Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T12:02:28.990Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

C

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2012

By
Ian A. McFarland ,
David A. S. Fergusson ,
Karen Kilby  and
Iain R. Torrance
Edited by
Ian A. McFarland ,
David A. S. Fergusson ,
Karen Kilby  and
Iain R. Torrance
Ian A. McFarland
Affiliation:
Emory University's Candler School of Theology
David A. S. Fergusson
Affiliation:
University of Edinburgh
Karen Kilby
Affiliation:
University of Nottingham
Iain R. Torrance
Affiliation:
University of Aberdeen
Ian A. McFarland
Affiliation:
Emory University, Atlanta
David A. S. Fergusson
Affiliation:
University of Edinburgh
Karen Kilby
Affiliation:
University of Nottingham
Iain R. Torrance
Affiliation:
Princeton Theological Seminary
Get access

Summary

Caesaropapism The term ‘caesaropapism’ was coined in the late nineteenth century by western scholars to refer to the supremacy of the civil authority (viz., ‘Caesar’) over the Church in the Byzantine Empire and throughout Orthodox (especially Russian) Christianity more broadly. Its aim was primarily contrastive: to distinguish the situation in the western Church, where the papacy was able to secure a high degree of autonomy in ecclesiastical matters, from that in the East, where the emperor effectively displaced the patriarch of Constantinople as the head of the Church. The sixth-century mosaic of the Byzantine imperial court in the Church of San Vitale in Ravenna is often cited as an illustration of this development, with the Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–65) in the centre, crowned with a halo, flanked by twelve attendants (including the local archbishop, standing well to the side), and performing the priestly function of carrying bread (or possibly the paten) for the Eucharist.

The roots of this imperial ascendancy in Byzantine ecclesiastical matters go back to the Emperor Constantine I (ca 275–337). Portrayed by Eusebius of Caesarea (ca 260–ca 340) in quasi-messianic terms for his support of the Church, Constantine set a precedent followed by successors like Justinian in convening and chairing the first ecumenical council at Nicaea. At the same time, the fact that Byzantine theologians like Theodore the Studite felt it appropriate to criticize the imperial attempts to decide (rather than simply to enforce) orthodox teaching shows that imperial claims to full authority in Church affairs were not uncontested.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Dictionary of Christian Theology , pp. 77 - 127
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adam, A., The Liturgical Year (Pueblo, 1981).Google Scholar
Pfatteicher, P. H., New Book of Festivals and Commemorations: A Proposed Common Calendar of Saints (Fortress, 2008).Google Scholar
Schmemann, A., Introduction to Liturgical Theology (St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1986).Google Scholar
Talley, T. J., The Origins of the Liturgical Year, 2nd edn (Liturgical Press, 1991).Google Scholar
Gerrish, B. A., Grace and Gratitude: The Eucharistic Theology of John Calvin (Fortress, 1993).Google Scholar
Parker, T. H. L., John Calvin: A Biography (Westminster Press, 1975).Google Scholar
Wendel, F., Calvin: Origins and Development of His Religious Thought (Labyrinth, 1987).Google Scholar
Beal, J. P., Coriden, J. A., and Green, T. J., eds., New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law (Paulist Press, 2000).Google Scholar
Brundage, J. A., Medieval Canon Law (Longman, 1995).Google Scholar
Doe, N., The Legal Framework of the Church of England: A Critical Study in a Comparative Context (Oxford University Press, 1996).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erickson, J. H., The Challenge of our Past: Studies in Orthodox Canon Law and Church History (St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1991).Google Scholar
Helmholz, R. H., The Spirit of Classical Canon Law (University of Georgia Press, 1996).Google Scholar
Higgins, M., Stalking the Holy: The Pursuit of Saint Making (House of Anansi Press, 2006).Google Scholar
Woestman, W., Canonization: Theology, History, Process (Saint Paul University, 2002).Google Scholar
Ayres, L., Nicaea and Its Legacy (Oxford University Press, 2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beeley, C., Gregory of Nazianzus on the Trinity and the Knowledge of God (Oxford University Press, 2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Behr, J., The Nicene Faith (St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 2004).Google Scholar
Laird, M., Gregory of Nyssa and the Grasp of Faith: Union, Knowledge, and Divine Presence (Oxford University Press, 2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erskine, N. L., Decolonizing Theology (Africa World, 1998).Google Scholar
Williams, L., Caribbean Theology (Peter Lang, 1994).Google Scholar
Cottingham, J., ‘The Role of God in Descartes’ Philosophy' in A Companion to Descartes, ed. Broughton, J. and Carriero, J. (Blackwell, 2008), 287–301.Google Scholar
Descartes, R., The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, vols. I–II (Cambridge, 1985).Google Scholar
Finn, T. M., Early Christian Baptism and the Catechumenate, 2 vols. (Liturgical Press, 1992).Google Scholar
Johnson, M. E., The Rites of Christian Initiation: Their Evolution and Interpretation, 2nd edn (Liturgical Press, 2007).Google Scholar
Yarnold, E., The Awe-Inspiring Rites of Initiation: The Origins of the RCIA, 2nd edn (T&T Clark/Liturgical Press, 1994).Google Scholar
Luongo, F. T., The Saintly Politics of Catherine of Siena (Cornell University Press, 2006).Google Scholar
Congar, Y., A History of Theology (Doubleday, 1968).Google Scholar
Kerr, F., Twentieth-Century Catholic Theologians (Blackwell, 2007).Google Scholar
Mahoney, J., The Making of Moral Theology (Oxford University Press, 1989).Google Scholar
Brown, P., The Body and Society: Men and Women and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity (Columbia University Press, 1988).Google Scholar
Gray, J., Neither Exploiting nor Escaping Sex: Women's Experience of Celibacy (Slough, 1995).Google Scholar
Loader, W., Sexuality and the Jesus Tradition (Eerdmans, 2005).Google Scholar
Sipe, A. W. R., Celibacy: A Way of Loving, Living and Serving (Gill & Macmillan, 1996).Google Scholar
O'Loughlin, T., Celtic Theology: Humanity, World and God in Early Irish Writings (Continuum, 2000).Google Scholar
O'Loughlin, T., ‘“A Celtic Theology”: Some Awkward Questions and Observations’ in Identifying the ‘Celtic’, ed. Nagy, J. F. (Four Courts, 2002), 49–65.
Coakley, S., ‘What Does Chalcedon Solve and What Does It Not? Some Reflections on the Status and Meaning of the Chalcedonian “Definition”’ in The Incarnation: An Interdisciplinary Symposium on the Incarnation of the Son of God, ed. Davis, S. T., Kendall, D., , S. J., and O'Collins, C., , S. J. (Oxford University Press, 2002), 143–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grillmeier, A., Christ in Christian Tradition, 2nd edn, vol. I (Mowbray, 1975), 520–57; vol. II/1 (Mowbray, 1987).Google Scholar
Sellers, R. V., The Council of Chalcedon: A Historical and Doctrinal Survey (SPCK, 1953).Google Scholar
Tanner, N. P., ed., Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils, vol. I (Sheed & Ward/Georgetown University Press, 1990), 75–103.Google Scholar
Abraham, W., The Logic of Renewal (Eerdmans, 2003).Google Scholar
Cartledge, M., Encountering the Spirit: The Charismatic Tradition (Darton, Longman and Todd, 2006).Google Scholar
Gelpi, D., Charism and Sacrament: A Theology of Christian Conversion (SPCK, 1997).Google Scholar
Smail, T., The Giving Gift: The Holy Spirit in Person (Hodder and Stoughton, 1988).Google Scholar
Walker, A., Restoring the Kingdom, 4th edn (Eagle, 1998).Google Scholar
Lam, W., Chinese Theology in Construction (William Carey Library, 1983).Google Scholar
Malek, R., ed., The Chinese Face of Jesus Christ, 5 vols. (Steyler, 2002–).Google Scholar
Ting, K. H., A Chinese Contribution to Ecumenical Theology: Selected Writings of BishopTing, K. H. (WCC Publications, 2002).Google Scholar
Wickeri, P. L., Seeking the Common Ground: Protestant Christianity, the Three-Self Movement and China's United Front (Orbis, 1988).Google Scholar
Yang, H. and Yeung, D. H. N., eds., Sino-Christian Studies in China (Cambridge Scholars Press, 2006).Google Scholar
O'Donovan, O., The Desire of the Nations: Rediscovering the Roots of Political Theology (Cambridge University Press, 1996).Google Scholar
Sanneh, L. O., Whose Religion Is Christianity? The Gospel Beyond the West (Eerdmans, 2003).Google Scholar
Yoder, J. H., For the Nations: Essays Evangelical and Public (Eerdmans, 1997).Google Scholar
Gottschalk, S., Rolling Away the Stone: Mary Baker Eddy's Challenge to Materialism (Indiana University Press, 2006).Google Scholar
Kemp, D., The Christaquarians? A Sociology of Christians in the New Age (Kempress, 2003).Google Scholar
Bonhoeffer, D., Christology (Collins, 1971).Google Scholar
Ford, D. and Higton, M., Jesus (Oxford University Press, 2002).Google Scholar
Hurtado, L., Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity (Eerdmans, 2003).Google Scholar
Kasper, W., Jesus the Christ (Burns & Oates/Paulist Press, 1976).Google Scholar
Pelikan, J., Jesus Through the Centuries: His Place in the History of Culture (Yale University Press, 1985).Google Scholar
Williams, R., The Dwelling of the Light: Praying with Icons of Christ (Canterbury Press, 2003).Google Scholar
Bellah, R. N., ‘Civil Religion in America’, Dædalus 96:1 (winter 1967), 1–21.Google Scholar
Hauerwas, S., After Christendom: How the Church Is to Behave if Freedom, Justice, and a Christian Nation Are Bad Ideas (Abingdon Press, 1991).Google Scholar
Elazar, D., The Covenant Tradition in Politics, vol. IV: Covenant and Civil Society: The Constitutional Matrix of Modern Democracy (Transaction, 1998).Google Scholar
Kaldor, M., Global Civil Society: An Answer to War (Polity, 2003).Google Scholar
Keane, J., Global Civil Society? (Cambridge University Press, 2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seligman, A., The Idea of Civil Society (Free Press, 1992).Google Scholar
Stackhouse, M. L., et al., God and Globalization, vol. III: Christ and the Dominions of Civilization (Continuum International, 2000–7).Google Scholar
Barth, K., Protestant Theology in the Nineteenth Century (Eerdmans, 2002 [1947]).Google Scholar
Keller, C., Nausner, M., and Rivera, M., eds., Postcolonial Theologies: Divinity and Empire (Chalice, 2004).Google Scholar
Kwok, P., Compier, D. H., and Rieger, J., eds., Empire and the Christian Tradition: New Readings of Classical Theologians (Fortress, 2007).Google Scholar
Niebuhr, R., The Irony of American History (Chicago University Press, 2008 [1952]).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sugirtharajah, R. S., Postcolonial Reconfigurations: An Alternative Way of Reading the Bible and Doing Theology (SCM, 2003).Google Scholar
Braaten, C. E. and Seitz, C. R., eds., I Am the Lord Your God: Christian Reflections on the Ten Commandments (Eerdmans, 2005).Google Scholar
Brown, W. P., ed., The Ten Commandments: The Reciprocity of Faithfulness (John Knox Press, 2004).Google Scholar
Miller, P. D., The Ten Commandments (John Knox Press, 2009).Google Scholar
Grave, S. A., The Scottish Philosophy of Common Sense (Clarendon Press, 1960).Google Scholar
Marcil-Lacoste, L., Claude Buffier and Thomas Reid: Two Common-Sense Philosophers (McGill-Queen's University Press, 1982).Google Scholar
Wolterstorff, N., Thomas Reid and the Story of Epistemology (Cambridge University Press, 2004).Google Scholar
Tanner, K., God and Creation in Christian Theology: Tyranny or Empowerment? (Blackwell, 1988).Google Scholar
Austin, G., The Rite of Confirmation: Anointing with the Spirit (Liturgical Press, 1985).Google Scholar
Johnson, M. E., ‘Confirmation’ in The New Westminster Dictionary of Liturgy and Worship, ed. Davies, J. G. (SCM, 2002).Google Scholar
Kavanaugh, A., Confirmation: Origins and Reform (Liturgical Press, 1988).Google Scholar
Osborne, K. B., Sacramental Guidelines (Paulist Press, 1995).Google Scholar
Tillich, P., Morality and Beyond (John Knox Press, 1995).Google Scholar
Brandmüller, W., Das Konzil von Konstanz, 2 vols. (Ferdinand Schöningh, 1991–7).Google Scholar
Izbicki, T., ‘Papalist Reaction to the Council of Constance: Juan de Torquemada to the Present’, Church History 55 (1986), 7–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yoder, J. H., The Royal Priesthood: Essays Ecclesiastical and Ecumenical (Eerdmans, 1994).Google Scholar
Yoder, J. H., The Original Revolution: Essays on Christian Pacifism (Mennonite, 1971).Google Scholar
Clément, O. and Barreau, J. C., The Roots of Christian Mysticism (New City, 1995 [1982]).Google Scholar
Torrell, Jean-Pierre, Saint Thomas Aquinas: Spiritual Master (Catholic University of America Press, 2003).Google Scholar
Williams, A. N., The Divine Sense: The Intellect in Patristic Thought (Cambridge University Press, 2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kreider, A., The Change of Conversion and the Origin of Christendom (Trinity, 1999).Google Scholar
Rambo, L. R., Understanding Religious Conversion (Yale, 1993).Google Scholar
Witherup, R. D., Conversion in the New Testament (Liturgical, 1994).Google Scholar
Davis, L. D., The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325–787): Their History and Theology (Liturgical Press, 1990).Google Scholar
Florovsky, G., ‘The Authority of the Ancient Councils and the Tradition of the Fathers’ in Glaube, Geist, Geschichte, ed. Müller, G. and Zeller, W. (Brill, 1967).Google Scholar
McGuckin, J. A., St. Cyril of Alexandria and the Christological Controversy (Brill, 1994).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGuckin, J. A., ‘Eschaton and Kerygma: The Future of the Past in the Present Kairos: The Concept of Living Tradition in Orthodox Theology’, St. Vladimir's Theological Quarterly, 42:3–4 (winter 1998), 225–71.
Dumbrell, W. J., Covenant and Creation: A Theology of the Old Testament Covenants (Paternoster Press, 1984).Google Scholar
Elazar, D. J., The Covenant Tradition in Politics, 4 vols. (Transaction, 1995–8).Google Scholar
Nicholson, E. W., God and His People: Covenant and Theology in the Old Testament (Clarendon Press, 1986).Google Scholar
Hayes, Z., The Gift of Being: A Theology of Creation (Liturgical Press, 2001).Google Scholar
Mackey, J. P., Christianity and Creation (Continuum, 2006).Google Scholar
May, G., Creatio ex Nihilo (T&T Clark, 1994).Google Scholar
Polkinghorne, J., Science and Creation (SPCK, 1988).Google Scholar
Schwarz, H., Creation (Eerdmans, 2002).Google Scholar
Welker, M., Creation and Reality (Fortress Press, 1999).Google Scholar
Kelly, J. N. D., Early Christian Creeds, 3rd edn (Longman, 1972).Google Scholar
Pelikan, J., Credo: Historical and Theological Guide to Creeds (Yale University Press, 2005).Google Scholar
Young, F. M., The Making of the Creeds (SCM, 1991).Google Scholar
Aulén, G., Christus Victor (Macmillan, 1951 [1931]).Google Scholar
Carroll, J., Constantine's Sword: The Church and the Jews (Houghton Mifflin, 2001).Google Scholar
Hengel, M., Crucifixion in the Ancient World and the Folly of the Message of the Cross (Fortress Press, 1977).Google Scholar
Loon, H., The Dyophysite Christology of Cyril of Alexandria (Brill, 2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKinion, S. A., Words, Imagery and the Mystery of Christ (Brill, 2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×