The impact of classical literature in Spain during the so-called Golden Age ("Siglo de Oro") of the sixteenth to seventeenth centuries among intellectuals (not only theologians but also other men and women linked to the imperial court and to the major universities) was to a large degree contingent upon the dominant influence of the Catholic Church. Plutarch (in particular, his Moralia) was viewed by the Spanish Renaissance as one of the more “legitimate” authors from ancient Greece. This chapter will deal with translations of Plutarch’s works into Spanish and look at the intertextual footprint of the Lives and Moralia in Spanish theological and philosophical thinking in scholarship and historiography. Finally, Plutarch’s role in the discourse of visuo-textual allegorism of the Spanish Renaissance will be addressed.