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CHAPTER III - Labour in Great Britain

from BRITAIN

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

By
Sidney Pollard
Edited by
Peter Mathias  and
M. M. Postan
Sidney Pollard
Affiliation:
University of Sheffield
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Summary

The Industrial Revolution: Economic Models of the Labour Market

In Britain, the hundred years or so between c. 1750 and c. 1850 saw the competition of what is conventionally called the industrial revolution, and with it the corresponding transformation of the labour force from its traditional structure into a modern industrial working class. These changes constituted a stage in an irreversible social evolution, the creation of modern industrial capitalism. The new character given to society included the emergence of new classes and of new relationships between classes.

The period as a whole has a certain unity and is marked off without much difficulty as the transitional link between relatively more stable economic relations that preceded it and a re-stabilized, but different, framework that followed. Economic theorists who lived through it, beginning with the ‘classics’ of Political Economy, as well as more recent writers on economic development, have been inclined to treat it as a particular and indeed unique phase with certain laws and characteristics of its own. As far as the market for labour in this period is concerned, there has been a remarkable and indeed striking unanimity among them and among all observers. The general axiom is that in this period as a whole the market operated against labour, and that wages tended therefore to be at or near subsistence levels.

The mercantilist writers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries had looked upon labour as merely a factor of production, which, in a competitive world in which most industry was highly labour-intensive, should be obtained at the lowest possible cost.

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The Cambridge Economic History of Europe , pp. 97 - 179
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 1978

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