Published online by Cambridge University Press: 08 June 2019
In the nineteenth century Roman Catholic orthodoxy (right belief) was defined by Scripture (the Bible), Catholic tradition, and, since 1870, the magisterium of the papal office. Eastern Orthodox Christianity was also characterised by the authority of Scripture and tradition, but it was only gradually affected by the conflicts that are the subject matter of this chapter. In Protestantism, for which Scripture was the ultimate authority, orthodoxy was defined by early Christian creeds (shared with Catholic tradition) and by confessions of the Reformation period.
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