcdowell, D., Dvir, S., & Pine, D. S. (2008). Increased anxiety during anticipation of unpredictable but not predictable aversive stimuli as a psychophysiologic marker of panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(7), 898904. http://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07101581Google Scholar
Hamm, A. O., Richter, J., & Pané-Farré, C. A. (2014). When the threat comes from inside the body: A neuroscience based learning perspective of the etiology of panic disorder. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, 32(1), 7993. http://doi.org/10.3233/RNN-139011Google Scholar
Hamm, A. O., Richter, J. A. N., Pané-Farré, C. A., Wittchen, H., Vossbeck-Elsebusch, A. N., Gerlach, A. L., … Gerdes, A. B. M. (2016). Panic disorder with agoraphobia from a behavioral neuroscience perspective: Applying the research principles formulated by the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative. Psychophysiology, 53, 312322. http://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12553Google Scholar
Harvey, J. M., Richards, J. C., Dziadosz, T., & Swindell, A. (1993). Misinterpretation of ambiguous stimuli in panic disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 17(3), 235248.Google Scholar
Hayward, C., Killen, J. D., Kraemer, H. C., & Taylor, C. B. (2000). Predictors of panic attacks in adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(2), 207214.Google Scholar
Hettema, J. M., Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (2001). A review and meta-analysis of the genetic epidemiology of anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(10), 15681578.Google Scholar
Holtz, K., Pané-Farré, C. A., Wendt, J., Lotze, M., & Hamm, A. O. (2012). Brain activation during anticipation of interoceptive threat. NeuroImage, 61(4), 857865. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.019Google Scholar
Howe, A. S., Buttenschøn, H. N., Bani-Fatemi, A., Maron, E., Otowa, T., Erhardt, A., … Domschke, K. (2015). Candidate genes in panic disorder: Meta-analyses of 23 common variants in major anxiogenic pathways. Molecular Psychiatry, 21(5), 665679.Google Scholar
Johnson, P. L., Federici, L. M., & Shekhar, A. (2014). Etiology, triggers and neurochemical circuits associated with unexpected, expected, and laboratory-induced panic attacks. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 46, 429454. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.07.027Google Scholar
Keck, M. E., Kern, N., Erhardt, A., Unschuld, P. G., Ising, M., Salyakina, D., … Binder, E. B. (2008). Combined effects of exonic polymorphisms in CRHR1 and AVPR1B genes in a case/control study for panic disorder. American Journal of Medical Genetics, Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 147B(7), 11961204. http://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.30750Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593602. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Jin, R., Ruscio, A. M., Shear, K., & Walters, E. E. (2006). The epidemiology of panic attacks, panic disorder, and agoraphobia in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63(4), 415424. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.63.4.415Google Scholar
Killgore, W. D. S., Britton, J. C., Price, L. M., Gold, A. L., & Rauch, S. L. (2011). Neural correlates of anxiety sensitivity during masked presentation of affective faces. Depression and Anxiety, 28(3), 243249. http://doi.org/10.1002/da.20788Google Scholar
Klein, D. F. (1993). False suffocation alarms, spontaneous panics, and related conditions. An integrative hypothesis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50(4), 306317.Google Scholar
Kozak, M. J. & Cuthbert, B. N. (2016). The NIMH Research Domain Criteria Initiative: Background, issues, and pragmatics. Psychophysiology, 53(3), 286297. http://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12518Google Scholar
Lamers, F., van Oppen, P., Comijs, H. C., Smit, J. H., Spinhoven, P., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., … Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2011). Comorbidity patterns of anxiety and depressive disorders in a large cohort study: The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72(3), 341348.Google Scholar
Lang, P. J. & McTeague, L. M. (2009). The anxiety disorder spectrum: Fear imagery, physiological reactivity, and differential diagnosis. Anxiety Stress Coping, 22(1), 525. http://doi.org/10.1080/10615800802478247Google Scholar
Maron, E., Lang, A., Tasa, G., Liivlaid, L., Tõru, I., Must, A., … Shlik, J. (2005). Associations between serotonin-related gene polymorphisms and panic disorder. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 8(2), 261266. http://doi.org/10.1017/S1461145704004985Google Scholar
McGinn, L. K., Nooner, K. B., Cohen, J., & Leaberry, K. D. (2015). The role of early experience and cognitive vulnerability: Presenting a unified model of the etiology of panic. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 39(4), 508519.Google Scholar
McNally, R. J. & Eke, M. (1996). Anxiety sensitivity, suffocation fear, and breath-holding duration as predictors of response to carbon dioxide challenge. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105(1), 146149.Google Scholar
McNally, R. J. & Foa, E. B. (1987). Cognition and agoraphobia: Bias in the interpretation of threat. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 11(5), 567581.Google Scholar
Meuret, A. E., Kroll, J., & Ritz, T. (2017). Panic disorder comorbidity with medical conditions and treatment implications. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 13(1), 209240. doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815–093044Google Scholar
Meuret, A. E., Ritz, T., Wilhelm, F. H., & Roth, W. T. (2005). Voluntary hyperventilation in the treatment of panic disorder: Functions of hyperventilation, their implications for breathing training, and recommendations for standardization. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(3), 285306.Google Scholar
Milrod, B., Chambless, D. L., Gallop, R., Busch, F. N., Schwalberg, M., McCarthy, K. S., … Barber, J. P. (2015). Psychotherapies for panic disorder: A tale of two sites. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 77(7), 927935.Google Scholar
Mobbs, D., Marchant, J. L., Hassabis, D., Seymour, B., Tan, G., Gray, M., … Frith, C. D. (2009). From threat to fear: The neural organization of defensive fear systems in humans. Journal of Neuroscience, 29(39), 1223612243.Google Scholar
Norton, G. R., Cox, B. J., & Malan, J. (1992). Nonclinical panickers: A critical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 12(2), 121139.Google Scholar
Olatunji, B. O. & Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B. (2009). Anxiety sensitivity and the anxiety disorders: A meta-analytic review and synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 135(6), 974999.Google Scholar
Öst, L.-G., Johansson, J., & Jerremalm, A. (1982). Individual response patterns and the effects of different behavioral methods in the treatment of claustrophobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 20(5), 445460. http://doi.org/10.1016/0005–7967(82)90066–3Google Scholar
Otto, M. W., Reilly-Harrington, N. A., & Taylor, S. (1999). The impact of treatment on anxiety sensitivity. In Taylor, S. (ed.), Anxiety Sensitivity: Theory, Research, and Treatment of the Fear of Anxiety (pp. 321336). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Perusini, J. N. & Fanselow, M. S. (2015). Neurobehavioral perspectives on the distinction between fear and anxiety. Learning & Memory, 22(9), 417425. http://doi.org/10.1101/lm.039180.115Google Scholar
Preter, M. & Klein, D. F. (1998). Panic disorder and the suffocation false alarm theory: Current state of knowledge and further implications for neurobiologic theory testing. In The Panic Respiration Connection (pp. 1–24). Milan: MDM Medical Media Srl.Google Scholar
Preter, M. & Klein, D. F. (2008). Panic, suffocation false alarms, separation anxiety and endogenous opioids. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 32, 603661.Google Scholar
Preter, M. & Klein, D. F. (2014). Lifelong opioidergic vulnerability through early life separation: A recent extension of the false suffocation alarm theory of panic disorder. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 46, 345351.Google Scholar
Protopopescu, X., Pan, H., Tuescher, O., Cloitre, M., Goldstein, M., Engelien, A., … Silbersweig, D. (2006). Increased brainstem volume in panic disorder: A voxel-based morphometric study. Neuroreport, 17(4), 361363.Google Scholar
Rachman, S. & Taylor, S. (1993). Analyses of claustrophobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 7(4), 281291. http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0887–6185(93)90025-GGoogle Scholar
Radomsky, A. S., Rachman, S., Thordarson, D. S., Mcisaac, H. K., & Teachman, B. A. (2001). The Claustrophobia Questionnaire. Journal of Anxiety Disorder, 15(4), 287297.Google Scholar
Rapee, R., Mattick, R., & Murrell, E. (1986). Cognitive mediation in the affective component of spontaneous panic attacks. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 17(4), 245253.Google Scholar
Rassovsky, Y., Kushner, M. G., Schwarze, N. J., & Wangensteen, O. D. (2000). Psychological and physiological predictors of response to carbon dioxide challenge in individuals with panic disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(4), 616623.Google Scholar
Rau, V. & Fanselow, M. S. (2007). Neurobiological and neuroethological perspectives on fear and anxiety. In Understanding Trauma: Integrating Biological, Clinical, and Cultural Perspectives (pp. 2740).Google Scholar
Reif, A., Richter, J., Straube, B., Höfler, M., Lueken, U., Gloster, A. T., … Deckert, J. (2014). MAOA and mechanisms of panic disorder revisited: From bench to molecular psychotherapy. Molecular Psychiatry, 19(1), 122128. http://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2012.172Google Scholar
Reiss, S. (1991). Expectancy model of fear, anxiety, and panic. Clinical Psychology Review, 11(2), 141153.Google Scholar
Reiss, S. & McNally, R. J. (1985). Expectancy model of fear. In Reiss, S. and Bootzin, R. R. (eds.), Theoretical Issues in Behavior Therapy (pp. 107121). New York, NY: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Reiss, S., Peterson, R. A., Gursky, D. M., & McNally, R. J. (1986). Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency and the prediction of fearfulness. Behavior Research and Therapy, 24(1), 18. http://doi.org/10.1016/0005–7967(86)90143–9Google Scholar
Richter, J., Hamm, A. O., Pané-Farré, C. A., Gerlach, A. L., Gloster, A. T., Wittchen, H. U., … Arolt, V. (2012). Dynamics of defensive reactivity in patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia: Implications for the etiology of panic disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 72(6), 512520. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.03.035Google Scholar
Risbrough, V. B. & Stein, M. B. (2006). Role of corticotropin releasing factor in anxiety disorders: A translational research perspective. Hormones and Behavior, 50(4), 550561.Google Scholar
Roberson-Nay, R., Beadel, J. R., Gorlin, E. I., Latendresse, S. J., & Teachman, B. A. (2015). Examining the latent class structure of CO2 hypersensitivity using time course trajectories of panic response systems. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 47, 6876.Google Scholar
Rosso, I. M., Makris, N., Britton, J. C., … Rauch, S. L. (2010). Anxiety sensitivity correlates with two indices of right anterior insula structure in specific animal phobia. Depression and Anxiety, 27(12), 11041110. http://doi.org/10.1002/da.20765.Google Scholar
Rothe, C., Gutknecht, L., Freitag, C., Tauber, R., Mo, R., Wagner, G., … No, M. M. (2004). Association of a functional – 1019C > G 5-HT1A receptor gene polymorphism with panic disorder with agoraphobia. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 7(2), 189192. http://doi.org/10.1017/S1461145703004061Google Scholar
Rudden, M. G., Milrod, B., Aronson, A., & Target, M. (2008). Reflective functioning in panic disorder patients. Mentalization: Theoretical Considerations, Research Findings, and Clinical Implications, 29, 185.Google Scholar
Salkovskis, P. M. & Clark, D. M. (1990). Affective responses to hyperventilation: A test of the cognitive model of panic. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28(1), 5161.Google Scholar
Samochowiec, J., Hajduk, A., Samochowiec, A., Horodnicki, J., Stȩpień, G., Grzywacz, A., & Kucharska-Mazur, J. (2004). Association studies of MAO-A, COMT, and 5-HTT genes polymorphisms in patients with anxiety disorders of the phobic spectrum. Psychiatry Research, 128(1), 2126. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2004.05.012Google Scholar
Schmidt, N. B., Lerew, D. R., & Jackson, R. J. (1997). The role of anxiety sensitivity in the pathogenesis of panic: Prospective evaluation of spontaneous panic attacks during acute stress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106(3), 355364.Google Scholar
Schmitz, A. & Grillon, C. (2012). Assessing fear and anxiety in humans using the threat of predictable and unpredictable aversive events (the NPU-threat test). Nature Protocols, 7(3), 527532. http://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2012.001Google Scholar
Schroijen, M., Fantoni, S., Rivera, C., Vervliet, B., Schruers, K., van den Bergh, O., & van Diest, I. (2016). Defensive activation to (un)predictable interoceptive threat: The NPU respiratory threat test (NPUr). Psychophysiology, 53(6), 905913. http://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12621Google Scholar
Schumacher, J., Kristensen, A. S., Wendland, J. R., Nöthen, M. M., Mors, O., & McMahon, F. J. (2011). The genetics of panic disorder. Journal of Medical Genetics, 48(6), 361368.Google Scholar
Shankman, S. A., Nelson, B. D., Sarapas, C., Robison-Andrew, E. J., Campbell, M. L., Altman, S. E., … Gorka, S. M. (2013). A psychophysiological investigation of threat and reward sensitivity in individuals with panic disorder and/or major depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(2), 322338. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0030747Google Scholar
Smits, J. A., Powers, M. B., Cho, Y., & Telch, M. J. (2004). Mechanism of change in cognitive-behavioral treatment of panic disorder: Evidence for the fear of fear mediational hypothesis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(4), 646652.Google Scholar
Steimer, T. (2002). The biology of fear-and anxiety-related behaviors. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 4(3), 231250.Google Scholar
Stein, M. B., Simmons, A. N., Feinstein, J. S., & Paulus, M. P. (2007). Increased amygdala and insula activation during emotion processing in anxiety-prone subjects. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(2), 318327.Google Scholar
Steinman, S. A. & Teachman, B. A. (2010). Modifying interpretations among individuals high in anxiety sensitivity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(1), 7178.Google Scholar
Straube, B., Reif, A., Richter, J., Lueken, U., Weber, H., Arolt, V., … Konrad, C. (2014). The functional − 1019C / G HTR1A polymorphism and mechanisms of fear. Translational Psychiatry, 4(12). http://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2014.130Google Scholar
Taylor, S. (2000). Understanding and Treating Panic Disorder: Cognitive-Behavioural Approaches. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Google Scholar
Taylor, S., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2016). Panic disorder and agoraphobia. Carr, A. & McNulty, M. (eds.), The Handbook of Adult Clinical Psychology: An Evidence Based Practice Approach (pp. 467491). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Taylor, S., Zvolensky, M. J., Cox, B. J., Deacon, B., Heimberg, R. G., Ledley, D. R., … Arrindell, W. A. (2007). Robust dimensions of anxiety sensitivity: Development and initial validation of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index – 3. Psychological Assessment, 19(2), 176188. http://doi.org/10.1037/1040–3590.19.2.176Google Scholar
Teachman, B. A. (2005). Information processing and anxiety sensitivity: Cognitive vulnerability to panic reflected in interpretation and memory biases. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29(4), 479499.Google Scholar
Teachman, B. A., Joormann, J., Steinman, S. A., & Gotlib, I. H. (2012). Automaticity in anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 575603.Google Scholar
Teachman, B. A., Marker, C. D., & Clerkin, E. M. (2010). Catastrophic misinterpretations as a predictor of symptom change during treatment for panic disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(6), 964.Google Scholar
Teachman, B. A., Marker, C. D., & Smith-Janik, S. B. (2008). Automatic associations and panic disorder: Trajectories of change over the course of treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 9881002.Google Scholar
Teachman, B. A., Smith-Janik, S. B., & Saporito, J. (2007). Information processing biases and panic disorder: Relationships among cognitive and symptom measures. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 17911811.Google Scholar
Weber, H., Richter, J., Straube, B., Lueken, U., Domschke, K., Schartner, C., … Reif, A. (2015). Allelic variation in CRHR1 predisposes to panic disorder: Evidence for biased fear processing. Molecular Psychiatry, 21(6), 813822. http://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2015.125Google Scholar
Wittchen, H.-U., Gloster, A. T., Beesdo-Baum, K., Fava, G. A., & Craske, M. G. (2010). Agoraphobia: A review of the diagnostic classificatory position and criteria. Depression and Anxiety, 27(2), 113133. doi: 10.1002/da.20646Google Scholar

References

Abbott, M. J. & Rapee, R. M. (2004). Post-event rumination and negative self-appraisal in social phobia before and after treatment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 136144. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.113.1.136Google Scholar
Acarturk, C., Smit, F., de Graaf, R., van Straten, A., ten Have, M., & Cuijpers, P. (2009). Economic costs of social phobia: A population-based study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 115, 421429. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2008.10.008Google Scholar
Aderka, I. M., Hofmann, S. G., Nickerson, A., Hermesh, H., Gilboa-Schechtman, E., & Marom, S. (2012). Functional impairment in social anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 393400. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.01.003Google Scholar
Aderka, I. M., Weisman, O., Shahar, G., & Gilboa-Schechtman, E. (2009). The roles of the social rank and attachment systems in social anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 284288. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.03.014Google Scholar
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of Attachment. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Alden, L. E. & Bieling, P. (1998). Interpersonal consequences of the pursuit of safety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 5364. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00072–7Google Scholar
Alden, L. E., Taylor, C. T., Mellings, T. M., & Laposa, J. M. (2008). Social anxiety and the interpretation of positive social events. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 577590. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.05.007Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edn). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.Google Scholar
Amir, N., Beard, C., & Bower, E. (2005). Interpretation bias and social anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 433443. doi: 10.1007/s10608-005–2834-5Google Scholar
Amir, N., Beard, C., Taylor, C. T., Klumpp, H., Elias, J., Burns, M., & Chen, X. (2009). Attention training in individuals with generalized social phobia: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 961973. doi: 10.1037/a0016685Google Scholar
Amir, N., Elias, J., Klumpp, H., & Przeworski, A. (2003). Attentional bias to threat in social phobia: Facilitated processing of threat or difficulty disengaging attention from threat? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 13251335. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00039–1Google Scholar
Amir, N., Prouvost, C., & Kuckertz, J. M. (2012) Lack of a benign interpretation bias in social anxiety disorder. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 41, 119129. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2012.662655Google Scholar
Amir, N. & Taylor, C. T. (2012). Interpretation training in individuals with generalized social anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80, 497511. doi: 10.1037/a0026928Google Scholar
Ball, S. G., Otto, M. W., Pollack, M. H., Uccello, R., & Rosenbaum, J. F. (1995). Differentiating social phobia and panic disorder: A test of core beliefs. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19, 473482. doi: 10.1007/BF02230413Google Scholar
Bartholomew, K. (1990). Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7, 147178. doi: 10.1177/0265407590072001Google Scholar
Beard, C. & Amir, N. (2008). A multi-session interpretation modification program: Changes in interpretation and social anxiety symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 11351141. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.012Google Scholar
Bell, C., Bourke, C., Colhoun, H., Carter, F., Frampton, C., & Porter, R. (2011). The misclassification of facial expressions in generalised social phobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 278283. doi: 10.1080/13546800444000254Google Scholar
Bifulco, A., Kwon, J., Jacobs, C., Moran, P. M., Bunn, A., & Beer, N. (2006). Adult attachment style as mediator between childhood neglect/abuse and adult depression and anxiety. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 41, 796805. doi: 10.1007/s00127-006–0101-zGoogle Scholar
Blalock, D. V., Kashdan, T. B., & Farmer, A. S. (2016). Trait and daily emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 40, 416425. doi: 10.1007/s10608-015–9739-8Google Scholar
Boelen, P. A., Reijntjes, A., & Carleton, R. N. (2014). Intolerance of uncertainty and adult separation anxiety. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 43, 133144. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2014.888755Google Scholar
Bögels, S. M. & Lamers, C. T. J. (2002). The causal role of self-awareness in blushing-anxious, socially-anxious and social phobic individuals. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 13671384. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00096–1Google Scholar
Bögels, S. M. & Mansell, W. (2004). Attention processes in the maintenance and treatment of social phobia: Hypervigilance, avoidance and self-focused attention. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 827856. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2004.06.005Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1988). Attachment, communication, and the therapeutic process. In Bowlby, J. (ed.), A Secure Base: Clinical Applications of Attachment Theory (pp. 137157). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Brown, M. & Stopa, L. (2007). Does anticipation help or hinder performance in a subsequent speech? Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 35, 133147. doi: 10.1017/S1352465806003481Google Scholar
Brown, T. A., Campbell, L. A., Lehman, C. L., Grisham, J. R., & Mancill, R. B. (2001). Current and lifetime comorbidity of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders in a large clinical sample. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 585599. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.110.4.585Google Scholar
Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. (1998). Structural relationships among dimensions of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders and dimensions of negative affect, positive affect, and autonomic arousal. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 179192. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.107.2.179Google Scholar
Brozovich, F. & Heimberg, R. G. (2008). An analysis of post-event processing in social anxiety disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 891903. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2008.01.002Google Scholar
Brozovich, F. & Heimberg, R. G. (2011). The relationship of post-event processing to self-evaluation of performance in social anxiety. Behavior Therapy, 42, 224235. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2010.08.005Google Scholar
Brozovich, F. & Heimberg, R. G. (2013). Mental imagery and post-event processing in anticipation of a speech performance among socially anxious individuals. Behavior Therapy, 44, 701716. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2013.07.001Google Scholar
Bruce, S. E., Yonkers, K. A., Otto, M. W., Eisen, J. L., Weisberg, R. B., Pagano, M., … Keller, M. B. (2005). Influence of psychiatric comorbidity on recovery and recurrence in generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder: A 12-year prospective study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 11791187. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.6.1179Google Scholar
Bruch, M.A., Fallon, M., & Heimberg, R.G. (2003). Social phobia and difficulties in occupational adjustment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50, 109117. doi: 10.1037/0022–0167.50.1.109Google Scholar
Buckner, J. D., Heimberg, R. G., & Schmidt, N. B. (2011). Social anxiety and marijuana-related problems: The role of social avoidance. Addictive Behaviors, 36, 129132. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.08.015Google Scholar
Buckner, J. D., Zvolensky, M. J., Ecker, A. H., Jeffries, E. R., Lemke, A. W., Dean, K. E., … Gallagher, M. W. (2017). Anxiety and cannabis-related problem severity among dually diagnosed outpatients: The impact of false safety behaviors. Addictive Behaviors, 70, 4953. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.02.014Google Scholar
Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., Erickson, E. A., & Gross, J. J. (2003). The social consequences of expressive suppression. Emotion, 3, 4867. doi: 10.1037/1528–3542.3.1.48Google Scholar
Campbell-Sills, L., Barlow, D. H., Brown, T. A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2006). Acceptability and suppression of negative emotion in anxiety and mood disorders. Emotion, 6, 587595. doi: 10.1037/1528–3542.6.4.587Google Scholar
Chen, N. T., Clarke, P. J., MacLeod, C., & Guastella, A. J. (2012). Biased attentional processing of positive stimuli in social anxiety disorder: An eye movement study. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 41, 96107. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2012.666562Google Scholar
Chen, Y. P., Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., & Mansell, W. (2002). Patients with generalized social phobia direct their attention away from faces. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 677687. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00086–9Google Scholar
Chorpita, B. F., Plummer, C. M., & Moffitt, C. E. (2000). Relations of tripartite dimensions of emotion to childhood anxiety and mood disorders. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 299310. doi: 10.1023/A:1005152505888Google Scholar
Clark, D. M. (2001). A cognitive perspective on social phobia. In Crozier, W. R. & Alden, L. E. (eds.), International Handbook of Social Anxiety: Concepts, Research and Intervention Relating to the Self and Shyness (pp. 405430). Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar
Clark, D. M. & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In Heimberg, R. G., Liebowitz, M. R., Hope, D. A., & Schneier, F. R. (eds.), Social Phobia: Diagnosis, Assessment, and Treatment (pp. 6993). New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Clark, L. A. & Watson, D. (1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 316336. doi: 1037/0021-843X.100.3.316Google Scholar
Coles, M. E., Turk, C. L., & Heimberg, R. G. (2002). The role of memory perspective in social phobia: Immediate and delayed memories for role-played situations. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 30, 415425. doi: 10.1017/S1352465802004034Google Scholar
Coles, M. E., Turk, C. L., Heimberg, R. G., & Fresco, D. M. (2001). Effects of varying levels of anxiety within social situations: Relationship to memory perspective and attributions in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 651665. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00035–8Google Scholar
Collins, K. A., Westra, H. A., Dozois, D. J., & Stewart, S. H. (2005). The validity of the brief version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19, 345359. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.02.003Google Scholar
Dağ, İ. G. & Gülüm, İ. V. (2013). The mediator role of cognitive features in the relationship between adult attachment patterns and psychopathology symptoms: Cognitive flexibility. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 24, 240247.Google Scholar
Dannahy, L. & Stopa, L. (2007). Post-event processing in social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 12071219. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2006.08.017Google Scholar
D’Avanzato, C., Joormann, J., Siemer, M., & Gotlib, I. H. (2013). Emotion regulation in depression and anxiety: Examining diagnostic specificity and stability of strategy use. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37, 968980. doi: 10.1007/s10608-013–9537-0Google Scholar
Edwards, S. L., Rapee, R. M., & Franklin, J. (2003). Postevent rumination and recall bias for a social performance event in high and low socially anxious individuals. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 603617. doi: 10.1023/A:1026395526858Google Scholar
Eisner, L. R., Johnson, S. L., & Carver, C. S. (2009). Positive affect regulation in anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 645649. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.02.001Google Scholar
Eng, W., Heimberg, R. G., Hart, T. A., Schneier, F. R., & Liebowitz, M. R. (2001). Attachment in individuals with social anxiety disorder: The relationship among adult attachment styles, social anxiety, and depression. Emotion, 1, 365380. doi: 10.1037/1528–3542.1.4.365Google Scholar
Erwin, B. A., Heimberg, R. G., Juster, H., & Mindlin, M. (2002). Comorbid anxiety and mood disorders among persons with social anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 1935. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00114–5Google Scholar
Erwin, B. A., Turk, C. L., Heimberg, R. G., Fresco, D. M., & Hantula, D. A. (2004). The Internet: Home to a severe population of individuals with social anxiety disorder? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 18, 629646. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2003.08.002Google Scholar
Fang, A., Hoge, E. A., Heinrichs, M., & Hofmann, S. G. (2014). Attachment style moderates the effects of oxytocin on social behaviors and cognitions during social rejection applying a research domain criteria framework to social anxiety. Clinical Psychological Science, 2, 740747. doi: 10.1177/2167702614527948Google Scholar
Farmer, A. S. & Kashdan, T. B. (2012). Social anxiety and emotion regulation in daily life: Spillover effects on positive and negative social events. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 41, 152162. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2012.666561Google Scholar
Fergus, T. A., Valentiner, D. P., McGrath, P. B., Stephenson, K., Gier, S., & Jencius, S. (2009). The Fear of Positive Evaluation Scale: Psychometric properties in a clinical sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 11771183. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.07.024Google Scholar
Gajwani, R., Patterson, P., & Birchwood, M. (2013). Attachment: Developmental pathways to affective dysregulation in young people at ultra‐high risk of developing psychosis. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 52, 424437. doi: 10.1111/bjc.12027Google Scholar
Gavric, D., Moscovitch, D. A., Rowa, K., & McCabe, R. E. (2017). Post-event processing in social anxiety disorder: Examining the mediating roles of positive metacognitive beliefs and perceptions of performance. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 91, 112. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2017.01.002Google Scholar
Gaydukevych, D. & Kocovski, N. L. (2012). Effect of self-focused attention on post-event processing in social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50, 4755. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2011.10.010Google Scholar
Gilbert, P. (2001). Evolution and social anxiety: The role of attraction, social competition, and social hierarchies. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 24, 723751. doi: 10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70260–4Google Scholar
Gilbert, P. (2014). Evolutionary models: Practical and conceptual utility for the treatment and study of social anxiety disorder. In Weeks, J. W. (ed.), The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Social Anxiety Disorder (pp. 2452). New York, NY: Wiley-Blackwell. doi: 10.1002/9781118653920.ch2Google Scholar
Gilboa-Schechtman, E., Franklin, M. E., & Foa, E. B. (2000). Anticipated reactions to social events: Differences among individuals with generalized social phobia, obsessive compulsive disorder, and nonanxious controls. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24, 731746. doi: 10.1023/A:1005595513315Google Scholar
Grant, B. F., Hasin, D. S., Blanco, C., Stinson, F. S., Chou, S. P., Goldstein, R. B., … Huang, B. (2005). The epidemiology of social anxiety disorder in the United States: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66, 13511361.Google Scholar
Grant, B. F., Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Chou, S. P., Dufour, M. C., Compton, W., … Kaplan, K. (2004). Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 807816. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.61.8.807Google Scholar
Grisham, J. R., King, B. J., Makkar, S. R., & Felmingham, K. L. (2015). The contributions of arousal and self-focused attention to avoidance in social anxiety. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 28, 303320. doi: 10.1080/10615806.2014.968144Google Scholar
Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2, 271299. doi: 10.1037/1089–2680.2.3.271Google Scholar
Gross, J. J. (2014). Emotion regulation: Conceptual and empirical foundations. In Gross, J. J. (ed.), Handbook of Emotion Regulation, Second Edition (pp. 322). New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Gross, J. J. & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348362. doi: 10.1037/0022–3514.85.2.348Google Scholar
Gülüm, İ. V. & Dağ, İ. G. (2014). The mediator role of the cognitive features in the relationship between adult attachment patterns and psychopathology symptoms: The locus of control and repetitive thinking. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 25, 244252.Google Scholar
Hackmann, A., Clark, D. M., & McManus, F. (2000). Recurrent images and early memories in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 601610. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00161–8Google Scholar
Hackmann, A., Surawy, C., & Clark, D. M. (1998). Seeing yourself through others’ eyes: A study of spontaneously occurring images in social phobia. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 26, 312. doi: 10.1017/S1352465898000022Google Scholar
Heeren, A., Mogoaşe, C., McNally, R. J., Schmitz, A., & Philippot, P. (2015). Does attention bias modification improve attentional control? A double-blind randomized experiment with individuals with social anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 29, 3542. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.10.007Google Scholar
Heeren, A., Peschard, V., & Philippot, P. (2012). The causal role of attentional bias for threat cues in social anxiety: A test on a cyber-ostracism task. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36, 512521. doi: 10.1007/s10608-011–9394-7Google Scholar
Heimberg, R. G. (1994). Cognitive assessment strategies and the measurement of outcome of treatment for social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 269280. doi: 10.1016/0005–7967(94)90121-XGoogle Scholar
Heimberg, R.G., Brozovich, F. A., & Rapee, R. M. (2014). A cognitive-behavioral model of social anxiety disorder. In Hofmann, S. G. & DiBartolo, P. M. (eds.), Social Anxiety: Clinical, Developmental, and Social Perspectives (3rd edn) (pp. 705728). Waltham, MA: Academic Press. doi: 10.1016/B978-0–12-394427–6.00024–8Google Scholar
Helbig‐Lang, S., Rusch, S., Rief, W., & Lincoln, T. M. (2015). The strategy does not matter: Effects of acceptance, reappraisal, and distraction on the course of anticipatory anxiety in social anxiety disorder. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 88, 366377. doi: 10.1111/papt.12053Google Scholar
Helbig-Lang, S., von Auer, M., Neubauer, K., Murray, E., & Gerlach, A. L. (2016). Post-event processing in social anxiety disorder after real-life social situations: An ambulatory assessment study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 84, 2734. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2016.07.003Google Scholar
Hinrichsen, H. & Clark, D. M. (2003). Anticipatory processing in social anxiety: Two pilot studies. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 34, 205218. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7916(03)00050–8Google Scholar
Hofmann, S. G. (2007). Cognitive factors that maintain social anxiety disorder: A comprehensive model and its treatment implications. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 36, 193209. doi: 10.1080/16506070701421313Google Scholar
Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Fang, A., & Asnaani, A. (2012). Emotion dysregulation model of mood and anxiety disorders. Depression and Anxiety, 29, 409416. doi: 10.1002/da.21888Google Scholar
Hope, D. A. & Heimberg, R. G. (1988). Public and private self-consciousness and social phobia. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 626639. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa5204_3Google Scholar
Hughes, A. A., Heimberg, R. G., Coles, M. E., Gibb, B. E., Liebowitz, M. R., & Schneier, F. R. (2006). Relations of the factors of the tripartite model of anxiety and depression to types of social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 16291641. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2005.10.015Google Scholar
Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., Sanislow, C., Wang, P. (2010). Research domain criteria (RDoC): Toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 748751. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091379Google Scholar
Joormann, J. & Gotlib, I. H. (2006). Is this happiness I see? Biases in the identification of emotional facial expressions in depression and social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 705714. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.115.4.705Google Scholar
Jusyte, A. & Schönenberg, M. (2014). Threat processing in generalized social phobia: An investigation of interpretation biases in ambiguous facial affect. Psychiatry Research, 217, 100106. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.12.031Google Scholar
Kalokerinos, E. K., Greenaway, K. H., & Denson, T. F. (2015). Reappraisal but not suppression downregulates the experience of positive and negative emotion. Emotion, 15, 271275. doi: 10.1037/emo0000025Google Scholar
Kashdan, T. B. (2002). Social anxiety dimensions, neuroticism, and the contours of positive psychological functioning. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26, 789810. doi: 10.1023/A:1021293501345Google Scholar
Kashdan, T. B. (2004). The neglected relationship between social interaction anxiety and hedonic deficits: Differentiation from depressive symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 18, 719730. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2003.08.001Google Scholar
Kashdan, T. B. (2007). Social anxiety spectrum and diminished positive experiences: Theoretical synthesis and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 348365. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2006.12.003Google Scholar
Kashdan, T. B. & Collins, R. L. (2010). Social anxiety and the experience of positive emotion and anger in everyday life: An ecological momentary assessment approach. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 23, 259272. doi: 10.1080/10615800802641950Google Scholar
Kashdan, T. B. & Steger, M. F. (2006). Expanding the topography of social anxiety: An experience-sampling assessment of positive emotions, positive events, and emotion suppression. Psychological Science, 17, 120128.Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 593602. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., Merikangas, K., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 617627. doi: 0.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., Stang, P., Wittchen, H. U., Stein, M., & Walters, E. E. (1999). Lifetime co-morbidities between social phobia and mood disorders in the US National Comorbidity Survey. Psychological Medicine, 29, 555567.Google Scholar
Kiko, S., Stevens, S., Mall, A. K., Steil, R., Bohus, M., & Hermann, C. (2012). Predicting post-event processing in social anxiety disorder following two prototypical social situations: State variables and dispositional determinants. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50, 617626. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2012.06.001Google Scholar
Kivity, Y. & Huppert, J. D. (2016). Does cognitive reappraisal reduce anxiety? A daily diary study of a micro-intervention with individuals with high social anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84, 269283. doi: 10.1037/ccp0000075Google Scholar
Kotov, R., Watson, D., Robles, J. P., & Schmidt, N. B. (2007). Personality traits and anxiety symptoms: The multilevel trait predictor model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 14851503. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2006.11.011Google Scholar
Langer, J. K. & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2013). Social anxiety and gaze avoidance: Averting gaze but not anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37, 11101120. doi: 10.1007/s10608-013–9546-zGoogle Scholar
Laposa, J. M., Cassin, S. E., & Rector, N. A. (2010). Interpretation of positive social events in social phobia: An examination of cognitive correlates and diagnostic distinction. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 203210. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.10.009Google Scholar
Laposa, J. M., Collimore, K. C., & Rector, N. A. (2014). Is post-event processing a social anxiety specific or transdiagnostic cognitive process in the anxiety spectrum? Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 42, 706717. doi: 10.1017/S135246581300074XGoogle Scholar
Lucock, M. P. & Salkovskis, P. M. (1988). Cognitive factors in social anxiety and its treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 26, 297302. doi: 10.1016/0005–7967(88)90081–2Google Scholar
Makkar, S. R. & Grisham, J. R. (2011). The predictors and contents of post-event processing in social anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 35, 118133. doi: 10.1007/s10608-011–9357-zGoogle Scholar
Manning, R. P., Dickson, J. M., Palmier-Claus, J., Cunliffe, A., & Taylor, P. J. (2017). A systematic review of adult attachment and social anxiety. Journal of Affective Disorders, 211, 4459. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.020Google Scholar
Maoz, K., Eldar, S., Stoddard, J., Pine, D. S., Leibenluft, E., & Bar-Haim, Y. (2016). Angry-happy interpretations of ambiguous faces in social anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Research, 241, 122127. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.100Google Scholar
McManus, F., Sacadura, C., & Clark, D. M. (2008). Why social anxiety persists: An experimental investigation of the role of safety behaviours as a maintaining factor. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 39, 147161. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2006.12.002Google Scholar
McNally, R. J., Enock, P. M., Tsai, C., & Tousian, M. (2013). Attention bias modification for reducing speech anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51, 882888. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2013.10.001Google Scholar
Mennin, D. S., Holaway, R. M., Fresco, D. M., Moore, M. T., & Heimberg, R. G. (2007). Delineating components of emotion and its dysregulation in anxiety and mood psychopathology. Behavior Therapy, 38, 284302. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2006.09.001Google Scholar
Mennin, D. S., McLaughlin, K. A., & Flanagan, T. J. (2009). Emotion regulation deficits in generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and their co-occurrence. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 866871. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.04.006Google Scholar
Michail, M. & Birchwood, M. (2014). Social anxiety in first-episode psychosis: The role of childhood trauma and adult attachment. Journal of Affective Disorders, 163, 102109. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.03.033Google Scholar
Mickelson, K. D., Kessler, R. C., & Shaver, P. R. (1997). Adult attachment in a nationally representative sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 10921106. doi: 10.1037/0022–3514.73.5.1092Google Scholar
Mills, A. C., Grant, D. M., Lechner, W. V., & Judah, M. R. (2013). Psychometric properties of the Anticipatory Social Behaviours Questionnaire. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 35, 346355. doi: 10.1007/s10862-013–9339-4Google Scholar
Mitchell, M. A. & Schmidt, N. B. (2014). General in-situation safety behaviors are uniquely associated with post-event processing. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 45, 229233. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.11.001Google Scholar
Mogg, K. & Bradley, B. P. (1998). A cognitive-motivational analysis of anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 809848. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00063–1Google Scholar
Mogg, K., Philippot, P., & Bradley, B. P. (2004). Selective attention to angry faces in clinical social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 160165. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.113.1.160Google Scholar
Montesi, J. L., Conner, B. T., Gordon, E. A., Fauber, R. L., Kim, K. H., & Heimberg, R. G. (2013). On the relationship among social anxiety, intimacy, sexual communication, and sexual satisfaction in young couples. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42, 8191. doi: 10.1007/s10508-012–9929-3Google Scholar
Moriya, J. & Tanno, Y. (2008). Relationships between negative emotionality and attentional control in effortful control. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 13481355. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2007.12.003Google Scholar
Morrison, A. S. & Heimberg, R. G. (2013). Attentional control mediates the effect of social anxiety on positive affect. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27, 5667. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.10.002Google Scholar
Moscovitch, D. A., Chiupka, C. A., & Gavric, D. L. (2013). Within the mind’s eye: Negative mental imagery activates different emotion regulation strategies in high versus low socially anxious individuals. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 44, 426432. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.05.002Google Scholar
Moscovitch, D. A., Rowa, K., Paulitzki, J. R., Ierullo, M. D., Chiang, B., Antony, M. M., & McCabe, R. E. (2013). Self-portrayal concerns and their relation to safety behaviors and negative affect in social anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51, 476486. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2013.05.002Google Scholar
Nilsson, J. E. C. & Lundh, L. G. (2016). Audio feedback with reduced self-focus as an intervention for social anxiety: An experimental study. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 45, 150162. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2015.1126633Google Scholar
Norton, G. R., McLeod, L., Guertin, J., Hewitt, P. L., Walker, J. R., & Stein, M. B. (1996). Panic disorder or social phobia: Which is worse? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 273276. doi: 10.1016/0005–7967(95)00066–6Google Scholar
Okajima, I., Kanai, Y., Chen, J., & Sakano, Y. (2009). Effects of safety behaviour on the maintenance of anxiety and negative belief social anxiety disorder. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 55, 7181. doi: 10.1177/0020764008092191Google Scholar
O’Toole, M. S., Jensen, M. B., Fentz, H. N., Zachariae, R., & Hougaard, E. (2014). Emotion differentiation and emotion regulation in high and low socially anxious individuals: An experience-sampling study. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 38, 428438. doi: 10.1007/s10608-014–9611-2Google Scholar
Penney, E. S. & Abbott, M. J. (2015). The impact of perceived standards on state anxiety, appraisal processes, and negative pre-and post-event rumination in social anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 39, 162177. doi: 10.1007/s10608-014–9639-3Google Scholar
Perini, S. J., Abbott, M. J., & Rapee, R. M. (2006). Perception of performance as a mediator in the relationship between social anxiety and negative post-event rumination. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 30, 645659. doi: 10.1007/s10608-006–9023-zGoogle Scholar
Piccirillo, M. L., Dryman, M. T., & Heimberg, R. G. (2016). Safety behaviors in adults with social anxiety: Review and future directions. Behavior Therapy, 47, 675687. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2015.11.005Google Scholar
Pilkonis, P. A. (1977). Shyness, public and private, and its relationship to other measures of social behavior. Journal of Personality, 45, 585595. doi: 10.1111/j.1467–6494.1977.tb00173.xGoogle Scholar
Pishyar, R., Harris, L. M., & Menzies, R. G. (2004). Attentional bias for words and faces in social anxiety. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 17, 2336. doi: 10.1080/10615800310001601458Google Scholar
Plasencia, M. L., Alden, L. E., & Taylor, C. T. (2011). Differential effects of safety behaviour subtypes in social anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 665675. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2011.07.005Google Scholar
Plasencia, M. L., Taylor, C. T., & Alden, L. E. (2016). Unmasking one’s true self facilitates positive relational outcomes: Authenticity promotes social approach processes in social anxiety disorder. Clinical Psychological Science, 4, 10021014. doi: 10.1177/2167702615622204Google Scholar
Potter, C., Wong, J., Heimberg, R. G., Blanco, C., Liu, S., Wang, S., & Schneier, F. R. (2014). Situational panic attacks in social anxiety disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 167, 17. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.044Google Scholar
Rapee, R. M. & Heimberg, R. G. (1997). A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 741756. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00022–3Google Scholar
Ravitz, P., Maunder, R., Hunter, J., Sthankiya, B., & Lancee, W. (2010). Adult attachment measures: A 25-year review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 69, 419432. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.08.006Google Scholar
Richards, J. M. & Gross, J. J. (2000). Emotion regulation and memory: The cognitive costs of keeping one’s cool. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 410424. doi: 10.1037/0022–3514.79.3.410Google Scholar
Rodebaugh, T. L. (2009). Social phobia and perceived friendship quality. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 872878. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.05.001Google Scholar
Rodebaugh, T. L., Bielak, T., Vidovic, V., & Moscovitch, D. A. (2016). The effects of social anxiety on interpersonal evaluations of warmth and dominance. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 38, 6878. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.01.002Google Scholar
Rodebaugh, T. L., Fernandez, K. C., & Levinson, C. A. (2012). Testing the effects of social anxiety disorder on friendship quality across gender and ethnicity. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 41, 130139. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2012.661451Google Scholar
Rodebaugh, T. L., Weeks, J. W., Gordon, E. A., Langer, J. K., & Heimberg, R. G. (2012). The longitudinal relationship between fear of positive evaluation and fear of negative evaluation. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 25, 167182. doi: 10.1080/10615806.2011.569709Google Scholar
Roring, S. A., II (2008). The relationships among adult attachment style, perceived social support, and social anxiety in college students (Doctoral Dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I (Order No. 1457137).Google Scholar
Rowa, K., Gavric, D., Stead, V., LeMoult, J., & McCabe, R. E. (2016). The pernicious effects of post-event processing in social anxiety disorder. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 7, 577587. doi: 10.5127/jep.056916Google Scholar
Ruscio, A. M., Brown, T. A., Chiu, W. T., Sareen, J., Stein, M. B., & Kessler, R. C. (2008). Social fears and social phobia in the USA: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Psychological Medicine, 38, 1528. doi: 10.1017/S0033291707001699Google Scholar
Salkovskis, P. M. (1991). The importance of behaviour in the maintenance of anxiety and panic: A cognitive account. Behavioural Psychotherapy, 19, 619. doi: 10.1017/S0141347300011472Google Scholar
Schlenker, B. R. & Leary, M. R. (1982). Social anxiety and self-presentation: A conceptualization model. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 641669. doi: 10.1037/0033–2909.92.3.641Google Scholar
Schmidt, N. B., Richey, J. A., Buckner, J. D., & Timpano, K. R. (2009). Attention training for generalized social anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 514. doi: 10.1037/a0013643Google Scholar
Schneier, F. R., Foose, T. E., Hasin, D. S., Heimberg, R. G., Liu, S. M., Grant, B. F., & Blanco, C. (2010). Social anxiety disorder and alcohol use disorder co-morbidity in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Psychological Medicine, 40, 977988. doi: 10.1017/S0033291709991231Google Scholar
Schneier, F. R., Heckelman, L. R., Garfinkel, R., Campeas, R., Fallon, B. A., Gitow, A., … Liebowitz, M. R. (1994). Functional impairment in social phobia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 55, 322331.Google Scholar
Schultz, L.T. & Heimberg, R.G. (2008). Attentional focus in social anxiety disorder: Potential for interactive processes. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 12061221. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2008.04.003Google Scholar
Simon, N. M., Otto, M. W., Korbly, N. B., Peters, P. M., Nicolaou, D. C., & Pollack, M. H. (2002). Quality of life in social anxiety disorder compared with panic disorder and the general population. Psychiatric Services, 53, 714718. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.53.6.714Google Scholar
Jr. Snell, W. E. (1989). Willingness to self-disclose to female and male friends as a function of social anxiety and gender. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 15, 113125. doi: 10.1177/0146167289151011Google Scholar
Sparrevohn, R. M. & Rapee, R. M. (2009). Self-disclosure, emotional expression and intimacy within romantic relationships of people with social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 10741078. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2009.07.016Google Scholar
Stangier, U., Heidenreich, T., & Schermelleh-Engel, K. (2006). Safety behaviors and social performance in patients with generalized social phobia. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 20, 1731. doi: 10.1891/jcop.20.1.17Google Scholar
Stein, M. B., Fuetsch, M., Müller, N., Höfler, M., Lieb, R., & Wittchen, H. U. (2001). Social anxiety disorder and the risk of depression: A prospective community study of adolescents and young adults. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 251256. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.58.3.251Google Scholar
Stein, M. B. & Kean, Y. M. (2000). Disability and quality of life in social phobia: Epidemiologic findings. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 16061613. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.10.1606Google Scholar
Stevens, S., Hofmann, M., Kiko, S., Mall, A. K., Steil, R., Bohus, M., & Hermann, C. (2010). What determines observer-rated social performance in individuals with social anxiety disorder? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 830836. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.06.005Google Scholar
Taylor, C. T. & Alden, L. E. (2010). Safety behaviors and judgmental biases in social anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 226237. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2009.11.005Google Scholar
Taylor, C. T., Bomyea, J., & Amir, N. (2010). Attentional bias away from positive social information mediates the link between social anxiety and anxiety vulnerability to a social stressor. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 403408. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.02.004Google Scholar
Taylor, C. T., Bomyea, J., & Amir, N. (2011). Malleability of attentional bias for positive emotional information and anxiety vulnerability. Emotion, 11, 127138. doi: 10.1037/a0021301Google Scholar
Taylor, C. T., Cross, K., & Amir, N. (2016). Attentional control moderates the relationship between social anxiety symptoms and attentional disengagement from threatening information. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 50, 6876. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.05.008Google Scholar
Teale Sapach, M. J., Carleton, R. N., Mulvogue, M. K., Weeks, J. W., & Heimberg, R. G. (2015). Cognitive constructs and social anxiety disorder: Beyond fearing negative evaluation. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 44, 6373. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2014.961539Google Scholar
Turk, C. L., Heimberg, R. G., Luterek, J. A., Mennin, D. S., & Fresco, D. M. (2005). Emotion dysregulation in generalized anxiety disorder: A comparison with social anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 89106. doi: 10.1007/s10608-005–1651-1Google Scholar
van Buren, A. & Cooley, E. L. (2002). Attachment styles, view of self and negative affect. North American Journal of Psychology, 4, 417430.Google Scholar
Vassilopoulos, S. P. (2004). Anticipatory processing in social anxiety. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 32, 303311. doi: 10.1017/S1352465804001377Google Scholar
Vassilopoulos, S. P. (2005). Anticipatory processing plays a role in maintaining social anxiety. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 18, 321332. doi: 10.1080/10615800500258149Google Scholar
Voncken, M. J. & Bögels, S. M. (2008). Social performance deficits in social anxiety disorder: Reality during conversation and biased perception during speech. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 13841392. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.02.001Google Scholar
Voncken, M. J. & Dijk, K. F. L. (2013). Socially anxious individuals get a second chance after being disliked at first sight: The role of self-disclosure in the development of likeability in sequential social contact. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37, 717. doi: 10.1007/s10608-012–9449-4Google Scholar
Vriends, N., Meral, Y., Bargas-Avila, J. A., Stadler, C., & Bögels, S. M. (2017). How do I look? Self-focused attention during a video chat of women with social anxiety (disorder). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 92, 7786. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2017.02.008Google Scholar
Wallace, S. T. & Alden, L. E. (1995). Social anxiety and standard setting following social success or failure. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19, 613631. doi: 10.1007/BF02227857Google Scholar
Wallace, S. T. & Alden, L. E. (1997). Social phobia and positive social events: The price of success. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 416. doi: 10.1037//0021-843X.106.3.416Google Scholar
Wang, W. T., Hsu, W. Y., Chiu, Y. C., & Liang, C. W. (2012). The hierarchical model of social interaction anxiety and depression: The critical roles of fears of evaluation. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 215224. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.11.004Google Scholar
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Carey, G. (1988). Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 346353. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.97.3.346Google Scholar
Watson, D. & Friend, R. (1969). Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 448457. doi: 10.1037/h0027806Google Scholar
Weeks, J. W. (2015). Replication and extension of a hierarchical model of social anxiety and depression: Fear of positive evaluation as a key unique factor in social anxiety. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 44, 103116. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2014.990050Google Scholar
Weeks, J. W., Heimberg, R. G., Fresco, D. M., Hart, T. A., Turk, C. L., Schneier, F. R., & Liebowitz, M. R. (2005). Empirical validation and psychometric evaluation of the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale in patients with social anxiety disorder. Psychological Assessment, 17, 179. doi: 10.1037/1040–3590.17.2.179Google Scholar
Weeks, J. W., Heimberg, R. G., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2008). The Fear of Positive Evaluation Scale: Assessing a proposed cognitive component of social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 4455. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.08.002Google Scholar
Weeks, J. W., Heimberg, R. G., Rodebaugh, T. L., Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2012). Psychometric evaluation of the Fear of Positive Evaluation Scale in patients with social anxiety disorder. Psychological Assessment, 24, 301312. doi: 10.1037/a0025723Google Scholar
Weeks, J. W., Heimberg, R. G., Rodebaugh, T. L., & Norton, P. J. (2008). Exploring the relationship between fear of positive evaluation and social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 386400. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.04.009Google Scholar
Weeks, J. W. & Howell, A. N. (2012). The bivalent fear of evaluation model of social anxiety: Further integrating findings on fears of positive and negative evaluation. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 41, 8395. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2012.661452Google Scholar
Weisman, O., Aderka, I. M., Marom, S., Hermesh, H., & Gilboa-Schechtman, E. (2011). Social rank and affiliation in social anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 399405. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2011.03.010Google Scholar
Wells, A., Clark, D. M., & Ahmad, S. (1998). How do I look with my mind’s eye: Perspective taking in social phobic imagery. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 631634. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00037–0Google Scholar
Wells, A., Clark, D. M., Salkovskis, P., Ludgate, J., Hackmann, A., & Gelder, M. (1995). Social phobia: The role of in-situation safety behaviors in maintaining anxiety and negative beliefs. Behavior Therapy, 26, 153161. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80088–7Google Scholar
Wells, A. & Papageorgiou, C. (1999). The observer perspective: Biased imagery in social phobia, agoraphobia, and blood/injury phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 653658. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00150–8Google Scholar
Werner, K. H., Goldin, P. R., Ball, T. M., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2011). Assessing emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder: The emotion regulation interview. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33, 346354. doi: 10.1007/s10862-011–9225-xGoogle Scholar
Wieser, M. J., Pauli, P., & Mühlberger, A. (2009). Probing the attentional control theory in social anxiety: An emotional saccade task. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 9, 314322. doi: 10.3758/CABN.9.3.314Google Scholar
Wittchen, H. U., Fuetsch, M., Sonntag, H., Müller, N., & Liebowitz, M. (2000). Disability and quality of life in pure and comorbid social phobia: Findings from a controlled study. European Psychiatry, 15, 4658. doi: 10.1016/S0924-9338(00)00211-XGoogle Scholar
Wong, J., Gordon, E. A., & Heimberg, R. G. (2014). Cognitive-behavioral models of social anxiety disorder. In Weeks, J. W. (ed.), The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Social Anxiety Disorder (pp. 323).New York, NY:Wiley-Blackwell. doi: 10.1002/9781118653920.ch1Google Scholar
Wong, Q. J. & Moulds, M. L. (2011). Impact of anticipatory processing versus distraction on multiple indices of anxiety in socially anxious individuals. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 700706. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2011.07.007Google Scholar
Wong, Q. J. & Rapee, R. M. (2016). The aetiology and maintenance of social anxiety disorder: A synthesis of complimentary theoretical models and formulation of a new integrated model. Journal of Affective Disorders, 203, 84100. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.069Google Scholar
Woody, S. R. & Rodriguez, B. F. (2000). Self-focused attention and social anxiety in social phobics and normal controls. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24, 473488. doi: 10.1023/A:1005583820758Google Scholar
Yonkers, K. A., Bruce, S. E., Dyck, I. R., & Keller, M. B. (2003). Chronicity, relapse, and illness – course of panic disorder, social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder: Findings in men and women from 8 years of follow‐up. Depression and Anxiety, 17, 173179. doi: 10.1002/da.10106Google Scholar
Yonkers, K. A., Dyck, I. R., & Keller, M. B. (2001). An eight-year longitudinal comparison of clinical course and characteristics of social phobia among men and women. Psychiatric Services, 52, 637643. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.52.5.637Google Scholar
Yu, H., Li, S., Qian, M., Yang, P., Wang, X., Lin, M., & Yao, N. (2014). Time-course of attentional bias for positive social words in individuals with high and low social anxiety. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 42, 479490. doi: 10.1017/S1352465813000398Google Scholar
Zou, J. B., Hudson, J. L., & Rapee, R. M. (2007). The effect of attentional focus on social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 23262333. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2007.03.014Google Scholar

References

Akiyama, M., Kirihara, T., Takahashi, S., Minami, Y., Yoshinobu, Y., Moriya, T., & Shibata, S. (1999). Modulation of mPer1 gene expression by anxiolytic drugs in mouse cerebellum. British Journal of Pharmacology, 128, 16161622. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702957Google Scholar
Aldao, A., Mennin, D. S., Linardatos, E., & Fresco, D. M. (2010). Differential patterns of physical symptoms and subjective processes in generalized anxiety disorder and unipolar depression. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 250259. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.12.001Google Scholar
Alfano, C. A., Reynolds, K., Scott, N., Dahl, R. E., & Mellman, T. A. (2013). Polysomnographic sleep patterns of non-depressed, non-medicated children with generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 147, 379384. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.015Google Scholar
Alvares, G. A., Chen, N. T., Balleine, B. W., Hickie, I. B., & Guastella, A. J. (2012). Oxytocin selectively moderates negative cognitive appraisals in high trait anxious males. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37, 20222031. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.04.018Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd, rev. edn). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edn). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. doi: 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596Google Scholar
Andreescu, C., Gross, J. J., Lenze, E., Edelman, K. D., Snyder, S., Tanase, C., & Aizenstein, H. (2011). Altered cerebral blood flow patterns associated with pathologic worry in the elderly. Depression and Anxiety, 28, 202209. doi: 10.1002/da.20799Google Scholar
Ball, T. M., Ramsawh, H. J., Campbell-Sills, L., Paulus, M. P., & Stein, M. B. (2013). Prefrontal dysfunction during emotion regulation in generalized anxiety and panic disorders. Psychological Medicine, 43, 14751486. doi: 10.1017/S0033291712002383Google Scholar
Bar-Haim, Y., Lamy, D., Pergamin, L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2007). Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: A meta-analytic study. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 124. doi: 10.1037/0033–2909.133.1.1Google Scholar
Batterham, P. J., Glozier, N., & Christensen, H. (2012). Sleep disturbance, personality and the onset of depression and anxiety: Prospective cohort study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 46, 10891098. doi: 10.1177/0004867412457997Google Scholar
Beaudreau, S. A. & O’Hara, R. (2009). The association of anxiety and depressive symptoms with cognitive performance in community-dwelling older adults. Psychology and Aging, 24, 507512. doi: 10.1037/a0016035Google Scholar
Beekman, A. T., de Beurs, E., van Balkom, A. J., Deeg, D. J., van Dyck, R., & van Tilburg, W. (2000). Anxiety and depression in later life: Co-occurrence and communality of risk factors. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 8995.Google Scholar
Beesdo, K., Pine, D. S., Lieb, R., & Wittchen, H. U. (2010). Incidence and risk patterns of anxiety and depressive disorders and categorization of generalized anxiety disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 4757. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.177Google Scholar
Ben-Noun, L. (1998). Generalized anxiety disorder in dysfunctional families. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 29, 115122. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7916(98)00003–2Google Scholar
Bifulco, A., Kwon, J., Jacobs, C., Moran, P., Bunn, A., & Beer, N. (2006). Adult attachment style as mediator between childhood neglect/abuse and adult depression and anxiety. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 41, 796805. doi: 10.1007/s00127-006–0101-zGoogle Scholar
Bishop, S. J. (2009). Trait anxiety and impoverished prefrontal control of attention. Nature Neuroscience, 12, 9298. doi: 10.1038/nn.2242Google Scholar
Blair, K., Shaywitz, J., Smith, B. W., Rhodes, R., Geraci, M., Jones, M., McCaffrey, D., Vythilingam, M., Finger, E., Mondillo, K., Jacobs, M., Charney, D. S., Blair, R. J. R., Drevets, W. C., & Pine, D. S. (2008). Response to emotional expressions in generalized social phobia and generalized anxiety disorder: Evidence for separate disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 11931202. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07071060Google Scholar
Blashfield, R., Noyes, R., Reich, J., Woodman, C., Cook, B. L., & Garvey, M. J. (1994). Personality disorder traits in generalized anxiety and panic disorder patients. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 35, 329334. doi: 10.1016/0010-440X(94)90271–2Google Scholar
Borkovec, T. D. (1994). The nature, functions, and origins of worry. In Davey, G. C. L. & Tallis, F. (eds.), Worrying: Perspectives on Theory, Assessment and Treatment (pp. 533). Oxford: Wiley.Google Scholar
Borkovec, T. D., Hazlett-Stevens, H., & Diaz, M. L. (1999). The role of positive beliefs about worry in generalized anxiety disorder and its treatment. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 6, 126138.Google Scholar
Borkovec, T. D. & Inz, J. (1990). The nature of worry in generalized anxiety disorder: A predominance of thought activity. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 153158. doi: 10.1016/0005–7967(90)90027-GGoogle Scholar
Borkovec, T. D., Newman, M. G., Pincus, A. L., & Lytle, R. (2002). A component analysis of cognitive-behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder and the role of interpersonal problems. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 288298. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X .70.2.288Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and Loss: Vol. 3. Loss. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Bradley, B. P., Mogg, K., White, J., Groom, C., & de Bono, J. (1999). Attentional bias for emotional faces in generalized anxiety disorder. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38 (Pt. 3), 267278. doi: 10.1348/014466599162845Google Scholar
Brenes, G. A., Miller, M. E., Stanley, M. A., Williamson, J. D., Knudson, M., & McCall, W. V. (2009). Insomnia in older adults with generalized anxiety disorder. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 465472. doi: 10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181987747Google Scholar
Brosschot, J. F., Gerin, W., & Thayer, J. F. (2006). The perseverative cognition hypothesis: A review of worry, prolonged stress-related physiological activation, and health. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60, 113124. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.06.074Google Scholar
Brown, A. M. & Whiteside, S. P. (2008). Relations among perceived parental rearing behaviors, attachment style, and worry in anxious children. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 263272. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.02.002Google Scholar
Brown, T. A., Campbell, L. A., Lehman, C. L., Grisham, J. R., & Mancill, R. B. (2001). Current and lifetime comorbidity of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders in a large clinical sample. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 585599. doi: 10.1037//0021-843X.110.4.585Google Scholar
Bruce, S. E., Yonkers, K. A., Otto, M. W., Eisen, J. L., Weisberg, R. B., Pagano, M., Shea, M. T., & Keller, M. B. (2005). Influence of psychiatric comorbidity on recovery and recurrence in generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder: A 12-year prospective study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 11791187. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.6.1179Google Scholar
Butters, M. A., Bhalla, R. K., Andreescu, C., Wetherell, J. L., Mantella, R., Begley, A. E., & Lenze, E. J. (2011). Changes in neuropsychological functioning following treatment for late-life generalised anxiety disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 199, 211218. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.110.090217Google Scholar
Carson, D., Berquist, S., Trujillo, T., Garner, J., Hannah, S., Hyde, S., Sumiyoshi, R., Jackson, L., Moss, J., & Strehlow, M. (2015). Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma oxytocin concentrations are positively correlated and negatively predict anxiety in children. Molecular Psychiatry, 20, 1085. doi: 10.1038/mp.2014.132Google Scholar
Carter, R. M., Wittchen, H.-U., Pfister, H., & Kessler, R. C. (2001). One-year prevalence of subthreshold and threshold DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder in a nationally representative sample. Depression and Anxiety, 13, 7888. doi: 10.1002/da.1020Google Scholar
Cartwright-Hatton, S. & Wells, A. (1997). Beliefs about worry and intrusions: The Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire and its correlates. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11, 279296. doi: 10.1016/S0887-6185(97)00011-XGoogle Scholar
Cassidy, J., Lichtenstein-Phelps, J., Sibrava, N. J., Thomas, C. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (2009). Generalized anxiety disorder: Connections with self-reported attachment. Behavior Therapy, 40, 2338. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2007.12.004Google Scholar
Castaneda, A. E., Suvisaari, J., Marttunen, M., Perala, J., Saarni, S. I., Aalto-Setala, T., Lonnqvist, J., & Tuulio-Henriksson, A. (2011). Cognitive functioning in a population-based sample of young adults with anxiety disorders. European Psychiatry, 26, 346353. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.11.006Google Scholar
Cha, J., Greenberg, T., Song, I., Blair Simpson, H., Posner, J., & Mujica-Parodi, L. R. (2016). Abnormal hippocampal structure and function in clinical anxiety and comorbid depression. Hippocampus, 26, 545553. doi: 10.1002/hipo.22566Google Scholar
Chalmers, J. A., Quintana, D. S., Maree, J., Abbott, A., & Kemp, A. H. (2014). Anxiety disorders are associated with reduced heart rate variability: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 5, 80. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00080Google Scholar
Coles, M. E., Turk, C. L., & Heimberg, R. G. (2007). Memory bias for threat in generalized anxiety disorder: The potential importance of stimulus relevance. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, 36, 6573. doi: 10.1080/16506070601070459Google Scholar
Crits-Christoph, P., Gibbons, M. B. C., Losardo, D., Narducci, J., Schamberger, M., & Gallop, R. (2004). Who benefits from brief psychodynamic therapy for generalized anxiety disorder? Canadian Journal of Psychoanalysis, 12, 301324.Google Scholar
Crouch, T. A., Lewis, J. A., Erickson, T. M., & Newman, M. G. (2017). Prospective investigation of the contrast avoidance model of generalized anxiety and worry. Behavior Therapy, 48, 544556. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2016.10.001Google Scholar
Decker, M. L., Turk, C. L., Hess, B., & Murray, C. E. (2008). Emotion regulation among individuals classified with and without generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 485494. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.04.002Google Scholar
Delgado, M. R., Nearing, K. I., Ledoux, J. E., & Phelps, E. A. (2008). Neural circuitry underlying the regulation of conditioned fear and its relation to extinction. Neuron, 59, 829838. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.06.029Google Scholar
DeVido, J., Jones, M., Geraci, M., Hollon, N., Blair, R. J., Pine, D. S., & Blair, K. (2009). Stimulus-reinforcement-based decision making and anxiety: Impairment in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) but not in generalized social phobia (GSP). Psychological Medicine, 39, 11531161. doi: 10.1017/S003329170800487XGoogle Scholar
Dugas, M. J., Gagnon, F., Ladouceur, R., & Freeston, M. H. (1998). Generalized anxiety disorder: A preliminary test of a conceptual model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 215226. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00070–3Google Scholar
Dunning, J. P. & Hajcak, G. (2015). Gradients of fear potentiated startle during generalization, extinction, and extinction recall – and their relations with worry. Behavior Therapy, 46, 640651. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2015.06.005Google Scholar
Eng, W. & Heimberg, R. G. (2006). Interpersonal correlates of generalized anxiety disorder: Self versus other perception. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20, 380387. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2005.02.005Google Scholar
Erickson, T. M., Newman, M. G., Siebert, E. C., Carlile, J. A., Scarsella, G. M., & Abelson, J. L. (2016). Does worrying mean caring too much? Interpersonal prototypicality of dimensional worry controlling for social anxiety and depressive symptoms. Behavior Therapy, 47, 1428. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2015.08.003Google Scholar
Erickson, T. M. & Newman, M. G. (2007a) Predicting cross-situational dysregulation of social behavior: Differential effects of worry, social anxiety, and depressive symptoms. Paper presented at the 27th Annual Meeting of the Anxiety Disorders Association of America, St. Louis, MO.Google Scholar
Erickson, T. M. & Newman, M. G. (2007b). Interpersonal and emotional processes in generalized anxiety disorder analogues during social interaction tasks. Behavior Therapy, 38, 364377. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2006.10.005Google Scholar
Etkin, A., Prater, K. E., Hoeft, F., Menon, V., & Schatzberg, A. F. (2010). Failure of anterior cingulate activation and connectivity with the amygdala during implicit regulation of emotional processing in generalized anxiety disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 545554. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09070931Google Scholar
Etkin, A., Prater, K. E., Schatzberg, A. F., Menon, V., & Greicius, M. D. (2009). Disrupted amygdalar subregion functional connectivity and evidence of a compensatory network in generalized anxiety disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 13611372. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.104Google Scholar
Etkin, A. & Wager, T. D. (2007). Functional neuroimaging of anxiety: A meta-analysis of emotional processing in PTSD, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 14761488. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07030504Google Scholar
Eysenck, M. W. & Calvo, M. G. (1992). Anxiety and performance: The processing efficiency theory. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 404434.Google Scholar
Eysenck, M. W., Mogg, K., May, J., Richards, A., & Mathews, A. (1991). Bias in interpretation of ambiguous sentences related to threat in anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 144150. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.100.2.144Google Scholar
Feifel, D., MacDonald, K., McKinney, R., Heisserer, N., & Serrano, V. (2011). A randomized, placebo-controlled investigation of intranasal oxytocin in patients with anxiety. Neuropsychopharmacology, 36, S324S449. doi: 10.1038/npp.2011.293Google Scholar
Fisher, A. J., Granger, D. A., & Newman, M. G. (2010). Sympathetic arousal moderates self-reported physiological arousal symptoms at baseline and physiological flexibility in response to a stressor in generalized anxiety disorder. Biological Psychology, 83, 191200. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.12.007Google Scholar
Foa, E. B. & Kozak, M. J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 2035. doi: 10.1037/0033–2909.99.1.20Google Scholar
Gazendam, F. J. & Kindt, M. (2012). Worrying affects associative fear learning: A startle fear conditioning study. PLoS ONE, 7, e34882. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034882Google Scholar
Grant, B. F., Hasin, D. S., Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., June Ruan, W., Goldstein, R. B., Smith, S. M., Saha, T. D., & Huang, B. (2005). Prevalence, correlates, co-morbidity, and comparative disability of DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder in the USA: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Psychological Medicine, 35, 17471759. doi: 10.1017/S0033291705006069Google Scholar
Grant, D. M., Judah, M. R., White, E. J., & Mills, A. C. (2015). Worry and discrimination of threat and safety cues: An event-related potential investigation. Behavior Therapy, 46, 652660. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2014.09.015Google Scholar
Hallion, L. S. & Ruscio, A. M. (2013). Should uncontrollable worry be removed from the definition of GAD? A test of incremental validity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 369375. doi: 10.1037/a0031731Google Scholar
Hallion, L. S., Ruscio, A. M., & Jha, A. P. (2014). Fractionating the role of executive control in control over worry: A preliminary investigation. Behavior Research and Therapy, 54, 16. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2013.12.002Google Scholar
Hallion, L. S., Tolin, D. F., Assaf, M., Goethe, J., & Diefenbach, G. J. (2017). Cognitive control in generalized anxiety disorder: Relation of inhibition impairments to worry and anxiety severity. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 41, 610618. doi: 10.1007/s10608-017–9832-2Google Scholar
Harvey, A. G. (2002). A cognitive model of insomnia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 869893. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00061–4Google Scholar
Harvey, A. G. & Greenall, E. (2003). Catastrophic worry in primary insomnia. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 34, 1123. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7916(03)00003-XGoogle Scholar
Hayes, S., Hirsch, C., & Mathews, A. (2008). Restriction of working memory capacity during worry. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 712717. doi: 10.1037/a0012908Google Scholar
Hayes, S., Hirsch, C. R., & Mathews, A. (2010). Facilitating a benign attentional bias reduces negative thought intrusions. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 235240. doi: 10.1037/a0018264Google Scholar
Hazlett-Stevens, H. & Borkovec, T. D. (2004). Interpretive cues and ambiguity in generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 881892. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00204–3Google Scholar
Hebert, E. A., Dugas, M. J., Tulloch, T. G., & Holowka, D. W. (2014). Positive beliefs about worry: A psychometric evaluation of the Why Worry-II. Personality and Individual Differences, 56, 38. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.009Google Scholar
Heide, F. J. & Borkovec, T. D. (1983). Relaxation-induced anxiety: Paradoxical anxiety enhancement due to relaxation training. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 171182. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.51.2.171Google Scholar
Hettema, J. M., Neale, M. C., Myers, J. M., Prescott, C. A., & Kendler, K. S. (2006). A population-based twin study of the relationship between neuroticism and internalizing disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 857864. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.5.857Google Scholar
Hilbert, K., Lueken, U., & Beesdo-Baum, K. (2014). Neural structures, functioning and connectivity in generalized anxiety disorder and interaction with neuroendocrine systems: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 158, 114126. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.01.022Google Scholar
Hirsch, C. R. & Mathews, A. (2012). A cognitive model of pathological worry. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50, 636646. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2012.06.007Google Scholar
Hoehn-Saric, R., Lee, J. S., McLeod, D. R., & Wong, D. F. (2005). Effect of worry on regional cerebral blood flow in nonanxious subjects. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 140, 259269. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2005.05.013Google Scholar
Hoehn-Saric, R., McLeod, D. R., Funderburk, F., & Kowalski, P. (2004). Somatic symptoms and physiologic responses in generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder: An ambulatory monitor study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 913921. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.61.9.913Google Scholar
Hoehn-Saric, R., McLeod, D. R., & Zimmerli, W. D. (1989). Somatic manifestations in women with generalized anxiety disorder: Psychophysiological responses to psychological stress. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 11131119. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810120055009Google Scholar
Hofmann, S. G., Schulz, S. M., Heering, S., Muench, F., & Bufka, L. F. (2010). Psychophysiological correlates of generalized anxiety disorder with or without comorbid depression. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 78, 3541. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.12.016Google Scholar
Hunt, C., Issakidis, C., & Andrews, G. (2002). DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder in the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. Psychological Medicine, 32, 649659. doi: 10.1017}S0033291702005512Google Scholar
Jacobson, N. C., & Newman, M. G. (2017). Anxiety and depression as bidirectional risk factors for one another: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 143, 11551200. doi:10.1037/bul0000111Google Scholar
Joos, E., Vansteenwegen, D., & Hermans, D. (2012). Worry as a predictor of fear acquisition in a nonclinical sample. Behavior Modification, 36, 723750. doi: 10.1177/0145445512446477Google Scholar
Kessel, E. M., Kujawa, A., Hajcak Proudfit, G., & Klein, D. N. (2015). Neural reactivity to monetary rewards and losses differentiates social from generalized anxiety in children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56, 792800. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12355Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 593602. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 617627. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., DuPont, R. L., Berglund, P., & Wittchen, H. U. (1999). Impairment in pure and comorbid generalized anxiety disorder and major depression at 12 months in two national surveys. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 19151923.Google Scholar
Kim, H. & Newman, M. G. (2016) Emotional contrast avoidance in generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder: A comparison between the perseveration processes of worry and rumination. Paper presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, New York, NY.Google Scholar
LaFreniere, L. S. & Newman, M. G. (2018a). Probabilistic learning by positive and negative reinforcement in generalized anxiety disorder. Manuscript submitted for publication.Google Scholar
LaFreniere, L. S. & Newman, M. G. (2018b). Exposing worry’s deceit: Percentage of untrue worries in generalized anxiety disorder treatment. Manuscript submitted for publication.Google Scholar
Lang, P. J., Davis, M., & Öhman, A. (2000). Fear and anxiety: Animal models and human cognitive psychophysiology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 61, 137159. doi: 10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00343–8Google Scholar
Leigh, E. & Hirsch, C. R. (2011). Worry in imagery and verbal form: Effect on residual working memory capacity. Behavior Research and Therapy, 49, 99105. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2010.11.005Google Scholar
Llera, S. J. & Newman, M. G. (2010). Effects of worry on physiological and subjective reactivity to emotional stimuli in generalized anxiety disorder and nonanxious control participants. Emotion, 10, 640650. doi: 10.1037/a0019351Google Scholar
Llera, S. J. & Newman, M. G. (2014). Rethinking the role of worry in generalized anxiety disorder: Evidence supporting a model of emotional contrast avoidance. Behavior Therapy, 45, 283299. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2013.12.011.Google Scholar
Llera, S. J. & Newman, M. G. (2017). Development and validation of two measures of emotional contrast avoidance: The Contrast Avoidance Questionnaires. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 49, 114127. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.04.008Google Scholar
MacLeod, C. & Donnellan, A. M. (1993). Individual differences in anxiety and the restriction of working memory capacity. Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 163173. doi: 10.1016/0191–8869(93)90023-VGoogle Scholar
MacLeod, C., Mathews, A., & Tata, P. (1986). Attentional bias in emotional disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 1520. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.95.1.15Google Scholar
Makovac, E., Meeten, F., Watson, D. R., Herman, A., Garfinkel, S. N., D. Critchley, H., & Ottaviani, C. (2016). Alterations in amygdala-prefrontal functional connectivity account for excessive worry and autonomic dysregulation in generalized anxiety disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 80, 786795. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.10.013Google Scholar
Mantella, R. C., Butters, M. A., Dew, M. A., Mulsant, B. H., Begley, A. E., Tracey, B., Shear, M. K., Reynolds, C. F., 3rd, & Lenze, E. J. (2007). Cognitive impairment in late-life generalized anxiety disorder. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15, 673679. doi: 10.1097/JGP.0b013e31803111f2Google Scholar
Marcks, B. A., Weisberg, R. B., Edelen, M. O., & Keller, M. B. (2010). The relationship between sleep disturbance and the course of anxiety disorders in primary care patients. Psychiatry Research, 178, 487492. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2009.07.004Google Scholar
Mathews, A. & MacLeod, C. (1985). Selective processing of threat cues in anxiety states. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 563569. doi: 10.1016/0005–7967(85)90104–4Google Scholar
Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (2005). Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 167195. doi: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143916Google Scholar
Mathews, A., Mogg, K., Kentish, J., & Eysenck, M. (1995). Effect of psychological treatment on cognitive bias in generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour and Research Therapy, 33, 293303. doi: 10.1016/0005–7967(94)E0022-BGoogle Scholar
Mathews, A., Mogg, K., May, J., & Eysenck, M. (1989). Implicit and explicit memory bias in anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 236240. doi: 10.1037//0021-843x.98.3.236Google Scholar
Mavissakalian, M. R., Hamann, M. S., Haidar, S. A., & de Groot, C. M. (1995). Correlates of DSM-III personality disorder in generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 9, 103115. doi: 10.1016/0887–6185(94)00034–4Google Scholar
McClure, E. B., Monk, C. S., Nelson, E. E., Parrish, J. M., Adler, A., Blair, R. J. R., Fromm, S., Charney, D. S., Leibenluft, E., Ernst, M., & Pine, D. S. (2007). Abnormal attention modulation of fear circuit function in pediatric generalized anxiety disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 97106. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.64.1.97Google Scholar
McLaughlin, K. A., Borkovec, T. D., & Sibrava, N. J. (2007). The effects of worry and rumination on affect states and cognitive activity. Behavior Therapy, 38, 2338. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2006.03.003Google Scholar
McLeod, J. D. (1994). Anxiety disorders and marital quality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 767776. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.103.4.767Google Scholar
McNally, R. J. (1995). Automaticity and the anxiety disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 747754. doi: 10.1016/0005–7967(95)00015-PGoogle Scholar
Mennin, D. S., McLaughlin, K. A., & Flanagan, T. J. (2009). Emotion regulation deficits in generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and their co-occurrence. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 866871. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.04.006Google Scholar
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49100. doi: 10.1006/cogp.1999.0734Google Scholar
Mochcovitch, M. D., da Rocha Freire, R. C., Garcia, R. F., & Nardi, A. E. (2014). A systematic review of fMRI studies in generalized anxiety disorder: Evaluating its neural and cognitive basis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 167, 336342. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.06.041Google Scholar
Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Williams, R., & Mathews, A. (1993). Subliminal processing of emotional information in anxiety and depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 304311. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.102.2.304Google Scholar
Mogg, K., Garner, M., & Bradley, B. P. (2007). Anxiety and orienting of gaze to angry and fearful faces. Biological Psychology, 76, 163169. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.07.005Google Scholar
Mogg, K., Millar, N., & Bradley, B. P. (2000). Biases in eye movements to threatening facial expressions in generalized anxiety disorder and depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 695704. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.109.4.695Google Scholar
Monk, C. S., Nelson, E. E., McClure, E. B., Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Leibenluft, E., Blair, R. J. R., Chen, G., Charney, D. S., Ernst, M., & Pine, D. S. (2006). Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activation and attentional bias in response to angry faces in adolescents with generalized anxiety disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 10911097. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.6.1091Google Scholar
Monk, C. S., Telzer, E. H., Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Mai, X., Louro, H. M. C., Chen, G., McClure-Tone, E. B., Ernst, M., & Pine, D. S. (2008). Amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activation to masked angry faces in children and adolescents with generalized anxiety disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65, 568576. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.65.5.568Google Scholar
Monti, J. M. & Monti, D. (2000). Sleep disturbance in generalized anxiety disorder and its treatment. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 4, 263276. doi: 10.1053/smrv.1999.0096Google Scholar
Moon, C. M. & Jeong, G. W. (2015). Functional neuroanatomy on the working memory under emotional distraction in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 69, 609619. doi: 10.1111/pcn.12295Google Scholar
Moon, C. M., Sundaram, T., Choi, N. G., & Jeong, G. W. (2016). Working memory dysfunction associated with brain functional deficits and cellular metabolic changes in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Research, 254, 137144. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.06.013Google Scholar
Moon, C. M., Yang, J. C., & Jeong, G. W. (2015). Explicit verbal memory impairments associated with brain functional deficits and morphological alterations in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 186, 328336. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.07.038Google Scholar
Morris, B. H. & Rottenberg, J. (2015). Heightened reward learning under stress in generalized anxiety disorder: A predictor of depression resistance? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 124, 115127. doi: 10.1037/a0036934Google Scholar
Moser, J. S., Moran, T. P., Schroder, H. S., Donnellan, M. B., & Yeung, N. (2013). On the relationship between anxiety and error monitoring: A meta-analysis and conceptual framework. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 466. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00466Google Scholar
Mueller, E. M., Nguyen, J., Ray, W. J., & Borkovec, T. D. (2010). Future-oriented decision-making in generalized anxiety disorder is evident across different versions of the Iowa Gambling Task. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41, 165171. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.12.002Google Scholar
Muris, P., Mayer, B., & Meesters, C. (2000). Self-reported attachment style, anxiety, and depression in children. Social Behavior and Personality, 28, 157162. doi: 10.2224/sbp.2000.28.2.157Google Scholar
Muris, P., Meesters, C., van Melick, M., & Zwambag, L. (2001). Self-reported attachment style, attachment quality, and symptoms of anxiety and depression in young adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 809818. doi: 10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00074-xGoogle Scholar
Myers, A. J., Williams, L., Gatt, J. M., McAuley-Clark, E. Z., Dobson-Stone, C., Schofield, P. R., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2014). Variation in the oxytocin receptor gene is associated with increased risk for anxiety, stress and depression in individuals with a history of exposure to early life stress. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 59, 93100. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.08.021Google Scholar
Newman, M. G., Castonguay, L. G., Jacobson, N. C., & Moore, G. A. (2015). Adult attachment as a moderator of treatment outcome for generalized anxiety disorder: Comparison between cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) plus supportive listening and CBT plus interpersonal and emotional processing therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83, 915. doi: 10.1037/a0039359Google Scholar
Newman, M. G. & Erickson, T. M. (2010). Generalized anxiety disorder. In Beck, J. G. (ed.), Interpersonal Processes in the Anxiety Disorders: Implications for Understanding Psychopathology and Treatment (pp. 235259). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi: 10.1037/12084–009Google Scholar
Newman, M. G., Jacobson, N. C., Erickson, T. M., & Fisher, A. J. (2017). Interpersonal problems predict differential response to cognitive versus behavioral treatment in a randomized controlled trial. Behavior Therapy, 48, 5668. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2016.05.005Google Scholar
Newman, M. G., Jacobson, N. C., Zainal, N. H., Shin, K., Szkodny, L. E., & Sliwinski, M. J. (2018). The effects of worry in daily life: An ecological momentary assessment study supporting the tenets of the contrast avoidance model. Manuscript submitted for publication.Google Scholar
Newman, M. G., LaFreniere, L. S., & Jacobson, N. C. (2018). Relaxation-induced anxiety: Effects of peak and trajectories of change on treatment outcome for generalized anxiety disorder. Psychotherapy Research, 28, 616629. doi: 10.1080/10503307.2016.1253891Google Scholar
Newman, M. G. & Llera, S. J. (2011). A novel theory of experiential avoidance in generalized anxiety disorder: A review and synthesis of research supporting a contrast avoidance model of worry. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 371382. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.01.008Google Scholar
Newman, M. G., Llera, S. J., Erickson, T. M., Przeworski, A., & Castonguay, L. G. (2013). Worry and generalized anxiety disorder: A review and theoretical synthesis of research on nature, etiology, and treatment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 275297. doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212–185544Google Scholar
Newman, M. G., Shin, K. E., & Zuellig, A. R. (2016). Developmental risk factors in generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 206, 94102. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.07.008Google Scholar
Nitschke, J. B., Sarinopoulos, I., Oathes, D. J., Johnstone, T., Whalen, P. J., Davidson, R. J., & Kalin, N. H. (2009). Anticipatory activation in the amygdala and anterior cingulate in generalized anxiety disorder and prediction of treatment response. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 302310. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07101682Google Scholar
Noble, L. (2016). Facial Expressions in Generalized Anxiety Disorder (Master’s thesis). The City University of New York. Retrieved from http://academicworks.cuny.edu/hc_sas_etds/80/Google Scholar
Olatunji, B. O., Broman-Fulks, J. J., Bergman, S. M., Green, B. A., & Zlomke, K. R. (2010). A taxometric investigation of the latent structure of worry: Dimensionality and associations with depression, anxiety, and stress. Behavior Therapy, 41, 212228. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2009.03.001Google Scholar
Olatunji, B. O., Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Sawchuk, C. N., & Ciesielski, B. G. (2010). Worry and the anxiety disorders: A meta-analytic synthesis of specificity to GAD. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 14, 124. doi: 10.1016/j.appsy.2011.03.001Google Scholar
Ottaviani, C., Thayer, J. F., Verkuil, B., Lonigro, A., Medea, B., Couyoumdjian, A., & Brosschot, J. F. (2016). Physiological Concomitants of Perseverative Cognition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Palm, M. E., Elliott, R., McKie, S., Deakin, J. F., & Anderson, I. M. (2011). Attenuated responses to emotional expressions in women with generalized anxiety disorder. Psychological Medicine, 41, 10091018. doi: 10.1017/S0033291710001455Google Scholar
Papadimitriou, G. N. & Linkowski, P. (2005). Sleep disturbance in anxiety disorders. International Review of Psychiatry, 17, 229236. doi: 10.1080/09540260500104524Google Scholar
Park, G., Vasey, M. W., van Bavel, J. J., & Thayer, J. F. (2014). When tonic cardiac vagal tone predicts changes in phasic vagal tone: The role of fear and perceptual load. Psychophysiology, 51, 419426. doi: 10.1111/psyp.12186Google Scholar
Peasley, C. E., Molina, S., & Borkovec, T. D. (1994, November). Empathy in generalized anxiety disorder. Proceedings of the 28th annual meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, San Diego, CA.Google Scholar
Pittig, A., Arch, J. J., Lam, C. W., & Craske, M. G. (2013). Heart rate and heart rate variability in panic, social anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and generalized anxiety disorders at baseline and in response to relaxation and hyperventilation. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 87, 1927. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.10.012Google Scholar
Plana, I., Lavoie, M. A., Battaglia, M., & Achim, A. M. (2014). A meta-analysis and scoping review of social cognition performance in social phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder and other anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28, 169177. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.09.005Google Scholar
Power, M. J. & Tarsia, M. (2007). Basic and complex emotions in depression and anxiety. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 14, 1931. doi: 10.1002/cpp.515Google Scholar
Price, R. B. & Mohlman, J. (2007). Inhibitory control and symptom severity in late life generalized anxiety disorder. Behavior Research and Therapy, 45, 26282639. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2007.06.007Google Scholar
Przeworski, A., Newman, M. G., Pincus, A. L., Kasoff, M. B., Yamasaki, A. S., Castonguay, L. G., & Berlin, K. S. (2011). Interpersonal pathoplasticity in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120, 286298. doi: 10.1037/a0023334Google Scholar
Rhebergen, D., Aderka, I. M., van der Steenstraten, I. M., van Balkom, A., van Oppen, P., Stek, M. L., Comijs, H. C., & Batelaan, N. M. (2017). Admixture analysis of age of onset in generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 50, 4751. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.05.003Google Scholar
Roemer, L., Molina, S., & Borkovec, T. D. (1997). An investigation of worry content among generally anxious individuals. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185, 314319. doi: 10.1097/00005053–199705000-00005Google Scholar
Roemer, L. & Orsillo, S. M. (2002). Expanding our conceptualization of and treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: Integrating mindfulness/acceptance-based approaches with existing cognitive-behavioral models. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9, 5468. doi: 10.1093/clipsy/9.1.54Google Scholar
Roybal, K., Theobold, D., Graham, A., DiNieri, J. A., Russo, S. J., Krishnan, V., Chakravarty, S., Peevey, J., Oehrlein, N., & Birnbaum, S. (2007). Mania-like behavior induced by disruption of CLOCK. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104, 64066411. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0609625104Google Scholar
Ruscio, A. M. (2002). Delimiting the boundaries of generalized anxiety disorder: Differentiating high worriers with and without GAD. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 16, 377400. doi: 10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00130–5Google Scholar
Ruscio, A. M. & Borkovec, T. D. (2004). Experience and appraisal of worry among high worriers with and without generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 14691482. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2003.10.007Google Scholar
Ruscio, A. M., Borkovec, T. D., & Ruscio, J. (2001). A taxometric investigation of the latent structure of worry. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 413422. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.110.3.413Google Scholar
Ruscio, A. M., Hallion, L. S., Lim, C. C. W., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Al-Hamzawi, A., Alonso, J., Andrade, L. H., Borges, G., Bromet, E. J., Bunting, B., Caldas de Almeida, J. M., Demyttenaere, K., Florescu, S., de Girolamo, G., Gureje, O., Haro, J. M., He, Y., Hinkov, H., Hu, C., de Jonge, P., Karam, E. G., Lee, S., Lepine, J. P., Levinson, D., Mneimneh, Z., Navarro-Mateu, F., Posada-Villa, J., Slade, T., Stein, D. J., Torres, Y., Uda, H., Wojtyniak, B., Kessler, R. C., Chatterji, S., & Scott, K. M. (2017). Cross-sectional comparison of the epidemiology of DSM-5 generalized anxiety disorder across the globe. JAMA Psychiatry, 74, 465475. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0056Google Scholar
Ruscio, A. M., Seitchik, A. E., Gentes, E. L., Jones, J. D., & Hallion, L. S. (2011). Perseverative thought: A robust predictor of response to emotional challenge in generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder. Behavior Research and Therapy, 49, 867874. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2011.10.001Google Scholar
Saletu-Zyhlarz, G., Saletu, B., Anderer, P., Brandstätter, N., Frey, R., Gruber, G., Klosch, G., Mandl, M., Grunberger, J., & Linzmayer, L. (1997). Nonorganic insomnia in generalized anxiety disorder. 1. Controlled studies on sleep, awakening and daytime vigilance utilizing polysomnography and EEG mapping. Neuropsychobiology, 36, 117129. doi: 10.1159/000119373Google Scholar
Salzer, S., Pincus, A. L., Hoyer, J., Kreische, R., Leichsenring, F., & Leibing, E. (2008). Interpersonal subtypes within generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90, 292299. doi: 10.1080/00223890701885076Google Scholar
Salzer, S., Pincus, A. L., Winkelbach, C., Leichsenring, F., & Leibing, E. (2011). Interpersonal subtypes and change of interpersonal problems in the treatment of patients with generalized anxiety disorder: A pilot study. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 48, 304310. doi: 10.1037/a0022013Google Scholar
Schienle, A., Köchel, A., Ebner, F., Reishofer, G., & Schäfer, A. (2010). Neural correlates of intolerance of uncertainty. Neuroscience Letters, 479, 272276. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.05.078Google Scholar
Seth, A. K., Barrett, A. B., & Barnett, L. (2015). Granger causality analysis in neuroscience and neuroimaging. Journal of Neuroscience, 35, 32933297. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4399–14.2015Google Scholar
Shanahan, L., Copeland, W. E., Angold, A., Bondy, C. L., & Costello, E. J. (2014). Sleep problems predict and are predicted by generalized anxiety/depression and oppositional defiant disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 53, 550558. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2013.12.029Google Scholar
Shin, K., Newman, M. G., Hammaker, S., Fabinyi, C., Sheintoch, M., Kilbert, R., Purnell, J., & Choi, J. (2016) Effects of Trait and Induced Worry on Interpersonal Perceptions and Behaviors. Paper presented at the 2016 Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies Annual Convention, New York, NY.Google Scholar
Sipila, T., Kananen, L., Greco, D., Donner, J., Silander, K., Terwilliger, J. D., Auvinen, P., Peltonen, L., Lonnqvist, J., Pirkola, S., Partonen, T., & Hovatta, I. (2010). An association analysis of circadian genes in anxiety disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 67, 11631170. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.12.011Google Scholar
Somerville, L. H., Whalen, P. J., & Kelley, W. M. (2010). Human bed nucleus of the stria terminalis indexes hypervigilant threat monitoring. Biological Psychiatry, 68, 416424. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.04.002Google Scholar
Srivastava, S., Sharma, H. O., & Mandal, M. K. (2003). Mood induction with facial expressions of emotion in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Depression & Anxiety, 18, 144148. doi: 10.1002/da.10128Google Scholar
Tempesta, D., Mazza, M., Serroni, N., Moschetta, F. S., Di Giannantonio, M., Ferrara, M., & De Berardis, D. (2013). Neuropsychological functioning in young subjects with generalized anxiety disorder with and without pharmacotherapy. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 45, 236241. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.06.006Google Scholar
Thayer, J. F., Åhs, F., Fredrikson, M., Sollers, J. J., & Wager, T. D. (2012). A meta-analysis of heart rate variability and neuroimaging studies: Implications for heart rate variability as a marker of stress and health. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36, 747756. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.11.009Google Scholar
Thayer, J. F., Friedman, B. H., & Borkovec, T. D. (1996). Autonomic characteristics of generalized anxiety disorder and worry. Biological Psychiatry, 39, 255266. doi: 10.1016/0006–3223(95)00136–0Google Scholar
Uhmann, S., Beesdo-Baum, K., Becker, E. S., & Hoyer, J. (2010). Specificity of interpersonal problems in generalized anxiety disorder versus other anxiety disorders and depression. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198, 846851. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181f98063Google Scholar
van Eijck, F. E., Branje, S. J., Hale, W. W., & Meeus, W. H. (2012). Longitudinal associations between perceived parent–adolescent attachment relationship quality and generalized anxiety disorder symptoms in adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 871883. doi: 10.1007/s10802-012–9613-zGoogle Scholar
Walker, D. L., Toufexis, D. J., & Davis, M. (2003). Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis versus the amygdala in fear, stress, and anxiety. European Journal of Pharmacology, 463, 199216. doi: 10.1016/S0014-2999(03)01282–2Google Scholar
Weinberg, A., Kotov, R., & Proudfit, G. H. (2015). Neural indicators of error processing in generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and major depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 124, 172185. doi: 10.1037/abn0000019Google Scholar
Wells, A. (1995). Meta-cognition and worry: A cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23, 301320. doi: 10.1017/S1352465800015836Google Scholar
Whisman, M. A., Sheldon, C. T., & Goering, P. (2000). Psychiatric disorders and dissatisfaction with social relationships: Does type of relationship matter? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 803808. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.109.4.803Google Scholar
Wittchen, H. U. (2002). Generalized anxiety disorder: Prevalence, burden, and cost to society. Depression and Anxiety, 16, 162171. doi: 10.1002/da.10065Google Scholar
Wittchen, H. U., Carter, R. M., Pfister, H., Montgomery, S. A., & Kessler, R. C. (2000). Disabilities and quality of life in pure and comorbid generalized anxiety disorder and major depression in a national survey. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 15, 319328. doi: 10.1097/00004850–200015060-00002Google Scholar
Wittchen, H. U., Krause, P., Hoyer, J., Beesdo, K., Jacobi, F., Hofler, M., & Winter, S. (2001). Prevalence and correlates of generalized anxiety disorders in primary care. Fortschritte der Medizin Originalien, 119 Suppl. (1), 1725.Google Scholar
Wittchen, H. U., Zhao, S., Kessler, R. C., & Eaton, W. W. (1994). DSM-III-R generalized anxiety disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 355364. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950050015002Google Scholar
Wu, J. Q., Szpunar, K. K., Godovich, S. A., Schacter, D. L., & Hofmann, S. G. (2015). Episodic future thinking in generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 36, 18. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.09.005Google Scholar
Yang, Y., Zhang, X., Zhu, Y., Dai, Y., Liu, T., & Wang, Y. (2015). Cognitive impairment in generalized anxiety disorder revealed by event-related potential N270. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 11, 14051411. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S84666Google Scholar
Yassa, M. A., Hazlett, R. L., Stark, C. E., & Hoehn-Saric, R. (2012). Functional MRI of the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis during conditions of uncertainty in generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46, 10451052. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.04.013Google Scholar
Yonkers, K. A., Bruce, S. E., Dyck, I. R., & Keller, M. B. (2003). Chronicity, relapse, and illness-course of panic disorder, social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder: Findings in men and women from 8 years of follow-up. Depression and Anxiety, 17, 173179. doi: 10.1002/da.10106Google Scholar
Yonkers, K. A., Dyck, I. R., Warshaw, M., & Keller, M. B. (2000). Factors predicting the clinical course of generalised anxiety disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 176, 544549. doi: 10.1192/bjp.176.6.544Google Scholar
Yonkers, K. A., Warshaw, M. G., Massion, A. O., & Keller, M. B. (1996). Phenomenology and course of generalised anxiety disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 308313. doi: 10.1192/bjp.168.3.308Google Scholar
Yoon, S., Kim, H., S., Kim, J.-I., Lee, S., & Lee, S.-H. (2016). Reading simple and complex facial expressions in patients with major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 70, 151158. doi: 10.1111/pcn.12369Google Scholar
Zainal, N. H., & Newman, M. G. (2018). Worry amplifies theory-of-mind reasoning for negatively valenced social stimuli in generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 227, 824833. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.084Google Scholar
Zainal, N. H., & Newman, M. G. (2017). Executive function and other cognitive deficits are distal risk factors of generalized anxiety disorder 9 years later. Psychological Medicine, 19. doi:10.1017/S0033291717003579Google Scholar
Zhang, X., Norton, J., Carriere, I., Ritchie, K., Chaudieu, I., & Ancelin, M. L. (2015). Risk factors for late-onset generalized anxiety disorder: Results from a 12-year prospective cohort (the ESPRIT study). Translational Psychiatry, 5, e536. doi: 10.1038/tp.2015.31Google Scholar

References

Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4–18 and 1991 Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry.Google Scholar
Albano, A. M., Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. (1996). Childhood anxiety disorders. In Mash, E. J. & Barkley, R. A. (eds.), Child Psychopathology (pp. 196241). New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Allen, J. L., Lavallee, K. L., Herren, C., Ruhe, K., & Schneider, S. (2010). DSM-IV criteria for childhood separation anxiety disorder: Informant, age and sex differences. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 946952.Google Scholar
Ambrosini, P. J. (2000). Historical development and present status of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children (K-SADS). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 4958.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edn). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn, text rev.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Angulo, M., Rooks, B. T., Gill, M. K., Goldstein, T. R., Sakolsky, D. J., Goldstein, B. I., Monk, K. R., Hickey, M. B., Diler, R. S., Hafeman, D. M., Merranko, J. A., Axelson, D., & Birmaher, B. B. (2017). Psychometrics for the screen for adult anxiety-related disorders (SCAARED): A new scale for the assessment of DSM-5 anxiety disorders. Psychiatry Research, 253, 8490.Google Scholar
Aschenbrand, S. G., Kendall, P. C., & Webb, A. (2003). Is childhood separation anxiety disorder a predictor of adult panic disorder and agoraphobia? A seven-year longitudinal study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(12), 14781485.Google Scholar
Barlow, D. H. (2002). Anxiety and Its Disorders: The Nature and Treatment of Anxiety and Panic (2nd edn). New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Battaglia, M., Touchette, É., Garon‐Carrier, G., Dionne, G., Côté, S. M., Vitaro, F., … Boivin, M. (2016). Distinct trajectories of separation anxiety in the preschool years: Persistence at school entry and early‐life associated factors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(1), 3946.Google Scholar
Birmaher, B., Khetarpal, S., Brent, D., Cully, M., Balach, L., Kaufman, J., & Neer, S. M. (1997). The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): Scale construction and psychometric characteristics. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 36, 545553.Google Scholar
Boyd, C. P., Gullone, E., Kostanski, M., Ollendick, T. H., & Shek, D. T. (2000). Prevalence of anxiety and depression in Australian adolescents: Comparisons with worldwide data. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 61, 479492.Google Scholar
Brückl, T. M., Wittchen, H. U., Hofler, M., Pfister, H., Schneider, S., & Lieb, R. (2007). Childhood separation anxiety and the risk of subsequent psychopathology: Results from a community study. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 76, 4756.Google Scholar
Burstein, M., Georgiades, K., Lamers, F., Swanson, S. A., Cui, L., He, J. P., … Merikangas, K. R. (2012). Empirically derived subtypes of lifetime anxiety disorders: Developmental and clinical correlates in US adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 80, 102.Google Scholar
Carmassi, C., Gesi, C., Massimetti, E., Shear, M. K., & Dell’Osso, L. (2015). Separation anxiety disorder in the DSM-5 era. Journal of Psychopathology, 21, 365371.Google Scholar
Carpenter, K. L., Sprechmann, P., Calderbank, R., Sapiro, G., & Egger, H. L. (2016).Quantifying risk for anxiety disorders in preschool children: A machine learning approach. PloS One, 11(11), e0165524.Google Scholar
Cartwright-Hatton, S., McNichol, K., & Doubleday, F. (2006). Anxiety in a neglected population: Prevalence of anxiety disorders in pre-adolescent children. Clinical Psychology Review, 7, 817833.Google Scholar
Chorpita, B. F., Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (2016). Perceived control as a mediator of family environment. Behavior Therapy, 47(5), 622632.Google Scholar
Chu, B., Temkin, A., & Toffey, K. (2016). Transdiagnostic mechanisms and treatments for children and adolescents: An emerging field. Oxford Handbooks Online.Google Scholar
Cooper-Vince, C. E., Emmert-Aronson, B. O., Pincus, D. B., & Comer, J. S. (2014). The diagnostic utility of separation anxiety disorder symptoms: An item response theory analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42(3), 417.Google Scholar
Crawley, S. A., Caporino, N. E., Birmaher, B., Ginsburg, G., Piacentini, J., Albano, A. M., … McCracken, J. (2014). Somatic complaints in anxious youth. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 45(4), 398.Google Scholar
Cummings, C. M., Caporino, N. E., & Kendall, P. C. (2014). Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: 20 years after. Psychological Bulletin, 140(3), 816.Google Scholar
Cunningham, N. R. & Ollendick, T. H. (2010).Comorbidity of anxiety and conduct problems in children: Implications for clinical research and practice. Journal of Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 13, 333347.Google Scholar
De Los Reyes, A. & Aldao, A. (2015).Introduction to the special issue: Toward implementing physiological measures in clinical child and adolescent assessments. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 44(2), 221237.Google Scholar
Drake, K. L. & Ginsburg, G. S. (2012).Family factors in the development, treatment, and prevention of childhood anxiety disorders. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 15(2), 144162.Google Scholar
Dubowitz, H., Black, M., Harrington, D., & Verschoore, A. (1993). A follow-up study of behavior problems associated with child sexual abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 17, 743754.Google Scholar
Eapen, V., Dadds, M., Barnett, B., Kohlhoff, J., Khan, F., Radom, N., & Silove, D. M. (2014). Separation anxiety, attachment and inter-personal representations: Disentangling the role of oxytocin in the perinatal period. PLoS One, 9(9), e107745.Google Scholar
Ebesutani, C., Bernstein, A., Nakamura, B. J., Chorpita, B. F., & Weisz, J. R. (2010). A psychometric analysis of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale – Parent Version in a clinical sample. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 38, 249260.Google Scholar
Egger, H. L., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G., Potts, E., Walter, B. K., & Angold, A. (2006).Test-retest reliability of the preschool age psychiatric assessment (PAPA). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 538549.Google Scholar
Ehrenreich, J. T., Santucci, L. C., & Weiner, C. L. (2008). Separation anxiety disorder in youth: Phenomenology, assessment, and treatment. Psicologia conductual, 16(3), 389.Google Scholar
Eisen, A. R. & Engler, L. B. (2006). Helping Your Child Overcome Separation Anxiety or School Refusal: A Step-by-Step Guide for Parents. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications.Google Scholar
Eisen, A. R., Hahn, L., Hajinlian, J., Winder, B., & Pincus, D. B. (2005). Separation Anxiety Assessment Scales-Child and Parent versions. See Eisen and Schaefer (2005) for copies of the scale and permission for use.Google Scholar
Eisen, A. R., Pincus, D. B., Hashim, R., Cheron, D., & Santucci, L. (2008). Seeking safety. In Eisen, A. R. (ed.), Treating Childhood Behavioral and Emotional Problems: A Step-by-Step Evidence-Based Approach (pp. 152). New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Eisen, A. R., Raleigh, H., & Neuhoff, C. C. (2008). The unique impact of parent training for separation anxiety disorder in children. Behavior Therapy 39, 195206.Google Scholar
Eisen, A. R. & Schaefer, C. E. (2005). Separation Anxiety in Children and Adolescents: An Individualized Approach to Assessment and Treatment. New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Eisen, A. R., Sussman, J. M., Schmidt, T. Mason, L. Hausler, L. A., & Hashim, R. (2011). Separation anxiety disorder. In McKay, D. & Storch, E. A. (ed.), Handbook of Child and Adolescent Anxiety Disorders, Part 4 (pp. 245259). New York, NY: Springer Science + Business Media.Google Scholar
Evans, R., Thirlwall, K., Cooper, P., & Creswell, C. (2017). Using symptom and interference questionnaires to identify recovery among children with anxiety disorders. Psychological Assessment, 29(7), 835.Google Scholar
Feigon, S. A., Waldman, I. D., Levy, F., & Hay, D. A. (1997) Genetic and environmental influences on various anxiety disorder symptoms in children. Behavior Genetics, 27, 588589.Google Scholar
Franz, L., Angold, A., Copeland, W., Costello, E. J., Towe-Goodman, N., & Egger, H. (2013). Preschool anxiety disorders in pediatric primary care: Prevalence and comorbidity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 52, 12941303.Google Scholar
Geller, D., Biederman, J., Griffin, S., Jones, J., & Lefkowitz, T. (1996). Comorbidity of juvenile obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: Phenomenology and family history. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 16371646.Google Scholar
Ginsburg, G. S., Siqueland, L., Masia-Warner, C., & Hedtke, K. A. (2004). Anxiety disorders in children: Family matters. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 11, 1.Google Scholar
Goldsmith, H. & Gottesman, I. (1981). Origins of variation in behavioral style: A longitudinal study of temperament in young twins. Child Development, 52, 91103.Google Scholar
Goodwin, R., Lipsitz, J. D., Chapman, T. F., Manuzza, S., & Fyer, A. J. (2001).Obsessive-compulsive disorder and separation anxiety comorbidity in early onset panic disorder. Psychological Medicine, 31, 13071310.Google Scholar
Hahn, L., Hajinlian, J., Eisen, A. R., Winder, B., & Pincus, D. B. (2003). Measuring the Dimensions of Separation Anxiety and Early Panic in Children and Adolescents: The Separation Anxiety Assessment Scale. In A. R. Eisen (Chair) Recent Advances in the Treatment of Separation Anxiety and Panic in Children and Adolescents. Paper Presented at the 37th annual convention, AABT, Boston, MA (November).Google Scholar
Hajinlian, J., Hahn, L. G., Eisen, A. R., Zilli-Richardson, L., Reddy, L. A., Winder, B., & Pincus, D. (2003, November). The phenomenon of separation anxiety across DSM-IV internalizing and externalizing disorders. Poster session presented at the 37th annual convention of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Boston, MA.Google Scholar
Hajinlian, J., Mesnik, J., & Eisen, A. R. (2005, November). Separation anxiety symptom dimensions and DSM-IV anxiety disorders: Correlates, comorbidity, and clinical utility. Poster presented at the 39th annual convention of the Association for behavioral and cognitive therapies, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Hammerness, P., Harpold, T., Petty, C., Menard, C., Zar-Kessler, C., & Biederman, J. (2008). Characterizing non-OCD anxiety disorders in psychiatrically referred children and adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders 105, 213219.Google Scholar
Hanna, G., Fischer, D., & Fluent, T. (2006). Separation anxiety disorder and school refusal in children and adolescents. Pediatrics in Review 27, 5663.Google Scholar
Hollon, S. D. & Beck, A. T. (2013). Cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. In Lambert, M. J. (ed.), Bergin and Garfield’s Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change (6th edn) (pp. 393442). New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar
Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., Sanislow, C., & Wang, P. (2010).Research Domain Criteria (RDoC): Toward a new classification framework For research on mental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 7, 748751.Google Scholar
Ishikawa, S., Okajima, I., Matsuoka, H., & Sakano, Y. (2007). Cognitive-behavioural therapy for anxiety in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 12, 164172.Google Scholar
Johnson, T.C. (1998). Understanding children’s sexual behaviors–what’s natural and healthy? South Pasadena, CA: AuthorGoogle Scholar
Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Brent, D., Rao, U., et al. (1997). Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children – Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 980988.Google Scholar
Kearney, C. A., Albano, A. M., Eisen, A. R., Allan, W. D., & Barlow, D. H. (1997). The phenomenology of panic disorder in youngsters: An empirical study of a clinical sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11, 4962.Google Scholar
Kearney, C. A. & Silverman, W. K. (1992). Let’s not push the panic button: A critical analysis of panic and panic disorder in adolescents. Clinical Psychology Review, 12, 293305.Google Scholar
Kearney, C. A., Sims, K. E., Pursell, C. R., & Tillotson, C. A. (2003). Separation anxiety disorder in young children: A longitudinal and family analysis. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 593598.Google Scholar
Kendall, P. C., Brady, E. U., & Verduin, T. L. (2001). Comorbidity in childhood anxiety disorders and treatment outcome. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 787794.Google Scholar
Kessler, R., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N., Zaslavsky, A., & Wittchen, H. (2012). Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 21, 169184.Google Scholar
Kiser, L. J., Heston, J., Millsap, P.A., & Pruitt, D. B. (1991). Physical and sexual abuse in childhood: Relationship with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 776783.Google Scholar
Kossowsky, J., Pfaltz, M., Schneider, S., Taeymans, J., Locher, C., & Gaab, J. (2013). The separation anxiety hypothesis of panic disorder revisited: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 768781.Google Scholar
Krajniak, M. I., Anderson, K., & Eisen, A. R. (2016). Separation anxiety. In Friedman, H. S. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Mental Health (2nd edn, Vol. 4) (pp. 128132). Waltham, MA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Lebowitz, E. R., Panza, K. E., Su, J., & Bloch, M. H. (2012). Family accommodation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 12, 229238.Google Scholar
Lebowitz, E. R., Woolston, J., Bar‐Haim, Y., Calvocoressi, L., Dauser, C., Warnick, E., … Vitulano, L. A. (2013). Family accommodation in pediatric anxiety disorders. Depression and Anxiety, 30(1), 4754.Google Scholar
Lewinsohn, P. M., Holm-DeNoma, J. M., Small, J. W., Seely, J. R., & Joiner, T. E. (2008). Separation anxiety disorder in childhood as a risk factor for future mental illness. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 548555.Google Scholar
Manicavasagar, V., Marnane, C., Pini, S., Abelli, M., Rees, S., Eapen, V., & Silove, D. (2010). Adult separation anxiety disorder: A disorder comes of age. Current Psychiatry Reports, 12, 290297.Google Scholar
Manicavasagar, V., Silove, D., & Curtis, J. (1997). Separation anxiety in adulthood: A phenomenological investigation. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 38, 274282.Google Scholar
Manicavasagar, V., Silove, D., Wagner, R., & Drobny, J. (2003). A self-report questionnaire for measuring separation anxiety in adulthood. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 44, 146153.Google Scholar
March, J. S., Parker, J., Sullivan, K., Stallings, P., & Conners, K. (1997). The multidimensional anxiety scale for children (MASC): Factor structure, reliability, and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 554565.Google Scholar
Masi, G., Favilla, L., Mucci, M., & Millepiedi, S. (2000). Panic disorder in clinically referred children and adolescents. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 31, 139151.Google Scholar
Moser, J. S., Durbin, C. E., Patrick, C. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2015).Combining neural and behavioral indicators in the assessment of internalizing psychopathology in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 44(2), 329340.Google Scholar
Mroczkowski, M., Goes, F., Riddle, M., Grados, M., Greenberg, B., … Samuels, J. (2011). Separation anxiety disorder in OCD. Depression and Anxiety, 28, 256262.Google Scholar
Muris, P., Dreessen, L., Bogels, S., Weckx, M., & van Melick, M. (2004). A questionnaire for screening a broad range of DSM-defined anxiety disorder symptoms in clinically referred children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(4), 813820.Google Scholar
Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Meesters, C., & van den Brand, K. (2002). Cognitive development and worry in normal children. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26, 775785.Google Scholar
Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Ollendick, T. H., King, N., & Bogie, N. (2002).Three traditional and three new childhood anxiety questionnaires: Reliability and validity in a normal Adolescent sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 753772.Google Scholar
Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Schimdt, H., & Tierney, S. (1999).Disgust sensitivity, trait anxiety, and anxiety disorders symptoms in normal children. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 953961.Google Scholar
Muris, P., Schimdt, H., & Merckelbach, H. (2000). Correlations among two self-report questionnaires for measuring DSM-defined anxiety disorder symptoms in children. The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders and the Spence children’s anxiety scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 333346.Google Scholar
Nelles, W. B. & Barlow, D. H. (1988). Do children panic? Clinical Psychology Review, 8, 359372.Google Scholar
Piacentini, J. & Graae, F. (1997). Childhood OCD. In Hollander, E. & Stein, D. (eds.), Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Diagnosis, Etiology, and Treatment (pp. 2346). New York, NY: Marcel Dekker.Google Scholar
Pincus, D. B., Eyberg, S. M., & Choate, M. L. (2005). Adapting parent–child interaction therapy for young children with separation anxiety disorder. Education and Treatment of Children, 28, 163181.Google Scholar
Pini, S., Abelli, M., Mauri, M., Muti, M., Iazzetta, P., Banti, S., & Cassano, G. B. (2005). Clinical correlates and significance of separation anxiety in patients with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 7(4), 370376.Google Scholar
Rabian, B., Peterson, R. A., Richters, J., & Jensen, P.S. (1993). Anxiety sensitivity among anxious children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 22, 441446.Google Scholar
Reynolds, C. R. & Richmond, B. O. (1978). What I think and feel: A revised measure of children’s manifest anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6, 271280.Google Scholar
Santucci, L. C., Ehrenreich, J. T., Trosper, S. E., Bennett, S. M., & Pincus, D. B. (2009). Development and preliminary evaluation of a one-week summer treatment program for separation anxiety disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 16, 317331.Google Scholar
Schimmenti, A. & Bifulco, A. (2015).Linking lack of care in childhood to anxiety disorders in emerging adulthood: The role of attachment styles. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 20(1),4148.Google Scholar
Schneider, S., Blatter-Meunier, J., Herren, C., Adornetto, C., In-Albon, T., & Lavallee, K. (2011). Disorder-specific cognitive-behavioral treatment for separation anxiety disorder in young children: A randomized waitlist-controlled trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 80, 206215.Google Scholar
Schneider, S., Blatter-Meunier, J., Herren, C., In-Albon, T., Adornetto, C., Meyer, A., & Lavallee, K. L. (2013). The efficacy of a family-based cognitive-behavioral treatment for separation anxiety disorder in children aged 8–13: A randomized comparison with a general anxiety program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81(5), 932.Google Scholar
Schneider, S. & In-Albon, T. (2005). Separation Anxiety Avoidance Inventory, child and parent versions. Unpublished Manuscript. University of Basel.Google Scholar
Shaffer, D., Fischer, P., Lucas, C. P., Duncan, M. R., & Schwab-Stone, M. E. (2000).NIMH diagnostic interview schedule for children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 2838.Google Scholar
Shear, K., Jin, R., Ruscio, A., Walters, E., & Kessler, R. (2006). Prevalence and correlates of estimated DSM-IV child and adult separation anxiety disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 10741083.Google Scholar
Silberg, J. L., Gillespie, N., Moore, A. A., Eaves, L. J., Bates, J., Aggen, S., … Canino, G. (2015). Shared genetic and environmental influences on early temperament and preschool psychiatric disorders in Hispanic twins. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 18(2), 171178.Google Scholar
Silove, D., Alonso, J., Bromet, E., Gruber, M., Sampson, N., Scott, K., … de Jonge, P. (2015). Pediatric-onset and adult-onset separation anxiety disorder across countries in the World Mental Health Survey. American Journal of Psychiatry, 172(7), 647656.Google Scholar
Silove, D., Manicavasagar, V., O’Connell, D., Blaszczynski, A., Wagner, R., & Henry, J. (1993). The development of the Separation Anxiety Symptom Inventory (SASI). Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 27, 477488.Google Scholar
Silove, D. M., Marnane, C. L., Wagner, R., Manicavasagar, V. L., & Rees, S. (2010). The prevalence and correlates of adult separation anxiety disorder in an anxiety clinic. BMC Psychiatry, 10(1), 21.Google Scholar
Silverman, W. K. & Albano, A. M. (1996). Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV – Child and Parent Versions. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Silverman, W. K., Fleisig, W., Rabian, B., & Peterson, R. A. (1991). The child anxiety sensitivity index. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 20, 162168.Google Scholar
Silverman, W. K., Saavedra, L. M., & Pina, A. A. (2001) Test-retest reliability of anxiety symptoms and diagnoses with the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV: Child and Parent Versions. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 937944.Google Scholar
Siqueland, L., Rynn, M., & Diamond, G. S. (2005). Cognitive behavioral and attachment-based family therapy for anxious adolescents: Phase I and II studies. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19, 361381.Google Scholar
Spence, S. H. (1997). The Spence children’s anxiety scale (SCAS). Structure of anxiety symptoms in children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 280297.Google Scholar
Spielberger, C. D. (1973). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.Google Scholar
Thompson-Hollands, J., Kerns, C. E., Pincus, D. B., & Comer, J. S. (2014). Parental accommodation of child anxiety and related symptoms: Range, impact, and correlates. Journal of anxiety disorders, 28(8), 765773.Google Scholar
Tufts’ New England Medical Center, Division of Child Psychiatry. (1984). Sexually Exploited Children: Service and Research Project. Final report for the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice.Google Scholar
Vasey, M. W. & Dadds, M. R. (2001). An introduction to the developmental psychopathology of anxiety. In Vasey, M. W. & Dadds, M. R. (ed.), The Developmental Psychopathology of Anxiety. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Verduin, T. L. & Kendall, P. C. (2003). Differential occurrence of comorbidity within childhood anxiety disorders. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 32, 290295.Google Scholar
Villabø, M. A., Oerbeck, B., Skirbekk, B., Hansen, B. H., & Kristensen, H. (2016). Convergent and divergent validity of K-SADS-PL anxiety and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder diagnoses in a clinical sample of school-aged children. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 70(5), 358364.Google Scholar
Weinberg, A., Meyer, A., Hale‐Rude, E., Perlman, G., Kotov, R., Klein, D. N., & Hajcak, G. (2016). Error‐related negativity (ERN) and sustained threat: Conceptual framework and empirical evaluation in an adolescent sample. Psychophysiology, 53(3), 372385.Google Scholar
Westen, D., Nakash, O., Thomas, C., & Bradley, R. (2006). Clinical assessment of attachment patterns and personality disorder in adolescents and adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 10651085.Google Scholar
Wood, J. J. (2006). Parental intrusiveness and children’s separation anxiety in a clinical sample. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 37, 7387.Google Scholar
Wood, J. J., Piacentini, J.C., Bergman, R.L., McCracken, J., & Barrios, V. (2002). Concurrent validity of the anxiety disorders section of the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV: Child and Parent Versions. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31, 335342.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2016). The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Yule, W. (2001). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the general population and in children. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62, 2328.Google Scholar

References

Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2001). Manual for ASEBA School-Age Forms & Profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families.Google Scholar
Ale, C. M., Mann, A., Menzel, J., Storch, E. A., & Lewin, A. B. (2013). Two cases of early childhood selective mutism: Variations and treatment complexities. Clinical Case Studies, 12, 278290. doi: 10.1177/1534650113482358Google Scholar
Alyanak, B., Kilincaslan, A., Harmanci, H. S., Demirkaya, S. K., Yurtbay, T., & Vehid, H. E. (2013). Parental adjustment, parenting attitudes and emotional and behavioral problems in children with selective mutism. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27, 915. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.10.001Google Scholar
American Medical Association. (2018). ICD-10-CM 2018: The Complete Official Codebook. Atlanta, GA: American Medical Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Andersson, C. B. & Thomsen, P. H. (1998). Electively mute children: An analysis of 37 Danish cases. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 231238. doi: 10.1080/08039489850139157Google Scholar
Anstendig, K. (1999). Is selective mutism an anxiety disorder? Rethinking its DSM-IV classification. Journal Anxiety Disorders, 13, 417434. doi: 10.1016/S0887-6185(99)00012–2Google Scholar
Arie, M., Henkin, Y., Lamy, D., Tetin-Schneidere, S., Apter, A., Sadeh, A., & Bar-Haim, Y. (2007). Reduced auditory processing capacity during vocalization in children with selective mutism. Biological Psychiatry, 61, 419421. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.02.020Google Scholar
Bar-Haim, Y., Henkin, Y., Ari-Even-Roth, D., Tetin-Schneider, S., Hildesheimer, M., & Muchnik, C. (2004). Reduced auditory efferent activity in childhood selective mutism. Biological Psychiatry, 55, 10611068. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.02.021Google Scholar
Beare, P., Torgerson, C., & Creviston, C. (2008). Increasing verbal behavior of a student who is selectively mute. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 16, 248255. doi: 10.1177/1063426608317356Google Scholar
Bergman, R. L., Gonzalez, A., Piacentini, J., & Keller, M. L. (2013). Integrated behavior therapy for selective mutism: A randomized controlled pilot study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51, 680689. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2013.07.003Google Scholar
Bergman, R. L., Keller, M. L., Piacentini, J., & Bergman, A. J. (2008). The development and psychometric properties of the selective mutism questionnaire. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 456464. doi: 10.1080/15374410801955805Google Scholar
Bergman, R. L., Piacentini, J., & McCracken, J. (2002). Prevalence and description of selective mutism in a school-based sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 41, 938946. doi: 10.1097/00004583–200208000-00012Google Scholar
Black, B. & Uhde, T. (1995). Psychiatric characteristics of children with selective mutism: A pilot study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 34, 847855. doi: 10.1097/00004583–199507000-00007Google Scholar
Bunnell, B. E. & Beidel, D. C. (2013). Incorporating technology into the treatment of a 17-year-old female with selective mutism. Clinical Case Studies, 12, 291306. doi: 10.1177/1534650113483357Google Scholar
Busse, R. T. & Downey, J. (2011). Selective mutism: A three-tiered approach to prevention and intervention. Contemporary School Psychology, 15, 5363.Google Scholar
Carbone, D., Schmidt, L. A., Cunningham, C. E., McHolm, A. E., Edison, S., St. Pierre, J., & Boyle, M. H. (2010). Behavioral and socioemotional functioning in children with selective mutism: A comparison with anxious and typically developing children across multiple informants. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 10571067. doi: 10.1007/s10802-010–9425-yGoogle Scholar
Casey, L. B. (2012). Promoting speech in selective mutism: Experimental analysis, differential reinforcement, and stimulus fading. Journal of Speech and Language Pathology-Applied Behavior Analysis, 5, 6572.Google Scholar
Chavira, D. A., Shipon-Blum, E., Cohan, S., & Stein, M. B. (2007). Selective mutism and social anxiety disorder: All in the family? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 14641472. doi: 10.1097/chi.0b013e318149366aGoogle Scholar
Chavira, D. A., Stein, M. B., Bailey, K., & Stein, M. T. (2004). Comorbidity of generalized social anxiety disorder and depression in a pediatric primary care sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 80, 163171. doi: 10.1016/S0165-0327(03)00103–4Google Scholar
Christon, L. M., Robinson, E. M., Arnold, C. C., Lund, H. G., Vrana, S. R., & Southam-Gerow, M. A. (2012). Modular cognitive-behavioral treatment of an adolescent female with selective mutism and social phobia: A case study. Clinical Case Studies, 11, 474491. doi: 10.1177/1534650112463956Google Scholar
Cleave, H. (2009). Too anxious to speak? The implications of current research into selective mutism for educational psychology practice. Educational Psychology in Practice, 25, 233246. doi: 10.1080/02667360903151791Google Scholar
Cohan, S. L., Chavira, D. A., Shipon-Blum, E., Hitchcock, C., Roesch, S. C., & Stein, M. B. (2008). Refining the classification of children with selective mutism: A latent profile analysis. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 770784. doi: 10.1080/15374410802359759Google Scholar
Cohan, S. L., Price, J. M., & Stein, M. B. (2006). Suffering in silence: Why a developmental psychopathology perspective on selective mutism is needed. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 27, 341355. doi: 10.1097/00004703–200608000-00011Google Scholar
Conn, B. M. & Coyne, L. W. (2014). Selective mutism in early childhood: Assessment and treatment of an African American preschool boy. Clinical Case Studies, 13, 487500. doi: 10.1177/1534650114522912Google Scholar
Cunningham, C. E., McHolm, A. E., & Boyle, M. H. (2006). Social phobia, anxiety, oppositional behavior, social skills, and self-concept in children with specific selective mutism, generalized selective mutism, and community controls. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 15, 245255. doi: 10.1007/s00787-006–0529-4Google Scholar
Cunningham, C. E., McHolm, A., Boyle, M. H., & Patel, S. (2004). Behavioral and emotional adjustment, family functioning, academic performance, and social relationships in children with selective mutism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Applied Disciplines, 45, 13631372. doi: 10.1111/j.1469–7610.2004.00327.xGoogle Scholar
Diliberto, R. A. & Kearney, C. A. (2016). Anxiety and oppositional behavior profiles among youth with selective mutism. Journal of Communication Disorders, 59, 1623. doi: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2015.11.001Google Scholar
Dow, S. P., Sonies, B. C., Scheib, D., Moss, S. E., & Leonard, H. L. (1995). Practical guidelines for the assessment and treatment of selective mutism. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 836846. doi: 10.1097/00004583–199507000-00006Google Scholar
Dummit, III, E. S., Klein, R. G., Tancer, N. K., Asche, B., Martin, J., & Fairbanks, J. A. (1997). Systematic assessment of 50 children with selective mutism. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 653660. doi: 10.1097/00004583–199705000-00016Google Scholar
Edison, S. C., Evans, M., McHolm, A. E., Cunningham, C. E., Nowakowski, M. E., Boyle, M., & Schmidt, L. A. (2011). An investigation of control among parents of selectively mute, anxious, and nonanxious children. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 42, 270290. doi: 10.1007/s10578-010–0214-1Google Scholar
Ekornås, B., Lundervold, A. J., Tjus, T., & Heimann, M. (2010a). Anxiety disorders in 8–11-year-old children: Motor skill performance and self-perception of competence. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 51, 271277.Google Scholar
Ekornås, B., Lundervold, A. J., Tjus, T., & Heimann, M., Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för beteendevetenskap och lärande,… Filosofiska fakulteten. (2010). Anxiety disorders in 8–11-year-old children: Motor skill performance and self-perception of competence. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 51(3), 271. doi: 10.1111/j.1467–9450.2009.00763.xGoogle Scholar
Elizur, Y. & Perednik, R. (2003). Prevalence and description of selective mutism in immigrant and native families: A controlled study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 4, 14511459. doi: 10.1097/00004583–200312000-00012Google Scholar
Facon, B., Sahiri, S., & Rivière, V. (2008). A controlled single-case treatment of severe long-term selective mutism in a child with mental retardation. Behavior Therapy, 39, 313321. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2007.09.004Google Scholar
Fisak.Jr., B. J., Oliveros, A., & Ehrenreich, J. T. (2006). Assessment and behavioral treatment of selective mutism. Clinical Case Studies, 5, 382402. doi: 10.1177/1534650104269029Google Scholar
Ford, M. A., Sladeczek, I. E., Carlson, J., & Kratochwill, T. R. (1998). Selective mutism: Phenomenological characteristics. School Psychology Quarterly, 13, 192227. doi: 10.1037/h0088982Google Scholar
Fung, D. S., Manassis, K., Kenny, A., & Fiksenbaum, L. (2002). Web-based CBT for selective mutism. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 112113. doi: 10.1097/00004583–200202000-00003Google Scholar
Gensthaler, A., Khalaf, S., Ligges, M., Kaess, M., Freitag, C. M., & Schwenck, C. (2016b). Selective mutism and temperament: The silence and behavioral inhibition to the unfamiliar. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 25, 11131120. doi: 10.1007/s00787-016–0835-4Google Scholar
Gensthaler, A., Maichrowitz, V., Kaess, M., Ligges, M., Freitag, C. M., & Schwenck, C. (2016a). Selective mutism: The fraternal twin of childhood social phobia. Psychopathology, 49, 95107. doi: 10.1159/000444882Google Scholar
Giddan, J. J., Ross, G. J., Sechler, L. L., & Becker, B. R. (1997). Selective mutism in elementary school: Multidisciplinary interventions. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 28, 127133. doi: 10.1044/0161–1461.2802.127Google Scholar
Gray, R. M., Jordan, C. M., Ziegler, R. S., & Livingston, R. B. (2002). Two sets of twins with selective mutism: Neuropsychological findings. Child Neuropsychology, 8, 4151. doi: 10.1076/chin.8.1.41.8717Google Scholar
Heilman, K. J., Connolly, S. D., Padilla, W. O., Wrzosek, M. I., Graczyk, P. A., & Porges, S. W. (2012). Sluggish vagal break reactivity to physical exercise challenge in children with selective mutism. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 241250. doi: 10.1017/S0954579411000800Google Scholar
Henkin, Y. & Bar-Haim, Y. (2015). An auditory-neuroscience perspective on the development of selective mutism. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 12, 8693. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.01.002Google Scholar
Hua, A. & Major, N. (2016). Selective mutism. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 28, 114120. doi: 10.1097/MOP.0000000000000300Google Scholar
Jackson, M. F., Allen, R. S., Boothe, A. B., Nava, M. L., & Coates, A. (2005). Innovative analyses and interventions in the treatment of selective mutism. Clinical Case Studies, 4, 81112. doi: 10.1177/1534650103259676Google Scholar
Jacob, M. L., Suveg, C., & Shaffer, A. (2013). Developmentally sensitive behavioral treatment of a 4-year-old, Korean girl with selective mutism. Clinical Case Studies, 12, 335347. doi: 10.1177/1534650113492997Google Scholar
Karakaya, I., Şişmanlar, Ş. G., Öç, Ö. Y., Memik, N. Ç., Coşkun, A., Ağaoğlu, B., & Yavuz, C. I. (2008). Selective mutism: A school-based cross-sectional study from Turkey. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 17, 114117. doi: 10.1007/s00787-007–0644-xGoogle Scholar
Kearney, C. A. (2010). Helping Children with Selective Mutism and Their Parents: A Guide for School-Based Professionals. New York, NY: Oxford.Google Scholar
Kearney, C. A. & Vecchio, J. (2006). Functional analysis and treatment of selective mutism in children. Journal of Speech and Language Pathology–Applied Behavior Analysis, 1, 141148.Google Scholar
Keen, D. V., Fonseca, S., & Wintgens, A. (2008). Selective mutism: A consensus based care pathway of good practice. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 93, 838844. doi: 10.1136/adc.2007.129437Google Scholar
Kehle, T. J., Bray, M. A., Byer-Alcorace, G. F., Theodore, L. A., & Kovac, L. M. (2012). Augmented self-modeling as an intervention for selective mutism. Psychology in the Schools, 49, 93103. doi: 10.1002/pits.21589Google Scholar
Kern, L., Starosta, K. M., Cook, C. R., Bambara, L. M., & Gresham, F. R. (2007). Functional assessment-based intervention for selective mutism. Behavioral Disorders, 32, 94108.Google Scholar
Klein, E. R., Armstrong, S. L., & Shipon-Blum, E. (2013). Assessing spoken language competence in children with selective mutism: Using parents as test presenters. Communication Disorders Quarterly, 34, 184195. doi: 10.1177/1525740112455053Google Scholar
Klein, E. R., Armstrong, S. L., Skira, K., & Gordon, J. (2017). Social Communication Anxiety Treatment (S-CAT) for children and families with selective mutism: A pilot study. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 22, 90108. doi: 10.1177/1359104516633497Google Scholar
Kopp, S. & Gillberg, C. (1997). Selective mutism: A population-based study: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Applied Disciplines, 38, 257262. doi: 10.1111/j.1469–7610.1997.tb01859.xGoogle Scholar
Kristensen, H. (1997). Elective mutism associated with developmental disorder/delay: Two case studies. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 6, 234239. doi: 10.1007/s007870050035.Google Scholar
Kristensen, H. (2000). Selective mutism and comorbidity with developmental disorder/delay, anxiety disorder, and elimination disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 249256. doi: 10.1097/00004583–200002000-00026.Google Scholar
Kristensen, H. (2001). Multiple informants’ report of emotional and behavioural problems in a nation-wide sample of selective mute children and controls. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 10, 135142. doi: 10.1007/s007870170037.Google Scholar
Kristensen, H. & Torgersen, S. (2001). MCMI-II personality traits and symptom traits in parents of children with selective mutism: A case-control study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 648652. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.110.4.648Google Scholar
Kristensen, H. & Torgersen, S. (2002). A case-control study of EAS child and parental temperaments in selectively mute children with and without a co-morbid communication disorder. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 56, 347353. doi: 10.1080/080394802760322114Google Scholar
Krohn, D. D., Weckstein, S. M., & Wright, H. L. (1992). A study of the effectiveness of a specific treatment for elective mutism. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 31, 711718. doi: 10.1097/00004583–199207000-00020Google Scholar
Krolian, E. (1998). “Speech is silver but silence is golden”: Day hospital treatment of two electively mute children. Clinical Social Work Journal, 16, 355377. doi: 10.1007/BF00755146Google Scholar
Krysanski, V. L. (2003). A brief review of selective mutism literature. Journal of Psychology, 137, 2940. doi: 10.1080/00223980309600597Google Scholar
Kumpulainen, K., Rasanen, R., Raaska, H., & Samppi, V. (1998). Selective mutism among second-graders in an elementary school. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 7, 2429. doi: 10.1007/s007870050041Google Scholar
Lang, C., Nir, Z., Gothelf, A., Domachevsky, S., Ginton, L., Kushnir, J., & Gothelf, D. (2016). The outcome of children with selective mutism following cognitive behavioral intervention: A follow-up study. European Journal of Pediatrics, 175, 481487. doi: 10.1007/s00431-015–2651-0Google Scholar
Letamendi, A. M., Chavira, D. A., Hitchcock, C. A., Roesch, S. C., Shipon-Blum, E., & Stein, M. B. (2008). Selective Mutism Questionnaire: Measurement structure and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 11971204. doi: 10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181825a7bGoogle Scholar
Levin-Decanini, T., Connolly, S. D., Simpson, D., Suarez, L., & Jacob, S. (2013). Comparison of behavioral profiles for anxiety-related comorbidities including ADHD and selective mutism in children: Behavioral profiles of children with anxiety. Depression and Anxiety, 30, 857864. doi: 10.1002/da.22094Google Scholar
Manassis, K., Fung, D., Tannock, R., Sloman, L., Fiksenbaum, L., & McInnes, A. (2003). Characterizing selective mutism: Is it more than social anxiety? Depression and Anxiety, 18, 153161. doi: 10.1002/da.10125.Google Scholar
Manassis, K., Oerbeck, B., & Overgaard, K. R. (2016). The use of medication in selective mutism: A systematic review. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 25, 571578. doi: 10.1007/s00787-015–0794-1Google Scholar
Manassis, K., Tannock, R., Garland, E. J., Minde, K., McInnes, A., & Clark, S. (2007). The sounds of silence: Language, cognition and anxiety in selective mutism. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 11871195. doi: 10.1097/CHI.0b013e318076b7abGoogle Scholar
Marakovitz, S. E., Wagmiller, R. L., Mian, N. D., Briggs-Gowan, M. J., & Carter, A. S. (2011). Lost toy? Monsters under the bed? Contributions of temperament and family factors to early internalizing problems in boys and girls. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 40, 233244. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2011.546036Google Scholar
Martinez, Y. J., Tannock, R., Manassis, K., Garland, E. J., Clark, S., & McInnes, A. (2015). The teachers’ role in the assessment of selective mutism and anxiety disorders. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 30, 83101. doi: 10.1177/0829573514566377Google Scholar
McInnes, A., Fung, D., Manassis, K., Fiksenbaum, L., & Tannock, R. (2004). Narrative skills in children with selective mutism: An exploratory study. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 13, 304315. doi: 10.1044/1058–0360(2004/031)Google Scholar
Melfsen, S., Walitza, S., & Warnke, A. (2006). The extent of social anxiety in combination with mental disorders. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 15, 111117. doi: 10.1007/s00787-006–0510-2Google Scholar
Mitchell, A. D. & Kratochwill, T. R. (2013). Treatment of selective mutism: Applications in the clinic and school through conjoint consultation. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 23, 3662. doi: 10.1080/10474412.2013.757151Google Scholar
Monzo, M. P., Micotti, S., & Rashid, S. (2015). The mutism of the mind: Child and family therapists at work with children and families suffering with selective mutism. Journal of Child Psychotherapy, 41, 2240. doi: 10.1080/0075417X.2015.1005385Google Scholar
Muchnik, C., Ari-Even Roth, D., Hildesheimer, M., Arie, M., Bar-Haim, Y., & Henkin, Y. (2013). Abnormalities in auditory efferent activities in children with selective mutism. Audiology and Neurotology, 18, 353361. doi: 10.1159/000354160Google Scholar
Mulligan, C. A., Hale, J. B., & Shipon-Blum, E. (2015). Selective mutism: Identification of subtypes and implications for treatment. Journal of Education and Human Development, 4, 7996. doi: 10.15640/jehd.v4n1a9Google Scholar
Muris, P., Hendriks, E., & Bot, S. (2016). Children of few words: Relations among selective mutism, behavioral inhibition, and (social) anxiety symptoms in 3-to 6-year-olds. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 47, 94101. doi: 10.1007/s10578-015–0547-xGoogle Scholar
Muris, P. & Ollendick, T. H. (2015). Children who are anxious in silence: A review on selective mutism, the new anxiety disorder in DSM-5. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 18, 151169. doi: 10.1007/s10567-015–0181-yCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nowakowski, M. E., Tasker, S. L., Cunningham, C. E., McHolm, A. E., Edison, S., Pierre, J. S., … Schmidt, L. A. (2011). Joint attention in parent–child dyads involving children with selective mutism: A comparison between anxious and typically developing children. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 42, 7892. doi: 10.1007/s10578-010–0208-zGoogle Scholar
Oerbeck, B., Stein, M. B., Wentzel-Larsen, T., Langsrud, O., & Kristensen, H. (2014). A randomized controlled trial of a home and school-based intervention for selective mutism: Defocused communication and behavioural techniques. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 19, 192198. doi: 0.1111/camh.12045CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Omdal, H. & Galloway, D. (2007). Interviews with selectively mute children. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 12, 205214. doi: 10.1080/13632750701489956Google Scholar
Omdal, H. & Galloway, D. (2008). Could selective mutism be re‐conceptualised as a specific phobia of expressive speech? An exploratory post‐hoc study. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 13, 7481. doi: 10.1111/j.1475–3588.2007.00454.xGoogle Scholar
Remschmidt, H., Poller, M., Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., Hennighausen, K., & Gutenbrunner, C. (2001). A follow-up study of 45 patients with elective mutism. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 251, 284296. doi: 10.1007/PL00007547Google Scholar
Reuther, E. T., Davis, T. E., Moree, B. N., & Matson, J. L. (2011). Treating selective mutism using modular CBT for child anxiety: A case study. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 40, 156163. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2011.533415Google Scholar
Schill, M. T., Kratochwill, T. R., & Gardner, W. I. (1996). An assessment protocol for selective mutism: Analogue assessment using parents as facilitators. Journal of School Psychology, 34, 121. doi: 10.1016/0022–4405(95)00023–2Google Scholar
Schum, R. L. (2006). Clinical perspectives on the treatment of selective mutism. Journal of Speech and Language Pathology–Applied Behavior Analysis, 1, 149163.Google Scholar
Scott, S. & Beidel, D.C. (2011). Selective mutism: An update and suggestions for future research. Current Psychiatry Reports, 13, 251257. doi: 10.1007/s11920-011–0201-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Segal, N. L. (2003). “Two” quiet: Monozygotic female twins with selective mutism. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 8, 473488. doi: 10.1177/13591045030084005Google Scholar
Sharkey, L. & McNicholas, F. (2008). “More than 100 years of silence,” elective mutism: A review of the literature. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 17, 255263. doi: 10.1007/s00787-007–0658-4Google Scholar
Sharkey, L., McNicholas, F., Barry, E., Begley, M., & Ahern, S. (2008). Group therapy for selective mutism: A parents’ and children’s treatment group. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 39, 538545. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.12.002Google Scholar
Sharp, W. G., Sherman, C., & Gross, A. M. (2007). Selective mutism and anxiety: A review of the current conceptualization of the disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 568579. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.07.002Google Scholar
Shriver, M. D., Segool, N., & Gortmarker, V. (2011). Behavior observations for linking assessment to treatment for selective mutism. Education and Treatment of Children, 34, 389410. doi: 10.1353/etc.2011.0023Google Scholar
Silveira, R., Jainer, A. K., England, T., & Bates, G. (2004). Fluoxetine treatment of selective mutism in pervasive developmental disorder. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 8, 179180. doi: 10.1080/13651500410006143Google Scholar
Silverman, W. K. & Albano, A. M. (1996). The Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children for DSM-IV, Child and Parent Versions. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Skedgell, K. K., Fornander, M., & Kearney, C. A. (2017). Personalized individual and group therapy for multifaceted selective mutism. Clinical Case Studies, 16, 166181. doi: 10.1177/1534650116685619Google Scholar
Sloan, T. L. (2007). Family therapy with selectively mute children: A case study. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 33, 94105. doi: 10.1111/j.1752–0606.2007.00008.xGoogle Scholar
Standart, S. & Le Couteur, A. (2003). The quiet child: A literature review of selective mutism. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 8, 154160. doi: 10.1111/1475–3588.00065Google Scholar
Stein, M. B., Yang, B. Z., Chavira, D. A., Hitchcock, C. A., Sung, S. C., Shipon-Blum, E., & Gelernter, J. (2011). A common genetic variant in the neurexin superfamily member CNTNAP2 is associated with increased risk for selective mutism and social anxiety-related traits. Biological Psychiatry, 69, 825831. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.11.008Google Scholar
Steinhausen, H. C. & Adamek, R. (1997). The family history of children with elective mutism: A research report. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 6, 107111. doi: 10.1007/s007870050015Google Scholar
Steinhausen, H. C. & Juzi, C. (1996). Elective mutism: An analysis of 100 cases. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 606614. doi: 10.1097/00004583–199605000-00015CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steinhausen, H. C., Wachter, M., Laimböck, K., & Metzke, C. W. (2006). A long-term outcome study of selective mutism in childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Applied Disciplines, 47, 751756. doi: 10.1111/j.1469–7610.2005.01560.xGoogle Scholar
Toppelberg, C. O., Tabors, P., Coggins, A., Lum, K., & Burger, C. (2005). Differential diagnosis of selective mutism in bilingual children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 592595. doi: 10.1097/01.chi.0000157549.87078.f8Google Scholar
Vasilyeva, N. (2013). Significant factors in the development of elective mutism: A single case study of a 5 year-old girl. British Journal of Psychotherapy, 29, 373388. doi: 10.1111/bjp.12036Google Scholar
Vecchio, J. L. & Kearney, C. A. (2005). Selective mutism in children: Comparison to youths with and without anxiety disorders. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 27, 3137. doi: 10.1007/s10862-005–3263-1Google Scholar
Vecchio, J. L. & Kearney, C. A. (2007). Assessment and treatment of a Hispanic youth with selective mutism. Clinical Case Studies, 6, 3443. doi: 10.1177/1534650106290393Google Scholar
Vecchio, J. L. & Kearney, C. A. (2009). Treating youths with selective mutism with an alternating design of exposure-based practice and contingency management. Behavior Therapy, 40, 380392. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2008.10.005Google Scholar
Viana, A. G., Beidel, D. C., & Rabian, B. (2009). Selective mutism: A review and integration of the last 15 years. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 5767. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2008.09.009Google Scholar
Wong, P. (2010). Selective mutism: A review of etiology, comorbidities, and treatment. Psychiatry, 7, 2331.Google ScholarPubMed
Yanof, J. (1996). Language, communication, and transference in child analysis. II. Is child analysis really analysis? Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 44, 79100. doi: 10.1177/000306519604400105Google Scholar
Yeganeh, R., Beidel, D. C., & Turner, S. M. (2006). Selective mutism: More than social anxiety? Depression and Anxiety, 23, 117123. doi: 10.1002/da.20139Google Scholar
Yeganeh, R., Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., Pina, A. A., & Silverman, W. K. (2003). Clinical distinctions between selective mutism and social phobia: An investigation of childhood psychopathology. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 10691075. doi: 10.1097/01.CHI.0000070262.24125.2Google Scholar
Young, B. J., Bunnel, B. E., & Beidel, D. C. (2012), Evaluations of children with selective mutism and social phobia: A comparison of psychological and psychophysiological arousal. Behavior Modification, 36, 525544. doi: 10.1177/0145445512443980Google Scholar
Zakszeski, B. N. & DuPaul, G. J. (2017). Reinforce, shape, expose, and fade: A review of treatments for selective mutism (2005–2015). School Mental Health, 9, 115. doi: 10.1007/s12310-016–9198-8Google Scholar
Zelenko, M. & Shaw, R. (2000). Case study: Selective mutism in an immigrant child. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 5, 555562. doi: 10.1177/1359104500005004009Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×