This Appendix seeks to give a brief critical guide to reference works and pedagogical tools for the Old and Middle French language. The editorial standards of websites may be less rigorous than those of the published sources cited, and the sites themselves may not be permanent.

Dictionaries

Research dictionaries

The best dictionary for the early Old French period (i.e. to c.1300) is the multivolume Altfranzö siches Wörterbuch (often referred to as Tobler/ Lommatzsch or TL). TL glosses words in German, offering extensive examples and cross-referencing to other dictionaries, particularly Godefroy and FEW (see below). The older multivolume dictionary by Godefroy is useful for both the Old and Middle French period: it glosses in French and has two alphabetical sequences, the second, which extends and supplements the first, beginning in volume 8. Though more specialized in some respects, the Anglo- Norman Dictionary (AND), which glosses in English, is frequently invaluable, though it is in the course of major revision.