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9 - The Pentateuch and Israelite law

from Part IV - Subcollections and genres

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 July 2016

Thomas B. Dozeman
Affiliation:
United Theological Seminary
Stephen B. Chapman
Affiliation:
Duke University, North Carolina
Marvin A. Sweeney
Affiliation:
Claremont School of Theology, California
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Summary

THE LITERATURE OF THE PENTATEUCH

The Pentateuch includes the first five books of the Hebrew Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. The books separate into two unequal parts: Genesis and Exodus-Deuteronomy. Genesis traces the ancestral origins of Israel. It is composed in narrative, with no single character dominating the story. Exodus through Deuteronomy recounts the Israelite salvation from Egypt, the wilderness journey, and the revelation of law at the divine mountain. These books are a mixture of narrative and law, with Moses emerging as the central character. The literary structure and the central themes of the pentateuchal books can be summarized as follows.

Genesis: creation of the world and origin of the ancestors

Genesis narrates the creation of the world (Genesis 1–11) and the ancestral origins of Israel (12–50). It traces the evolution of the world through a series of genealogies that narrow from all humanity (2:4a, heaven and earth; 5:1, Adam; 6:9, Noah; 10:1, Noah's sons; 11:10, Shem) to the Israelite ancestors (11:27, Terah; 25:12, Ishmael; 25:19, Isaac, 36:1, Esau; 37:2, Jacob). Genesis 1–11 narrates a broad sweep of time, which includes nearly two millennia (1,876 years) between the creation of the first human (Gen 1:26–7) and the birth of Terah, the father of Abraham (Gen 11:24). Genesis 12–50 narrows in scope to chronicle the family history of Israel, which takes place over a period of an additional 360 years (i.e., year 1876 to year 2236). The main subject matter concerns the first three generations of Israelites, represented by Abraham (Gen 11:27–25:18), Isaac (Gen 25:19–35:29), and Jacob (36:1–50:26). Genesis ends with the fourth generation of Israelites (i.e., Joseph and his brothers) settling in Egypt (Gen 47:9). Two themes dominate the narrative of the ancestors: the divine promises of many descendants and a homeland (Gen 12:1–4).

A central feature of the literature in Genesis is the repetition of stories. Representative examples in Gen 1–11 include two accounts of creation (Genesis 1 and 2), two genealogies of humanity (Gen 4:17–26 and 5), and two versions of the flood (Genesis 6–9).

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Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

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References

Blenkinsopp, J. The Pentateuch: An Introduction to the First Five Books of the Bible (ABRL). New York: Doubleday, 1992.
Campbell, A. F. and O'Brien, M. A.. Sources of the Pentateuch: Texts, Introductions, Annotations. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 1993.
Crüsemann, F. The Torah: Theology and History of Old Testament Law. Translated by , A. W. Mahnke. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress, 1996.
Eissfeldt, O. The Old Testament: An Introduction. Translated by Ackroyd, P. R.. New York: Harper & Row, 1965.
Houtman, C. Der Pentateuch: die Geschichte seiner Erforschung neben einer Auswertung (CBET 9). Kampen, Netherlands: Pharos, 1994.
Levinson, B. M., ed. Theory and Method in Biblical and Cuneiform Law: Revision, Interpolation and Development (JSOTSup 181). Sheffield Academic Press, 1994.
Pury, A. de and Römer, T., eds. Le pentateuque en question: Les origines et la composition des cinq premiers livres de la Bible à la lumiére des recherches récentes. MdB. Geneva: Labor et Fides, 1989.
Ska, J.- L. Introduction to Reading the Pentateuch. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2006.

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